2007年英语高考英语语法复习
第1章 主谓一致
一.概念:
主谓一致是指：
1） 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2） 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3） 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，
一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。例如：
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数，例如：
Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。
注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如：
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。
典型例题
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注： 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。
2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则
1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如：
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩，二十三个女孩。
2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如：
Either you or she is to go. 不是你去，就是她去。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。
3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如：
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。
4. 谓语需用单数的情况
1）代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时，或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。例如：
Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机。
There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了。
2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。例如：
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。
3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。例如：
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备。
Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了。
5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1）代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如：
All is right. 一切顺利。
All are present. 人都到齐了。
2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后，谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如：
His family isn't very large. 他家成员不多。
His family are music lovers. 他家个个都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如：
Are there any police around 附近有警察吗？
3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。例如：
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况
1）用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如：
Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。
2）用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如： A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。
A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。
3）如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如：
Many a person has read the novel. 许多人读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。
三.巩固练习
（ ） 1. The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them _______ absent for different reasons.
A. were, was B. was, was
C. was, were D. were, were
（ ） 2. E-mail, as well as telephones, ________ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played
C. are playing D. play
（ ） 3. ______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are
C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are
（ ） 4. Ten minutes ______ a long time for one who waits.
A. seem B. seems
C. seemed D. are seemed
（ ） 5. Eric is the only one of the boys who _____ a driving license.
A. has B. have
C. is having D. are having’
（ ） 6. Joy and Sorrow _____ next-door neighbours.
A. is B. are C. were D. be
（ ）7. In my opinion, some of the news _____ unbelievable.
A. are B. is C. has been D. have been
（ ）8. When ______ the United Nations founded
A. is B. are C. was D. were
（ ）9. Every possible means _____ .
A. has tried B. has been tried
C. was tried D. were tried
（ ） 10. What she says and does _____ nothing to do with me.
A. was B. were C. has D. have
（ ）11. There _____ a dictionary and several books on the desk.
A. are B. must C. have been D. is
（ ）12. Nobody ______ seen the film. It’s a pity.
A. but Tom and Jack have B. except Tom and Jack have
C. but my friends has D. but I have
（ ）13. No teacher and no student ______．
A. are admitted B. is admitted
C. are admitting D. is admitting
（ ）14. All but one ______ here just now.
A. is B. was C. has been D. were
（ ）15. When and where to build the new factory _____ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided
C. has not decided D. have not decided
（ ） 16. The writer and singer ______ here.
A. is B. are C. were D. do
（ ） 17. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _____ all that I can spare to talk with you.
A. are B. was C. is D. were
（ ） 18. In those days John with his classmates _____ kept busy preparing for the exam.
A. is B. are
C. was D. were
（ ） 19. —— ____ your clothes
——No, mine _____ hanging over there.
A. Is it, is B. Are these, are
C. Is it, are D. Are these, is
（ ） 20. The Smith’s family, which ____ rather a large one, ____ very fond of their old houses.
A. were, were B. was, was
C. were, was D. was, were
（ ） 21. What the teacher and the students want to say _____ that either of the countries ____ beautiful.
A. are, are B. is, is
C. are, is D. is, are
（ ） 22. He is the only one of the students who _____ a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is B. are
C. have been D. has been
（ ） 23. _____ of my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or sports meetings ______ their duty.
A. Each, are B. Both, is
C. Neither, are D. None, is
（ ） 24. —— What do you think of the ______ of the coat
—— It’s rather high. You can buy a cheaper one in that shop.
A. value B. cost C. price D. use
（ ） 25. —— Are the two answers correct
—— No, ______ correct.
A. no one is B. both are not
C. neither is D. either is not
（ ） 26. The wind, together with rain and fog, _____ making sailing difficult.
A. have been B. was
C. / D/ are
四.答案1.C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. A 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. D 21. B 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. B
第2章 动词的时态
1. 概念:
时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有16种时态,但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去完成时,英在完成时和现在完成进行时.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.一般现在时的用法
1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如：
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3） 表示格言或警句。例如：
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
2. 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：
Where did you go just now 刚才你上哪儿去了？
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。
3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ，例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）
Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）
注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：
Did you want anything else 您还要些什么吗？
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2）情态动词 could, would。例如：
Could you lend me your bike 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？
3.一般将来时
1） shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：
Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？
Will you be at home at seven this evening 今晚七点回家好吗？
2） be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow 明天打算作什么呢？
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。
3） be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4） be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
4. 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。
2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3）在时间或条件句中。例如：
When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。
5. 用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如：
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？
6. 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have （has） +过去分词。
7. 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）
Why did you get up so early （强调起床的动作已发生过了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）
He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）
He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
8. 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如：
This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
9.过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：
She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。
3） 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：
He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。
10. 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1） 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：
When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。
2 ） 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3） 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.将来完成时
1） 构成will have done
2） 概念
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时，你已经到达上海了
12现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法：
a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：
We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）
c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：
The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
13. 过去进行时
1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。
3） 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。
It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。
14. 将来进行时
1） 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如：
She'll be coming soon. 她会很快来的。
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见他。
注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.
2）常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。
15. 一般现在时代替一般将来时
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case （that）, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。
16. 一般现在时代替一般过去时
1 ） "书上说"，"报纸上说"等。例如：
The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。
2） 叙述往事，使其生动。例如：
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进，大战开始了
17. 一般现在时代替现在完成时
1） 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时，如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如：
I hear （= have heard） he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦。
I forget （=have forgotten） how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。
2） 用句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"。例如：
It is （= has been） five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面以来，五年过去了。
18. 一般现在时代替现在进行时。
在Here comes…/There goes…等句型里，用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如：
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
19. 现在进行时代替将来时
1） 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如：
Are you staying with us this weekend 和我们一起度周末好吗
We are leaving soon. 我们马上就走。
2） 渐变动词，如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如：
He is dying. 他要死了。
20.时态一致
1） 如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实，则用现在时。例如：
At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那时，人们不知道地球是动的。
He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。
2） 宾语从句中的，助动词ought, need, must, dare 的时态是不变的。例如：
He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他认为我不必告诉你真相。
三.巩固练习:
1、I’ ll give the book to him as soon as he ________ back.
2、Has the baby ________ crying yet (stop)
3、I don’ t know whether Mother __________ me to Beijing next month.(take)
4、She _______ on her coat and went out. (put)
5、 “What are they doing ” “They __________ ready for the sports meeting.” (get)
6、The boy asked his mother ________him go and play basketball.(let)
7、I’m sorry to keep you ____________ for a long time. (wait)
8、It ________ (take) him half an hour _______ (finish) his homework yesterday.
9、If it ________ an interesting film, we’ll see it tomorrow. (be)
10、They usually ________ (do) their homework after supper.
11、Listen! Who _____________(sing) in the next room now
12、__________(be) your parents in Shanghai last year
13、Mr. Yu _____________(teach) us maths since 1982.
14、They will have a trip to the Great Wall if it _________ (not rain) tomorrow.
15、Li Ming often _________ (listen) to the radio in the morning.
16、A: “Father, may I go out and play football ” B: “_____you ____(do) your homework ”
17、All the people in the town are glad ______(hear) that a famous musician ___ a concert this Saturday evening.( give)
18、Our teacher told us if it _____(not snow) we would visit the Science Museum the next day.
19、They often _______ (play) football in the afternoon.
20、A: What’re you doing Dad B: I _______ (mend) the radio.
21、Let’s _______(carry) the boxes to the house.
22、Yesterday she ______ (want) very much to see the film, but she couldn’t __(get) a ticket.
23、I _________(write) to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.
24、Mike ___________(visit) several places since he came to Beijing.
25、He ___________ (write) four letters to his wife every month.
26、Don’ t make any noise, Grandma ___________ (sleep).
27、His aunt ___________ (do) some cooking when he came in .
28、When they ___________ (reach) the station, the train had already left.
