课件13张PPT。
体裁阅读教学为什么要强调阅读 1.成功高考之必然
“得阅读者得天下”，阅读的成绩好坏，
直接关系到能否取得一个理想的分数。 2. 促进思维发展之必然阅读是带动语言能力发展的”火车头”.
读者的心理过程有体验,预测,验证,肯定或修正等阶段.这些阶段贯彻读者的思维活动.所以.阅读既可以检验读者的思维能力,又可以帮助发展读者的思维能力.3.教师成功之必然1.李小风搬家时一卡车书 .
2. 刘辉在英读硕士一年读200多本.
3. 鲁儇 会4国外语.4.未来使用之必然根据一项统计 97 年以来毕业的学生,真正要说的占10%.真正要阅读的占60___70 .
读与写的相关性最大.读的多,一般写的就好.读什么1.报纸,杂志.
2. 英语简写本.
3. 读自己喜欢的书.
4. 读练习册上的阅读怎样读阅读的几项原则
1. 兴趣原则
2. 适度的原则
3. 渐进的原则
4. 反复的原则
5. 摘录的原则体裁阅读教学(见材料)常用的5种篇章模式
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.2001年，没有对话篇
社会新闻，介绍讨论上海一种新典产业，向人民提供租用汽车
旅游，介绍国外的一种独特的旅游形式，冰层体验
卫生与环境，讨论人们对环境的更大关注和对绿色产品的巨大要求
历史，介绍历史事件对英语语言的决定性影响
人文，讨论人际关系的一种心理特点2002年
科普，介绍开放地下，充分和用地球空间
科普，介绍绿色水果
广告有关剧场演出的广告
寻宝趣闻
广告生日宴会设计2003年 地理，某小岛历史
趣文， 小狗助读
广告， 科普书
语言文化， 日外来语
科技 网络办公与环保2004年
广告， 招聘教授口语老师短新闻，
新闻，三篇
人文，如何调节人际关系
科普文，如何测试飞机
人文，文科生的优势！ 2005年 1．有关择业的经历。2。工具的正确设计和使用。3。如何更好地保护动物。4。语言与文化。5。 有关交通安全的新闻报道。 课件42张PPT。树立科学的备考观清华附中
王英民科学的备考观的内涵1.对 “大纲”, “考纲”,有较深入的理解。积极研究考试动向.
2. 高效,民主的教学风格,高超的教学艺术.
3. 正确处理知识和能力的关系.
4.正确处理量和质的关系.
5. 能落实”读”与”写”的能力训练和提高.
6.能体现教强的团队精神.
7. 善于反思和总结,能及时调整.
8. 善于做学生的思想工作.
9.有正确的”学生观”教学观”.
10. 对高考的题型及走向及其规律有较深入的研究.
高效学习的基础1。 让学生理解学好英语对自己今后学习的意义。
2。学好英语好付出什么代价。
3。让学生掌握方法，手段和策略。
4。让学生通过英语学习其他学科知识以及他国文化。备考教学观1. 追求课堂的”实效”性.
2. 要有批判的思维.
3. 要有创新的意识.
4. 要有强烈的责任意识.在实施任务型教学中常见的几个问题1。忽视语言形式。追求任务的真实情景和急于实现功能，常发生在公开课上。
2。强调真实的交际任务，而忽视非交际性练习，从非交际练习到真实交际的的任务应有一个过程。缺少语言形式的练习。
3。 强调学生自主建构知识系统，教师（特别在公开课上）不敢讲语言点，给学生必要的指导，对小组活动中的错误不加批评。
4。 强调学生综合语言运用能力，而不敢提加强基础知识和基本技能的训练，于是出现了语言准确性差，基础不扎实等问题。
5。开展任务性活动时，缺乏对学习者的支持，特别是对困难地区，困难学生如何帮助，使他们能够体验到成功完成任务的乐趣。北京四中教学十法举一反三 循循善诱
循序渐进 温故知新 深入浅出 有的放矢
直观形象 应材施教
文以载道 教学相长
备考教材观1.围绕高考的能力要求进行教学.
2.删除无效的教学环节.
3.对教材进行新的整合.
4. 突出训练重点.
5.不要忽视基础训练.排斥与高考”无关”的题型.(如听写.默写，背诵,翻译等)备考学生观树立学生为本的观念。一切为为了学生,为了一切学生,为了学生的一切.要树立一种理念，使每个学生都能成功。把每一个学生的一生变成精彩的故事。让每个同学都有目标、有进步就是成功。不要以成绩论英雄，要看学生努力的程度。让学生感到不断进步，经常得到教师的肯定。要重发展，重能力培养.2. 树立”学生是发展中的,可朔造’的观念.
