非谓语动词考点全解
1， 考查非谓语动词的时态和语态
[链接高考]
（1） All these gifts must be mailed immediately _____ in time for Christmas.
A. in order to have received B. in order to receive
C. so as to be received D. So as to be receiving
(2005辽宁)
【简析】 答案是C。 因为句子主语All these gifts与不定式receive式被动关系，只有
选项C是被动式。
（2） _______ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.
A. Being separated B. Having separated
C. Having been separated D. To be separated
(2005湖北)
【简析】 答案是C。因为Australia与separate是被动关系，且separate发生在谓语动词has之前，所以用现在分词的完成被动式作原因状语。
2， 考查非谓语动词的逻辑主语
所作句子成分 宾语和表语 定语 状语 宾补
逻辑主语 句子的主语 所修饰的词 句子的主语 句子的宾语
[链接高考]
（1） While watching television, _______.
A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings
C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings
(2005全国III)
【简析】 答案是C。 因为watching 的逻辑主语一定是句子的主语，能作其主语的只有选项C和D 中的we，有因为在hear后能作宾补的应是省略to 的不定式。
(2)In order to make our city green, _______.
A. it is necessary to have planted more trees B. many more trees need to plant
C. our city needs more trees D. we must plant more trees
(2002上海春)
【简析】 答案是D。 作目的状语的不定式的逻辑主语应为句子的主语，选项中的主语能作不定式的逻辑主语的只有we。
3， 考查非谓语动词的否定式
[链接高考]
（1） Victor apologized for _____ to inform me of the change in the plan.
A. his being not able B. him not to be able
C. his not being able D. him to be not able
(2004上海春)
【简析】 答案是C。 在介词for后作宾语用动名词，排除B和D；非谓语动词的否定式式将not放在非谓语动词之前，排除A；只有选项C 正确，题中not放在动名词being 之前，逻辑主语his之后。
(2) _______the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
A. Not completing B. Not completed
C. Not having completed D. Having not completed
(2004广东)
【简析】 答案是C。 因为非谓语动词的否定式，要将not等放在非谓语动词的前面，排除D；they与complete是主动关系，用现在分词，排除B；“还没有完成”，发生在“决定”之前，所以用现在分词的完成式，排除A。
4， 考查非谓语动词作主语和表语
[链接高考]
（1） It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview;_____ the answers ready will be of great help.
A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having
(2005北京)
【简析】 答案是D。 因为动名词短语作主语，表示一般的情况。
（2）______ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk
(1992全国)
【简析】 答案是B。 因为a good form暗示泛指一般性行为，用动名词作主语。
注：（1）有时这种区别并不是很严格。但要注意：主语和表语要用同一种形式；平行结构中要用同一种形式。
[链接高考] Fishing is his favourite hobby, and _____.
A. he’d like to collect coins as well
B. he feels like collecting coins, too.
C. to collect coins is also his hobby
D. collecting coins also gives him great pleasure.
(2001上海)
【简析】 答案是D。 因为and连接两个并列句，前一分句用动名词作主语，与之并列的后一分句也应用动名词作主语。
（2） 在seem, appear, prove（结果是，后来表明），remain（尚须），grow (达到……的程度)等连系动词后，可用不定式作表语，但不用-ing形式作表语。
[链接高考]I think you’ll grow _____ him when you know him better.
A. liking B. to be like C. to like D. to be liking
(2005江西)
【简析】 答案是C。 因为在表示“达到喜欢的程度”的grow后用不定式作表语，排除A;like作喜欢讲是动词，前面不用be，排除B，like一般没有进行式，排除D。
5， 考查不定式和动名词作宾语
表示“需要”的need,want和require等后的动词形式这时，其主语一般是事物，其后的动词形式可以是不定式的被动式，也可以是动名词的主动式。
[链接高考]There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars ____ road conditions need _______.
