2007年高考语法讲义（十六）状语从句
一、地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。例如：
Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
二、方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as, （just） as…so…, as if, as though引导。
1、as, （just） as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在（just） as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体。例如：
Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
2、as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"。例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if （as though） they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
He looks as if （as though） he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。
三、原因状语从句
比较because, since, as和for：
1、because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。例如：
I didn't go, because I was afraid. 我不去是因为我怕。
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 天气那么糟，旅行推迟了。
2、由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。例如：
He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 他今天缺席，因为他病了。
He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，所以今天缺席。
四、目的状语从句
表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导。例如：
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 你必须大点声，别人就能听见了。
He wrote the name down for fear that（lest） he should forget it. 他写下了这个名字以免以后忘记。
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 最好多穿点衣服，以防天发冷。
五、结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so…that 或 such…that引导。so…that与such…that之间可以转换。例如：
The boy is so young that he can't go to school. 这男孩年龄太小，不能上学。
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
六、条件状语从句
连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
unless = if not. 例如：
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired. 如果不太累，我们去散散步。
If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.
典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.
A. unless B. until C. if D. or
答案A。句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late。B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.
七、让步状语从句
1、though, although引导的让步状语从句，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。例如：
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field. 虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
He is very old, but he still works very hard. 虽然他很老了，但仍然努力地工作。
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. 伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。（谚语）
2、as, though 引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。例如：
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. 虽然是个小孩，该做什么不做什么，他全知道。
3、ever if, even though 即使。例如：
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好，我们也要去远足。
4、whether…or… 不管……都。例如：
Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 信不信由你，这确实是真的。
5、"no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever" 。例如：
No matter what happened, he would not mind. =Whatever happened, he would not mind. 不管发生什么，他不在意。
替换：no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.
（对）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了。（Whatever you say是主语从句）
（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。
八、比较while, when, as
1、as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。例如：
Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me. 我一刹车，有一个人向我走来。
2、当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。例如：
When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 赶完活后，你可以休息一下。
3、从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as，不用when 或while。例如：
As the day went on, the weather got worse. 日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。
九、比较until和till
此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。肯定句：I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。（在肯定句中可用before代替。例如 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.）
否定句：She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. 她直到6点才到。
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。
I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后，我才会做。
区别：1）until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。例如：
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。
2）until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。例如：
---Until when are you staying 你呆到什么时候？
--- Until next Monday. 呆到下周一。
注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。
1）Not until…在句首，主句用倒装。例如：
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热为何物。
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到工作，才认识到我已蹉跎了几多岁月。
2）It is not until… that… 。例如：
It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted.
十、表示"一…就…"的结构
hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than 和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思。例如：
I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain. 刚回家，就下起雨来了。
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构。例如：
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
2007年高考语法讲义（十二）代词“it”的用法
复习代词“it”的用法
1.作无人称动词的主语，表示时间、气候、距离、状态等。
e.g. 1.It's ten o'clock. 现在十点钟了。
2.It is twenty miles to London. 到伦敦有二十英里。
3.She couldn’t stand it. 她真是无法忍受。
2.指代前面出现的事物或者是现象。
e.g. 1.Where is my book Have you seen it？
2.He pretended to study,for he thought it would please his mother.
3.在特殊情况下指代人。
e.g. 1.She got a baby and it was ten-pound. 她生了个十磅重的婴儿.
2.A tall man stood up and shook hands with her. It was the general manager.
一个高个子男子站了起来同她握手, 他就是总经理。
4.可以用作形式主语。
e.g. 1.It is certain that we shall succeed. 我们一定会成功的。
2.It is necessary for older people to understand what the young think and feel.
年长的人有必要了解年轻人在想些什么,他们有什么感觉。
5.用作形式宾语。
e.g. 1.You’ll find it difficult to learn Japanese. 你将发现日语很难学。
2.I make it a rule to take a walk in the morning. 我规定自己每天早上散步。
6.用于强调句型。
e.g. 1.It is I who am fortunate. 幸运的是我。
2.It was three weeks later that he learnt the news.