3. 树立‘学生是有情感,活泼的生命‘的观念.
4.树立‘学生和老师在人格是平等的观念.
5.树立‘学生在认知水平和智力上是有差异的.备考资料观1。“套餐”， “快餐”，“自助餐”。
2。 从学生的实际出发。
3。 从高考的能力要求出发.
4.抓好材料的选取，组织编写行之有效的复习训练材料，因为高质量材料是学生在有限的时间内，
取得最佳效果，进行有效训练的重要保证，提前抓好材料这也是取胜的法宝之一。（近年高考题可用） 阶段教学目标 针对今年高三教学的实际情况，为完成繁重的教学任务和高考复习任务，特将全学年的教学工作进行统筹安排，分为四个阶段. 四个阶段： 基础阶段、（9——11月） 提高阶段、 （11——3月）
冲刺阶段、 （3-——5月）
调整阶段。 （5——6月）1、基础阶段（9月-11月） 教学内容： 课本教学、词汇梳理、基础知识复习和基本技能训练 目标要求： 1）课本教学中要根据学生状况取 舍得当，重点突出，落实到 位。 不同层次的学校要在本学 期完成规定的单元， 努力做到 赶早不赶晚。 2、提高阶段（11月-3月） 教学内容： 课本教学、词汇梳理、基础知识复习、基本技能和综合运用语言的能力训练 . 2）根据06年高考命题“回归基础”对教学的导向及06年本地区高考英语学科成绩分析，教学中要依据《考试说明》和《教学大纲》，深入钻研教材，把握知识结构。明确各个知识点的教学目标、层次要求及其在整个知识体系中的地位。完成基础语法知识的复习任务，使学生初步掌握基础知识框架，初步达到英语基础知识系统化和初步运用语言能力。2、提高阶段（11月-3月） 教学内容： 课本教学、词汇梳理、基础知识复习、基本技能和综合运用语言的能力训练 .目标要求： 1）课本教学中要根据学生状况取 舍得当，重点突出，落实到 位。 2) 进一步复习巩固基础知识，完 善学生的英语知识框架 3）加大听力训练、阅读能力训 练、书面表达能力训练，切实 提高学生综合运用语言的能力3、冲刺阶段（3月-5月）： 教学内容： 专项训练和套题训练、综合语言运用能力训练.目标要求： 通过专项训练、套题训练、综合语言运用能力训练试卷分析，使学生明确各种题型的能力要求，明确试题的考查目的，提高解题能力和应试能力。 4、调整阶段（5月-6月）： 教学内容： 查漏补缺/回归基础 目标要求： 针对学生实际，做一些适应性、基础性和有助于学生知识的查漏补缺的训练，提高自信心，以最佳心态迎接高考。 第一阶段。基础阶段、1。 有序(教学有序,知识有序,
学习行为有序)
2。 讲透(考虑深入,概念清晰)
3。 夯实(练得到位,不留隐患)
4. 务实(把握好重点与考点的 关系)
组织有序的第一个重要问题是知识点与知识点是密切联系的。比如说数学中的三角函数，如果一个学生能够从第一个公式推导出最后一个公式，那么就在不同的知识点之间建立了联系，这样这个学生三角函数的解题能力应该就有比较好的表现。
第二个重要问题是知识组团与知识组团之间也必须注意内在联系，举一个简单的例子： 11840219493196641997如果变成①1840②1949③1966④1997就会好记忆，也好检索好提取。
第三个重要问题是要构建知识的网络结构。知识以网络结构的形式储存，具有一定的形象、直观性，利于学生从整体上把握知识，因此既能保持长久，又易于提取和应用。 状语从句翻译练习
1．虽然Tom 很胖，但他还是每天吃肉。2。每次我看到他，他总是在吃东西。3。他变的非常胖以至他的父母很是为他担心。4。为了让他减肥，他父母把他送到减肥夏令营。5。开始他还能按照教练的要求做练习，不吃肉。6。但不久他就跑回家，并且说他是那么想吃肉以至他一天都等不了。7。虽然Tom 胖得连跑都跑不动，他仍不着急，直到有一天他的女朋友表示她要与他分手除非她减肥。8。一年后，Tom看起来象另外一个人似的, 虽然他减的没有象他女友期待的那样瘦。第二阶段，提高阶段1。抓“双基”。
2。促“综合”。
3。加“力度”。第三阶段，冲刺阶段1。 “会，熟，化”，强化时间观念。
2。熟练“应试技能，提高应试能力。
3。 发现弱点，及时总结。 1.要研究学生的出错率,知识的漏洞.分析原因,及时矫正.