29、There ___________ (be) a meeting next Monday.
30、We ___________ (know) each other since our boyhood..
31、Sometimes my father ___________ (come) back home late.
32、They ___________ (have) an English evening next week.
33、I’m very glad___________ (hear) that.
34、Wei Fang isn’t here. She ___________ (go) to the reading-room.
35、The story ___________ (happen) long ago.
36、They ___________ (visit) the History Museum last week.
37、Zhang Hong ___________ (make) many friends since she came to Paris.
38、She ___________ (go) to the cinema with her classmates tomorrow evening.
39、Stay here, bag. Don’t go out. It ___________(rain) now.
40、Li Ping___________ (write) a composition every week.
41、The scientist ___________ (give) us a talk yesterday.
42、My parents ___________ (live) in Beijing since 1949.
43、Look! The young worker___________ (show) the students around the factory now.
44、They ___________ (build) a new bridge over the river next year.
45、The students___________ (clean) their classroom tomorrow.
46、The windows of our lab ___________ (clean) once a week.
47、Our teacher ___________ (join) the party twenty years ago.
48、The boys___________ (have) a basketball match now. Let’s ___(go) and _____(watch).
49、She___________ (work) in this factory for ten years.
50、 “What makes you ___________ (think) I’m a farmer ” the Frenchman asked.
四.答案
1. comes
2. stopped
3. will take
4. put
5. are getting
6. to let
7. waiting
8. took … to finish
9. is
10. do
11. is singing
12. Was
13. has taught
14. doesn’t rain
15. listens
16. Have … done
17. to hear … will give
18. didn’t snow
19. play
20. am mending
21. carry
22. wanted , get
23. will write
24. has visited
25. writes
26. is sleeping
27. was doing
28. reached
29. will be
30. have known
31. comes
32. will have
33. to hear
34. has gone
35. happened
36. visited
37. has made
38. will go
39. is raining
40. writes
41. gave
42. have lived
43. is showing
44. will build
45. will clean
46. is cleaned
47. joined
48. are having, go … watch
49. has worked
think
第三章 动词的语态
一.概念:
动词的语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语之间语法或语义的关系.英语的语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态.主动语态用于主动句,表示主语是动作的执行者.被动语态用于被动句,表示主语是动作的承受者.主动语态的构成方式与动词时态相同,而被动语态由 助动词be+过去分词 构成,有人称,数,时态的变化.
2. 相关知识点精讲
1. let 的用法
1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。例如：
They let the strange go.他们放陌生人走了。
---> The strange was let go.
2）当let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。例如：
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那护士让我去探望住院的同学。
----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
2.短语动词的被动语态
短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如：
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾。
Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻。
3. 表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组，基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等组成。例如：
It is said that… 据说
It is reported that… 据报道
It is believed that… 大家相信
It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知
It is thought that… 大家认为
It is suggested that… 据建议
It is taken granted that… 被视为当然
It has been decided that… 大家决定
It must be remember that… 务必记住的是
4. 不用被动语态的情况
1） 不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如appear, die disappear, end（vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。例如：
After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后，我家烧得所剩无几。
比较：rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。
要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
2） 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如：
This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁。
Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一致。
3） 系动词无被动语态，如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如：It sounds good. 听上去不错。
4） 带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death, dream/dream， live/life等，以及反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态。例如：
She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦。
5） 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。例如：
（对） She likes to swim.
（错） To swim is liked by her.
5. 主动形式表示被动意义
1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如：
The book sells well. 这本书销路好。
This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
2）blame, let（出租）, remain, keep, rent, build等。例如：
I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了，我该受指责。
Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。
3） 在need, require, want, worth （形容词）, deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如：
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。
This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
4）特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood （使别人能听见/理解自己）等。例如：
Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些，让别人理解你的话。
6. 被动形式表示主动意义，如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be prepared （for）, be occupied （in）, get married等。例如：
He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。
注意：表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如：
He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了。
He got married to a rich girl.
7.need/want/require/worth
当 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时，表示的是被动意义。例如：
Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。
The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。
三.巩固练习
1. I___________ (teach) here for ten years since I finished school.
2. Would you mind me __________ (use) your bike
3. The students of Class Two___________ (sweep) their classroom now.
4. The Whites____________ (not listen) to the radio at that time.
5. It's better to give than__________ (receive).
6. How long ______you_______ (live) in this town
7. You _______ (come) here last year, ______ you
8. ----When ______ you______ (see) him
----I______ (see) him last Sunday.
9. She said that the car___________ (use) the next week.
10. I didn't know what __________ (happen) to China in a century.
11. When I got to the station, the train ____ already ______ (leave).
12. The stone bridge______________ (build) in our hometown for ten years.
13. The desk must ______ (clean) once a day.
14. The dog _________ (lie) on the floor when I came in..
15. It _________(rain) heavily when I got home.
16. Her mother____________ (cook) at this time yesterday.
17. The students _____________ (do) their homework. __________ (not make) any noise!
18. ----______ you ever_______ (be) to Beijing ----Yes. I________ (go) there last week.
19. He'll telephone us as soon as he _________ (arrive) there.
20. Jiefang trucks____________ (make) in Changchun.
21. A pen is used for__________ (write).
22. All that must ________ (do).
23 .My friend can't decide which pair of trousers____________ (choose). So she asked me to go shopping with her.
24. They find it useful__________ (learn) English.
25. The old man often_________ (tell) the children a story in the evening. This evening he ________ (tell) two stories.
26. The radio__________ (use) once in a week in our class. It____________ (not use) yesterday because there was something wrong with it.
27. Would please tell us how___________ (make) the watch ________ (work)
28. She doesn't know what_________ (do) and where__________ (go).
四.答案
1. have taught
2. using
3. are sweeping
4. weren’t listening
5. to receive
6. have … lived
7. came … didn’t
8. did … see, saw
9. would be used
10. would happen
11. had … left
12. have been built
13. be cleaned
14. was lying
15. was raining
16. was cooking
17. are doing, Don’t make
18. have … beeen, went
19. arrives
20. are made
21. writing
22. be done
23. to choose
24. to learn
25. tells, will tell
第四章 动词的语气
一.概念
语气有三种:陈述语气,祈使语气和虚拟语气.语气表示说话人对劝词所示示的动作或所处的状态持有的态度或看法.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.辨别if 引导真实条件句和if引导的虚拟条件句的区别
If he has time, he will go with us.= Probably he has time and will go with us.
If he had time, he would go with us.=But in fact he has no time.
2.虚拟条件句中主句和从句的谓与动词构成形式如下表
if条件句中的谓与动词 主句的谓与动词
与现在的事实相反 1. 行为动词用did 形式2. be动词用were shouldwouldcould + 动词原形might
与过去的事实相反 had + done shouldwouldcould + have + donemight
与将来的事实相反 1. 行为动词用did2. should + 动词原形3. were to + 动词原形 shouldwouldcould + 动词原形might
3.混合时间的虚拟语气
如果条件句中的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生，主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表示的时间加以调整。
1)0If I had received the passport yesterday, I would start today.
2)If he had telephoned me last night, I would see him now.
3)If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be all right now.
4)If China had not been liberated, the working people would still be leading a miserable life.
4.should/ could / might/ ought to + have done 表示“过去本应该/可以做而实际上却没做”
needn’t have done 表示“过去没必要作而实际上做了”
5.虚拟语气中的倒装句
如果虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词中含有were, had, could, should，有时可将if省去，而将条件从句的主语置于were, had, should, could 之后。
Had you invited us, we would have come to your party.
Were I you, I would do more practice after class.
Could she lend us a helping hand, she would do so.
6.wish 后面的宾语从句的谓语动词应使用虚拟语气， 表示“可惜…；….就好了； 悔不该…； 但愿…。”
主句谓语 从句谓语
wish 时态 谓语动词的形式
现在时表示与wish同时发生 动词用过去时be动词用were
过去时表示在wish之前发生的动作 动词用had donebe用had been
将来时表示在wish之后发生的动作 动词用would do; should dobe 用 would be ; should be
1)I wish I knew the key to the answer.