A. that, to be improved B. which , to be improved
C. where, improving D. when, improving
（2003上海）
【简析】 答案是A。 因为“公路状况需要改善”，need后接improving或to be improved都可以。后面的从句应是problem的同位语，应用that引导。
6， 考查不定式，现在分词和过去分词作状语
[链接高考] （1）My advisor encouraged______ a summer course to improve my wrting skills. A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take
(2004北京)
【简析】 答案是D。 因为me 与take式主动关系，且take 发生在谓语动词encouraged之后，要用不定式作宾语，即encourage sb. To do sth。
（2） Paul doesn’t have to be made ______. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
（1995全国）
【简析】 答案是B。 因为在使役动词make, let, have后，一般用不带to的不定式作宾补，但在其被动式后作主补的不定式要加to。
7， 考查不定式，现在分词或过去分词作状语
1． 在表示时间，条件，让步，方式或伴随情况等时，通常要用分词，不用不定式。
句子主语与现在分词在逻辑上是主动关系，句子主语与过去分词在逻辑上是被动关系。注意：现在分词的被动式，习惯上不作伴随状语。
[链接高考] （1）Daddy didn’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, _____fun.
A. had B. have C. to have D. having
（2005重庆）
【简析】 答案是D。 因为作伴随状语不能用不定式，we与have fun是主动关系，要用现在分词。
[链接高考] （2）______ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited
(2004北京)
【简析】 答案是C。 表示时间不能用不定式，而要用现在分词。Having fun=After he had waited…
[链接高考] (3)When ______ help, one often says, “Thank you.” Or “ It’s kind of you.”
A. offering B. to offer C. to be offered D. offered
（2005福建）
【简析】 答案是D。 某人说“谢谢”应当是他被提供了帮助，所以要用过去分词。When offered help = when he is offered help…
2。不定式和分词表示原因的区别
表示原因时，分词短语常放在句首，也可放在句末，多用逗号格开；不定式短语却只能放在句末，但不用逗号，且多用于表示情绪或情感反应的动词，形容词之后。
I’m surprised to see you here .在这时遇见你真让我感到意外。
[链接高考] _______ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.
A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed
(2005湖南)
【简析】 he 和dress是被动关系，要用过分词作原因状语，故选A.Dressed in … = As he isdressed in …
3．不定式和现在分词表示结果的区别
不定式表结果，其动作发生在谓语动词之后，往往表示未曾预料到的或令热不快的结果，不定式前常加only；另外，还用于too…to, enough to, never to, so/such… as to等固定结构中。现在分词表示的结果，式伴随谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果（同时发生），有时在前面加上thus，谓语动词于现在动词的动作式因果关系。
[链接高考] (1) He hurried to the station only _____ that the train had left.
A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found
(2005广东)
【简析】 答案是A。only后接不定式，表示“结果却，不料”，hurried和find是先后发生的两个动作。
[链接高考]（2）Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _____ a record US57.65 a barrel on April 4.
A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching
(2005山东)
【简析】伴随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果，用现在分词作结果状语。故选B。
4．作目的状语或者在形容词后作状语只能用不定式
[链接高考] (1) ____ more about university coursed, call (05920)746-3789.
A．To find out B. Finding out C. Find out D. Having found out
(2005浙江)
?【简析】作目的状语要用动词不定式，故选A。
[链接高考] （2）You were silly not ______ your car.
A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked
(2004 湖南)
【简析】在形容词（silly）后作状语，用不定式；“没有锁车”发生在谓语之前，用完成式，故选B。定语从句
1．定语从句在句中作定语用，修饰句中的某一名词（或代词），被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句关联词有：
关系代词：who，whom，whose，which，that
关系副词：when，where，why, that等。
⒈定语从句试题，主要考查使用关系词的能力。
找出被修饰的先行词，分析关系词在从句中的语法作用，确定关系代词：
This is the hospital（that）we visited yesterday．
此句的先行词为hospital,可用which／that，但不可用who，whom。关系词在从句中作visit的宾语，不可用where。
又如：We visited a factory＿which or that＿makes toys for children.
