高三总复习语法课件[下学期]

(共36张PPT)
定 语 从 句
By
Huang Yaochun
Hello!boys and girls!welcome to come here.Today we will go to a new and strange world to study Attributive clause!
Would you like to go
Let’s go!
定语从句
1、定语从句的基本特征
一）被定语从句修饰的先行词的特征：是人还是物，以及将要在定语从句中所充当的成份。
二）引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词，代替先行词在定语从句中充当成份。选好哪种关系代词或关系副词非常重要。
2、在定语从句中能做主语的关系代词
who which that
Can you give us an example about who
No problem!
For example
The number of people who lost homes reached as many as 250,000.
This is the man who helped me yesterday.
Can you give me an example about which
For example
A wide and busy road which was built like a bridge over another road fell onto the one below.
The building which stands near the river is our school.
What about “that”
Can you give me an example
For example
He asked to do things in a way that did not do harm to others.
Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there
You can take any seat that is free.
3、在定语从句中能做宾语的关系代词
Who (whom)
For example
This is the man whom we talked about.
The man whom you met in the school-
yard is not my father.
The old lady who you talked to is Jane’s grandmother.
Anything else
There are some other words besides the words
who and whom, such as which and that.
For example
This is the book which you want.
The letter that I received was from my father.
All that we have to do is to practise every day.
Note :在定语从句中可以做宾语的关系代词
除了who 和 whom 之外，which 和 that 也
可以做宾语。
3、在定语从句中能做定语的关系代词
whose
the +noun +of +which/whom
For example
He lives in the room whose door is green.
The girl whose father is a doctor studies very well.
Can you do it by yourself
The +noun+of+which/whom
He lives in the room the door of which is green.
The girl the father of whom is a doctor studies very well.
4、在定语从句中做时间状语的关系
副词
when
Oct 1,1949 was the day when the new China was founded.
I will never forget the day when I met
Mr Liu.
For example
5、在定语从句中做地点状语的关系副词
where
For example
This is the place where we lived for 5 years.
This is the house where he lived last year.
6、在定语从句中做原因状语的关系副词
why
For example
I know the reason why he came late.
Can you tell me the reason why you are late for school.
In my opinion,they are very simple.
Do you think so
Any questions
What about “as”
Can you give me its explanations
As 引导限制性定语从句时，先行词常有such 和 the same 修饰，as 在从句中不省略,as也常修饰整个句子，可放在句末，甚至句中或句首。 For example:
Instruction
For example
He has bought the same type of bike as I have .
Such teachers as know Tom think him bright.
As we know,China is a developing country.
He,as we expected,came to the party on time.
practice
1.The boy who we saw yesterday was John’s brother.
2.It sounded like a train which was going under my house.
3.The car which my uncle had just bought was destroyed in the earthquake.
4.The earthquake that /which shook the city in 1906 was the biggest in America history.
5. W e don’t know the number of people who
lost their homes in the 1906 earthquake.
6.The house which /that they built in 1987 stayed up in the earthquake.
7.The house which/that is built on sand may fall down in the earthquake.
8.Luckily none of the people who/whom I know were killed in the earthquake.
9.People who study the earthquakes think that there will be another big one soon.(共24张PPT)
The Attributive Clause
———定语从句中应注意的
几个问题
一、引导定语从句的关系词
指代人 who，whom，that
指代事物 which，that
所属关系 whose，of which
指地点 where
指时间 when
指原因 why
二、关系代词that和which在很多情况下可以互换，但下列情况只用that。
All ______ can be done has been done.
Do you have anything ________ you don’t understand
There is little _______ can be believed about it .
The book doesn’t say much ________ amuses children.
that
that
that
that
先行词是all ,everything,nothing,anything,something,much,little,none等不定代词，引导定语从句用that 。
Hamburg is the most beautiful city _______I’ve ever seen.
This is the best TV _______ is made in China.
The first museum _______ he visited in China was the History Museum.
that
that
that
先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，引导定语从句用that 。
I’ve read all the books ________ you lent me.
No sample ________ we nave received is satisfactory.
Please send us any information ________ you have about the subject.
He is the only person _________ was present at the time.
that
that
that
that
先行词被any,some,no,much,few,little,every,all,very,only,last修饰时，引导定语从句用that 。
The famous writer and his works _________ the radio broadcast have aroused great interest among the students.
A victim is a person,animal or thing ________ suffers pain,death,harm,etc.
that
that
先行词中既有人又有事物时，引导定语从句用that .
Who _______ you have ever seen can do it better
Who _______ you are talking to is the young fellow
that
that
Who做先行词时，引导定语从句用that 。
Well done !
三、不用that，而用which，who，whom的情况
He made the same mistakes again ,_____ made his parents very angry.
Yesterday I bought a dictionary,_______ cost me more than 100 yuan .
Mr Smith,_______ gave a talk several months ago,will come again.
My uncle has come back from abroad,________ I haven’t met for along time.
which
which
who
whom
在非限制性定语从句中，指事物用which，指人用who或whom。
Her bag ,in ________ she put all her money,has been stolen.
This is the ring on ________ she spent 1000 dollars.
Xiao Wang ,with ________ I went to the concert, enjoy it very much.
which
which
which
在介词后面，指事物用which，指人用whom。
注意：如何判断介词
The girl _____ which he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.
He is the man _____ whom I think you can depend .
1、看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配
for
on
3、根据先行词判断，所用的介词与先行词 搭配
The rate ______ which wild animals are being destroyed has increased.
This is our classroom ,_______________ which there is a teacher’s desk.
at
in the front of
2、看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配
He referred me to some reference books ______ which I am not very familiar.
Dolphins might be trained to cooperate with fishermen and help them by finding or even catching fish, ______ all of which activities dolphins are expert.
with
in
The committee consists of 20 members,5 of _______ are women.
The book contains 50 poems, most of ________ was written in 1930s.
There are two left, one of _______ is almost finished ,and the other of _______ is not quite.
I have a sentence , the meaning of _______ I don’t understand.
whom
which
which
which
which
名词/代词/数词+ of +which/whom
Where 引导的定语从句。
先行词是表示地点的名词或含有地点意义的抽象名词，用引导定语从句。从句做状语。
This is the town where (= in which ) I spent my childhood.
The table where (= at which ) she is sitting is a new one.
I’ll show you the paint where you failed.
注意 1
若定语从句缺主语或谓语，用which或that引导定语从句。
The library ________ students often study was on fire last night.
The library, _______ was built in the 1930s,needs repairing.
The library ________ you visited yesterday was built in 1990.
where
which
which
注意 2
区分where引导的定语从句和状语从句
Where前面有被修饰的地点名词时，是定语从句，否则是状语从句。
When you read books ,you had better make a mark at the spot where you have any questions.
When you read books , you had better make a mark where you have any questions.
When 引导的定语从句。
先行词是表示时间的名词，用when引导定语从句。从句作状语。
I’ll never forget the day when (= on which ) I met you.
This was the time when ( =at which ) he left for Beijing .
We will put off the outing until next week, when we won’t be busy.
注意：
若定语从句缺主语或宾语，用which或that引导定语从句。
I’ll never forget the day _________ we first met in the park.
I’ll never forget the time _________ I spent on campus.
I’ll never forget the time __________ was spent with you.
when
which\that
which\that
why引导的定语从句。
先行词是表示原因的名词，用why引导定语从句。Why在从句中作状语。
This is the reason why ( = for which ) I didn’t come here.
但是也要注意：不是每句都能这样。
The reason __________ she gave was not true.
which\that
whose 引导的定语从句。
表示所属关系。
The river _________ banks are covered with trees flows into the sea.
whose
There are 20 students in this class, ______ are different.
A.whose backgrounds
B.the backgrounds of whom
C.of whom the backgrounds
D.the backgrounds of whose
As 引导限制性定语从句时，先行词常有such 和 the same 修饰，as 在从句中不省略。as也常修饰整个句子，可放在句末，甚至句中或句首。
For example:
He has bought the same type of bike as I have .
Such teachers as know Tom think him bright
As we know,China is a developing country.
He,as we expected,came to the party on time.(共23张PPT)
高三英语语法总复习训练材料
动词不定式
南莫中学高三英语备课组
一、不定式结构作主语
To see one time is better than to hear a hundred times.
To persevere means victory!
注①：在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行it代替主语，而把不定式后置：
It’s a great pleasure to be here.
It is not an easy thing to master a language.
注②：这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子，如：
It took us five hours to get there.
It made us very angry to hear him talk like that.
注③：不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“ for + 名词词组” 来表示，如：
It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.
It was difficult for me to do the work.
注④：某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前加上 “of + 名词词组” 来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况，如：
It’s kind of you to think so much of us.
It’s very nice of you to be so considerate.
It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.
It was careless of her to make such a mistake.
二、不定式结构作表语
1．主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），如：
To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.
2．主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组，或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如：
My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.
Your mistake was not to write that letter.
My suggestion is to start work at once.
What I would suggest is to start work at once.
注：在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号 “to”，如：
All we have to do is push the button.
The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.
All I could do was send him a telegram.
三、不定式结构作动词宾语
1．“动词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。这类动词常见的有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start, forget, mean, intend, begin, 等，例如：
I’ve arranged to meet him at ten o’clock.
I didn’t expect to find you here.
2．“动词 + 疑问词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句）。这类动词常见的有：tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know, explain, remember, see, understand, wonder 等。
疑问词（也称连接代/副词）有：what, where, who(m), when, how, whether, which（why 除外），如：
I don’t know what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there.
I haven’t decided whether to sell it or not.
We must find out what to do next / where to put it.
注① ：如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语，则应使用先行 it，把不定式后置，例如：
I find it difficult to understand him.
We thought it wrong not to help her.
They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.
注② ：不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语, 只有在个别场合, 即在含有否定意义的带有介词 except 或 but (=except) 的结构中才能这样用，例如：
He seldom comes except to look at my pictures.
The child did nothing except weep.
She can do anything but sing.
He will do anything for you except lend you money.
They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to arrive.
注意不定式符号的省略问题！
四、不定式结构作定语
1．不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后，如：
It’s time to go to bed.
He is not a man to bow before difficulties.
Have you anything to declare
She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening.
I want to get something to read during the vocation.
2．能带不定式结构作宾语的动词，转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语，如：
I don’t wish to quarrel with you.
→I have no wish to quarrel with you.
They will attempt to cross the river tonight.
→ They will make another attempt to cross the river tonight.
She promised not to do that again.
→ She made a promise not to do that again.
3．某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词，转化成名词时，也能带不定式结构作定语，如：
He was obviously anxious to go.
→ His anxiety to go was obvious.
4．不定式结构与所修饰的名词，有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系，如：
He has a large family to support (= that he must support).
注：处于动宾关系的情况下，如果不定式是不及物动词，它后面应加上必要的介词，如：
She has a lot of things to attend to.
The nurse has five children to look after.
Let’s first find a room to put the things in.
5．有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关系，可以在不定式之前加上for + 名词词组，如：
Here’s a book for you to read.
He gave orders for the visitors to be shown in.
五、不定式结构作状语
不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。
1．表示目的：
They ran over to welcome the delegates.
He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly.
He went home to see his mother.
注①：不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语(参见以上三句)，但也有例外的情况，例如：
I stopped for him to speak to me.
He opened the door for the children to come in.
He brought a porter to carry the boxes / bags.
They sent a man to mend the window.
He stood up to be seen better.
注②：为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，特别是在不定式结构前有否定词 not 时，通常可以在不定式符号 to 之前加上 in order 或 so as，如：
He came here in order to see Charlie.
He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.
He went early in order not to miss the train.
I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him.