2.要选择一部分重点题作为本阶段的训练题目.各个题型都要有.
3.注意练习的质量,试题的精选.第四阶段，调整阶段1。 沉着冷静，查漏补缺。
2。调转心态，鼓舞斗志。
3。 了解动态，精选试题。
不抽象地看待同学，要非常具体地看待每个个人。细节决定一切把简单的事情做好就是不简单。
把平凡的事情做好就是不平凡。
把小事做到极至就是大事。
早读，统练，答疑，讲评试卷，备课，上课。改作业，事情都很平常。重点课题研究1．复习课模式研究（语法、听力、阅读、写作）
2．测试讲评课模式研究
3．如何调动学生主动参与复习
4．如何提高学生应试能力
加强课堂上各种语言能力的训练过程和训练方法的研究，改进传统的复习方式，创建科学的、高效率的复习课模式。
高考英语写作指导考生写作要“三结合”
与日常生活相结合
与学过的句型、词组、词汇
相结合
与交际相结合
写作过程的“六以、六求”
以审题求切题
以提纲求周密
以过渡求条理
以常用求保险
以变化求生动
以整洁求印象
请看高考该题评分标准中对该题最高档的描述。
第五档（ 很好 ）： （21——25）完全完成了试题规定的任务。—覆盖所有内容要点。—应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。—语法结构或词汇方面有些错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言运用能力。—有效地使用了语言间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。完全达到了预期的写作目的 （摘自全国普通高等学校招生统一考试试题答案汇编。）
关键词：要点，结构，词汇，连接
关键句：语言运用能力。一。审题要准确。
二. 句型要变化.
三. 词汇要丰富.
四. 条理要清晰.
五. 书写要规范.Thank youThank you课件110张PPT。2001年，没有对话篇
社会新闻，介绍讨论上海一种新典产业，向人民提供租用汽车
旅游，介绍国外的一种独特的旅游形式，冰层体验
卫生与环境，讨论人们对环境的更大关注和对绿色产品的巨大要求
历史，介绍历史事件对英语语言的决定性影响
人文，讨论人际关系的一种心理特点2002年
科普，介绍开放地下，充分和用地球空间
科普，介绍绿色水果
广告有关剧场演出的广告
寻宝趣闻
广告生日宴会设计2003年 地理，某小岛历史
趣文， 小狗助读
广告， 科普书
语言文化， 日外来语
科技 网络办公与环保2004年
广告， 招聘教授口语老师短新闻，
新闻，三篇
人文，如何调节人际关系
科普文，如何测试飞机
人文，文科生的优势！ 2005年 1．有关择业的经历。2。工具的正确设计和使用。3。如何更好地保护动物。4。语言与文化。5。 有关交通安全的新闻报道。 阅读理解
典型分析
高考英语阅读理解题 历来是高考英语中的重头戏，全题40分，占总分的27 %。是各类题型中分值最高的。而且阅读与完形填空，改错，以及写作都有关系。可以不夸张的说不会阅读的人就不会学英语。不很抓阅读训练，高考就不可能得高分。因此高考复习要以阅读训练为主线。 以培养考生的阅读能力和运用能力为主要目标。
NMET “考试说明”中关于阅读理解对能力测试的要求主要有以下五点：
掌握所阅读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节
既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念
既理解字面意思，也理解深层含义，包括作者的态度，意图等
既理解某句、某段的意义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断
既能根据材料所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解近年来高考阅读的出题走向：
一. 选文的实用性
生活化：选文注重贴近学生生活，解决现实问题的文章。注重语言之外的能力考察。
多样性： 题材广。百科化，体裁多。包括应用文，记叙文，说明文。所涉及到的语言环境和交际情景丰富多彩。深层化。注意选择那些须在理解文中具体信息的基础上，注重对信息的归纳，分析，经过逻辑推理方能得出结论的文章。
二. 语言的时代性
所选文章大多体现当代英语的特点，生动活泼，富于变化并能反映时代的背景和语言文花的背景。三. 设计的合理性
考点分布均匀，避免了偏，难，怪。强调了语言的多样性，题干简洁易懂，注意了对词汇的控制。难度与学生的阅读智力相吻合。阅读理解的解题可以采用 “略读“ “扫读”“查读” “三读法”：一 “略读”，（英文中称作为skim=
read quickly to get the main ideas ,
约用五分之一时间；）识文体，知大意。
记叙文常在开头交代出背景，然后以人物活动的时间、地点（即空间）为线索铺叙清
说明文则应注意其中心、主题，以及如何围绕中心展开所作的阐述，找准主题句，分清层次。
在不明确的地方或重要信息处做记号。二．扫读（快读题干，回扫短文。英文中称作为scan=look at quickly without careful reading, often looking for a particular thing. 明确目的， 心中有数。
带着目的读，找有关信息，边读边分析。
把题干与信息加以对照，如一时难以确定，可先做其它题后在推敲确定。三． 查读 （再读短文，重点核查以下内容）
查把握不大的，意思相近的。查其它三个干扰项中是否有更全面，更准确的答案。
查没有理解透的长句，复杂句。
对照全文与各题所选的答案（每题应从某一侧面反映出短文的内容或主题），查看是否一致，是否合乎情理，合乎逻辑。
什么样的题目考察我们概括和归纳中心思想的能力?1. The text is mainly about ________.