We visited the factory __where__ Li Ming’s father once worked.
掌握 which和that使用上的区别。
a. 只能用which的情况：
（l）先行词是物时，介词后的关系代词应用which，不用that。
This is the home in which（＝where）Lu Xun once lived.
若介词不前置,用that也可。
如：The room which／that we live in is clean．
（2）在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词用which．
Last night I saw a very good film, which was about the Anti-Japanese War.
（3）先行词为物，且被that或those修饰时，通常用which。如：
That book which Tom bought yesterday is useful.
b.在下列情况下，一般用that。
（1）先行词为all, everything, nothing，something，anything，little，no，much，the only，the same，the very，the first，the last，any，every时。如：
Is there anything（that）1 can do for you in town？
He was the only teacher（that）I knew in your schoo1．
（2）先行词为形容词最高级所修饰时。
This is one of the most exciting football games (that) I have ever seen.
It was the finest art exhibition that we ever saw.
先行词中既有人，也有物时。如：
Can you see a man and his horse that are crossing the bridge
用词不可重复。定语从句中，己有关系词作主语、宾语或状语时，不可再重复。如：
The man＿＿＿＿was a friend of mine！
A. that you just talked to B. whom you just talked to him
C. who you just talked to him D. which you just talked to
as 和which可代表全句意思，但其用法有差别。它们引导非限制性定语从句，可以用整个主句作为先行词，指代上面或下面所说的一件事。区别如下：
a. as引导的从句可放在主句之前或之后，而which只可放在主句之后。如：
As is known to us all, we have made great progress in science and technology.
Tom failed in the exam, which made us so sorry.
b. 从句中的谓语动词是describe, do, tell, know, expect，see, hear, watch, say, show等实义动词时，用as.
As we all know, Shakespeare is a famous writer.
To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.
There is great disorder, as the newspapers will have told you.
c. 当从句的谓语动词是否定形式或从句谓语带有一个复合宾语结构时，一般用which而不用as。
如：
You pretended not to know me, which I didn’t understand.
He admires everyone in the class, which I find quite strange.
d. as 作关系代词常与the same, such配合使用。
如：
I had the same things as you.
Metals are such things as iron, silver and gold.
介词加关系代词中介词的选用
（1） 根据与先行词的习惯搭配。
I will never forget the day on which I joined the Party.
（2） 根据和从句中动词的固定搭配。
This is not the dictionary of which the teacher spoke in class.
（3） 根据句子的具体意义。
He invented a telescope, with which he could study the sky.
使用定语从句应注意的几个问题：
（1）关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词用单数还是复数应由先行词决定。
The mm who lives downstairs speaks English fluently.
The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hi11 tomorrow。
(2)定语从句有时不直接紧靠着先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。
如：
There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand．
The days are gone forever when the Chinese people were looked down upon。
(3)引导定语从句的关系副词可以用“介词+which”来代替。
如：
0ctober l，1949 was the day on which（=when）the People’s Republic of China was founded.
(4)当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的短语动词时，短语动词的各个固定的部分不要拆开。
The dictionary which you are looking for is on the desk.
The sick man whom she is 1ooking after is her father.语法复习十：动词的语气——虚拟语气
一、语气的定义和种类
l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
2、语气的种类：
(1)陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好。What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!