注③：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上in order，但却不可以加上so as ，如：
To draw maps properly, you need a special pen.
(In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.)
To get the best results, use clean water.
2. 表示结果：
What have I said to make you so angry
He came round to find himself in hospital.
不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型：
① so …as to …
Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time
② such (…) as to …
I’m not such a fool as to believe that.
③ enough to …
The boy is old enough to go to school.
④ too … to …
His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.
注意：下列句子中的不表示结果，也无否定含义：
I’m only too glad to go. (= I’m very glad to go.)
I shall be only too pleased to get home. (= I shall be very pleased to get home.)
〖 only too (adv.) 极; 非常; 太;很 〗
☆☆有时，不定式结构还能表示一个随后发生的动作，相当于一个并列限定动词词组，这种不定式结构也表示结果，如：
She woke early to find it was raining.
He got home to learn that his father was ill.
这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列几个特点：
① 不定式所表示的动作是随后发生的，相当于一个限定动词词组，如：
He arrived late to find the others had gone home.
He arrived late and found the others had gone home.
② 不定式根据是否需要停顿而决定与主句是否用逗号隔开。
He left his native country (,) never to return.
He returned home (,) to find his father lying sick in bed.
③ 不定式所表示的结果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味，其中以“使人不愉快的结果”较为常见。（有时也可以表示令人愉快、惊喜的结果），如：
He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him.
④ 不定式之前有时可以加上only或but only，以加强语气，如：
He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.
注：不定式结构表示结果或表示目的，往往形式相似，这时，须根据词汇意义认真加以区别，试比较：
He arrived late to find the others had gone home. ( = He arrived late and found the others had gone home.)
He arrived late to avoid meeting Robert. ( = He arrived late in order to avoid meeting Robert.)
He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
He went to the station to inquire about the times of trains. ( = He went to the station in order to inquire about the times of trains.)
3. 表示原因：（不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作）
She wept to hear the news.
I pretend to be happy to know him.
He laughed to see such fun.
She seemed surprised to meet us.
六、不定式结构作宾语补足语
Don’t force yourself to write when you have nothing to say.
He believed the earth to be a globe.
Did you see a young man enter the house
1．只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词：
① 表示“希望”“愿望”等心理状态的动词，如：wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust 等。
What do you desire me to do
The director preferred her to act the old lady.
② 含有“让”“允许”“促使”“致使”等祈使意义的动词，如：let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, 等。
We mustn’t let this happen again.
His father put him to mind the sheep.
③ 带有“请求”“恳求”等感彩的动词，如：ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。
He begged me not to tell his father about it.
She was always worrying her father to take her to Paris.
④ 含有“建议”“劝告”等意义的动词，如：advise, persuade, call on, urge 等。
He urged us to accept the compromise.
The dentist advised me to have the bad tooth pulled out.
⑤ 含有“命令”“强迫”“禁止”等意义的动词，如：order, command, require, charge, tell, make, oblige, force, drive, forbid, warn 等。
He required us to keep it a secret.
The doctor ordered him to stay in bed for a few days.
I warn you not to do that again.
⑥ 其他还有：help, teach, show, assist, report, bear, wait for, train, depend on 等。
He promised to teach me to swim.
We should train them to make use of reference books.
We are waiting for the train to stop.
2．既能用不定式结构又能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词：
△ see, watch, notice, look at, hear, listen to, observe, feel, have;
△ imagine, find, discover, like, want, understand, hate, bring, get, leave, set
Did you see anyone enter the house
Don’t imagine yourself to be always correct.
We find him to be dishonest.
He set the boys to carry water.
I’ll leave him to solve the problem for himself.
注①：有些动词用不定式与用现在分词作宾语补足语，所表达的意义是有差别的。一般说来，用不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成（即全过程）；而用现在分词则表示动作正在进行，即：谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，现在分词所表示的动作正在进行，如：
Did you see anyone enter the house
He saw his father talking with his teacher.
I once heard him sing this song.
She heard Mr. White singing in the next room.
注②：使用不定式作宾语补足语时，在有些动词后面，不定式符号to 应当省略。
△ 下列动词用不定式作宾语补足语时，必须省去不定式符号to：
let, make, have, see, watch, notice, look at, observe, hear, listen to
He observed someone open the door.
I watched them get into the car.
Did you notice him leave the room
△feel 一词在使用 to do 型不定式作宾语补足语时，不带 to；在使用 to be 型不定式时，要带 to，如：
He felt them to be right.
Did you feel the earth shake
△ help 一词在使用不定式作宾语补足语时，可以带 to，也可以不带 to，如：
Do you often help your mother (to) do the housework
△使用不定式作宾语补足语的句子，改为被动结构以后，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语，这时，“to”不可以省略，如：
The boss made them work from morning till night.
They were made to work from morning till night.
不定式的一般式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语所表示的动作（或状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或者是在它之后发生
例如：Who heard him say that
They invited us to go there this summer.
如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，这个不定式就要用完成式，如：
I’m glad to have seen your mother.
(cf. I’m glad to see you. )
七、不定式的完成式有下列用法
1．构成复合谓语，如：
He is said to have written a new book about workers.
(It is said that he has written a new book about workers.)
The enemy was reported to have surrendered.
(It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.)
She seemed to have heard about it already.
(It seemed that she had already heard about it.)
2．在某些作表语用的形容词后作状语，如：
You are lucky to have got tickets to the concert.
(=You are lucky that you have got tickets to the concert.)
I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
(=I’m sorry I have given you so much trouble.)
She was very glad to have done something for the people.
3．在某些动词后作宾语，如：
He pretended not to have seen me.
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
4．有时还可以作主语、定语或构成复合宾语，如：
It was a great satisfaction to have revisited our native village.（主语）
So you are the one to have cleaned all these rooms.（定语）
They thought it a pity not to have invited her.（复合宾语）
She felt it an honour to have taken part in the work. （复合宾语）
如果主要谓语所表示的动作（或情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行，这时，不定式就要用进行式。
八、不定式的进行式主要有下列几种用法
1．构成复合谓语，如：
They are said to be building another bridge across the river.
They seem to be getting along quite well.
I happened to be going that way too.
2．在某些动词后构成复合宾语，如：
We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here.
3．在某些动词后作宾语，如：
He pretended to be listening attentively.
4．有时可以作主语或状语，如：
I am glad to be working with you. (状语)
It’s nice of you to be thinking of us. (主语)
九、如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行，就需要用完成进行式，如：
They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.
She wished to have been training as hard as the others.
It’s a great pleasure to have been working with you.
当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要采用被动形式。
十、 不定式的被动形式有下列用法
1．作主语：
It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.
2．作宾语：
She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.
3．构成复合宾语：
He wanted the letter to be typed at once.
She didn’t like herself to be praised like that.
4．构成复合谓语：
The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.
5．作定语：
Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers’ office
6．作状语：
She was too young to be assigned such work.
十一、不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式，在句中作主语、宾语、定语，或者构成复合宾语、复合谓语等，如：
It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.（主语）
She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (宾语)）
He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. （复合宾语）
The book is said to have been translated into many languages. （复合谓语）
She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. （定语）
Good-bye!(共28张PPT)
高三英语总复习语法专项训练
名词性从句典型错误例析
南莫中学高三英语备课组
找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：
1. Can you tell me how many students are there
in your class
2. I don't know where has he gone.
3. The owner of the shop came to see what
the matter was.
　　
Can you tell me how many students there are
in your class
I don't know where he has gone.
The owner of the shop came to see what was
the matter.
规律一：名词从句中须使用陈述语序！
找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：
4. We suggested that we would go to the cinema.
　
5. My idea is that we must do our homework first.
6. His proposal that we went there on foot is
acceptable.
　　
We suggested that we (should) go to the cinema.
My idea is that we (should) do our homework first.
His proposal that we (should) go there on foot…...
规律二：注意虚拟语气的使用！
问题：此类虚拟语气有哪些关键词？
找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：
7. If we will have a meeting hasn't been decided yet.
8. It depends on if the weather is suitable for us to do it.
9. The question is if he himself will be present at the
meeting.
10. He asked me if I could go with him or not.
Whether we will have a meeting hasn’t been decided yet.
It depends on whether the weather is …...
The question is whether he himself will be present …...
He asked me whether I could go with him or not.
规律三：4种情况只能用whether ：
（1）位于句子开头； （2）前面有介词；
（3）引导表语从句； （4）与or not连用。
找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：
I think that worthwhile that we spent so much money on these books.
2. That is hard to decide when and where we will held our sports meeting.
3. Everybody considers it impossible which he wants to finish the job in such a short time.
4. It doesn’t matter that you will come or not.
it
it
that
whether
规律四：主语从句和宾语从句在适当的情况
下可以借助 “it” 而后置。
问题：想想看是什么“适当的情况”？
名词从句与定语从句
的主要区别
成分上的区别：
名词从句和定语从句分别在句中充当什么
样的成分？
1. How the prisoner escaped remains a mystery.
2. I wonder whether/if he is fit for the job.
3. The problem is who will be equal to the task.
4. He had no idea whether we could overcome the
present difficulties or not.
主语
宾语
表语
同位语
5. I visited the country which/that had been bombed by
the US-led NATO (美国为首的北约) a month before．
6. I shall never forget the years when I lived in the
countryside with the farmers, which has a great
effect on my life.
7. In the office I never seem to have time until after
5:30 pm., by which time many people have gone home.
8. I had never seen such a good film as I watched last
night.
结论一：
名词从句充当句子的主要成分；
定于从句充当句子的修饰成分。
2. 引导词含义上的区别：
引导词是否指向句中的某个成分？
1. That he came back made us very happy.
2. I’m sorry (that) I’ve made a mistake.
3. The fact is that his bark is worse than his bite.
4. Word came that he would come to see us all.
5. He made another wonderful discovery, which
I think is of great importance to science.
6. Kennedy and Johnson, both of whom were
murdered in their terms, once co-worked as
president and vice-president．
7. The Oscar is one of the film prizes that have
not been offered to any Chinese actor or actress
by far．
8. The Oscar is the only one of the film prizes
that has not been offered to any Chinese actor
or actress by far．
9. The days are gone forever when we used
foreign oil.
10. As we all know, China is a developing country.
11. This is the village where my father once lived
for several years.
12. 1980, when Chinese government began its
reform, is an important year for China.
结论二：
定语从句的引导词在语义上
具有指代先行词的作用。
名词从句的引导词不具备此功能。
3. 关于that:
that 在名词从句和定语从句中各起什么作用？
1. He pretended (that) he didn’t see me.
That she lost her necklace on the way home
made her so worried.
It is necessary that we should learn a second
language.
4. It is said that he works hard at English.
问题：that 作何成分？
The school that my sister studies at is far from
here.
The first request that he made was to ask for
freedom.
7. It was said that that was all that he said.
8. Is this the house that you have bought yourself
(which)
(which)
问题：that 作何成分？
结论三：
名词从句中的 that 只起引导词的作用，
无任何意义。
定语从句中的that 在从句中充当主语或宾语，
有时可以与 which 互换。
4. 引导词的不同：
不会出现在名词从句中的关系词：
不会出现在定语从句中的关系词：
as, 且 when, where 等不能与 in/on/at which 互换。
whether, if, what, how
5、名词从句与定语从句的一些对应关系：
1. He has done what he can to help me.
--He has done ____ ____ he can to help me.
What I want to say has nothing to do with it.
--____ ____ I want to say has nothing to do
with it.
all that
All that
3. Whoever breaks the law is to be punished.
______ ______ breaks the law is to be punished.
4. He will give the dictionary to whoever needs if most.
He will give the dictionary to ______ ____ needs it most.