2. This news story is mainly about_____.
3. What does the second paragraph mainly discussed?
4. The main purpose of announcing the above events is to _________.5. The main purpose of this announcement is to __________.
6. The main idea of the passage is _________.
7. The passage tells us _________.
8. Which of the following sentences best expresses the main idea of the passage?9. The passage mainly discusses ___________.
10. The author’s purpose in writing this passage is ____________.
Choose a Topic SentenceThe eggs of insects are not all the same . Some smallest insects lay eggs that are very small. It would take one hundred eggs to make one inch. The housefly’s egg is much bigger. It takes only twenty-five of the housefly’s eggs to make one inch.
1. The passage is mainly about_________.
A. where to find the insect eggs
B. how insect eggs differ in size
C. why some insect eggs are small
D. how many eggs an insect lays each time
The second day in May is Mother’s day. It is the day that has been picked to honor Mother. On this day everyone should do something special for his Mother. It is day to think about all the many things Mothers do for their children.2.The passage mainly tells us _______.
A. how to help your mother
B. Mother’s Day is in May
C. What Mother’s day is about
D. What you should do for your motherSometimes we write or draw on paper. We do our homework on it. We wrap things in it. We read books made of paper. Sometimes we eat from paper dishes or drink from paper cups. We carry things in paper bags.
3. The passage mainly tells us ____.
A. how paper is made
B. how paper helps people
C. why people use paper bag
D. why people eat from paper dishes The city needs more money and will have serious problems if is not raised soon. We need money to pay for new roads and the repair of old roads. We also need money to pay teachers’ salaries and to pay for services such as trash collection. In addition, more tax money is needed for financial aid to the poor.1. Taxes should be raised.
2. Many teachers are not paid.
3. Tax money is used to build new raods.It will be more difficult for you if you wait until just before Christmas. Many stores run out of the more popular items so it will be harder for you to find what you want. The sores are also more crowded, and the lines are much longer.1. shopping is difficult.
2. The stores are crowded at Christmas.
3. It is better to do your Christmas shopping early.Many people enjoy it even though it is expensive and dangerous. A lot of people spend every winter weekend skiing, and families go on winter ski vacations. Neither the high cost of equipment nor the severe cold keeps skiers away from the slopes.1. Skiing is expensive.
2. Skiing is a popular sport.
3. Skiing has many disadvantages.For example, a person can have breakfast in New York City, board an airplane and have dinner in Paris. A businessman in London can instantly place an order with a factory in Hong Kong by picking up the telephone. Furthermore, a schoolboy in Tokyo can turn on a TV set and watch a baseball game being played in Los Angeles.1. Airplanes have changed our lives.
2. Advances in technology have made the world seem smaller.
3. The telephone was an important invention.First of all, you must consider the quality of the university’s academic program. The university’s size and location must also be given careful thought. Finally, you must always be sure to consider the tuition before you decide which university to attand.1.It is expensive to attend a university in the United States.
2. There are many things to consider when choosing a university.
3. A good education is important.He has collected stamps and coins ever since he was a child. He is very proud of his valuable collections. He also enjoys painting and drawings. Recently he has become interested in gardening. Out of all his bobbies. Paul’s favourite oneis reading. He tries to read at least one book every week.
Tom has many bobbies.First of all, the plumbing doesn’t work properly and the landlord refuses to fix it. I also have noisy neighbors who keep me up every night. Furthermore, there are so many bugs in my apartment that I could start an insect collection.The apartment which I rent was terrible.3.Some people highjack airplanes for political reasons. Others do it for financial reasons. Still others highjack airplanes because they want to be famous.People highjack airplanes for different reasons.