三个星期以后他得知了这个消息。2007年高考语法讲义（十四）名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连接词： that, whether ,if （不充当从句的任何成分）
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which
连接副词：when, where, how, why
不可省略的连词：
1. 介词后的连词
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。例如：
That she was chosen made us very happy. 她被选上了，我们很高兴。
We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到消息说我们队赢了。
比较：whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：
1. whether引导主语从句并在句首
2. 引导表语从句
3. whether从句作介词宾语
4. 从句后有"or not"
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。例如：
It is not important who will go. 谁去，这不重要。
It is still unknown which team will win the match. 到底谁赢呢，形势尚不明朗。
二、名词性that-从句
1、由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语。例如：
主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。
宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
近来谁也没有见过他，这一情况令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
2、That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末。例如：
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 从所周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事实是……
d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appears that… 似乎……
It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
三、名词性wh-从句
1、由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等。例如：
主语： How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。
直接宾语：In one's own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。
间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize. 获胜者俱乐部将颁奖。
表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。
宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。
同位语： I have no idea when he will return. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
形容词宾语：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。
介词宾语： That depends on where we shall go. 那取决于我们去哪儿。
2、Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末。例如：
It is not yet decided who will do that job. 还没决定谁做这项工作。
It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚依然不明。
四、if, whether引导的名词从句
1、yes-no型疑问从句
从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同。例如：
主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。
宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。
表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 他们调查他是否值得信赖。
形容词宾语： She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。
介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。
2、选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whethe…or not构成。例如：
Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
I don't care whether you like the plan or not. 我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。
五、否定转移
1、将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。例如：
I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。
I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。例如：
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
2、将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。例如：
It doesn't seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
3、有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。例如：
I don't remember having ever seen such a man. 我记得从未见过这样一个人。（not否定动名词短语 having…）
It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street.
在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。（anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。）
4、有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。例如：
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone. （否定状语） 蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。
He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. （否定because状语）
他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。
She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty.（否定状语many weeks） 她结婚还不到几个月，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。
句子的种类
概述
一、按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1、陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如：
Light travels faster than sound. 光比声传播速度快。（说明事实）
The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）
2、疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种：
a. 一般疑问句（General Questions）：
Can you finish the work in time 你能按时完成工作吗？
b. 特殊疑问句（Wh-Questions）：
Where do you live 你住那儿？
c. 选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：
Do you want tea or coffee 你是要茶还是要咖啡？
d. 反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：
He doesn't know her, does he 他不认识她，对不对？
3、祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令。例如：
Don't be nervous! 别紧张！
4、感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如：
What good news it is! 多好的消息啊！
二、句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：
1、简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如：
She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。
2、并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如：
The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。
3、复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。例如：
The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。
三、基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：
1、主 + 动（SV）例如：I work. 我工作。
2、主 + 动 + 表（SVP）例如：John is busy. 约翰忙。
3、主 + 动 + 宾（SVO）例如：She studies English. 她学英语。
4、主 + 动 + 宾 + 补（SVOC）例如：Time would prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。
5、主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾（SVOiOd）例如：My mother made me a new dress. 我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。
一、祈使句结构
祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。
1）祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加do （但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子）。例如：
Take this seat. 坐这儿。
Do be careful. 务必小心。
否定结构：例如：
Don't move. 不准动。
Don't be late. 不要迟到。
2）第二种祈使句以let开头。
Let 的反意疑问句：
a. Let's 包括说话者。例如：
Let's have another try, shall we / shan't we = Shall we have another try 我们再试一次，如何？
b. Let us 不包括说话者。例如：
Let us have another try，will you / won't you = Will you please let us have another try 你让我们再试一次，好吗？
否定结构：例如：
Let's not talk of that matter. 不要谈这件事。
Let us not talk of that matter. 你不要让我们谈这件事。
二、感叹句结构
感叹句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情。what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种：
掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。
How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序。例如：How clever a boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子！
How+形容词或副词+陈述语序。例如：How lovely the baby is! 小毛头真可爱！
What +名词+陈述语序。例如：What noise they are making! 他们真吵！
What +a+形容词+名词+陈述语序。例如：What a clever boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子！
What+ 形容词+复数名词+陈述语序。例如：What wonderful ideas （we have）! 我们的主意真棒！
What+ 形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序。例如：What cold weather it is! 多冷的天！
What a clever boy he is!的省略形式为：What a clever boy!
典型例题
1）___ food you've cooked!
A. How a nice B. What a nice C. How nice D. What nice
答案D. 由于How 修饰形容词，副词；what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词，因此A，B 排除。C的 How + adj. 后面不能再加名词，因此只有D正确，其句型为What + adj. +n. （不可数）。
2）___terrible weather we've been having these days!
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
答案A. weather为不可数名词，B，D排除。C为how + adj. 后面不应有名词。只有A，符合句型What +形容词+不可数名词。
3） --- _____ I had!
--- You really suffered a lot.
A. What a time B. What time C. How a time D. how time
答案A. 感叹句分两类：
1：What + n.+主谓部分
2：How + adj. / adv. / v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种，但省略了bad，相对于 What a bad time I had! 这是个习惯用语。
三、强调句结构
常用的强调句结构是it 引导的句子，结构为It is（was）+ 被强调部分+ that （who） + 句子的其余部分。此结构强调的成分限于主语，宾语和状语。例如：
It is from the sun that we get light and heat. 我们是从太阳那儿获取光和热。
It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs. 知道读了你的信，我才知道实际情形。
典型例题
1）It was last night ___ I see the comet.