5. We’ll remember whomever we turned to for help.
We’ll remember ______ ________ we turned to for help.
6. They will do whatever he wants them to do.
They will do ______ ______he wants them to do.
7. I’ll read whichever book you give me.
I’ll read ____ of the books _____ you give me.
Anyone who
anyone who
Anyone (whom)
anything that
any
that
6、其余问题：
1. 误：I don't know if he comes back this month.
2. 误：I have no idea what had happened when
I was away.
正：I don't know if he will come back this month.
正：I have no idea what happened when I was
away.
3.误：The reason is because he is ill.
4.误：Who leaves last turns off the light.
正：The reason is that he is ill.
正：Whoever leaves last turns off the light.
名词性从句试题集锦
1.I ask her _______ come with me.
A. if she will B. if will she C. whether will she D. will she
2._______ he said is true.
A. What B. That C. Which D. Whether
3.Can you tell me ________
A. who is that gentleman B. that gentleman is who
C. who that gentleman is D. whom is that gentleman
4.He didn't know which room _______.
A. they lived B. they lived in C. did they live D. did they live in
5.To get the job started, _______ I need is some money.
A. only what B. all what C. all that D. only that
6.I have no idea _______ far the railway station is from here.
A. what B. how C. it's D. that
7.Can you tell me _______ the railway station
A. how I can get to B. what can I get to
C. where I can got to D. where can I get to
8.Do you know _______
A. what is his name B. how is his name
C. what his name is D. how his name is
9._______ you have done might do harm to other people.
A. That B. What C. Which D. This
10.They have no idea at all ________.
A. where he has gone B. where did he go
C. which place has he gone D. where has he gone
11.They want to know _________ do to help us.
A. what can they B. what they can
C. how they can D. how can they
12.These photographs will show you _______.
A. what our village looks like B. what does our village look like
C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like
13.Can you make sure ________ the gold ring
A. where Alice had put B. where had Alice put
C. where Alice has put D. where has Alice put
14.No one can be sure ________ in a million years.
A. what man will look like B. what will man look like
C. man will look like D. what look man like
15.________ the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.
A. Whenever B. If C. Whether D. That
16.Go and get your coat. It's ________ you left it.
A. there B. where C. there where D. where there
17.It worried her a bit _______ her hair was turning gray.
A. while B. that C. if D. for
18._______ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.
A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter
19. — Do you remember ________ he came
— Yes, I do. He came by car.
A. how B. when C. that D. if
20._________ we can't get seems better than _________ we have.
A. What ; what B. What ; that C. That ; that D. That ; what
21.________ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
22.It is generally considered unwise to give a child ________ he or she wants.
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
23. — I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
— Is that _________ you had a few days off
A. why B. when C. what D. where
24.These wild flowers are so special that I would do ________ I can to save them.
A. whatever B. that C. which D. whichever
25.________ you don't like him is none of my business.
A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether
26.You can't imagine ________ when they received these nice Christmas presents.
A. how they were excited B. how excited they were
C. how excited were they D. they were how excited
27.________ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. What B. That C. How D. Where
28.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. _________ I got wet through.
A. It's the reason B. That's why
C. There's why D. It's how
29.It was a matter of ________ would take the position.
A. who B. whoever C. whom D. whomever
30.________ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
A. Who B. The one C. Anyone D. Whoever
31.It was _______ he said _______ disappointed me.
A. what ; that B. that ; that
C. what ; what D. that ; what
32.Eat ________ cake you like and leave the others for ________ comes in late.
A. any ; who B. every ; whoever
C. whichever ; whoever D. either ; whoever
Good-bye!(共14张PPT)
高三英语总复习语法系列训练
名词性从句
（第二次演练）
南莫中学高三英语备课组
English Grammar
名词性从句
名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功能同名词一样。
一．主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：
It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.
It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.
It is in the morning that the murder took place.
It is John that broke the window.
2. 用it 作形式主语的结构
(1) It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句
It is a fact that … 事实是…
It is an honor that …非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that …是常识
(2) It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句
It is natural that… 很自然…
It is strange that… 奇怪的是…
(3) It is ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句
It seems that… 似乎…
It happened that… 碰巧…
It appears that… 似乎…
(4) It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句
It is reported that… 据报道…
It has been proved that… 已证实…
It is said that… 据说…
3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：
（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
（2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.
That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.
（3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.
That he failed in the examination occurred to him.
（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.
Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.
（5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening
Is that will rain in the evening likely
√
×
√
×
√
×
√
×
4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：
1) What you said yesterday is right.
2) That she is still alive is a consolation.
It is right what you said yesterday.
It is a consolation that she is still alive.
×
√
二．宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。
1. 作动词的宾语
(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：
I heard that be joined the army.
(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：
She did not know what had happened.
I wonder whether you can change this note for me.
(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation.
2. 作介词的宾语，例如：
Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.
3. 作形容词的宾语，例如：
I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.
注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：
anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。
4. it 可以作为形式宾语
it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：
We heard it that she would get married next month.
5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词
这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如：
I admire their winning the match.
I admire that they won the match.
√
×
6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：
He impressed the manager as an honest man.
He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.
√
×
7. 否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：
I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。
三．表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如：
1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people.
3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
四．同位语从句
1. 同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：
1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
2. 同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.
3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：
1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）
1.It is important that ______ our education in all available ways.
A. we must develop B. we shall develop
C. we would develop D. we should develop
2.It is necessary that ______ by the end of the week.
A. we got everything ready B. we have got everything ready
C. We get everything ready D. we must get everything ready
3.It was natural that _______.
A. my pictures would surprise them
B. my pictures surprised them
C. my pictures should surprise them
D. my pictures would have surprised them
4.I wonder _______.
A. whether or not I’ll catch the last bus
B. if or not I’ll catch the last bus
C. that I’ll catch the last bus or not
D. that I’ll catch the last bus
5.We all thought ______ a pity that we had missed the lesson.
A. so B. such C. it D. that
6.I took ______ for granted that they were not coming.
A. that B. this C. it D. so
7.I heard ______ said that he had great concern for his classmates.
A. and B. that C. was D. it
8.I wish I ______ to the football match last night.
A. went B. go C. should go D. had gone(共14张PPT)
高三英语总复习语法系列训练
基 本 句 型
南莫中学高三英语备课组
1．主语 + 系动词 + 表语：
A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.
The plan sounds perfect.
This material feels soft.
This is where I work.
2．主语 + 谓语：
The telephone rang.
His father might have died.
We all breathe, drink and eat.
注：这种结构中的谓语动词是不及物动词，状语并非结构上不可缺少的成分。但在某种情况下，不加状语便不能表达完整的意思，这就引出了下列句型：
△ 主语 + 谓语 + 状语：
The meeting lasted for two hours.
We walked for five miles.
This box weighs five kilos.
He lives in Guangzhou.
They will be flying to London.
3．主语 + 谓语 + 宾语：
She is reading a novel.
You may have seen each other.
He is doing morning exercises.
This factory makes machine tools.
Mary has ordered a new dress.
I have had my lunch.
注：这种结构中的谓语动词是及物动词，后面只跟一个宾语，因此称单宾及物动词，一般不需状语即可表达完整的意思。但在某些情况下，状语必不可少，这就引出了下列句型：
△ 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 状语：
He put the vase on the table.
Jim brought his suitcases upstairs.
I’ll take Mary to the station.
They treated him kindly.
4．主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语：
She made herself a new dress.
My father bought me a novel.
Pass me the salt, please.
注①：这种结构中的谓语动词一般只限于某些双宾语及物动词，它们可以分为两类：
第一类：give, show, send, bring, offer, read, pass, lend, leave, tell, hand, return, write, pay, throw, allow, wish, teach, promise, owe, refuse等。
第二类：make, buy, do, fetch, get, paint, play, save, reserve, spare, order, cook, sing, find等。
注②：间接宾语有时可以改成一个由to或for引导的短语，这在意思上没有什么差别：
I’ll return you the book tomorrow. → I’ll return the book to you tomorrow.
She made a new dress for Mary. → She made Mary a new dress.
注③：第一类可以改为由 to 引导的短语；第二类可以改为由 for引导的短语。
注④：间接宾语用介词词组表示的场合：
a. 对间接宾语加以强调时：
I’ve bought it for you, not for myself.
I’ll hand this letter to the secretary and not to the director.
b. 当直接宾语是一个人称代词时：
I’ll send it to you tomorrow.
You’d better hand it directly to the headmaster.
c. 当直接宾语比间接宾语短时：
She showed the picture to the students sitting near her.
d. 当间接宾语置于句首时：
Who did you send it to
To him I told the story, not to his brother.
e. 当间接宾语和直接宾语都是代词时：
He gave it to me.
I’ll lend them to you.
5．主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语：
We have proved him wrong.
What make you think so
She found the child fast asleep.
I called him a fool.
注：这种结构中的谓语动词一般只限于某些复合宾语及物动词。
句 子 成 分
一、主语 主语可以用下面这些东西表示：
1. 名词；2. 代词； 3. 数词；4. 动名词；5. 不定式；6. 词组或复合结构；7. 从句；8. 名词化的其他词类，如：
A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.
Who is speaking, please This is Jack speaking.
Two will be enough.
Living in that island country for three months was an unforgetable experience for me.
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, happy and wise.
Whether we’ll go depends on the weather.
“A” is an article.
二、表语 表语可以用下面这些东西表示：
1. 名词；2. 代词；3. 数词；4. 形容词；5. 分词；6. 动名词；7. 不定式；8. 副词；9. 介词短语；10. 词组；11. 从句，如：
The masses are the real heroes.
That’s something we have always to keep in mind.
She was the first to learn about it.
My idea is this.
Time is pressing. Let’s hurry up.
All I could do was send him a telegram.
We must be off now.
They are twice the size of chickens.
My idea is that we should stick to our original plan.
三、宾语 宾语可以用下面这些东西表示：
1. 名词；2. 代词；3. 数词；4. 动名词；5. 不定式；6. 复合结构；
7. 从句；8. 名词化的形容词及其他词类，如：
She died a heroic death.
They didn’t promise him anything definite.
How many do you want We need two.
Pay attention to uniting and working with comrades who differ with you.
Learn to play the piano.
I’ll get it stamped.
Did you write down what she said
四、定语 定语可以用下面这些东西表示：
1. 形容词；2. 代词；3. 数词；4. 名词或名词所有格；5. 分词；
6. 不定式；7. 介词短语；8. 副词；9. 词组或合成词；10. 从句，如：
His words moved everyone present.
We belong to the third world.
We must live up to the Party’s expectations.
This is indeed a most pressing problem.
There are two things to be discussed today.
the interests of the people / a man of good temper / a child of five
五、状语 状语可以用下面这些东西表示：
1. 副词；2. 介词短语；3. 不定式；4. 分词；5. 形容词；6. 词组；
7. 复合结构；8. 从句，如：
They were greatly touched to hear the old man’s story. (副词)
They did everything they could to save the boy’s life. (不定式)
I said it in fun. (介词短语)
They all rushed over, eager to help. (形容词)
They returned tired and hungry. (形容词)
We are working day and night … . (词组)
He came up shouldering a spade. (分词)
We completed the work five days ahead of time. (词组)
Seeing this, some students became very worried. (分词)
He entered the room, his nose red with cold. (复合结构)
句 子 的 种 类
一、 陈述句：
She arrived quite early. (事实) / She may have arrived now. (看法)
二、疑问句：
1．一般疑问句：
Has the factory gone into production
Shall I turn on the TV
2．特殊疑问句：
Which colour do you prefer
How much is this table-cloth
3．选择疑问句：
① 一般疑问句 + or + 第二个选择:
Are you an Englishman or an American
② 特殊疑问句 + 选择部分:
Which do you prefer, red wine or white
4．反意（或附加）疑问句：
You are not going out today, are you Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.