(2)祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如: Open the door, please。请打开门。
(3)虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就学英语了。May you succeed! 祝您成功！
二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法
条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件何。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如: If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。
如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。)
在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:
从 句 主 句
与现在事实相反 动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were） would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
与过去事实相反 had + 过去分词 would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词
与将来事实相反 动词过去式，should + 动词原形，were to + 动词原形 would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should 可用于各种人称。
l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿 ，一切都没问题了。
2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如: If you had taken my advice，you wouldn't (couldn’t) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。
3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would，could，might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就 (可能)去看望我奶 奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。
4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如: If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)
5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式:
(l)省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如: Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做这事。
(2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help) I couldn’t have done it. 要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。
假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如: I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadn’t been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话，我就……)；I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn’t been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话，我就会完成……)
6、省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。
(1)省去条件从句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了"If you had wanted to")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。)
(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如: If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)；If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)
三、虚拟语气的其他用法
l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在"It is important (strange，natural，necessary)that…"这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should十动词原形”结构，表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义。如: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。
2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：
(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道)；2）表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用"had十过去分词"。如: I wish (wished) I hadn’t spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉)；3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为"would十动词原形"。此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如: I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止；I wish you would come soon. 但愿你立刻来。
(2)在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答复我。
3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
(1)在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone t his office. 即使生了病，他俩去办公室。
(2)由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或 “had十过去分词”。如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那样对待我，好像我是陌
生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。
注:如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。
(3)在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用 “could或might（有时也用should）+ 动词原形”。如: Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly. 格林先生说得很慢，好让学生听清楚。
4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：在"It is time (that) …"句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是"该干某事的时候了"。如: It’s (high) time we did our homework. 我们该做作业了。
5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法
(1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别太晚睡觉。
(2)在一些习惯表达中。如: I would rather not tell you. 我宁愿不告诉你。
(3)用“may + 动词原形”表示"祝愿"、"但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：May you be happy!祝你快乐！May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。
练习、虚拟语气
1. If I ____ where he lived, I ____ a note to him.
A. knew, would B. had known, would have sent
C. know, would send D. knew, would have sent
2. If they ____ earlier than expected, they ____ here now.
A. had started, would be B. started, might be
C. had started, would have been D. will start, might have been
3. I didn’t know his telephone number. ____ it, I ____ then.
A. Had I known, would ring him up B. Should I know, would have rung him up
C. If I knew; would ring him up D. Had I known; would have rung him up
4. Mary is ill today. If she _____ , she ____ absent from school.
A. were not ill; wouldn' t be B. had been ill; wouldn't have been
C. had been ill; should have been D. hadn't been ill; could be
5. Were I to do it, I ________ it some other way.
A. will do B. would do C. would have done D. were to do
6. I ________ him the answer ________ possible, but I was so busy then.
A. could tell; if it had been B. must have told; were it
C. should have told; had it been D. should have told; should it be
7. Without your help, we________ so much.
A. won ' t achieve B. didn ' t achieve
C. don't achieve D. wouldn't have achieved
8. You didn't take his advice. ________ his advice, you ________ such a mistake.
A. Had you taken; wouldn't have made B. If you had taken; would make
C. Were you lo take; shouldn t have made D. Have you taken; won t have made
9. We wish we ____ what you did when we were at high school.
A. did B. could have done C. have done D. should do
10. She wishes she ____ to the theatre last night.
A. went B. would go C. had gone D. were going
11. Tom is very short now. His mother wishes that he ________ be tall when he grows up.
A. could B. should C. would D. were able to
12. My sister advised me that I ________ accept the invitation.
A. could B. must C. should D. might
13. He asks that he ________ an opportunity to explain why he’s refused to go there.
A. is given B. must give C. should give D. be given
14. Do you think of Wang Fang's suggestion that he ________ Mr. Li to the party
A. will invite B. have invited C. is invited D. invite
15. I insisted that he ________ at once.
A. be gone B. go C. would go D. might go
16. Li Ming insisted that he ________ anything at all.
A. hadn ' t stolen B. shouldn ' t steal C. doesn ' t steal D. steal
17. It is quite natural that my coming late again ________ them very angry.
A. had made B. would make C. makes D. make
18. He acted as if he ________ everything in the world.
A. knew B. knows C. has known D. won't know
19. Read it aloud so that I ________ you clearly.
A. may hear B. will hear C. hear D. have heard
20. They got up early in order that they ________ they first train.
A. caught B. will catch C. might catch D. shall catch
21. I am sorry that he ________ in such poor health.
A. are B. shall be C. were D. should be
22. That is a good book. You ________ it yesterday.
A. could buy B. should buy C. should have bought D. bought
23. It is high time we ________ home.
A. will go B. would go C. have gone D. went
24. I ' d rather that you ________ home.
A. went B. have gone C. will go D. had gone
25. If only I _________ to the lecture!
A. listen B. will listen C. am listening D. had listened
26. ---- If he_____ , he ______ that food. ---- Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.