2)I wish I were ten years younger.
3)I wish that I had gone to the football match last week.
4)I wish that you had been here yesterday.
5)He wishes that we would visit the old school.
7.表示命令或建议动词suggest, insist, propose, desire, demand, request, order, command 后的宾语从句中应使用虚拟 should +动词原形； should 不可用would 来替代; 主句所使用的动词时态不限。
8.suggest 为“建议去做…; 命令…”从句用should + do
为“ 说明； 暗示”, 从句用过去时或过去完成时。
1) The doctor suggested that I should take the medicine three times a day.
2) The doctor suggested that my grandmother had caught a bad cold.
9.insist “坚持要去做…，坚持应该去做”，从句用should + do为“坚持表明，坚持说/解释”， 从句用过去时或过去完成时。
10.虚拟语气也用于表语从句和主语从句中，表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea 等。表语从句中的谓语动词是should +动词原型，should 可以省略。
11.在主语从句中，当从句用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜等，从句的谓语动词用需拟语气形式。其谓语动词时should + 动词原型， 或should 省略。
三.巩固练习
1. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _________ much easier.
A. will be B. would have been
C. could have been D. would be
2. If I _____ you, I’d join the army.
A. am B. was C. were D. would be
3. If he _______ tomorrow, he would find Mr Wang in the office.
A. comes B. will come C. should come D. come
4. If it _______ next week , the crops would be saved.
A. rains B. will rains C. would rain D. should rain
5. If I _______ it, I would do it in a different way.
A. were to do B. do C. had done D. was to do
6. Supposing the weather ________ bad, where would you go
A. is B. will be C. were D. be
7. If he had worked harder, he _________.
A. would succeed B. had succeeded
C. should succeed D. would have succeeded
8. If he ________, he _________ that food.
A. was warned; would not take
B. had been warned; would not have taken
C. would be warned; had not taken
D. would have been warned; had not taken
9. If my lawyer _________ here last Saturday, he _______ me from going.
A. had been; would have prevented
B. had been; would prevent
C. were; would prevent
D. were; would have prevented
10. If he ______ it, he _______ it.
A. had seen; could have believed B. saw; couldn’t believe
C. saw; couldn’t have believed D. has seen; had believed
11. —Do you think the thief entered through the window
—No, if he had, I don’t believe, _______ broken the living-room’s window.
A. he would have B. he must have
C. he had D. should he have
12. —Did you go swimming last Sunday
—No. We would have gone ______ nicer.
A. if the weather was
B. would the weather have been
C. had the weather been
D. should the weather be
13. ______ it ______ for your help, I couldn’t have made any progress.
A. Had; not been B. Should; not been
C. Did; not been D. Not; been
14. _______ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would have left B. Was he leaving
C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves
15. It is ordered that a new bridge ______ over the wide river.
A. should be built B. would built
C. will be built D. built
四.答案
1.D 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.A 10.A 11.D 12.C 13.A 14.C 15.A
第5章 助动词
一.概念:
助动词是帮助主要动词构成各种时态,语态,语气以及否定或疑问结构的动词.助动词分为时态助动词和结构助动词两种.
二.相关知识点精讲:
1. 助动词be的用法
1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态。例如：
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2） be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the freshmen. 我们要教新生。
说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令。例如：
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
c. 征求意见。例如：
How am I to answer him 我该怎样答复他？
Who is to go there 谁该去那儿呢？
d. 表示相约、商定。例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
2. 助动词have的用法
1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态。例如：
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。
2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：
I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
3）have +been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：
English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。
3.助动词do 的用法
1）构成一般疑问句。例如：
Do you want to pass the CET 你想通过大学英语测试吗？
Did you study German 你们学过德语吗？
2）do + not 构成否定句。例如：
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.
过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3） 构成否定祈使句。例如：
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如：
Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you. 我确实想你。
5）用于倒装句。例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了大学以后，我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6）用作代动词。例如：
---- Do you like Beijing --你喜欢北京吗？
---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he 他知道如何开车，对吧？
4. 助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如：
I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:
He shall come. 他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）
He will come. 他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）
5.助动词should, would的用法
1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。例如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。
比较："What shall I do next week " I asked. "我下周干什么？"我问道。
可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。
2） would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如：
He said he would come. 他说他要来。
比较："I will go," he said. 他说："我要去那儿。"变成间接引语，就成了He said he would come。原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。
6. 短语动词
动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如：
Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。（turn off是短语动词）
短语动词的构成基本有下列几种：
1）动词+副词，如：black out；
2）动词+介词，如：look into；
3）动词+副词+介词，如：look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词
三.巩固练习
1.If it is fine tomorrow, we ______ a football match.
a. have b. will have c. has d. shall has
2.When he was at school, he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast.
a. will rise b. shall rise b. should rise would rise
3.In the past 30 years China ______ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist construction.
a. has made b. have made c. had made d. having made
4.I ______ go to bed until I ______ finished my work.
a. don’t/had b. didn’t/have c. didn’t/had d. don’t/have
5.______ you think he ______ back by dinner time
a. Do/have come b. Did/will have come c. Does/will come d. Do/will have come
6.He said that he dropped his bag when he ______ for the bus.
a. was runing b. was running c. were running d. is running
7.No sooner ______ he arrived home than he ______ to start on another journey.
a. has/was asked b. have/were asked c. had/is asked d. had/was asked
8.“______ you give me a room for the night ” I asked on arriving at the hotel.
a. Should b. Can c. Might d. May
9.There are nine of them, so ______ get into the car at the same time.
a. they may not at all b. all they may not c. they can’t all d. all they can’t
10.“We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday.” “He ______ it.”
a. mustn’t attend b. cannot have attended
c. would have not attended d. needn’t have attended
11.“You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don’t you ”
“No, officer. I ______. This car can’t do more than 80.”
a. didn’t need to be b. may not have been c. couldn’t have been d. needn’t have been
12.he was a good runner so he ______ escape from the police.
a. might b. succeeded to c. would d. was able to
13.If they ______, our plan will fall flat.
a. are co-operating b. had not co-operated c. won’t co-operate d. didn’t co-operate
14.I hoped ______ my letter.
a. her to answer b. that she would answer c. that she answers d. her answering
15.He ______ live in the country than in the city.
a. prefers b. likes to c. had better d. would rather
16.______ to see a film with us today
a. Did you like b. Would you like c. Will you like d. Have you liked
17.I’m sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply ______ what I did.
a. must do b. had to do c. ought to have done d. have to do
18.“Time is running out,______ ”
a. hadn’t we better got start b. hadn’t we better get start
c.hadn’t we better get started d. hadn’t we better not started
19.No one ______ that to his face.
a. dares say b. dares saying c. dare say d. dare to say
20.The students in the classroom ______ not to make so much noise.
a. need b. ought c. must d. dare
21.You ______ last week if you were really serious about your work.
a. ought to come b. ought to be coming c. ought have come d. ought to have come
22.The elephants ought ______ hours ago by the keepers.
a. to be fed b. to feed c. to being fed d. to have been fed
23.“I wonder why they’re late.” “They ______ the train.”
a. can have missed b. could miss c. may have missed d. might miss
24.“Tom graduated from college at a very young age.”