三、祈使句：
Be sure to get here before nine.
You do it right now.
四、感叹句：
① what + 感叹句：
What a noble-hearted man he was!
What good news it is!
② how + 感叹句：
How well she dances!
How fast they are working!
句 子 的 结 构 层 次
一、简单句
二、并列句：
We love peace but we are not afraid of war.
Hurry up, it’s getting late.
三、复合句：
There is something in what he said.
That’s exactly what I am planning to do.
四、并列复合句(共9张PPT)
高三英语总复习语法系列训练
倒 装 结 构(Ⅱ)
南莫中学高三英语备课组
1、倒装句之全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run等，例如：
There goes the bell.　/ Then came the chairman.　
Here is your letter.
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词，例如：
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.　　
Ahead sat an old woman.
注意：
上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：
Here he comes.　/ Away they went.
2、倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如 no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until … 等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
当Not until 引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装，例如：
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
典型例题　　
— Why can't I smoke here
— At no time _______ in the meeting-room.
A. is smoking permitted　　 B. smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted　 D. does smoking permit
答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
Not until the early years of the 19th century _______ what heat is.
A. man did know　 B. man know　
C. didn't man know　 D. did man know
答案D. 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
3、以否定词开头作部分倒装
如: Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
典型例题
No sooner _______ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game began　　 　　　 B. has the game begun
C. did the game begin　 　　 D. had the game begun
答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when等等。
注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。
Not only you but also I am fond of music.
4、so, neither, nor 作部分倒装
表示“也”、“也不” 的句子要部分倒装，例如：
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
If you won't go, neither will I.
典型例题
-- Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother
-- I don't know, _____.
A. nor don't I care　 B. nor do I care　
C. I don't care neither　 D. I don't care also
答案B。nor为增补意思"也不关心"，因此句子应倒装。A.错在用 don't 再次否定，C. neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。D. 缺乏连词。
注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
“It's raining hard.” “So it is.”
5、as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前），例如：
Old as my father is, he keeps up with his English study.
Child as he is, he knows something of electricity.
Tired as he was, he continued to work.
Young as she was, she was already director of a factory.
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意：
1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,　随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
2) 让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有 but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
6、only在句首要倒装的情况
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装，例如：
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
7、其他部分倒装
1) so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中：
May you all be happy.
3) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
Were I you, I would try it again.
典型例题：
1. Not until the early years of the 19th century ______ what heat is.
A. man did know　 B. man knew　
C. didn't man know　 D. did man know
2. Not until I began to work ______ how much time I had wasted.　
A. didn't I realize　 　 B. did I realize　　
C. I didn't realize　 D. I realize
3. — Do you know Tom bought a new car
— I don't know, _______.
A. nor don't I care　 B. nor do I care　　
C. I don't care neither　 D. I don't care also
答案为D。 Not until 引导的词组位于句首，后面的句子要倒装。
答案为B。 Not until 引导从句位于句首，后面的主句要倒装。
答案为B。句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。(共59张PPT)
非谓语动词
1．性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外一切成分。
2．形式
不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。
动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。
分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语形成分
3．语态：必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词态的语态。
逻辑主语能发出该动作 （发）
逻辑主语不能发出该动作 （收）
不发不收用结构： 动词不定式：用结构。
动名词：用结构。
分词：用独立主格结构
1．不定式作主语：
Warm up exercises:
1) change the following into the infinitive
1. ______( die ) for people is a glorious thing.
2. ______( talk ) with him is a great pleasure.
3. ______( help ) others is our duty.
4. ______( see ) is to believe.
5. ______( seat ) at the back of the classroom
made the students surprised.
2) change the sentences above into the ones
using “it” as informal.
3)A: 如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由for 引起的短语。
It is easy for the students to read.
It will be a mistake for us to help you.
B: 下列形容词作表语时，不定式前常加一个of 引起的短语，来说明不定式指
的是谁的情况，这些形容词是：
kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, polite, naughty etc.
It’s kind of you to think so much of us.
It’s unwise of him to leave home at once.
It ‘s wrong of him to speak bad behind others.
It’s wrong for the south to break away from the Union.
2．不定式作表语
1. Her work is ______( look )after the
children.
2. My aim is ______( go ) to Tsinghua
University.
3. She seemed ______( think ) about the
problem.
4. They appeared _____( agree ) with
what
we said.
不定式作表语时可以和主语部分调换。
3．不定式作宾语：
有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的动词有：
want, demand, like, hate, hope, begin, seem, fail, help, offer, manage, pretend, forget, remember, promise, prepare, learn, expect, agree, determine, prefer, intend, etc.
They wanted ______( get ) on the bus, didn’t they
He said he wished______(be )a professor.
I agreed______ (go ) there with the doctor.
My daughter preferred ______( dance ) when she was in her twenties.
He had promised ______(give) me a hand.
4.不定式作宾语补足语
A)1. I didn’t want my parents ______(help ) me.
2. We’d prefer you _______( take ) the job
instead of Zhang.
3. The school ordered all the classroom
______( clean ).
4. My parents expect me _______( go )to a
ideal university.
5. Joan promised the dinner ______( cook )
before we returned.
6. The doctor advised the patient
______( take ) two pills every four hours.
7. He determined me_______( tell ) everything.
B) Whom notice sb do sth. (watch, have(使)hear, observe, make, feel, listen (to), let,
notice, see etc. + sb +动词原形
+ sth + done
We can’t let this ______(go) on.
I will not let my children ______(treat) in that way.
John made him ______( tell ) everything.
The two boys were sorry indeed to see him ______(go).
We felt the house ______( shake) in the earthquake.
Do you like listening to other people ______( talk ) Have you ever heard him ______( tell ) a lie
Who would you like to have______( go )
Who would you like to have______(go) with
What song did you hear ______( sing )
We saw the house ______( burn ) to the ground when we reached there.
5.不定式作定语
Change the following into infinitives.
He was the first person that came to the classroom this morning.
The only thing that I want to get is the diamond necklace.
Everything that is done needs praising.
Do you have anything that you want to say
Here are some books that you can read.
6.不定式作状语。
状语的形式很多，有目的、结果、原因、条件、让步、比较、方式、伴随等，但目的、结果 要用不定式。
A)Substitution:
He got up early so that he could catch the first bus to the town.
He got up early_____ _____ _____ catch the first bus.
We must work hard at English in order that we can contact foreigners freely.
We must work hard at English _____ _____ ____ contact foreigners freely.
He was so frightened that he could hardly say anything.
He was______ frightened _______say anything.
He was ______ brave ______ ______say anything.
He was so young that he could go to school.
He was _____ late _____ go to school.
He was not _____ ______ _____ go to school.
B) 1. ______(save ) the badly sick lady, the
doctor had an operation on her.
2. He hurried to the station only _____
( find ) the train left.
动名词
1．动名词作主语
A)
1. ______( die ) for people is a glorious thing.
2. ______( talk ) with him is a great pleasure.
3. ______( help ) others is our duty.
4. ______( see ) is to believe.
5. ______( seat ) at the back of the classroom made the students surprised.
it作形式主语时，可用动词不定式，但下列巨型常用动名词：
It is+ no good (no use, fun, a pleasure, a waste of time)+doing…
There is no + doing….
如：
It’s no use ______( sit ) here waiting.
There is no ______( say )what will happen next.
Is it any good ______( tell ) him the truth right now.
不定式与动名词的区别：
不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作：
It’s no good eating too much fat.
It’s not good for you to eat so much fat.
B) 关于逻辑主语的问题
1. ______to the meeting surprised all of the
boards.
A. Mike coming B. Mike came C. Mike coming D. Mike’s coming
2. It’s no use _______ that you didn’t know the
rules.
A. you pretend B. you pretending C. your pretending D. your pretend
Change the following into the simple sentences.
That Peter didn’t attend the meeting made it put off.
2．动名词作表语
1. Her work is ______( look )after the
children.
2. My aim is ______( go ) to Tsinghua
University.
3. One of my bad habit is ______(bite )
nails（指甲）.
3．动名词作宾语
mecafps+doing (mind, miss, excuse, enjoy, escape consider, admit(承认)advise, appreciate=enjoy, avoid, finish, practise, suggest, stop)delay, imagine, include, keep, quit, resist, risk, understand, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, etc.
以及介词后接动名词doing
He was in low spirits and even consider _____(go ) away.
Practise _____( put ) your hand to the ground.
I can’t help ______( have ) the trip to Britain.
Don’t tell me you always escape _____( fine) because you have a fast sports car.
Leave off ______(bite) your nails!
He didn’t feel like ______( work ), so he suggested _____( spend ) the day in the garden.
You certainly mustn’t miss _______( see ) the wonderful film.
The doctor advised ______( stay ) longer in hospital.
I couldn’t imagine that ______( be ) possible.
We appreciate your ______( want ) ______( help ) us in our difficulties.
We can’t stand ______( pooh-pooh) every new idea.
Michael has delayed ______( write ) to her till today.
The law forbids ______( sell )liquor to
children.
They all suggested ______( give ) more chances.
Can you imagine ______( leave ) standing outside for a whole night.
They built the banks to prevent the
area from ______( flood).
Women do mind ______( smoke ) by men.
动名词与不定式的不同含义：
be afraid to do 不敢、害怕、胆怯去
做某事
be afraid of doing 担心、恐怕出现
She was afraid ______( wake ) her husband up, for he had bad temper.
She was afraid ______( of wake ) her husband, for he was ill.
2) forget to do sth.忘记去做某事（未
做）
forget doing sth.忘记做过了某事（已
做）
The light in the office is off. It was she
who turned it off, but she herself forgot _______( turn ) it off.
The light in the office is still on. She
forgot ______(turn )it off.
3)remember to do sth.记着去做某事（未
做）
remember doing sth.记着做了某事（已做）
Do you remember ______(meet) me at a party last year
You must remember ______( leave) tomorrow.
4) stop to do sth.
stop doing sth.
5) regret to do sth.
regret doing sth.
I regret _____( go ) to his home town.
I regret _____( tell ) you the truth.
6)try to do sth.
try doing sth.
You must try _____( do ) it again.
Let’s try _____( do ) the work in some other way.
7) mean to do sth.
mean doing sth.
If it means _____( delay ) more than a week,I’ll not wait.
I mean _____( go ), and nothing can stop me.
8) go on to do sth.
go on doing sth.
9) like/love/start/begin/hate/continue to do sth.
doing sth.
10)Sth.wnat/require/need to be done
doing.
The temple needs____( rebuild).
The children require____ (educate).
动名词复合结构的一般规则是：
1.逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词或代词所有格；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。
Tom’s (His) coming is what we have expected.
She didn’t mind Jack/ Jack’s (him/ his) coming here.
2.逻辑主语是无生命名词时，只用普通格。
Is there any hope of our winning the match
3.逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this, that, somebody, someone, nobody, none, anybody, anyone时， 只用普通格。
She was disturbed by somebody shouting outside.
11)canit help doing sth.
can’t help do sth.
can’t help but do sth.不能不，忍不
住
1.I couldn’t help___(think) of my childhood when I saw the picture.
2.I’m sorry I can’t help___(lend) you the money, for I’m short of it nowadays.
3.I can’t help but___(cry).
9) permit, allow, advise, consider, admit doing sth. sb./wh to do sth.
1.Do you consider _____( buy ) this kind of book
2.Is he considered _____( take ) this position
3.Is he considered _____( send ) to work in Tibet
分词
分词：分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。分词可分为现在分词、过去分词。
一般式 完成式
现在分词 doing having done
having been done
过去分词 done
1）分词与动名词作表语时的区别：
1.Our plan is ______( finish ) the task
before May.