A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken
C. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken
27.I didn' t see your sister at the meeting. If she _________, she would have met my brother.
A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come
28. Without electricity, human life ________ quite different today.
A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be
29. He ________ you more help, even though he was very busy.
A. might have given B. might give C. may have given D. may give
30. If city noises _______ from increasing, people _______ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.
A. are not kept; will have to B. are not kept; have to
C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep; have to
31. Mike's father, as well as his mother, insisted that he ________ home.
A. stayed B. could stay C. has stayed D. stay
32. Mr. Smith insisted that he ________ the work all.
A. had done B. have done C. did D. so
33. Jane would never have gone to the party ________ that Mary would come to see her.
A. has she known B. had she known C'. if she know D. if she has known
34. If you had enough money, what ________
A. will you buy B. would you buy C. would you have bought D. will you have bought
35. If you ________ that film late last night, you wouldn't be so sleepy.
A. didn't see B. haven't seen C. wouldn’t have seen D. hadn’t seen
36. Our monitor requested that ________.
A. all the class studied more carefully the problem
B. the problem was more carefully studied
C. with great care the problem could be studied
D. all the class study the problem more carefully
37. ---- Would you have called her up had it been possible
---- Yes, but I ________. busy doing my homework..
A. was B. were C. had been D. would be
38. His tired face suggested that he ________ really tired after the long walk.
A. had been B. was C. be D. should be
39. It is important that we ________.
A. shall close the window before we leave B. will close the window before we leave
C. must close the window before we leave D. close the window before we leave
40. I didn't know his telephone number, otherwise I ______ him.
A. had telephoned B. would telephone C. would have telephoned D. telephone
语法复习十：动词的语气——虚拟语气
1~5 BADAB 6~10 CDABC 11~15 CCDDB 16~20 ADAAC 21~25 DCDAD
26~30 BDDAA 31~35 DABBD 36~40 DABDC
43
66现在完成时及其考点
考点一：考查基本概念
例 Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _________what's happened to him .（呼和浩特）
Ａ. knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ.will know
简析：现在完成时主要强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，或过去发生的动作还未结束，一直持续到现在或将来，重点在于对现在的影响。这种考查难度较大，往往无时间状语，需要从上下文分析、推理才行。故上两侧根据上下文分析、推理，正确答案是Ｂ。
考点二：考查时间状语
例1. He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he
Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still
例2. Have you met Mr Li ______？
Ａ. just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ. a moment ago
例3. The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .
Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written
例4.—Our country ______ a lot so far . —Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .
Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good
Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed ; better
例5. Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .
Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are ; studying
例6. We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew
例7. Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .
Ａ. will see Ｂ. have seen Ｃ. saw Ｄ.see
简析：现在完成时的时间状语常有如下四类：
⑴现在完成时常与already（已经），just（刚刚，正好），ever（曾经），never（从来，也不；从不），before（以前），yet（仍然）等连用。故例1应选B；例2应选C。
⑵现在完成时常与recently（近来），so far（到目前为止），in the past/“last + 一段时间”等时间状语连用。因为上述短语表示的是从现在起往前推算的一段时间，句中的动作是从过去某一时间或时刻开始持续到现在的。故例3应选D，例4应选C。
⑶现在完成时时常与“for +时间段或since +过去时间点”连用（含从句，从句过去时）。故例5应选C，例6应选C。
⑷现在完成时还与once（一次），twice（两次），three times（三次），several times（几次）等表示重复次数的词语连用。故例7应选B。
考点三：考查与一般过去时的区别
例1. —These farmers have been to the United States .