Reading for informationLearn to read for the main idea. If you recognize the main idea easily, the facts to support that idea will stand out.
Know that all facts and details are not equal in importance. Look only for the facts that relate to the main idea.Look for the information in groups or units. Facts often appear together in bunches.
Look for the way paragraph is put
together. How is the information arranged?
Has the writer organized the material in terms of a pattern that is easy to see?
Learn to keep a writer ‘s opinions apart from the facts offered in the writing>
Question yourself as you read. Stop to think and to let facts sink in before you rush on to other information. Ask yourself, “What does that mean ?” or “What does that information tell me ? “ or “ Why is this information here?
Use the five Ws when you read in order to ask yourself specific questions about the facts. Ask yourself:
1. “Who?” Then look for the name of someone or something.
2. “When ?”Then look for a date (a day, a month, a year) or a time of day or year.
3. “Where?” Then look for words that show a location or name a place.
4.”What? “ or “ What happened ?” Then look for some action.
5.”Why?”Then look for an explanation of some act or event. Think about the kinds of questions someone might ask you about the information you have read. Go back after you have finished to reread quickly and review any facts you have learned. Try to summarize the important facts in your mind.How to find Major Detail
State the main idea in your own words.
Look only for information that supports the main idea.
Look for signal words like most important, first, finally, the facts are, and so on.
Underline the major details when you locate them.
Practice : Comprehending the Writer’s Viewpoints (1)
略读理解作者的观点（1）
如果一个作者想让读他文章的人一开始就清楚地了解到他所要写的内容及其观点，通常，他会在文章的开头一、二段给读者展现一幅完整、清楚的图画，即简单明了地概括出该文章的中心内容，为了让读者对他的观点有更清楚的认识，他也会在文章的结尾段重述其观点，首尾相照应，以加强文章的整体性。
在浏览一篇较长的文章时，读者应完整地读一下文章的第一、二段和最后一段，速度一般应达到每分钟200-300字。只需读这一小部分内容，便可了解有关文章的背景、作者陈述的观点以及作者的写作风格、语气、心境等信息。
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Scanning For Specific Details
寻读具体细节
在日常生活中，我们常常需要从较长的信息资料中查寻一些具体细节，如果用正确的寻读方法，就会花费许多时间阅读不必要的信息。为了达到事半功倍的效果，读者可采用以下方法。
预先列出可能会出现的信息词
（key information words）
在开始查找具体细节之前，快速想出在你即将查阅的资料中可能会出现的数个重点词。如果你想从一本厚的旅游手册中查出乘火车在欧洲旅行的有关信息，你的脑海里大概会出现以下信息词：train, station, express, railway, fare, seat, sleeper, 等等。快速查寻有关内容时，注意力应重点放在所列的这类词上。
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利用标题和图表
一般来说，信息资料大多配有标题和图表，以方便读者查阅。 有时，仅看这两项内容，不看文字说明，也能看懂大意。所以，在时间紧的情况下，充分利用标题与图表，能帮助你提高阅读效率。
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查找信息词
为了确保不遗漏有关信息，读者应把注意力放在相关信息词上，如果读到相关信息词，就应放慢速度，仔细阅读该词前后的词句；否则就应迅速继续往下阅读。
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预测有关内容可能会出现的位置（location）
一般采用以下四种方法：
1）利用你以前阅读此类文章的经验
2）把所读文章和你所处的环境联系起来；
3）利用常识，如一般在文章的结尾段可以找到作者的结论；
4）借助文章格式、版式线索预测，例如，重要新闻一定会在报刊的第一版，而汽车价格只会在广告版汽车类Auto Sales 栏目里。
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Reading effectively
1. Extracting main ideas
2. Reading for specific information
3. Understanding text organisation
4. Predicting
5. Checking comprehension
6. Inferring Dealing with unfamiliar
words
如何做好阅读理解题
先预测，快扫读
辨结构，抓主题
查关键，找信息
识指代，明关系
凭事实，推隐含
文章主旨的理解
主旨犹如灵魂，材料和结构就像血肉和骨髓。有骨头和血肉，四肢发达，体格健壮。这当然很好，但是如果没有思想，没有灵魂，那只是一具去躯壳而已。可见文章的主旨实在重要。
把握文章的主旨。最重要的是两条。
一。剖析文章的“血肉”材料。
剖析材料，理解主旨
1） 梳理重点
2） 剖析意义
3） 分析关系
二。抓关键句，理解主旨
1） 文眼
2） 警句
3） 复沓
4）议抒
三。探究结构，理解主旨
1） 标题
2）首尾
3）照应
4）过渡
具体内容的概括
概要
1） 抓中心句
2） 提炼要点
3） 辨认相关
4） 牵头模尾 影响学生阅读理解的几大因素
只见树木，不见森林
只见森林，不见树木
主观想象过多
不能集中精力
不善于从上下文猜到同义
不善于理解字面以外的含义
不善于看到文字表面下的深层含义
文体
理解长句和复合句
作者不直接表示含蓄的意思
发现作者的主要观点
区别主旨句与非主旨句
通过逻辑理解句与句之间的关系
衔接语法衔接理解文段之间的关系
理解作者表达思想的先后顺序
为节省时间而扫读
理解作者观点、意图、风格和倾向
阅读技能和策略
猜词
根据上下文推测准确含义
通过已知的词汇推断不熟悉的词汇
通过意群来阅读
把词组作为一个理解单位
把句子作为一个理解单位
把文段作为一个理解单位
把文章作为一个理解单位
对各类结构词要敏感
通过“参照”理解文段之间的关系
理解篇章特征
相类的信息词
and, also, for example, for instance, what is more, as well as
改变方向的信息词