2. Tom’s job was ______( guard ) the
factory.
3. His lecture is ______( interest ),
which made us ______( interest ).
4. The situation is ______( encourage).
2)现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别：
分词与逻辑主语（即句子主语）关系来决定分词的语态，主语能发出分词的动作用主动doing/having done，不能发出分词的动作用被动done/having been dong。
分词的动作如发生在谓语动词之后doing(用一般式)，如发生在谓语动词之前，(用完成式)having done。
A)
1._____(see ) those picture, he couldn’t help thinking of those days in Yan’an.
2._____( turn ) round, Fanny found an ambulance driving up.
3_____( water ) the vegetables, they began to pick up the apples.
4._____( finish ) the work, he went back home on foot.
5._____( inspire ) by Dr. Chen’s speech, they decided to study maths harder.
6._____( persuade) by her mother, she gladly went there alone.
7.Warmly _____( praise ) for his work, he was too excited to fall asleep.
8._____( arrive ) at the station, we found the train gone.
9._____( send ) the child to bed, she began to correct the pupils’ exercises.
10._____( surround), the enemy found nowhere to hide and had to give up.
11.Once _____( arm ), we are afraid of nothing.
12.While _____( cross )the street, look out for cars.
13.When _____( walk ) in the park, Mathilde met with her old friend.
14.While_____( criticize ),she cried.
15.She came earlier than _____( expect).
16.Everything goes well as _____( plan ).
17.She still made the same mistakes though ____( tell) several times.
18.____( give ) more time, we are sure to do it better.
19.The doctor did everything he could _____( save ) the patient.
20._____(improve )his English, Wang Ling works much harder.
作目的、结果状语的区别：
21. Li Ming works hard _____( pass ) the exams.
22. Li Ming works hard _____( try ) to pass the exams.
23. He returned home _____( find ) the house broken into.
24.His father died, _____( leave ) him nothing but debts.
25. Football is played over a century, _____( make ) it popular.
26. Bees suck honey into their stomachs, ____( get ) thicker and thicker.
判断下列对或错：
1. Seeing from the hill, the city looks more
beautiful.
2. Having had dinner, the dishes were
washed.
3. Leaving at home, the little girl felt much
afraid.
一些独立结构：
1. Generally _____( speak ), we have learnt a lot in this school.
2. _____(judge ) from his appearance, he is somebody.
3. _____( tell ) you the truth, your work is terrible.
将上列1-18句分词部分改成从句：
B)伴随状语
1. The boy lay in bed, _____( listen ) to music.
2. It’s a bad habit to talk to others, ____( look ) aside.
3. The professor entered the room, _____( follow ) by his assistants.
4. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talk, ____( add )that he had enjoyed his stay here.
5. The boy stood in front of the teacher,
_____( criticize).
独立主格结构
（ 所谓独立主格结构，分词的逻辑主语不是句子主语，而是有自己的逻辑主语时，叫独立主格结构。）
A)1. Today ____( be ) Sunday, the library doesn’t open.
2. There _____( be ) no buses, we had to walk home.
3. The signal _____( give ), the bus started.
4. Weather ____ ( permit ), we’ll visit the Great Wall.
5. A teacher from England ____( teach ) us English, we’re sure to learn it well.
B) 6. With him ____( give ) us a lead, our team is to win.
7. With the worker ____( lead ), the Young Pioneers went through the forest and started towards the mountain village.
8. Many people spoke aloud in front of our classroom, with nobody ____( stop ) them.
9. He was looking at the screen again, with the machine ____( turn ) on.
10. The girl felt uneasy with the whole class _____( stare ) at her.
11. Now the patient could walk with the nurse ____( support ) him.
12. With the machinery _____( do ) all the work, we finished the task last month.
13. She lay on the grass with her eyes _____( close ).
14. You might catch a cold with your feet _____( expose).
3）现在分词与过去分词作宾语补足语的区别：
whom flns+sb do (经常性动作)
+sb doing sth.（正在进行）
+sth done（被动）
1.I used to see these boys ____( play ) on the playground.
2.I saw them _____( play ) the computer this afternoon.
3.Have you _____( heard ) this song _____( sing ) before
4.She was surprised to find the house _____( break ) into when she went back home.
5． Unfortunately, he got his wallet _____( steal ) on the bus.
6. We are interested in hearing him _____( tell ) us the news.
7. He won’t have us _____( criticize ) him.
8. It’s a bad habit to leave the work ______( undo ).
9. Yesterday I caught him _____( take ) my dictionary when I went into
the classroom.
4） 分词作定语：
A) 1. Do you know the man _____(speak ) at the meeting
2. Do you know the man _____( praise ) at the meeting
3. The building _____( put ) up last now is our library.
4. The building _____( put ) up now will be our new company.
5. The building _____( put ) up next year will be our new company.
6. There was an old temple _____
( stand ) at the top of the hill.
7. There is a sports meeting _____
( hold ) next Tuesday.
8. There was an old man ______( live ) in the village.
B) 1.He was the first person
_____(come) to the classroom this
morning.
2.The only thing _____(get )is the diamond necklace.
3.Everything _____(do ) needs praising.
4. Do you have anything____( say )
5. Here are some books for you _____( read ).
5) 作定语时， 一个词放在前面， 短语放在后面。（注意语态）
The _____( surprise) news made us
_____(surprise).
2. The _____( interest )man, Chaplin, interested us all.
3. The _____( excite )football match attracted many football funs.
4. There appeared a _____( worry ) look on his face.
5. She tried to hide her _____( dissatisfy) expression in public.(共10张PPT)
高三英语总复习语法系列训练
倒装结构
南莫中学高三英语备课组
倒装语序分为“全部倒装”和“部分倒装”。在全部倒装的句子中，整个谓语都放在主语的前面；在部分倒装的句子中，只是谓语中的一部分（如助动词、情态动词或系动词be等）放在主语前面，其余部分仍放在主语后面。下面将常见的倒装情况分述如下：
一、由there, here 或now 等引起，谓语为come（或go）的句子，例如：
There comes the bus!
There goes the bell!
Here comes Mary!
Now comes your turn.
注：如果主语为人称代词，仍用自然语序，例如：
There he comes!
Here she comes!
二、由then 引起，谓语为come（或 follow）的句子，例如：
Then came a new difficulty.
Then followed eight years of the Anti-Japanese War.
Then came wind, hail and frost.
三、由here（或there）引导，谓语为be的句子，如：
Here is China’s largest tropical forest.
Here are some picture-books.
注：如果主语为人称代词，仍用自然语序，如：
Here you are. / Here we are. / Here it is. / There he is.
四、由so引起的，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人（或物）的句子，如：
“We must start for the work-site now.” “So must we.”
Society has changed and so have the people in it.
He plays the violin quite well. So does my sister.
He has been to Beijing, so have I.
注：如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思，尽管so用开头，语序也不要倒装，如：
-- It was cold yesterday. – So it was!
-- Tomorrow will be Monday. – So it will.
五、由neither或nor引起的，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人（或物）的句子，如：
-- I won’t do such a thing. –Neither / Nor will I.
If you won’t go, neither shall I.
-- I haven’t done my homework. –Neither / Nor have I.
I didn’t read the notice on the bulletin board, nor did he.
六、在if引导的非真实条件句中，如有助动词had, should或were时，可以省略if，进行倒装，如：
Had I come five minutes earlier, I would have met the famous scientist. (If I had come five minutes …)
Had I been informed earlier, I could have done something.
Should anyone call, tell him to wait for me here.
Were I ten years younger, I would be able to climb to the top of the hill.
Should you change your mind, let us know.
(If I were you …不倒装)
七、在描写情景时，有时为了生动，可以把out, in, up, down, away等副词放在主语前，同时主谓倒装，如：
Up went the arrow into the air.
Up flew the red balloon.
Following the roar, out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.
注：如果主语是一个人称代词，谓语仍放在后面，如：
Away they went. / Down it flew. / Up it went.
八、当as引导让步状语从句时，可以把表语提到前面来，采用“形容词（或副词、名词）+ as +主语+谓语”这种形式，如：
Old as my father is, he keeps up with his English study.
Child as he is, he knows something of electricity.
Tired as he was, he continued to work.
Young as she was, she was already director of a factory.
九、当always, often, well, many a time等词放在句首时，后面常用倒装语序，如：
Always did the soldier go to help the villagers.
Often did we warn them not to do so.
Well do I remember the day I saw a wild tiger.
Many a time did he go swimming in the river.
注：上述所说的词不放在句首，不用倒装语序。
十、only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，其后面的主语部分要进行倒装，如：
Only in this way can you hope to improve the situation there.
Only then did I realize that I was wrong.
Only once did his father discuss his future with him.
Only yesterday did I realize what was going on.
Only after he came back was I able to see him.
注：only修饰主语，仍用自然语序，如：
Only socialism can save China.
十一、含有否定意义的副词、连词或短语构成的状语放在句首时，常用倒装语序。
这些词和词组有：not, never, hardly, seldom, little, rarely, scarcely, not until, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, no sooner…than…, hardly…when …, scarcely…when等，例如：
Never shall I forget the day when I joined the League.
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
Not only did he read the book, but also remembered what he had read.
No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.
Hardly / Scarcely had she fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her.
注：上面所说的词和词组如果不在句首，句子不必用倒装语序。另外，not only…but also连接两个主语时，不用倒装，如：
Not only the students, but also the teacher wishes for a holiday.
十二、当so（或such）…that…结构中的so或such用于句首时，要采取倒装语序，如：
So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.
So loudly did he speak that he was heard upstairs.
So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.
So angry was he that he couldn’t speak.
So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken.
Such was his strength that he could bend iron bars.
注：such和be连用作表语时，也常用倒装语序，如：
Such was the result.
Such were her words.
Such was the story he told.
十三、在下列结构中也常用倒装语序：
On a hill in front of them stood a great castle.
On the bed lay a sick old man.
Under the tree was sitting one of the biggest men I have ever seen.
Seated on the ground are a group of young men playing cards.
Lying on the floor was a boy aged about seventeen.
Good-bye!(共17张PPT)
高三英语总复习语法专项训练
动 名 词
南莫中学高三英语备课组
一、动名词的形式
主动形式
被动形式
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
二、功能及用法
1．动名词（短语）做主语，如：
Writing the book has taken up all his spare time.
Seeing is believing.
注①：动名词（短语）做主语还常用于下列结构：
a. It’s no use sending him over. It’s too late already.
It’s no good talking a lot without doing anything.
It’s a waste of time arguing about it.
b. There’s no joking about such matters.
There’s no saying what he’ll be doing next.
There’s no telling what he’s going to do.
注②：动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别：
动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或泛指的动作，一般不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；不定式作主语通常表示具体的动作或行为，往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起，如：
It’s no use crying over spilt milk. (抽象)
He realized that to go on like this was no use. (具体)
在实际运用中，一般可以互换，差异不大。但在下列几种情况中不能互换：
a. 当表语是动名词时，主语也要用动名词；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式，如：
Seeing is believing.
To see is to believe.
b. 动名词和不定式作主语，一般都可以使用形式主语it，而将动名词或不定式放在句尾。但是在下列句型中，一般宜用动名词，不宜用不定式来代替：
It’s no use doing …
It’s no good doing…
It’s a waste of time doing …
例如：
It’s no use going there today; he won’t be at home.
It’s a waste of time arguing about it.
It’s no good waiting here. Let’s walk home.
而在It’s important … / It’s necessary … / It’s advisable … / It’s essential … / It’s fitting … 这类句型中，只能用不定式，如：
It’s important to learn foreign languages.