A. the time B. when C. that D. which
答案C. 强调句的结构是： It +be +强调部分 + that （who））+ 主谓句。 强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 "who"，其余用that。再如：原句：My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调主语： It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调宾语： It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.
强调时间： It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. （注意不用when）
强调地点： It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.
2）It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.
A. that B. when C. since D. as
答案C. 考点是连词用法。本题易误选为A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。若是，去掉It be… that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that'，只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。
四、用助动词进行强调
句子的强调句还可以用助动词do （did，does） 强调谓语。例如：
She does like this horse. 她的确喜欢这匹马。
Please do take care of yourself. 千万保重。
五、反意疑问句
1、陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用 aren't I。例如：
I'm as tall as your sister, aren't I 我跟你姐一样高，对吗？
2、陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。例如：
I wish to have a word with you, may I 我想与你说句话，行吗？
3、陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。例如：
Some plants never blown （开花）, do they 有些植物从不开花，对吗？
4、含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。例如：
He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he / shouldn't he 他应该知道该做什么，对吗？
5、陈述部分有have to +v. （had to + v.），疑问部分常用don't +主语（didn't +主语）。例如：
We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we 我们要在明天早上八点到达那儿，是吗？
6、陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。例如：
He used to take pictures there, didn't he / usedn't he 他以前常在那儿拍照，是吗？
7、陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you 例如：
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you 你最好自己去读，好吗？
8、陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。例如：
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he 他宁可读十遍也不愿意背诵，是吗？
9、陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。例如：
You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you 你想和我们一块去，对吗？
10、陈述部分有must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。例如：
He must be a doctor, isn't he 他肯定是医生，是吗？
You must have studied English for three years, haven't you / didn't you 你一定读过三年英语，对吗？
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he 他肯定是在昨天完成任务的，是吗？
11、感叹句中，疑问部分用be +主语。例如：
What colors, aren't they 多漂亮的颜色，是吗？
12、陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we 你不是工程师，我也不是，对吗？
13、陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。例如：
Everything is ready, isn't it 一切就绪，是吗？
14、陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：
a. 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。例如：
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he
史密斯先生曾几次去过北京，按理说他现在应该在中国，是吗？
b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定。例如：
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he 他说他想去日本看看，他是那样说的吗？
c. 陈述部分主句为第一人称，谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。例如：
I don't think he is bright, is he 我认为他并不聪明，是吗？
We believe she can do it better, can't she 我们相信她能做得更好，她能吗？
15、陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。例如：
Everyone knows the answer, don't they （does he ） 人人都知道答案，是这样吧？
Nobody knows about it, do they （does he ） 没人知道这件事，是吧？
16、带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need （dare ） +主语。例如：
We need not do it again, need we 我们不必重做一遍，是吗？
He dare not say so, dare he 他不敢这样说，是吗？
当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。例如：
She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she 她不敢独自回家，是吗？
17、省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。例如：
Don't do that again, will you 别再这样做，好吗？
Go with me, will you / won't you 跟我走吧，好吗？
注意：Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we
Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you 例如：
Let's go and listen to the music, shall we 一起去听音乐，好吗？
Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you 你让我们在阅览室等你，好吗？
18、陈述部分是"there be"结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。例如：
There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there 你的表有问题，对不对？
There will not be any trouble, will there 不会有麻烦吧，是吗？
19、否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。例如：
It is impossible, isn't it 这不可能，是吗？
He is not unkind to his classmates, is he 他不会对他同学使坏，是吗？
20、must在表"推测"时，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。例如：
He must be there now, isn't he 他现在肯定在那儿，是吧？
It must be going to rain tomorrow, won't it 明天肯定要下雨，是吗？
2007年高考语法讲义（十五）主谓一致
主谓一致
句子的谓语动词和句子的主语应在数方面保持一致。主谓一致的基本原则是：主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。句子的主语有以下几种类型：
1．带后置定语型。其谓语动词的形式依主语的单复数而定，与后置定语无关。
（together）with …
except / but …
S + besides … V
rather than …
as well as …
A library together with a lot of books has been given to our school as a gift.
Two pilots as well as all the passengers were killed in this plane crash.
两个飞行员连同所有旅客都死于这次空难。
2．部分—整体型。其谓语的单复数，由整体部分决定。
70 percent
two-thirds
part of the / one’s + n +V
half （整体）
all
the rest
1）About 70% of the surface of the earth is covered by water.
2）Part of the books are worth reading, but the rest（of them）are of no value.
※注：all单独作主语时，All指人谓语用复数。All指物或事情谓语用单数。
1）All are eager to reach an agreement. 所有的人都急于达成协议。
2）All is going well. 一切都进展顺利。
3．定语仅能修饰单数名词型，其谓语动词用单数。
Each / Every
Either / Neither
Another + n（单数）+ V
Many a
More than one
More than one graduate wants to go to work in Western China.