—Really When _____ there
Ａ. will they go Ｂ. did they go
Ｃ. do they go Ｄ. have they gone
例2.—______ you ___ your homework yet —Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
Ａ. Did ; do ; finished Ｂ. Have ; done ; finished
Ｃ. Have ; done ; have finished Ｄ. will ; do ; finish
简析：现在完成时与一般过去时容易混淆，就是因为它们所表示的动作都发生在过去，但二者又有区别：一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作，说话的侧重点在于陈述一件过去的事情，与现在没有关系；现在完成时表示与现在有关系的发生在过去的动作，它不与表示过去的时间状语（如yesterday , last week , a moment ago等）连用。故例１、２的正确答案皆为B。
考点四：考查非延续性动词的用法
例1. His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
Ａ. joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in Ｄ. has been in
例2.—Do you know him well
— Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .
Ａ. were Ｂ. have been Ｃ. have become Ｄ. have made
例3.—How long have you ____ here —About two months .
Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived
例4. Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .
Ａ. has begun Ｂ. had begun
Ｃ. has been on Ｄ. began
例5. His uncle died two years ago .（改变句子，句意不变）
His uncle has _______ for two years
例6. Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句）
Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ .
例7. It _____ ten years since he left the army .
Ａ. is Ｂ. has Ｃ. will Ｄ. was
简析：现在完成时中，非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。常用的非延续性动词及替代形式如下：
close—→be closed, put on→wear , open—→be open
get up—→be up, finish/end—→be over , lose—→be lost ,
marry—→be married(to), fall asleep/ go to sleep —→be asleep ( sleep ) ,
get to know—→ know come/arrive—→be here/in ,
come/get back—→be back , go/leave-be away , become —→be ,
borrow —→keep , buy—→have , begin/start—→be on ,
die—→be dead , join—→be in/be a ember of．．． ,
catch a cold—→ have a cold等，
故例1、2、3、4的正确答案依次为：D、B、A、C。例5应填been dead 。其次，可以用相应的延续性动词的过去时表示，故例6应填joined；ago。再次，还可用“It is + 一段时间＋since从句”来表示，故例７应选A。
考点五：考查词组have/has been in / to与have/has gone to的区别
例1. Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library .
Ａ.has gone Ｂ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has been
例2. My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .
Ａ. have been in Ｂ. have been to
Ｃ. have gone to Ｄ.have been
简析：“have/has gone to + 地点”表示“某人去了某地（还未回来）”，指主语所指的人不在这儿。“have/has been in + 地点”表示“在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示时间的状语连用。“have/has been to +地点”表示“曾经去过某地（但现在已不在那儿）。”故例1、2的正确答案皆为A。语法知识：省略、倒装和插入语
I.省略
为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可以省略。省略可分为以下几种情况：
（1） 简单句中的省略
1、省略主语
(1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如：
(I)Beg your pardon.
(请再说一遍。——括号内为省略的词语，下同)
(2)其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。如：
①（I）Thank you for your help.
②（I）See you tomorrow.
③（It）Doesn’t matter.
2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。如：
①（There is）No smoking.(禁止吸烟。)
②(Is there)Anything else (还有其它事吗？)
③(You come)This way,please.(请这边走。)
④(Will you)Have a smoke (吸支烟？)
⑤What(do you think)about a cup of tea (来杯茶怎么样？)
⑥Why(do you)not say hello to him (为何不向他问好呢？)
3、省略宾语
（1）省略宾语的全部。如：
①---Do you know Miss Gao -----I don’t know (her).
②----Which of the two is the better choice ----Well,it’s hard to tell (it).
(2)在一定的语境中，在某些动词（如want,wish,hope,like,love等）之后，可省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。如：
①-----Are you going there -----I’d like to (go there).