“He ______ have been an outstanding student.”
a. must b. could c. should d. might
25.You ______ the examination again since you had already passed it.
a. needn’t have taken b. didn’t need to take c. needn’t take d. mustn’t take
26.He is really incompetent! The letter ______ yesterday.
a. should be finished typing b. must be finished typing
c.must have finished typing c. should have been finished typing
27.The boy told his father that he would rather ______ an astronaut.
a. become b. to become c. becoming d. became
28.When we reached the station, the train had still not arrived; so we ______.
a. needed not to hurry b. needn’t have hurried
c. need not to have hurried d. didn’t need to hurry
29.Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend,_____ you like to have dinner with us tonight
a. will b. won’t c. wouldn’t d. do
30.He was afraid what he had done ______ a disastrous effect on his career.
a. might have b. could be c. have been d. shall be
四.答案
1-10 BDACDBDBCB 11-20 CDCBDBBCCB 21-30 DDCABDABCA
第六章 情态动词
一.概念:
情态动词是表示能力,义务,必须,猜测等说话人的语气或情态的动词.
二.相关知识点精讲:
1．can
1)表能力
can表能力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以无甚阻力地去做某事。
I can climb this pole. 我能爬这根杆子。
He is only four , but he can read. 他只有4岁，但已认得字了。
Fire can’t destroy gold. 火烧不毁金子。
因为can不能和其他助动词连用，所以表示将来式时用will be able to
You will be able to skate after you have practiced it two or three times.
你练习两三次后就会溜冰了。
2)表可能性
多用于否定与疑问结构中，但也可用在肯定句中。
Can the news be true 这消息可能是真的吗？
It can’t be true. 它不可能是真的。
What can he possibly mean 他可能是什么意思？
can 用在肯定句中表示理论上的可能性（一时的可能）。
A horse in the center of London can cost a lot of money.
Attending the ball can be very exciting.
The road can be blocked. 这条路可能会不通的。
may 在肯定句中表示现实的可能性。
The road may be blocked. 这条路可能不通了。
3)表示允许（和may意思相近）常见于口语。
Can (May) I come in 我能进来吗？
Can I smoke here 我可以在这里抽烟吗？
2.could的用法
1)表过去的可能和许可，（多用于间接引语中）
At that time we thought the story could not be true.
那时我们认为所说的事不可能是真的。
Father said I could swim in the river.
爸爸说我可以在河里游泳。
2)表过去的能力
I could swim when I was only six.
我刚六岁就能游泳。
Could在肯定句中表示过去的能力时，常表抽象的一般的能力。
He could be very naughty when he was a child.
他小时候会是很顽皮的。
3)表“允许”。可表示委婉客气的提出问题或陈述看法
Could I use your bike
Yes, you can.
他会记得那时吗
I’m afraid I couldn’t give you an answer today.
恐怕我今天不能回答你。
The teacher said you could go to the store for sweets.
老师说你可以去商店买糖。
3)Could/can+have done 结构表示对过去发生的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”。 could 加完成式还用于肯定句时一般表过去可能完成而却未完成的动作。
Can they have won the basketball match？
他们赢了那场篮球赛吗？
What you referred to just now can have made her very sad.
你刚刚所谈到的可能令他很伤心。
You could have completed the task a little earlier.
你本来能早点完成任务的。（但事实上并没有提前完成任务）
I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes.
我本可以轻易通过考试，但我犯了太多不该犯的错误。
如表具体做某一件事的能力时，则须用 be able to .
He was able to translate the article without a dictionary.
他可以不用词典翻译那篇文章。
Can表示一贯的能力 ，be able to表示客观能力和通过努力可以达到的能力
I can’t swim. But I am sure I will be able to swim through more practicing.
The fire spread through the hotel, but everyone was able to get out
When the boat sank he was able to swim to the bank
3.may 的用法
1)表示请求、可以、允许。
You may drive the tractor. 你可以开那台拖拉机。
2)当回答由may 引起的问题时，否定答语要用must not,表示“不许可”、“不应该”、“不行”。
May I come in
Yes, you may.
No,you can’t
No, you may not .
No ,you mustn’t
No ,you’d better not.
3) may /might 推测性用法 可能
He may be right.
He may not come today (可能不)
He may /might come tomorrow.
, 注意: 1只用于肯定和否定句中,不用于疑问句中。
2 might 比may可能性更小
He might get a job.
He may get a job.
3 may no 可能不 can not不可能
He may not come
He can’t come
3)表建议（可和as well 连用）
You may（might）as well stay where you are.
你还是原地待着好。（may as well 有“还是……的好”的含义）
4)表祝愿
May you be happy!
might
1)表过去的“可能”和“允许”多用于间接引语。
She said that he might take her dictionary.
她说他可以拿她的词典去用。
除在间接引语中外，might一般不表示过去的“可能”与“许可”。表过去的“可能”可用could，表过去的“许可”可用were (was) allowed to。
2)表现在的“可能”，其可能性要比may小。
Electric irons could be dangerous; they might give you a severe shock.
电熨斗会有危险，它可能电着人。
3)may (might) + have +done 表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有“想必”、“也许是”的意思。
It may have been true. 这事也许是真的。
He might not have settled the question. 他可能尚未解决那个问题。
4.must 的主要用法。
1)表示必须、必要
We must do everything step by step .我们必须按部就班地做一切事情。
Why must you always bother me 为什么你偏要打扰我呢。
2)must be + 表语的结构，通常表示猜测，含有“一定”之意。（只用在肯定句中）
He must be an honest boy. 他一定是个诚实的男孩。
This must be your room. 这一定是你的房间。
3)must 的否定式有两个：当回答由must引起的问题时，否定答复要用needn’t或don’t have to 表示“不必”、“无须”、“用不着”、“不一定”的意义。当表示“不应该”、“不许可”、“禁止”时，就用must not。
Must I go tomorrow 明天我必须去吗？
Yes, please.是的，请吧！
No , you needn’t. 不，你不必去。
4)must +have +过去分词的结构，常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有“一定”、“准是”的意思。否定和疑问句用can。
She must have studied English before.她以前一定学过英语。
5.have to的含义与must是很接近的,只是have to 比较强调客观需要，must着重说明主观看法。
I must clean the room.（主观想法）
I have to clean the room.（客观需要）
另外，have to 能用于更多时态：
We had to be there at ten .我们得在十点钟到那里。
We will have to reconsider the whole thing.
这一切我们将不得不重新加以考虑。
have to 的否定式：don’t have to do 表示“不必做……”之意。
6.ought to 的用法
Ought to 后接动词原形，表义务，但不及must 那样具有信心，如：
You don’t look well. You ought to go to see the doctor.
你气色不好，应该去看病。
Ought to 用于否定句，其否定形式可缩略为oughtn’t ，如：
You oughtn’t to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。
也可以用于疑问句，如：
Ought you to smoke so much 你应该抽这样多烟吗？
Ought to 在间接引语中表过去时形式不变，如：
He said you ought to tell the police.
他说你应该去报告警察。
7.shall的用法
1)用于第一人称征求对方的意见，如：
What shall I wear on the journey 我路上穿什么好呢？
Shall we dance 我们跳舞好吗？
2)shall 用于第二、三人称时表允诺，警告，命令，威胁（现已少见），如：
She shall get her share. 她可以得到她的一份。
You shall have it back tomorrow.你明天可以将它拿回。
情态动词should一般不应被认为是情态动词shall的过去式，主要用法有：
1)用于第一人称疑问句中询问对方的意愿，但语气较委婉温和，如：
What should we do now 我们现在该怎么办？
2)表示应该、必须，常与must 换用。例如：
We should (must) master a foreign language at least.
我们应当至少掌握一门外语。
3)“should+be+表语”的结构，表示推测或惊奇。例如：
They should be back by now. 他们现在应该回来了吧。
I am sorry that she should be so careless. 我感到遗憾她竟会那样粗心。
4)“should+have+过去分词”的结构，表示过去该做而实际上尚未做的动作或行为；其否定则表示发生了不应该发生的行为。其同义结构“ought to have +过去分词”,表示过去“早应该”、“本当”之意，语气较强。例如：
I should have thought of that. 这一点我是应当想到的。（但没想到）
They should not have left so soon.他们不应当走得这么早。（但已走了）
5) 在“It is natural (strange, natural, necessary, surprised, impossible, important ) that……”句型中，主语从句中的谓语动词要用should +动词原形”表示“理所当然”、“奇怪”、“必要”、“惊异”等的意思。在lest（以免）、for fear (that) (以防)、in case（以备万一）等之后也要用should+动词原形;在advise, sugest, order, demand, request 等的从句中should+do”例如：
It is necessary that he(should) be sent there at once.