But, yet, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other hand, even though (if), although (though)
有关顺序的信息词
first, second, third, then, next, before, after, afterwards, last, at last, lastly, finally
有关因果的信息词
so, thus, since, as, for, for this reason, because, therefore
有关总结的信息词
so, thus, therefore, finally, in a word, in short, in conclusion, as a result
理解复杂的句子结构
Reading comprehension skills
Reading for the main idea
Reading for facts and details
Making judgment and drawing logical conclusion
Recognizing the wrier’s attitude and tone
Reading to discover the organization
How to find the key idea in SentenceAsk who or what the sentence is about.
Ask what the person or object is doing or what is happening to that person or object.
Learn to separate minor details from the main idea. Many words in sentences describe things about the subject of the sentence and merely addLearn to separate minor details from the main idea. Many words in sentences describe things about the subject of the sentence and merely add
details around it. If you ask when, what kind, where, or why, you will find details. This makes it easier to separate the key idea.
(why) Because of new laws, most foreign (what kind)
( where )
automobiles in the United States now offer safety features at no extra charge.
Who or what is the sentence about? Automobiles
What do the automobiles do ? Offer safety feature
The key idea is automobiles offer safety feature.
How to State the Main Idea in Your Own WordsTry to figure out what all the details in the paragraph are trying to show, not just a few of them.
Make a complete sentence that (1)names a person or an object and (2) tells what the person or object is doing.
Do not look at just a few sentence in the paragraph in order to find out the main idea. Even though the first few sentences of this paragraph explain …
Do not offer a statement that is too general as the main idea.Implied Main idea1.My little brother has seen all the star Trek and Star Wars movies. He regularly watches all the science fiction series on televion. He even made me buy him model spaceships for his birthdayMy brother loves the idea of outer space
One Saturday one of the items on my list of things to do was “wash the dog.” But we were out of dog shampoo, and I didn’t want to waste people shampoo. So I put the job off a week. The next Saturday after that it rained, and the Saturday after that company dropped by. This Saturday I have plans to go to a movie matinee with the kids, but one of these weekends, I will wash the dog.It ‘s easy to find excuses to get out doing something you don’t actually want to do, like washing the dog.
After the teacher handed out three pages of instructions for the assignment, he left no time for us to ask questions ,and he wasn’t available in his office. When I asked my classmates if they understood what we had to do, they all gave different explanations. Even my friend who had taken the course the previous semester couldn’t help me.I was very confused about my homework assignment.4.When the town council cut back on collecting recyclables, a group of residents got together and set up a collection center in the church basement. Every Sunday before and after church, people would drop off newspapers and glass. Every Monday a volunteer drove the collected items to the area recycling center. We donated the profits to the local gardening club.Volunteering citizens made an unfounded yet worthwhile project work.How to find the key idea in SentenceAsk who or what the sentence is about.
Ask what the person or object is doing or what is happening to that person or object.
Learn to separate minor details from the main idea. Many words in sentences describe things about the subject of the sentence and merely adddetails around it. If you ask when, what kind, where, or why, you will find details. This makes it easier to separate the key idea.