It’s quite necessary to read it many times.
2．动名词（短语）作表语，如：
Their job is building houses.
His job is raising pigs.
注①：动名词作表语与不定式作表语的区别：
动名词作表语时表示比较抽象的一般行为、习惯；不定式作表语时表示具体的某一次动作，特别是将来的动作，试比较：
My favourite sport is swimming.
The first thing for us to do is to improve our pronunciation.
注②：动名词作表语与现在分词作表语的区别：
动名词作表语时相当于名词，说明主语的含义及内容，它与主语是同等关系，主语与表语互换位置不影响句子的基本含义，但不可用副词来修饰。
现在分词作表语时相当于形容词，说明主语的特征、性质、状态等，主语与表语不可互换位置，但可用very, quite等副词来修饰，如：
My job is looking after the children.
Our duty is serving the people heart and soul.
The situation is encouraging.
This cake is very inviting.
The volleyball match we watched was very exciting.
3．动名词（短语）用作宾语的情况很多，如：
Hearing the words, she couldn’t help thinking of her past bitterness.
We all avoided mentioning that matter.
★ 能用动名词作宾语的动词有两类：
一类是只能用动名词作宾语的动词，其中有：avoid, admit, consider, delay, advise, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, give up, can’t help, imagine, keep (on), don’t mind, miss, practise, put off, stop, go on, resist, suggest等，如：
Mary is considering changing her job.
I enjoy working with you.
Would you mind ringing me up tomorrow
另一类是既可以用动名词，又可以用不定式作宾语的动词，其中有：begin, cannot bear, continue, forget, hate, intend, like, love, plan, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start, try, want, need, can’t afford等。
上述动词尽管可以带两种结构作宾语，但用法不尽相同，需要注意下列几个情况：
A. 在begin, start, cease, continue, cannot bear, hate, like, love, prefer, propose 等动词后，两种结构意义无大的出入，如：
She can’t bear being laughed at / to be laughed at.
但是在下列情况下，通常用不定式：
a. 在would like / love / prefer / hate 后表示一个特定的新动作时：
I’d like to buy a suit.
I’d hate to disappoint them.
b. 当谓语动词已用进行时态时：
The water is beginning / starting to boil.
I’m starting to work on my essay next week.
c. 在begin 等后，非限定动词由某些状态动词构成时（即：指心理状态或精神活动时）：
She began to believe his story.
He began to realize that he was wrong.
d. 当主语是物，不是人时：
The water started / began to boil.
The ice started / began to melt.
B. 在need, want, deserve等后，可用动名词的主动式表示被动含义，或用不定式的被动式，意义上无差别。但用动名词较为普遍，（这时主语一般是物），如：
The door needs oiling / to be oiled.
C. 有的动词尽管可以用两种结构，但意义明显不同，须认真加以区别：
I forgot to close the door before I left the room.
I forgot having closed the door.
He tried to write better. (尽量努力地写)
He tried writing with a brush. (用毛笔试着写)
I couldn’t help finishing it. (不能不结束某事)
I couldn’t help to finish it. (不能帮助结束某事)
They left off fishing. (停止钓鱼)
They left off to fish. (离开某处出发去钓鱼)
I regret to say that there is no wine in the bottle. (对现在要发生的事表示遗憾、抱歉)
I regret not taking your advice. (后悔)
★ 动名词（短语）还常常跟在短语动词之后，作介词的宾语。常见的有：
insist on / think of / dream of / object to / hear of / prevent … from / keep … from / stop … from / feel like / be engaged in / look forward to / depend on / thank … for / excuse … for / devote … to / set about / spend … in / get (be) used to … / be fond of / be afraid of / be tired of / succeed in / be interested in / be proud of / burst out / give up 等，如：
He insisted on seeing us home.
They all objected to putting the meeting off.
Are you interested in going to the show
I’m thinking of going to town this afternoon.
I don’t feel like eating anything.
She is afraid of falling behind the others.
He finally got tired of doing office work.
She devotes hours to helping Mother with housework on Sunday.
4．动名词（短语）可以和about, against, at, before, after, by, for, besides, from, in, on, upon, without等介词构成短语，在句中作状语，如：
They broke in loud cheers on hearing the news.
He warned me against swimming there.
She left without saying good-bye to us.
Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of the children.
He felt uncomfortable about accepting the gift.
They were surprised at your doing that.
5．动名词（短语）可以和介词构成短语作定语，如：
He hasn’t much experience in running factories.
What’s their reason for cancelling the English evening
Have you any objection to going there on foot
He has little hope of passing his examinations.
They don’t approve of his way of looking at things.
I’m glad to have this opportunity of coming to visit your country.
6．动名词还可以作定语，如：
singing competition swimming pool
dining car opening speech
drinking cup living room
typing paper waiting room
writing desk washing machine
frying-pan sleeping-pill
walking stick teaching method
注：动名词作定语表示被修饰名词的用途，它和名词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系；而现在分词作定语，表示被修饰名词本身的动作、行为，它和名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。
三、动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构就是前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构。
有时为了明确动名词所表示的动作的执行者，可以在动名词之前加上一个物主代词或名词所有格，来表示动名词逻辑上的主语。有时也可以用人称代词宾格或名词普通格，不过，这主要用于口语中。如：
She won’t hear of us leaving the village.
Do you object to Li Ping’s joining the physics group
注①：如果不是在句子的开头，这个结构常用名词的普通格或人称代词宾格，如：
I don’t like the idea of us / our not helping at all.
I don’t mind Jane buying another one.
注②：如果动名词的逻辑主语是表示无生命的东西的名词，或不定代词，就只能用普通格，不能用所有格，如：
Is there any hope of your team winning the match
The boy was alarmed by someone knocking at the door.
动名词的复合结构有下列用法：
① 作主语：
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
Nothing is worse than our bowing before difficulties.
Lao Li’s (not: Li)going won’t be of much help.
② 作表语：
Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.
What’s troubling them is their not having enough machine tools.
③ 作宾语：
Do you mind my reading your paper
Please excuse my interrupting you.
④ 作介词宾语：
They insisted on my staying there for supper.
Do you think there will be any chance of my seeing him again
四、动名词的完成形式与被动形式
动名词的一般形式通常表示一般性动作（即不是明确地在过去、现在或将来发生的动作）或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生的动作，如：
They are all interested in climbing mountains.
He took a great delight in helping others.
① 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，通常用动名词的完成形式，如：
He didn’t mention having met me.
I regret not having taken her advice.
I don’t remember having ever promised you that.
注：在某些动词之后（或在成语中）常用（或可以用）动名词的一般形式表示在谓语动作之前发生的动作，如：
Excuse me for coming late.
I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere.
② 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的承受者时，这个动名词一般要用被动形式，如：
This question is far from being settled.
He did it without being asked.
They insisted on their being treated as ordinary workers.
He didn’t mind being left at home.
They couldn’t stand being treated like that.
注：如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生，有时需要用动名词的完成被动形式，如：
I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.(共19张PPT)
高三英语总复习语法专项训练
现在分词和过去分词
用法之异同
南莫中学高三英语备课组
现在分词和过去分词的用法异同历来是学习中的难点和高考测试的重点。众所周知，两种分词的区别很多，但它们之间的根本区别是：
过去分词在时态上强调动作已经完成，在语态上侧重于被动；
而现在分词在时态上强调动作正在进行，在语态上侧重于主动。
这种根本的区别具体体现在两种分词分别充当的各种句子成份中。细述如下：
一、分词作定语
共同点：分词作定语时，如果分词只是一个单词，那么，该分词就位于其所修饰的名词之前；如果是分词短语，那么，该短语就位于其所修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
　　不同点：分词作定语时，被分词所修饰的名词就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1.There was a terrible noise ____ the sudden burst of light.
　A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
　简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，句子后半部分是一个作定语、修饰 noise 的分词短语；再根据句意“一阵闪电之后，接着就是一声巨响。”可知，巨响应是主动，紧接在闪电之后的。因此，该题应选B。
2.The Olympic Games, ____ in 776 B. C., didn’t include women until 1912.
　A. first playing B. to be first played
C. first played D. to be playing
　简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分是一个作定语、修饰 The Olympic Games 的后置分词短语；再根据 The Olympic Games 对于动词 play 来说只能是被动承受，且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此，该题应选C。
3.What’s the language ____ in Germany
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
　简析：该题应选B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 which is spoken
4.Most of the people ____ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting
简析：该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 who were invited
5.Most of the artists ____ to the party were from South Africa.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited
简析：该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句who were invited
6.The computer centre, ____ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened
简析：该题应选D。测试过去分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后，可以用非限制性定语从句“which was opened last year”代替
7.The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
简析：该题应选D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句which were written
二、分词作表语
共同点：分词作表语时，它起着形容词的作用。
　　不同点：分词作表语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作的一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。　
1.This news sounds ____.
A. encouraging B. encouraged C. encourage D. to encourage
简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在句中应作表语，因为 sounds 在此句中用作连系动词；再根据 The news 对于动词 encourage 来说应是主动关系，即这个消息本身就鼓舞人心。因此，该题应选A。
2. -How did Bob do in the exams this time
　-Well, his father seems ____ with his results.
A. pleasing B. please C. pleased D. to please
简析：首先, 根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作表语。因为 seems 在此句中用作连系动词; 再根据 his father 对于动词 please 来说应是被动关系, 即这个结果使他的父亲高兴; 换言之, 他的父亲因为受到这个结果的刺激而感到高兴。因此, 该题应选C。
3. -How did the audience receive the new play
　-They got very ____.
A . excite B . excited C . excitedly D . exciting
简析：该题应选B。测试他们被那出新戏所打动。
三、分词作宾语补足语
共同点：分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语，对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用。
　　不同点：分词作宾语补足语时，句子的宾语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1.The next morning she found the man ____ in bed, dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
简析: 首先, 根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作宾补, 补充说明宾语 the man; 再根据宾语 the man 对于动词 lie 来说应是主动关系, 而且, lie 这个动作与谓语动词 found 同时进行。因此, 该题应选A。
2. -Good morning. Can I help you
-I’d like to have the package ____, madam.
A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed
简析: 首先, 根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作宾补, 补充说明宾语 the package; 再根据 the package 对于动词 weigh 来说, 只能是被动关系。因此，该题应选D。
3. I can hardly imagine Peter ____ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
A. sail B. sailing C. to sail D. to have sailed
简析: 该题应选B。测试动词 imagine 后要求跟动名词, Peter 是动名词的逻辑主语。
4.If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air ____ against your face.
A. moved B. moving C. moves D. to move
简析: 该题应选B。测试使役动词后用现在分词作宾补表示宾语正发出的动作。
四、分词作状语
共同点：分词作状语时，一般在句子中作时间、原因、方式或伴随等状语。
　　不同点：分词作状语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1.European football is played in 80 countries, ____ it the most popular sport in the world.
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在整个句中应作状语；再根据 European football 对于 make 来说应是主动关系，即欧洲足球使之本身成为一项最受世人欢迎的运动。因此，该题应选A。
2.____ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not
C. Not having received D. Having not received
简析：该题应选C。 测试非谓语动词的否定式是在其前直接加 not 。若动作发生在主句动作之前时用非谓语的完成式。
3.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, ____ that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added
简析：该题应选C。测试现在分词可以作补充说明的状语。　
4. “Can’t you read ” Mary said ____ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily
C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
简析：该题应选A。测试现在分词作伴随状语，通过副词 angrily 进行干扰。若B 答案为 and pointed angrily 时也对。
　　另外，分词作状语时，如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时，需要独立主格结构或 with 复合结构来替代。(此时，也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。)
例: The murderer was brought in, with his hands ____ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
简析：很显然，待选部分的逻辑主语是 his hands，而不是句子的主语 The murderer , 而 his hands 对于动词 tie 来说，只能是被动承受。因此，该题应选D。
1.I cannot understand _____ such a well-paid job.