有必要马上派他到那里去。
It is strange that he should say so. 他会说这样的话真是奇怪。
Let us go at once lest we should be late for the train.
我们马上走吧，以免赶不上火车。
8..will和would的用法
1）表示意志，决心或愿望。例如：
Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace.
我们一定要支持全世界人民争取和平的斗争。
He would not let me try it . 他不肯让我去试。
2）will表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性，would表示过去的习惯行为。
He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.
他会经常一连几个小时坐在那儿观看来往的车辆。
He would come to see me when he was in Beijing.
他在北京时，常来看望我。
3）用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中，表示对对方的请求，would的语气比will委碗
Would/will you kindly tell me the way to the station 请问到火车站怎么走？
4）表可能性
This will be the book you are looking for.
这可能就是你要找的书。
She eould be about 60 when she died.
他死时大概60岁。
9. need和dare的用法
情态动词need 实义动词 need
现 You need (not) do You (don’t) need to do
在
时 He need (not) do He needs (doesn’t need) to do
过 You needed (didn’t need) to do
去
时 He needed (didn’t need) to do
将 You need (not) do You will (not) need to do
来
时 He need (not) do He will (not) need to do
句型 时态 动词
情态动词dare 实义动词 dare
肯定句 现在时 dare to 少用 dare/dares to do
过去时 dare to 少用 dared to do
否定句 现在时 daren’t/dare not do do/does not dare (to) do
过去时 dared not do did not dare (to) do
疑问句 现在时 Dare he do Do you/Does he dear (to) do
过去时 Dared he do Did he dare (to) do
needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要， 意为“本没必要…”。例如：
You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have to go to work today
10.表推测的情态动词句子的反意疑问句
He must/may be in the room, isn’t he
He can’t be in the room, is he？
He must have finished the work, hasn’t he
He may have done the work last night, didn’t he
：情态动词+行为动词进行式
情态动词+行为动词进行式（即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式），表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如：
1）He must be playing basketball in the room.
2）She may be staying at home.
11.情态动词+行为动词完成进行式
情态动词+行为动词完成进行式（即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式），表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如：
1）They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.
2）He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.
12.used to +v, be used to +v-ing和be used to +v
（1）used to +v意为“过去常常”，“过去一直”；be used to +v-ing / n（名词）意为“习惯于”；be used to +v意为“被用来（做某事）”。
（2）used to只表示过去，而be used to +v-ing / n可表示现在、过去或将来。例如：
1）He used to smoke. Now he doesn’t.
2）He’s quite used to hard work / working hard.
3）The knife is used to cut bread.
13．用作情态动词的其他短语
would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。例如：
1）The soldier would sooner die than surrender.
2）The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy.
3）I’d rather walk than take a bus.
4）If you don’t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home.
注：这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形.would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句，that 常省去，从句要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如：
1）I would rather you came on Sunday.
2）I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday.
3. 巩固练习:
1. _____ you ready
(A) Are (B) Have (C) Will (D) Can
2. ____ here early
(A) Will he (B) Was he (C) Did he be (D) Were he
3. I ___ happy about the price of eggs.
(A) am't (B) am not (C) do not (D) won’t
4. Since last year I____ him only once.
(A) have seen (B) have been seeing (C) see (D) was seeing
5. Donald ___ sixteen tomorrow.
(A) is being (B) going to be (C) shall be (D) will be
6. I ___ the story at all.
(A) don't like (B) like (C) am fond of (D) would like
7. I would rather ___ than play now.
(A) to study (B)am studying (C) study (D) studied
8. I'd rather you ___ anything about it for the time being.
(A) do (B) didn't do (C) don't (D) didn't
9. The car___much money.
(A) not cost (B) not have cost (C) isn't cost (D) didn't cost
10. I ___ like to eat fish.
(A) am (B) have (C) do (D) be
11. ___ repeat the question
(A) Shall I (B) Will I (C)Would you like that I (D) Do you want that I
12. My teacher knows more than ___.
(A) my uncle knows (B) my uncle does
(C) they know (D)they don't know
13. He___to meet us at the station, but didn't see us.
(A) did go (B) did went (C) goes (D) had
14. Not only ____us light.
(A) does the sun give (B) the sun gives
(C) gives the sun (D) the sun does give
15. ____ you tell me what has happened
(A) May (B) Must (C) Can (D) Could
16. Anne___tomorrow.
(A) can sing (B) can to sing (C) is going sing (D) going to sing
17. You___hand it in at once, you may hand it in tomorrow.
(A) needn't (B) may not (C) can't (D) must not
18. Tell the boy that he ___ in the river.
(A) swims (B) swim (C) swimming (D) to swim
19. Joan___play on Saturday.
(A) going to (B) can (C) is going (D) can to
20. Susan and I can go to the lecture ___.
(A) but neither can Charles (B) and so Charies can
(C) but Charles can't (D) and Charles also can
四.答案
1. (A) 2, (B) 3. (B) 4. (A) 5, (D) 6, (A) 7. (C) 8. (B) 9. (9) 10, (C)
11. (A) 12. (B) 13. (A) 14. (A) 15. (D) 16. (A) 17. (A) 18. (B) 19. (B) 20, (C)
PAGE
1语法与词汇
一、单项选择题
1.Some teachers are clever, but not very good at ___________ their ideas to students.
A. getting across B. getting over C. getting down D. getting into
2. This river has changed its course many times . It _________ always located where it _________ at present.
A. isn’t; is B. isn’t; will be C. wasn’t; is D. wasn’t; has been
3. — Mr Smith will have to stay in hospital for a good while.
— Don’t worry. Henry will his duties.
A．take up B．take over C．take in D．take off
4．We hoped to be able to move into our new house at the end of the month, but things didn’t ___________ as we expected .
A．work out B．move out C．carry out D．put out
5. You’ll never work it out by that method ; you are ____________ altogether
A. keep track of B. off the track C. on the track of D. around the track
6. The small mountain village we spent our holiday last month lies is now part of Hubei.
A. which; in where B. where; in what C. that; in which D. where; in which
7. He is one of those people everybody will find hard to please.
A. that; being B. whom; / C. who; is D. which; to be
8. It is agreed that constant arguing doesn’t __ ___ a happy marriage.
A. make out B. make for C. make up D. make up for
9．She carried out her promise he had made she would give me a present on my birthday.
A．that; x B．for which; that C．that; that D．which; x
10. I more money that day, I you some.
A．If; had; could lend B．Have; had; would lend
C．Have; had; would have lent D．Had; had; would have lent
11. AIDS is a disease that the body’s immune system and leaves a person against infections and illness.
A．breaks off; defend B．breaks down; defenseless
C．breaks into; defence D．breaks up; indenfence
12. He came to my class every week, but his attitude he was not really interested in the subject.
A．expressed B．described C．explained D．suggested
13. The newly-discovered star was named___ ____ a Chinese astronomer in honour of his contribution to astronomy.
A. for B. after C as D. by
14. __ ___, I think, and the problems could be settled.
A. If you double your efforts B So long as you keep up your spirits
C. Making greater efforts D A bit more efforts.
15. Mrs Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had ___ _____ went wrong again.
A. to repair B. had been repaired C. had repaired D. to be repaired
16. The picture was put in the corner of the room. Nobody __________ in it.
A. had any interest B. being interested
C. was interested D. to have an interest
17. -- Who is the man talking to the headmaster
-- A professor _______ a visit to our school.