(why) (what kind)
Because of new laws, most foreign
( where )
automobiles in the United States now offer safety features at no extra charge.
Who or what is the sentence about? Automobiles
What do the automobiles do ? Offer safety feature
The key idea is automobiles offer safety feature.
How to State the Main Idea in Your Own WordsTry to figure out what all the details in the paragraph are trying to show, not just a few of them.
Make a complete sentence that (1)names a person or an object and (2) tells what the person or object is doing.
Do not look at just a few sentence in the paragraph in order to find out the main idea. Even though the first few sentences of this paragraph explain …
Do not offer a statement that is too general as the main idea.Key ideas in sentences.
Write the key idea of each sentence below.
Although everybody has thoughts about how they might like to make their life better, changing one’s life takes more work, planning, and persistence than just having a good thought.
Improving life takes work, planning, and persistence.
1. The first thing you need to do in making life changes is set specific and difficult goals that will direct your energy.
First, set goals.
2.To be sure you are really making progress toward achieving your goals, don’t rely on hunches and feelings; instead, record exactly how your situation or behavior changes in relation to your goals.
Record changes3.You also need to create a situation for change _a situation that will make it easier to move in the directions you want rather than in the way you have gone in the past.
Create a situation for change.
4. By making it more difficult and less pleasant to engage in your old way of life as well as finding a situation that will positively reward the changes you want to make, put yourself in an environment that supports change.
Choose an environment that supports change.
5. As you notice positive changes happening, you should reward yourself by acknowleding them and doing special things for yourself.
Reward yourself
6. Finally, avoid being discouraged by the inevitable setbacks through seeking the support of friends and keeping long range goals in mind.
Avoid being dicouraged.Making Inference Inference is a process by which readers use hints to gather information. In making inferences, you go beyond surface details and “ read between the lines” to reach information logically.After lunch Diane took her bike and sneaked quietly into the yard. She moved carefully to the plot of soil under the oak in back of the house as she checked to see that nobody watched her. She leaned her bicycle against the tree and bent down. All around dark clouds rumbled noisily in the sky,a streak of yellow zig-zagged far away, and she trembled.
Digging swiftly in the hot earth, she made a small hole and quickly took a crush ten-dollar bill from her pocket. After she slipped the money into the ground and covered it, she breathed deeply and smiled. She was glad
That was over! Now no one would find it or know how she got it. Certainly it would be there later when she wanted it.1. Diane is probably a
A. nine-or ten-year-old child
B. young mother
C. three-or four-year-child
2. As for the money, Diane probably
A. got it as gifted from her mother.
B. earned it
C. got it in a questionable way.
3. This event probably took place
A. on a snowy winter afternoon.
B. before a summer rainstorm.
C. one night during Easter vacation.
4. After she hides the money, Diane feels
A. very guilty and sorry
B. relieved.
C. worried that someone saw her
Read the following selection, in which a former migrant workers describes the treatment he received. As you read, try to use inference skills. The answer the questions after the selection.
I began to see how everything was so wrong. When growers can have an intricate(复杂的)water system to irrigate their crops but they can’t have running water inside the houses of workers.
Veterinarians(兽医)tend to the needs of domestic animals but they can’t have medical care for the workers. They can have land subsidies(资助) for the growers but they can’t have
adequate unemployment compensation(足够的失业补偿金). In fact, they treat their implements(工具) better and their domestic animals better. They have heat and insulated barns(封闭圈) for the animals but the workers live in beat-up shacks with no heat at all.
1. Write in your own words the main idea of this selection
The way migrant workers are treated by the growers is worse than it ought to be.2. We can infer that the author believes that
a. migrant workers should stop complaining and get back to work.
b. farm owners are mistreating workers.
c. workers should be treated like farm tools.
d. growers are unable to figure out how to supply migrant workers with running water.
3. The attitude of farm owners toward migrant workers is one of
a. neglect
b. fairness
c. hostility
d. favoritism4. What inferences can we draw from the passage about what motivates the farm owners?
a. Workers can be replaced easily at no cost to owners.
b. Farm owners are cruel people who like to make others.