A. him to give up B. him to have given up
C. his giving up D. his being given up
2.Jane’s summer vacation in England led to _____ an Englishman.
A. her marry B. her to marry
C. her being married D. her marrying
3.She was sad because of _____ any chance left.
A. there being not B. there not being
C. not there being D. there was not
4.If you think a letter is too slow, why not _____ a telegram
A. try to have sent B. trying to send
C. to try to send D. try sending
5.There is no chance _____ him today.
A. in seeing B. to seeing
C. of seeing D. about seeing
6.I know you like _____ . Would you like _____ with me now
A. to swim, to swim B. swimming, swimming
C. swimming, to swim D. to swim, swimming
7.Before _____, the machine must be checked.
A. being used B. using it
C. being used to D. using
8.To give up _____ means _____ .
A. smoking, stopping smoking B. smoking, to stop smoking
C. to smoke, to stop to smoke D. to smoke, stopping to smoke
9. — What do you think of the book
— Oh, excellent. It’s worth _____ a second time.
A. to read B. reading
C. to be read D. being read
10. “What has made you so upset ” “________ my new bike.”
A. Lost B. Because of losing
C. Since I lost D. Losing
11. I still remember _____ to Beijing when I was six.
A. to take B. taking C. having taking D. having been taken
12. Some foreigner used to _____ on the left in their own countries, but now they have got used to _____ on the right in our country.
A. driving, drive B. drive, drive
C. drive, driving D. driving, driving
13. He remained ____ there, for he grew ____ in many things there.
A. staying, interesting B. staying, interested
C. to stay, interest D. stayed, interested
14. It is important for parents and young people to learn how to get through to each other and develop skill in understanding and _____.
A. being understood B. to be understood
C. understand D. understood
15. _____ more trees is good for health and it is also important to stop waste from factories _____ our surroundings.
A. To plant, pollute B. Planting, to pollute
C. Plant, polluting D. Planting, polluting
16. I would appreciate _____ back this afternoon.
A. you to call B. you call
C. your calling D. you’re calling
17. How about the two of us _____ a walk down the garden
A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking
18. “The light in the office is still on.” “Oh, I forgot _____ .”
A. turning it off B. turn it off
C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
19. “I must apologize for _____ ahead of time.” “That’s all right.”
A. letting you not know B. not letting you know
C. letting you know not D. letting not you know
20. It happened ______ when I left the station, so I had to wait until the rain stopped.
A. to be raining　　　　 B. to have rained　　　　
C. to rain　　 D. raining
21. ____ more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A . Given B . To give C . Giving D . Having given
22. Climbing mountains was ____, so we all felt ____.
A. tiring ; tired B. tired ; tiring C. tiring ; tiring D. tired ; tired
23. The ____ morning, the father came into the lonely house , ____ by his naughty boy .
A. following ; following B. followed ; followed
C. following ; followed D. followed ; following
24. ____ these pictures, I couldn’t help thinking of those days when I was in Beijing and ____ from the top of a thirty-storeyed building, Beijing looks more magnificent.
A. Seeing ; seen B. Seen ; seeing C. Seeing ; seeing D. Seen ; seen
25. Mrs White was glad to see the nurse ____ after her son and her daughter and was also pleased to see children well ____ care of in the nursery.
A. looked ; taken B. looking ; taken
C. looked ; took D. looking ; taking
26. I was fortunate to pick up a wallet ____ on the ground on the way home, but unfortunately for me, I found my colour TV set ____ when I got home.
A. lying; stolen B. laying; stealing C. lay; stolen D. lying; stealing
27. ____ better attention , the vegetables could have grown better with the sun shining brightly in the sky and ____ them light.
A. Giving; given B. Given; given C. Giving; giving D. Given; giving
28. ____ his head high , the manager walked into the room to attend the meeting ____ then .
A. Holding ; being held B. Held ; holding
C. Having held ; held D. Held ; to be held
29. ____ but he still could not understand it.
A. Told many times B. Having been told many times
C. He has been told many times
D. Though he had been told many times
30. On hearing the ____ news, I was too ____ to sleep.
A. exciting ; excited B. excited ; exciting
C. exciting ; exciting D. excited ; excited(共27张PPT)
设计与制作： 黄耀春
江苏省南莫中学
英语教研中心
Non-infinitive
(非谓语动词)
____ late in the morning , Bob turned off the alarm.
To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept
(2001春季高考 第21题)
Multiple choice
2 ____ a letter from her parents, Lily is now looking
forward to ___ from them.
Having not received; hear B. Not received; hear
C. Not having received; hearing D. Receiving not; hearing
V. +ing phrases : appreciate; avoid; can’t help; consider; enjoy; escape; finish; give up; imagine; insist on; keep(on); mind;miss…
devote oneself to; pay attention to; be used to; get down to…
A
C
类型
年份 题量 不定式 V. -ing 过去分词
1996 2 1（18题） 1（23题）
1997 2 1（12题）
1998 2 1（25题）
1999 3 2（14、21题） 1（25题）
2000 2 1（19题） 1（22题）
近五年非谓语动词在高考中的复现率
过去分词
不定式
V.-ing 形式
非谓语动词
高考题
巩固 题1
巩固 题2
不定式的作用
不定式的时态
不定式的否定形式
不定式
近五年不定式考查了5道题，主要考查了不定式做宾语和 表语。此外还考了不定式的时态和否定形式。
1.作状语
2.作定语
3.作表语
4.作补语
过去分词
不定式
不定式的作用
1
[例1] NMET 2000 第19题
I’ve work with children before, so I know what ___ in my job.
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
B
解析
该题考查疑问+不定式在句中做宾语的用法。英语中有一些动词 后可以跟一个疑问词的不定式做宾语，如：
tell, discuss, know, show, learn, decide, wonder, explain…
解析
[例2] NMET 1999 第21题
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ____ it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make.
B
不定式
不定式的作用
1
因为主语是the purpose，在（purpose, wish, promise, plan）后常跟不定式，故表语要用不定式，to不能省略，因此构成the purpose is to…not to…do 句型，故选B 。
不定式的时态
2
[例3] NMET 1997第12题
I would love _____ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A. to go B. having gone C. going D. to have gone
D
不定式
解析
该题考查动词不定式做宾语的 用法。Would love(like) to 是固定搭配，因此B、C、不合题意。Would love+不定式一般式，表示“想，希望”，而接不定式完成式则表示“原本希望而未曾实现”的意思。
[例4] NMET 1999 第14题
Robert is said ____ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.
to have studied B. to study
C. to be study D. to have been studying
A
常和不定式完成式连用的动词还有：
Would love, meant, hoped, planned, expected, promised,
wish等
例如：I meant to have telephoned you, but I forgot.
解析
不定式
不定式的否定形式
3
[例5] NMET 1996年
The patient was warned ____ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eat
C
解析
该题考查不定式的否定式作主补。要注意warn后跟词方式， ① warn sb. not to do sth. ②warn sb. against doing sth. 该题应该用①结构另外，not 应放在to之前。
在大多数的动词可接不定式短语做宾补，只有少数动词（五个看see,watch,notice, observe,look at；三使役make,let, have;二听listen to,hear等）须接不带to 的不定式做宾补。
过去分词
过去分词主要考查其在句中作状语、定语、表语和补语的用法。
1.作状语
[例1] NMET1996第23题
_____ in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
C
解析
1.该题考查过去分词作状语的用法。动词-ing或过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语应是主语。
2.“陷入深思”有两种表达法， A.Lose oneself in thought B.be lost in thought,按句子提供的语境可用结构B.
过去分词
2.作定语
[例2] NMET1997第17题
The Olympic Games,___ in 776 B.C.did not include women players until 1912.
A. first played B. to be first played
C. first playing D. to be first playing
A
解析
①过去 分词做定语与其修饰词之间是动宾关系且过去分词表示的动作以完成。
② 现在分词作定语表示动作正在发生，与修饰词是主谓关系。
③不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作。
所以A是正确的。First played in 776B.C.=which was first played in 776 B.C.
过去分词
3.作表语
[例3] NMET1998第23题
Cleaning women in big cities usually get ____ by the hour.
A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
C
解析
该题考查分词作表语的用法。“to pay sb. by the hour” 计时给某人报酬。此题被动结构作表语。类似的有：get burnt, get hurt , get wounded.
V.-ing 形式
v.-ing 形式主要考查其在句子中作定语和状语的用法
[例 ] NMET1998
European football is played in 80 countries, ___ it the most popular sport in the world.
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
A
解析
解析
Making it the popular sport in the world为现在分词短语作结果状语，这类分词短语常放在句子的后面,ing表示顺其自然，不定式表示突然，出乎意料。如：
His parents died, leaving him an orphan.
He rushed to the post office only to find it was closed
过去分词
4.作补语
解析
该题考查过去分词作宾语补足语的用法。the plan 与carry out 的关系是被动关系。see sth.done 这结构常见的还有watch(notice, observe,have 和make)sth. done.
[例4] NMET2000第22题
The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ___ the next year.
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
C
1. The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself____ . (NMET91 34)
A.hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard
2. On afternoon, Mrs Green went to the market, ____ some bananas and visited her cousin. (NMET91 23)
A. bought B. buying C. to buy D. writing
3. --I usually go there by train.
--Why not ____ by boat for a change (NMET92 14)
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
4. ____ a reply, he decided to write again. (MET92 39)
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not
C. Not having received D. Having not received
5. How about the two of us ____ a walk down the garden (MET93 17)
A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking
6. ____ down the radio ---- the baby’s asleep in the next room.
(MET93 24)
A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn
7. Charles Babbage is generally considered ____ the first computer.
(MET93 34)
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
8. ---I must apologize for ____ ahead of time.
---That’s all right. (MET94 21)
A. letting you not know B. not letting you know
C. letting you know not D. letting not you know
9. Rather than ___ on a crowded bus, he always prefers ____ a bicycle. (NMET94 22)
A. ride; ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding
10. The missing boys were last seen ____ near the river.(NMET94 25)
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
11. The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. (NMET94 34)
A.having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
12. ---You were brave enough to raised objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ____ that. (NMET95 26)
A. to do b. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
13. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told
him_____. (NMET95 35)
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
14. ---What do you think made Mary so upset
---____ her new bicycle. (97上海 13)
A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing
15. She can’t help ____ the house because she’s busy making a cake.
(97 上海12)
A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned
16. She looks forward every spring to _____ the flower-lined garden.
(95 上海20)
A. visit B. paying a visit C. walk in D. walking in
17. While shopping, people sometime can’t help ____ into buying
something they don’t really need. (96上海14)
A. to pursue B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
18. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ____ it more difficult. (NMET99 21)
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
19. A computer does only what thinking people _____. (99上海19)
A. have it do B. have it done C. have done it D. having it done
20. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door ____
“Sorry to miss you; will call later.” (NMET99 25)
A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading
5.Mrs.Smith warned her husband_____after drinking again
and again.
A.never to drive B.to never drive C.never driving D.never drive
6. To master a foreign language,______.
A. a lot of practice is needed B. it needs a lot of practice
C. practice is in need of D. one needs a lot of practice
20. The library needs ______,but it’ll have to wait until Sunday.
A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned
4.Our father often told us in the past that _____is believing.
A.to see B.seeing C.see D.to be seen
1.He gave us some advice on how____ English.