A. paying B. is paying C. pays D. paid
18. In the USA, she made a lot of friends __________English well to make herself _________.
A. learn; understood B. learn; to be understood
C. to learn; understood D. to learn; understand
19. I don’t think she could have done such a stupid thing last night, __________
A. do I B. could I C. did she D. has she
20. I must go now. ___________, if you want that book I'll bring it next time.
A. Incidentally B. Accidentally C. Occasionally D. Subsequently
21. All foreign visitors are requested to ___________ with the regulations in this area.
A. agree B. comply C. consent D. conform
22. If he refuses to ____________ my plan, I can probably find someone more cooperative.
A. put up with B. fall in with
C. do away with D. get along with
23. When the big bills for mother's hospital care came, father was glad he had money in the bank to ___________.
A. fall short of B. fall through
C. fall back on D. fall in with
24. When I worked as the general manager of the firm, I sometimes had __________ to visit London on business.
A. opportunity B. possibility C. occasion D. chance
25. Jack almost fell off the cliff, but managed to ___________ until help came.
A. keep on B. catch on C. count on D. hang on
26. It isn't so much whether he works hard; the question is whether he works ___________.
A. above all B. in all C. at all D. after all
27. Mary had taken _________ to see that her guests had everything that they could possibly want.
A. efforts B. pains C. attempts D. endeavors
rade Li Dazhao, ___________ librarian of Beijing University, was one of the founders of the Chinese Communist Party.
A. sometimes B. sometime C. some time D. some times
29. Alice was very sorry to hear that her grandmother had __________ two days before.
A. broken off B. passed off
C. given away D. passed away
30. He's the kind of man who is fond of __________ compliments to other men's wives.
A. paying B. saying C. expressing D. showing
31. The party, which had been greatly __________, was spoiled by the rude behavior of an uninvited guest.
A. looked forward to B. looked up to
C. called forth D. called for
32. She ___________ the temptation to buy a coat she could not afford.
A. challenged B. obstructed C. contradicted D . resisted
33. Scientists have to work hard to keep _________ with modern discoveries and developments.
A. company B. track C. touch D. pace
34. He didn't ___________ what I read because his mind was on something else.
A. hold on B. catch on C. take in D. get over
35. Arrogance and pride are similar in meaning, but there is _____ difference between them.
A. a submerged B. an indecisive
C. an indistinct D. a subtle
36. So far as he could, John had always tried to _________ the example he saw in Lincoln.
A. live up to B. set forth C. call for D. cut out
37. He _________ the place where he had been bitten by an insect.
A. snatched B. scratched C. squeezed D. stretched
38. The book seems to have been __________ from various books and articles.
A. pieced together B. taken off
C. broken away D. pulled out
39. We had a marvelous holiday: only the last two days were slightly __________ by the weather.
A. damaged B. hurt C. ruined D. spoiled
40. The new safety regulations were agreed on after ___________ with the work-force.
A. conference B. participation
C. intervention D. consultation
41. During World War II Malta managed to _________ most of Italian and German bombers by throwing up an effective anti-aircraft screen.
A. put out B. shut out C. come across D. get across
42. He hated the war so much that he decided to leave the army ___________.
A. for long B. once in a while
C. for good D. once upon a time
43. Because of the poor harvest, wheat prices have __________ in the last six months.
A. added B. jumped C. amounted D. developed
44. Don't go too far into the sea, children, or the waves will __________ you off your feet.
A. flow B. cut C. press D. sweep
45. The store had no more red shoes ___________, so Mary chose brown ones instead.
A. in demand B. in store C. in need D. in stock
46. Bill is not a fast runner and he doesn't have a chance of winning the marathon, but he will _________ the race even if he finishes last.
A. keep on B. keep to C. stick out D. stick to
47. Can you __________ me __________ two hundred copies of this article by tomorrow.
A. give .. out B. send .. in
C. write .. off D. run .. off
48. What I'm telling you is strictly ___________. Do not let anyone know of it.
A. secretive B. special C. individual D. confidential
49. We finally managed to ___________ the committee's approval of our plans.
A. secure B. arouse C. acquire D. exert
50. The beauty of the place is more than I can describe. I am sure whoever sees it will _________ its charm.
A. appeal to B. stick to C. keep to D. yield to
51. The government is _______ and will take the necessary steps to maintain security and stability.
A. on the alert B. out of control
C. on guard D. in vain
52. His job at the hospital did not pay much, so he found another ____________.
A. on the rise B. on the spot
C. on the decline D. on the side
53. The filling station ___________ because there were too many others on the street.
A. fell through B. went under
C. fell out D. went through
54. . His name was on the __________ of my tongue, but I just couldn't recall it.
A. end B. point C. edge D. tip
55. My friends, after they heard what had happened to me, _____ said it sounded like an adventure.
A．all B．that C．which D．who
56. __________, Mary went up to the stage to accept the prize for the best actor.
A. Excited and happy B. Being excitedly and happily
C. Being excited and happy D. Excitedly and happily
57. Is this hotel ________ you said we were to stay in your letter
A. where B. what C. that D. in which
58. It was a very _________ course, but we managed to get through it
A. demanding B. strong C. strict D. heavy
59. My boss has decided to send me to China to do a _________ course in Mandarin. It's very intensive - 8 hours every day for 10 days.
A. crash B. fast C. speed D. high-speed
60. I suppose some people create an idea of who they want to be and, they _______ it________.
A. work…over B. bear…out
C. live…out D. get… over
61. The villagers,_________ damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.
A. all of their homes B. all whose homes
C. all of whose homes D. all their homes
62. She is the only one among the __________ who __________ stories for children.
A. woman writers; write B. women writers; write
C. woman writers; write D. women writers; writes
63. By the middle of the 21st century, the vast majority of the world’s population _________in cities rather than in the country.
A. are living B. will be living
C. have lived D. will have lived
64. No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything ___________going on in the world.
A. it is B. as is C. there is D. what is
65.The examination results in the speech of our headmaster delighted all of us．
A．refer to B．referring to C．was referred to D．referred to
66. “Not all the students are skilled at learning English.” means ______.
A. Most of the students are skilled at learning English
B. Few students are skilled at learning English
C. No students are skilled at learning English
D. All students are not skilled at learning English
67.Johnny is a great dancer；he ______ above the rest for his perfect performance.
A. stand by B. lives on C. stands out D. makes out
68. Along the road _______ many newly-built buildings.
A. lies B. has C. have D. are
69. _____ more and more forests destroyed, some birds are ____ with the danger of dying out.
A. within; facing B. By; facing C. As; faced D. with; faced
70._________ , the dancers practise hard to make their dreams come true.
A. Being disabled as they B. As they are disabled
C. Disabled as they are D. Disabled so they are
二、语法填空
1
Throughout history man has changed his physical environment in order to improve his way of life. (1)________ the tools of technology he has altered many physical features of the earth. He has transformed woodlands and prairies（大草原）(2)________ farms and made lakes and reserviors（水库）out of rivers for irrigation purposes or hydroelectric power. Man has also modified （修改） the face of the earth by draining marshes (沼泽) and cutting through mountains to build roads and railways.
However, man's changes to the physical environment have not always had (3)________(benefit) results. Today, pollution of the air and water is (4)________ increasing danger to the health of the planet. Each day thousands of tons of gases come out of the exhausts of motor vehicles. Smoke (5)________ factories pollutes the air of industrialized areas and the surrounding areas of the countryside. The pollution of water is equally harmful. The whole ecological balance of the sea (6)________(change) and industrial wastes have already made many rivers lifeless.
Now environmental protection is more pressing than ever before. As we know, massive destruction of environment has (7)________（动词词组） negative effects and even poses a great threat to man's existence. Indifference to these problems will mean (8)________(commit) suicide. Therefore, effective measures should be taken and laws (9)________(pass) to conserve environment. Otherwise, man is certain to suffer (10)_______ the serious consequences caused by this lack of care for his living surroundings.