不止一个毕业生要求去中国西部工作。
Many a day has passed since the boy was lost. 那个男孩失踪已有许多天。
4．就近一致型。下列连词连接两个主语时，及there be句型有多个并列主语，谓语应与最靠近的主语保持一致。
A or B 1）Either you or I am to meet them at the station.
Either A or B 不是你就是我要去车站接他们。
Neither A nor B 2）Not only the teacher but also his students object to the plan.
Not only A but also B 3）There is an air-conditioner and two computers in his office.
There be A, B and C 在他办公室有一台空调和二台电脑。
5．需记住的其他规则
Either
1）Neither of + n 作主语，谓语用单数。
Each
None of + n（复数）作主语，谓语用单数或复数均可。
None of + n（单数）作主语，谓语用单数。
Either of the answers is right. 两个答案中有一个是对的。
None of the cars was / were damaged. 这些车都没有受损。
None of the food has gone bad. 食物没有变质。
2）a number of + n（复数）作主语，谓语用复数。
the number of + n（复数）作主语，谓语用单数。
A large number of students are from the south. 很多学生是南方人。
The number of students in our school has gone up to 3000.
我校学生数已上升到3000人。
3）关系代词作主语，定语从句谓语动词的形式取决于其先行词的单复数。
He is one of the few persons who have a good knowledge of Italian.
他是精通意大利语的少数人之一。
在以上句子中，persons是who的先行词，从句谓语动词用复数。
（比较）He is the only one of the boys who was given a prize.
他是这些孩子中唯一受到奖励的。
当one之前有the only修饰时，one是who的先行词，从句谓语动词用单数。
4）单个动名词，不定式或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。
两个并列的动名词，不定式或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用复数。
When and where to hold the meeting isn’t decided yet.（一个不定式作主语）
What I say and what I think are none of your business.
我说什么，想什么与你无关。（两个并列主语从句作主语）
5）each, any, every, no构成的复合代词都当作单数看待。
Someone is asking you on the phone. 有人在打电话找你。
注：复合代词作主语，反意疑问句的主语通常用they，也可用he。
Everyone was present at the meeting, weren’t they / wasn’t he
Someone has known the news, haven’t they / hasn’t he
6）以“s”结尾的书刊名、国名、机构名和学科名作主语，谓语用单数。
The United Nations was set up in 1942. 联合国建于1942年。
The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer. 《坎特伯雷故事集》是乔叟写的。
Economics is my major. 经济学是我的主修课程。
7）某些形容词或分词和定冠词the连用表示某类人作主语，谓语用复数。
The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
病人得到医治，失踪的也已找回来了。
8）由and连接两个单数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。
English and Chinese are quite different languages.
若and并列的主语在意义上指同一个人，同一概念或对立统一的事物，谓语动词用单数。
The manager and secretary is as busy as a bee all day. 那位经理兼秘书整天忙忙碌碌。（两个名词共用一个冠词，指同一个人）
War and peace is a contant theme in history. 战争与和平是历史永恒的主题。（对立统一的一对事物）
9）单复数同形的名词如deer, means；集合名词如family作主语，如何决定谓语动词的单复数，请见第四章冠词。
Exercise 1 主谓一致
1．I, who your friend, will try my best to help you.
A．be B．am C．is D．are
2．The United States must look out of the rights of citizens.
A．its B．their C．ours D．us
3．So far as I know, more than one person connected with the accident.
A．is B．has C．are D．have
4．Maths as well as physics always me to much trouble.
A．causes B．puts C．cause D．put
5．Not only you and I but Peter, the top student in our grade, not able to solve the problem. A．are B．were C．is D．am
6．There one or two things that I have to mention.
A．is B．are C．has D．have
7． Either I or my accountant（会计） to blame for the loss
A．Is B．Are C．Am D．Does
8．So far 70% of the poor in this area out of poverty（贫困）with the help of the local government.
A．has got B．are getting C．have got D．had got
9．Collecting stamps as a hobby increasingly popular during the past ten years.
A．became B．becomes C．has become D．have become
10．Whether or not the new plan will produce any positive（积极的）results to be seen.
A．remain B．is remained C．remains D．have remained
11．Too much work and too little rest bad health.
A．lead to B．leads to C．result in D．result from
12．He is the only one of those speakers who ideas perfectly clear.
A．make their B．makes his C．express their D．express
13．Every possible means tried, but without much result.
A．has been B．have been C．are D．is
14．Ten minutes an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.
A．seem B．look C．seems D．looks
15．All we have seen and heard our memory.
A．is deeply impressed on B．great impress
C．are strongly impressed in D．highly impresses
(key 1-5 BAABC 6-10 AACCC 11-15 BBACA )