A.learning B. learned C. to learn D. learn
2. It ’s a pay day，and they are waiting____.
A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to be paid
3. --- A letter may be too slow.
---- Why not ____ a telegram.
A.try sending B.try to send C.to try sending D.trying to send
巩固练习
C
D
A
B
A
D
1._____is a good of exercise for both the young and the old.
A.The walk B.Walking C.To walk D.Walk
2.When and where to build the new power station______yet.
A.is not decided B.are not decided
C.has not decided D.have not decided
3.Is______necessary to change trains at Beijing
A. this B. that C. it D. he
4.Our father often told us in the past that _____is believing.
A.to see B.seeing C.see D.to be seen
5.She pretended____the letter I wrote the day before yesterday.
A.not to receive B.not receiving
C.not to hear from D.having not received
6.I can’t imagine_____that with such a famous author.
A.work B.to work C.to be working D.working
Non-infinitive
7.She reached the top of the hill and stopped_____on a big rock by the side of the path.
A.to have rested B.resting C.to rest D.rest
8.Do you consider___any good attempting many scientific experiments
A.there B.it C.this D.that
9.I’m thirsty. Would you please give me something________.
A.drunk B.to drink C.to be drunk D.for drinking
10.There was a terrible noise_______the sudden burst of light.
A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed
11．Mrs.Smith warned her husband_____after drinking again
and again.
A.never to drive B.to never drive
C.never driving D.never rive
12.They knew her very well.They had seen her____up from childhood.
A.grow B.grew C.was growing D.to grow
13. Believe it or not, he was seen______upstairs just now.
A.to go B.to going C.having gone D.go
14.It was so cold that they kept the fire ____all night.
A. to burn B. burn C. burning D. burned
15.The murderer was brought in ,with his hands _behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
16.To master a foreign language,______.
A. a lot of practice is needed B. it needs a lot of practice
C. practice is in need of D. one needs a lot of practice
17._________a reply, he decided to write a sixth letter.
A. Not receiving B. Not to receive
C. Not having received D. Having not received
18. Little Jim should love _____to the theatre this evening.
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
19. —What do you think of the book
—Oh, excellent. It’s worth ______a second time.
A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read
20. The library needs ______,but it’ll have to wait until Sunday.
A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned
Thank you for coming!(共19张PPT)
高三英语总复习语法系列训练
被 动 语 态 详 解
南莫中学黄耀春
(一) 语 态 分 类
英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：
They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动)
A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动)
汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词构成。
(二) 被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化
主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give 为例，列表如下：
一般现在时： am / is / are + given
一般过去时： was / were +given
一般将来时： shall / will +be+ given
现在进行时： am / is / are + being + given
现在完成时： have / has + been + given
过去完成时： had + been + given
过去进行时： was / were + being + given
过去将来时： should / would +be+ given
将来完成时： shall / will + have been + given
过去将来完成时： should / would + have been + given
［注］被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。
(三)被动语态常用的八种时态
1. 一般现在时：
People grow rice in the south of the country.
Rice is grown in the south of the country.
The school doesn't allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.
We are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.
2. 一般过去时：
They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month.
The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.
The students didn't forget his lessons easily.
His lessons were not easily forgotten.
3. 一般将来时：
They will send cars abroad by sea.
Cars will be sent abroad by sea.
They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers.
Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers.
4. 过去将来时：
The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year.
The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.
The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible.
The workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible.
5. 现在进行时：
The radio is broadcasting English lessons.
English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio.
We are painting the rooms.
The rooms are being painted.
6. 过去进行时：
— Why didn't they drive there on time
— Because the workers were mending the road.
Because the road was being mended.
This time last year we were planting trees here.
Trees were being planted here this time last year.
7. 现在完成时：
Someone has told me the sports meet might be put off.
I have been told the sports meet might be put off.
We have brought down the price.
The price has been brought down.
8. 过去完成时：
When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets.
When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out.
The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; People had considered him to be a great leader.
He had been considered to be a great leader.
9. 含有情态动词的被动语态：
含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+ be+ 及物动词的过去分词”构成。
You must hand in your compositions after class.
Your compositions must be handed in after class.
He can write a great many letters with the computer.
A great many letters can be written with the computer by him.
(四) 被 动 语 态 的 使 用
1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by 短语。
“Mr. White, the cup with mixture was broken after class. ”
(只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的)。
2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by 短语。
These records were made by John Denver.
The cup was broken by Paul.
3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in + 名词作状语，而代替 by 短语。
These cars were made in China.
15, 000 cars will be produced each year in the new factory.
(五)主动语态变被动语态的方法
（1） My aunt invited me to her dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
→ I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
（2） The school set up a special class to help poor readers.
→ A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school.
1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be + 过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。
3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by 的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by 短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in + 地点名词作状语。
(六)语态转换时要注意的问题
1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
We have bought a new computer.
A new computer has been bought. (正确)
A new computer have been bought. (错误)
2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。
My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.
I was given a present on my birthday.
如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：
A present was given to me yesterday.
保留宾语
注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：
bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。
The cup with mixture was showed to the class.
My bike was lent to her.
一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for, 如：
build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。
Mother made me a new skirt. (A new skirt was made for me. )
The meat was cooked for us.
Some country music was played for us.
有些既不用to 也不用for, 根据动词与介词的搭配关系。
He asked me a question. (A question was asked of me. )
People all over the world know the Great Wall.
The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用by短语)
3. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：
不及物动词+ 介词，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。
The patient is being operated on.
The problem is solved. It needn't be talked about.
及物动词+ 副词：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。
His request was turned down.
The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather.
4. 带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：
We always keep the classroom clean.
→The classroom is always kept clean.
She told us to follow her instructions.
→We were told to follow her instructions.
注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to 的问题。
We often hear him play the guitar.
→He is often heard to play the guitar.
注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如：
Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and people called them love apples.
误：Love apples were called them.
正：They were called love apples.
5. 还有一种短语动词由动词+ 名词+ 介词构成，变被动语态有两种形式，如下：
1) We take good care of the books.
The books are taken good care of.
Good care is taken of the book.
2) You must pay attention to your pronunciation.
Attention must be paid to your pronunciation.
Your pronunciation must be paid attention to.
用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take notice of, keep an eye on 等。
6. 当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody, 作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：
Nobody can answer this question.
误：The question can be answered by nobody.
正：The question can not be answered by anybody.
7. 当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：
They haven't done anything to make the river clean.
误：Anything hasn't been done to make the river clean.
正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.
8. 以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首：
Who wrote the story
误：Who was the story written
正：By whom was the story written
9. 有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如：
The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。
The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。
The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写字很流畅。
对比：
The books sell well. (主动句)
The books were sold out. (被动句)
The meat didn’t cook well. (主动句)
The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被动句)
10. 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：
第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。
— Do you like the material — Yes, it feels very soft.
误：It is felt very soft.
The food tastes delicious.
误：The food is tasted delicious.
The pop music sounds beautiful.
误：The pop music is sounded beautiful.
第二，谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如：
He entered the room and got his book.
误：The room was entered and his book was got.
She had her hand burned.
误：Her hand was had burned.
第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如：
The fire broke out in the capital building.
误：The fire was broke out in the capital building.
第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。
When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.
误：The sun had already been risen.
After the earthquake, few houses remained.
误：After the earthquake, few houses were remained.
第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如：
I taught myself English.
误：Myself was taught English.
We love each other.
误：Each other is loved.
11. 在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如：
据说…… It is said that …
据报导…… It is reported that …
据推测…… It is supposed that …
希望…… It is hoped that …
众所周知…… It is well known that …
普遍认为…… It is generally considered that …
有人建议…… It is suggested that …
1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.
2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.
在英语语言中，被动语态是极常见的语言现象，人们进行语言交际，离不开对被动语态的使用，熟练掌握被动语态也为下一步学习打下良好的基础，在动词-ing 形式，不定式等结构中，都有被动式，都需要运用被动语态的知识去理解。(共10张PPT)
高三英语总复习语法系列训练
南莫中学高三英语备课组
名词性从句
一、引导名词性从句的连接词
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：　　
连接词：that, whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分）
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.
连接副词：when, where, how, why
不可省略的连词：
1. 介词后的连词
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
whether 与 if 均为 “是否” 的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被 if 所取代：
1.whether 引导主语从句（包括从句在句首的位置）应当用whether，不用if，如：
Whether it is true remains a problem.
Whether he will come, I am not sure.
2. 引导表语从句用whether，不用if，如：
The question is whether you should accept it.
3. whether可以引导从句作介词的宾语，而if 则不能，如：
I’m not interested in whether they’ll go or not.
It depends on whether we have got enough money.
4. whether可以直接跟动词不定式连用，而if 则不能，如：
I didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
She hasn’t decided whether to go or not.
5.引导同位语从句用whether，不用if，如：
The question whether he’ll attend the meeting is essential.
★大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可置于句末，用it充当形式主语。
It is not important who will go.
二、 名词性that-从句
1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。that只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。
名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：
主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck.
宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.
表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.
同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
2）that-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.　
It's a pity that you should have to leave.　
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
　It is necessary that…　　　 有必要……
　It is important that…　　　 重要的是……
　It is obvious that…　　　　 很明显……
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
　It is believed that…　　　　　 人们相信……
　It is known to all that…　　　 从所周知……
　It has been decided that…　　 已决定……
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
　It is common knowledge that…　 ……是常识
　It is a surprise that…　　 令人惊奇的是……
　It is a fact that…　　　　 事实是……
d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
　It appears that…　　　　　　 似乎……
　It happens that…　　　　　　 碰巧……
　It occurred to me that…　　 我突然想起……
用 it 作形式主语的that- 从句有以下四种不同
四、if, whether引导的名词从句
1）yes-no型疑问从句
从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同， 例如：
主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.
宾语：Let us know whether/if you can finish the article before Friday.
表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money.
同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.
形容词宾语： She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come.　
介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass the exams.　　
2）选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whethe…or not构成,如：
Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish.
I don't care whether you like the plan or not.
五、否 定 转 移
1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
　I don't think I know you.　我想我并不认识你。
　I don' t believe he will come.　我相信他不回来。
注意：若谓语动词为hope, 宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
　I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
　It doesn't seem that they know where to go.
　It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.
3) 有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。
I don't remember having ever seen such a man.　
我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having…)
4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.　(否定状语)　
1.It now appears ______ they are in need of help.
A. that B. which C. what D. how
2.It is good news ______ they will arrive in a few days.
A. which B. what C. that D. how
3.It ______ Joe drives badly.
A. thought that B. thinks that
C. is thought that D. is thought that
4.It ______ he is late for class.
A. may that B. might that
C. may be that D. might be what
5.This is ______ she was born.
A. where B. which C. that D. what
6.The question is ______ we can’t go there today.
A. that B. what C. which D. when
7.The question is ______ it is worth doing.
A. if B. whether C. which D. what
8.The reason he has made such great progress is _______ he has never wasted his time.
A. because B. why C. that D. what
9.My suggestion is ______ we should turn the land into rice fields.
A. what B. that C. which D. where
10.His proposal is that the dam ______ at the foot of the mountain.
A. build B. will build C. be built D. will be built
11.My advice is that he ______ regular house.
A. keep B. would keep C. keeps D. kept
12.______ knows the truth will tell you about it.
A. Who that B. Whoever C. Whom that D. That who
13.We all know the truth _____ the earth goes round the sun.
A. that B. which C. what D. whether
14.We heard the news ______ our team had won.
A. which B. that C. what D. where
15.The problem ______ it is right or wrong has not yet been decided.
A. which B. that C. whether D. if
16.You must do well ______ the teacher asks you to do.
A. which B. what C. that D. where
Good-bye!