2
The Case For Noise Abatement
Perhaps the one aspect of modern life most often (1)________(consider) ‘annoying’ is noise.(2)________(accord) to some estimates, the amount of urban noise (3)________(double) in the past ten years, and with the increase in road and traffic, noise is likely to increase too.
Noise quite clearly affect the health of modern man. It is a healthy hazard. Loud noise is said to be a leading reason of deafness among many people over 65. (4)________（改正划线句子错误） It is also a major contributing factor in causing stress, which itself causes a variety of illnesses.
Noise is sometimes associated (5)________ lack of communication in the modern world. In many busy shops, factories and nightclubs, the level and constancy of noise (6)________ conversation at a natural level difficult or impossible.
Certain people in society, such as motorcyclists, seem to believe they have a right to make as much noise as they like (7)________ being penalized. Do they
We are so conditioned to noise in this modern world, especially in the form of music blaring out in shops, restaurants, shopping malls and even on the telephone, (8)________ people growing up with little or no experience of genuine peace and quiet have begun to equate silence with boredom. Isn’t it time we (9)________(start) to teach young people silence is golden and (10)________ you can do a lot of interesting things without the accompaniment of noise
3
In the past few years, quite a number of men and women have chosen to do something less competitive. They are afraid that the stress and strains of work will rob them (1)________ joy and happiness and (2)________ them harm both physically and mentally.
In fact, however, stress isn’t the bad thing (3)________ it is often supposed to be. Above all, (4)________ it gets out of control, a certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and challenge, and to give purpose and significance to (5)________, otherwise meaningless, idle life. (6)________, people under stress tend to express their full range of potential and to actualize their own personal worth—the very aim of a human life.
Stress is a natural part of everyday life and (7)________ is no way to avoid. What we can do is (8)________(develop) our adaptive abilities to deal with it rather than to escape (9)________ it.
4
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, it is said. (1)________(look) back, I realize how true that is and that I must have been mad to buy the painting.
I had made (2)________(arrange) to attend the auction sale (3)________ at the time I didn’t know there were any paintings in it. I was personally interested (4)________ a collection of old stamps and some books and was pleasantly surprised when, looking around the saleroom before the sale, I (5)________ a glimpse of some old oil paintings piled in the corner of the room. Quite clearly no one thought they were of any value in terms of great art – but I always feel it is worth having a look.
(6)________ is difficult for me to resist the temptation to buy paintings, so I began looking through the pile. I was sure there would be nothing there (7)________ interest, but you never know.
Then, suddenly, I came across a framed oil painting which, at that moment and for some reason, I invested with artistic value. Why did I do it True, It was a painting of ‘The Madonna and Child’, but with none of the greatness of other interpretations of the subject matter. (8)________ I could have been so blind at the time is still unbelievable! I can not express the emotion I felt at the time, (9)________ will I try. I can only think that it was greed: I thought that I (10)________(discover) a masterpiece. I bid $100 at the auction and rushed home with the painting: It was when I put it on the table and really studied it that I realize how poor and vulgar it was. There is a lesson here, I know, but I’m not quite sure what it is.
5
The tape recorder is one of the most welcome and popular electronic devices ever (1)________ (invent). For example, it can reproduce sounds quite well, which are hardly distinguishable (2)________ the original. Besides, it is very handy and can be carried around. Furthermore, tape recorders are not so expensive as color TV sets or video-tape players, so most families (3)________ (afford) them. Therefore, the tape recorder is liked by everyone and has entered most homes.
This device is useful in many ways. For example, it is used by people (4)________ (play) music and thus gives them a lot of pleasure. (5)________ example is that it is an effective aid for learning a foreign language. It may also serve as (6)________ useful tool for many professionals such as reporters and policemen and enables them to work (7)________(efficient).
(8)________, it can also become a nuisance. Some youngsters play the tape recorder late at night and therefore disturb (9)________ neighbours' rest. Some shop-owners use it to attract customers and they often play music so loudly that customers feel very (10)________(annoy) with it. Thus, the tape recorder should be put to good use.
6
Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn (1)________ being corrected all the time; (2)________ corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference (3)________ his language and other’s language. Bit by bit, he makes the right changes (4)________(make) his language like other people’s. In the same way, children learn to do all the other things. They learn to talk, run, climb, ride a bicycle by comparing their own behaviors (5)________ those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. But in school teachers never give a child a chance to find out his mistakes for (6)________(he), even (7)________ chances for him to correct himself. They do it all for him. Teachers act as if the student would never notice a mistake if they did not point out (8)________ to him. They act as if the student would never correct it (9)________ he was made to. Soon he becomes (10)________ (depend) on the teacher. Let the student do it himself. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word means and what the answer is to that problem.
7
Dear Lawrence,
It has been five years (1)________ we met each other last time. How time flies! How are things with you The happy time (2)________ we spent together is always on my mind and I really hope to meet you again. As you know, Spring Festival, Lunar New Year, is the most (3)________(favor) holiday for us Chinese. With its colorful and rich traditions, it (4)________(celebrate) almost in every part of China. Everyone is indulged in the dominant atmosphere of joyous family reunion and with the fresh and vigorous look people greet the New Year.
The celebrations vary (5)________ place to place, but there are three traditions that have never differed throughout the country. First, the New Year’s Eve dinner is a symbol of family reunion, with all family members (6)________(seat) around the steaming table, tasting a variety of delicious food and wishing each other health, success and happiness. Second, people, during the holidays, will visit each other to express (7)________ best regards and wishes. And finally, we can enjoy the marvelous lion and dragon dances symbolizing（象征） happiness, good fortune and prosperity.
The day is drawing nearer, and my families and I (8)________(sincere) invite you to join us for this year’s Spring Festival. (9)________ you’d like to, we can make further arrangements.
Looking forward (10)________ your reply!
8
All the housewives who went to the new supermarket had one great ambition: to be the lucky customer who did not have to pay for her shopping. For this was (1)________ the notice just inside the entrance promised. It said: “(2)________(remember), once a week, one of our customers gets free goods. This may be your lucky day!”
For several weeks Mrs. Edwards hopes, like many of her friends, (3)________(be) the lucky customer. Unlike her friends, she never gave up hope. The cupboards in her kitchen were full (4)________ things which she did not need. Her husband tried to dissuade（劝阻） her but in vain. She dreamed of the day (5) ________ the manager of the supermarket would approach her and say: “Madam, this is your lucky day. Everything in your basket is free. ”
One Friday morning, after she had finished her shopping and had taken (6)________ to her car, she found that she (7)________(forget) to buy any tea. She dashed back to the supermarket, got the tea (8)________ went towards the cash-desk. As she did so, she saw the manager of the supermarket (9)________(approach) her. “Madam”, he said, (10)________(hold) out his hand, “I want to congratulate you! You are our lucky customer and everything you have in your basket is free!”
1. A get across 使通过，使被理解；get over 克服；get down从…下来，写下；
get into对…发生兴趣，卷入。
2. C
3. B take up占据，开始从事；take over占据，接任（职位）；take off 脱下，起飞。
4. A 5. B 6. B 7. B 8. B 9. C 10. D 11. D 12. D 13. B 14. D
15. B 16. B 17. A 18. C 19. C
20. A incidentally(=by the way)附带地，顺便; accidentally(=by chance)偶然地; occasionally (=from time to time, not regularly)不时地，偶尔; subsequently(=afterwards, later).
21. B comply with(=act in accordance with a demand, order, rule, etc.)遵守; conform(to)使一致，符合；consent to 同意，赞同。
22. B fall in with(=agree to)同意; put up with忍受。do away with废除；杀死。get along with进行，进展；相处。
23. C fall back on求助于; fall short of没达到，低于; fall in with与......一致，符合；同意，赞成，支持。fall through落空.
24. C occasion 作可数名词时，意为“时机”，作不可数名词时，意为“必要”，本题中occasion意为“必要”。从句语法结构上看，本句中用opportunity(难得的)机会，chance（偶然的）机会均可，但按逻辑意思，应用occasion.