C. The government causes farm owners to mistreat their help by paying them money to do so.
d. farm owners can’t distinguish between humans and animals. 人们最出色的工作往往在处于逆境的情况下做出。思想上的压力，甚至肉体上痛苦都可能成为精神上的兴奋剂。 任何失败都不是致命的，除非你放弃。通过挫折认清自己的弱点,于是就培养出一种免疫系统。在咬紧牙关的坚持之中，我们就会挖掘出我们从未意识到的伟大力量。
——尼克松——
我成功的秘诀有三个，第一是决不放弃，第二是决不、决不放弃。第三是决不、决不、决不放弃。
——邱吉尔——
Thank you very much!thank you very much!高考阅读理解简介 清华附中 王英民
NMET的阅读理解题一向是整篇试题的重点，是考生取得高分的关键。既所谓的“得阅读者得天下”。了解和发现NMET的阅读理解的特点和规律是做好阅读理解题的前提和根本。以下做一简单的介绍。
NMET的阅读理解题由5篇阅读文章组成。每篇200---300字左右，文章的总长度（包括选项）2200左右。词汇基本上控制在“教学大纲”的要求范围之内。阅读速度每分钟50-60 左右。篇章的难度与高中毕业生的阅读智能相吻合。
“考试说明”中关于阅读理解对能力测试的要求主要有以下五点：
掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。、
既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念。
既理解字面的意思，也理解深层含义，包括作者的态度，意图等。
既理解某句，某段的意义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断；
既能根据材料所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。
综观历年试题，阅读理解试题的考察形式一般有以下几种类型：
文段主旨题。主旨题既短文的中心思想或主题。考生必须通篇理解大意，全面领会作者意图，才能真正把握文章主旨。常见的题干有：
The text is mainly about ________.
The article mainly tells about the story of________.
The subject discussed in this text is________.
Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
文段细节题。英文叙述往往围绕一个主题或一个中心，即用许多不同的事例，来说明或证实，既在主题句后有许多支持句。发现重要细节，搞清它们与主题的关系是确立主旨的重要前提。常见的题干有：
A. Which of the following is true /false?
B. In the passage, which is (not ) mentioned?
C. All the following statements are (not )true except _____
D. The author states that___________.
深层含义题.(含作者的态度,情绪,倾向).常常我们会发现作者的观点不是直接表示出来而是含蓄的,隐晦的或隐含在表面的文字里.这就需要考生通过去伪存真,去粗取精,有浅入深,由表及里地找出作者或文章的真正意图. 常见的题干有：
The write advises that ________.
The purpose of the writer is _____.
In the passage the author wants to tell ______.
The author’s attitude toward… is______.
推理判断题. NMET的阅读理解文章的结构或情节线索都是有很强的逻辑性.段与段,句与句之间都有其表层或深层的联系.即使作者没有把要表达的直接表达出来,读者在全面地了解文章的内容后,也可以从文段中判断出来. 常见的题干有：
The passage implies that ______.
The paragraph most probably would discuss_____.
It can be inferred from the passage that______.
The writer suggests that ___.
猜测词义题. 猜测词义是阅读能力的一部分,近年来NMET的阅读理解题中往往要设置1-2 小题考察词汇的猜测能力. 一般是名词和动词及动词词组. 要求考生根据上下文,具体语境作出正确的判断.
The phrase”…” in the…sentence could be replaced by _________.
The word “…” in the paragraph refers to _______>
What is the meaning of the underlined word in the paragraph?
Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase?
近年来NMET的阅读理解题的特点越来越突出，逐渐行成了自己的风格。如，在文章的选择上，在学生阅读理解知识范围内注重时代性，多样性，实用性，而且注重原汁原味，尽可能保持原著的风格。 多年来风格统一，特点鲜明。多年来一直保持试题的一致性。从最近几年的阅读理解题看所选文章集中体现在以下几个方面。
时代性。 如每年都有一定的文章，特别是科普文章讲某一领域的新知识。或介绍一些新观念，新方法，新事物。
实用性。 每年都有一定的新闻和广告方面的应用文。注重与学生生活，社会生活的结合。尽可能体现语言的实用性。这就是说，阅读要和使用结合起来。
多样性。 体裁广，语段包括叙述文，说明文，应用文和议论文体。可以说语言输入量没有一定的广度，是不能适应这种选材上的多样化。
综合性。 为了能够考察学生较高层面上的阅读技能，所选的语篇在结构上都较复杂，可以说，有内容（信息量），有层次，有深度，有逻辑。作者在时间顺序，空间顺序，或逻辑推理上，运用了较高级的组篇手段。另外，每年都有一定比例的文章是考语言以外的知识，(beyond Language) 如人文，地理。历史，政治，自然科学等。也就说，阅读能力必须涉及“解决现实生活问题”这一重要的方面。
总之，可以用四个字来概括NMET的阅读理解题：既：“新，用，广，深”。新知识，新观念，新事物，讲究实用和使用，百科化，深层次。