25. D hang on(=hold fast, keep hold)牢牢抓住，抓紧不放; keep on(doing sth.)继续（做......）；catch on 理解；count on 指望，依赖。
26. C at all全然，真地（常用于肯定句中）; not...at all全不，毫不：He doesn't seem at all interested in my plane.(他似乎对我的计划毫无兴趣。)above all(=most important of all)最重要的。in all总计; after all毕竟，终究。
27. B take pains to do sth.下苦功夫做某事
28. B sometime(=former)过去的，以前的
29. D pass away(=die)死亡，是“死亡”的委婉语; break off中断；give away给掉；泄露；
pass off中止，中断。
30. A pay a compliment (compliments) to sb.恭维某人。
31. A Look forward to 期待，盼望; call forth引起，唤起。Call for需要。Look up to尊敬。
32. D resist 此处意指（=keep oneself back from）“忍住...”，resist temptation(不受诱惑)。
33. D keep pace with跟上; keep company(with)与......相好; keep track of通晓事态，了解动向.
34. C take in(=understand)理解; hold on(打电话时)不要挂断；catch on明白（作不及物动词用），catch on to懂得，明白（作及物动词用）；get over克服。
35. D subtle微妙的，微细的，难以捉摸的。a subtle difference.（微细的差别）。Submerged浸没的；indecisive非决定性的，非结论性的，未清楚标明的；indistinct不清楚的，模糊的；subconscious下意识的。
36. A live up to不辜负，作到； set forth阐明，提出，列举； cut out删去.
37. B scratch抓，搔。此外，有一常用习语：scratch one's head over sth.对某事迷惑不解，搔头皮。Snatch掠夺；stretch拉长，延伸，撑大；squeeze压榨，挤。
38. A piece together拼合，拼凑；take off起飞；break away from脱离；pull out拔出；驶出；（车）减速。
39. D spoiled使......扫兴.
40. D consultation商议：hold a consultation with sb. about sth.（与某人商谈某事）。
conference讨论会；participation参加，参与；intervention干预，干涉。
41. B shut out(=prevent from coming in; block)排除，排斥：They shut out our dust by having double windows.(他们用双层窗户防尘。). put out扑灭；get across越过；使人了解；come across偶然遇到。
42. C for good (=permanently)永久地:He says he's leaving the country for good. for long 长久地。按本题题意，用 for long 不妥。once upon a time 从前。once in a while 偶尔。
43. jump (=rise suddenly in price) 指“(价格)暴涨”。
44. D sweep sb，off sb's feet 由两层意思，直义为“(浪等)把某人冲倒”， 转义是“使产生强烈的好感，使完全信服”，如: His speech swept them off their feet。(他的演说使他们五体投地.)
45. D in stock(=having sth. ready to sell or use；in present supply) 有 现货供应; in demand(=needed；wanted；) 有需求; in need(=in poverty，in trouble)在贫困中，在困难中: A friend in need is a friend indeed。in store(=saved up in case of need； ready for use for some purpose) 储备待用:于。
[注意] in stock 强调商店备有现货以供出售，而 in store 则指储备物品以供急 需使用。此外 in store 还可以表示“等待着，必将发生”。例如: I have a surprise in store for you.(我有一个你料想不到的消息要告诉你。)
46. C stick out(=keep on doing sth。until it is done，no matter how long，hard，or unpleasant) 坚持下去，此外，stick out 还可表示 (stand out) 突出。
[注意] stick out与keep to 均有“坚持”的含义。stick out 特指“坚持下功夫 干一件事，不完成决不收兵”；而keep to 则强调“坚持、遵守、坚守”诺言、 规则、原则、精神、岗位。可见，keep to 的英文释义为 ability by；adhere to，stick closely to。例如: keep to one's promise(遵守诺言)；keep to the rules of a game(遵守比赛规则)；keep to a principle(坚持原则)；keep one's pos(坚守岗位)。因此，我们可以说keep to相当于 stick to，而区别于 stick out.
47. D run off(=produce with a printing press or duplicating machine)印刷，复印; write off报废，勾销。give out分发，发出。send in 呈报，递交，送上。
48. D confidential(=spoken or written in secret) 机密的，应保密的:The information is confidential. special 专门的，专用的: a special car(专车).individual 个别的，单个的。secretive(=fond of keeping secrets) 爱保密的，守口如瓶的.
49. A secure 与 acquire 钧有“得到”的含义，但 secure vt. 此处的意思是(=succeed in getting sth. for which there is a great demand)“获得(所需之物)”.acquire“获得，求得”，尤其指由于自己的努力，能力，技术而使原有的东西变得更多，并表示一经求得，即成永久的所有物。
50. D yield to:屈服于;投降让步(经常有比较灵活的译法)。如:The disease yielded to treatment.(=The disease was cured as the result of treatment.)(这病经过治疗已减轻或治愈。)appeal to向......呼吁;stick to(=keep to)坚持
51. A on the alert (=alert; watchful; careful) 警惕，小心：Drivers must be on the alert for traffic signals. (=Drivers must be especially careful to see signals when driving a car.) (司机必须密切注视交通信号。)out of control 失去控制；on guard站岗；in vain 徒劳，无效。
52. D on the side(=in addition to a main thing) 额外；作为兼职;on the rise(作表语)在上升；on the spot 现场；on the decline (做表语)在下降.
53. B go under 破产，失败。fall through 也有“失败”之意，但多半指计划、想法等“落空”；fall out 发生，闹翻，吵架。
54. be on (or at) the tip of one's tongue 就在嘴边，差点被想起；be on the point of 正要（去做某事）。
55. A 56. A 57. A
58. A经常和课程连用的，表示难度大的形容词包括 'demanding', 'tough', 'hard' or 'difficult'.
59. A强化或突击课程在英语里就是 'a crash course'. The idea is to learn quickly.
60. B work...over的意思是“彻底查”；bear...out的意思是“证明…，证实”；live...out的意思是“活过…，度过…，熬过；不在工作处住，通勤”；get...over的意思是“爬过，越过；克服，超越；淡忘，恢复；知道相信”。
61. A 62. D
63. B) 【句意】 到二十一世纪中叶，世界上大多数人口将生活在城市而不是农村。
【难点】 因为时间状语by the middle of the 21st century指的是将来，所以选将来进行时。
64. C) 【句意】 大家都没有时间去读或去听有关世界上正在发生的一切事件的描述。
【难点】 在以there be为谓语动词的定语从句中，如关系代词作主语，则关系代词便可省略。
65. D 66. D 67. C 68. D 69. D 70. C
1
(1) With (2) into (3) beneficial (4) an (5) from (6) is being changed
(7) led to / brought about / resulted in (8) committing (9) passed (10) from
2
(1) considered (2) According (3) has double (4) reason改为cause
(5) with (6) make (7) without (8) that （提示：本句为so…that句型）
(9) started (10) that
3
(1) of (2) do (3) that (4) unless (5) an (6) Moreover/ Furthermore
(7) there (8) to develop (9) from
4
(1) Looking (2) arrangements (3) though (4) in (5) caught (6) It
(7) of (8) That (9) nor (10) had discovered
5
(1) invented (2) from (3) can afford (4) to play (5) Another (6) a
(7) efficiently (8) However (9) their (10) annoyed
6
(1)by (2) if (3) between (4) to make (5) with (6) himself
(7) fewer (8) it (9) unless (10) dependent
7
(1) since (2) which / that (3) favorable (4) is celebrated (5) from
(6) seated (7) their (8) sincerely (9) If (10) to
8
(1) what (2) remember (3) to be (4) of (5) when (6) it
(7) had forgotten (8) and (9) approaching (10) holding