②He didn’t give me the chance,though he had promised to (give me the chance).
如果该宾语是be动词或是动词的完成时态，则须在to之后加be或have。如：
③-----Are you an engineer ------No,but I want to be(an engineer).
④----He hasn’t finished the task yet.-----Well,he ought to have(finished the task).
4、 省略表语。如：
①----Are you thirsty -----Yes,I am(thirsty).
②His brother is not lazy,nor is his sister(lazy).
5、同时省略几个成分。如：
①-----Are you feeling better now ----(I am feeling )Much better (now).
②----Have you finished your work ----(I have)Not(finished my work)yet.
(二)并列句中的省略
两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一个分句中相同的部分。如：
1 My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.
2 I study at college and my sister(studies)at high school.
(三)主从复合句中的省略
1、句中有一些成分被省略（多见于句首）。如：
①(I’m)Sorry to hear that you are ill.
②(It is)Pity we live so far from the sea.
2、省略了从句中与主句相同的部分。如：
①They don’t visit their parents as much as they ought to(visit their parents).
②My friend can’t come to school,but I wonder why(he can’t come).
3、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。如：
①----She must be busy now.----If so,she can’t go with us.
②----Is he feeling better today ----I’m afraid not.
类似的用法还有：How so /Why so /Is that so /Do you think so /Quite so./He said so./I hope so./I don’t think so./I suppose not./I believe not./I hope not，等。
4、 句和从句各有一些成分被省略。如：
①The sooner(you do it),the better(it will be).
②----Is Mr King in his office ----(I’m)Sorry,I don’t know(whether he is or not).
（四）其它省略
英语省略的情况还有很多，下面归纳几种需要注意的情况：
1、that的省略
(1)宾语从句中常省略连词 that,但并列多个宾语从句中，只能省略第一个that。
(2)在定语从句中，通常当that在从句中作宾语时，才能省略。如：
The noodles (that)I cooked were delicious.
但是定语从句是there be结构时,在从句中作主语的that也常省略。如：This is the fastest train(that)there is to Beijing.
(3)在主语从句、同位语从句中that很少省略（口语中有省略），在表语从句中偶尔省略。
2、不定式符号to的省略
（1）并列的不定式，前面的不定式带to,后面的不定式可省去to。如：①I told him to sit down and wait a while.
但是，如果两个不定式之间有对比关系，则不可省去to。如：
Hearing the news,we didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
（2）某些使役动词（如make,let,have）及感官动词（如see,watch,notice,observe,hear,feel,look at,listen to等）后面作宾语补足语的不定式一定要省去to,但在被动语态中须把to复原。比较：
I saw the boy fall from the tree./The boy was seen to fall from the tree.
He often makes his sister cry,but today he was made to cry by his sister.
(3)find当“发现”讲时，后面作宾语补足语不定式的符号to可以省去，也可以不省。如：
We found him(to)work hard at the experiment.
但如果不定式是to be则to不能省略。如：
She found him to be dishonest.
(4)help当“帮助”讲时，后面的宾语或宾语补足语的不定式符号to可省，也可不省。如：
I will help(to)do it for you./I will help you(to)do it.
(5)介词but,except前若有动词do,后面的动词不定式不带to。如：
1 The boy does nothing but play all day.
2 The animals have nothing to do but lie down and sleep in winter.
(6)主语从句中有动词do,后面作表语的动词不定式的to可带可不带。如：What we can do now is (to) wait.
3、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序要有变化。（见“倒装句”有关部分）
4、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可省去“主语+be”部分，如：
1 As(he was)a child,he often asked many interesting questions.
2 I’m going with you if(I am)free.
3 He opened his lips as if(he were)to speak.
5、 在某些状语从句中，从句的主语是it，其后的动词be及其主语可一起省略。如：
1 Fill in the blanks with articles,if(it is)necessary.
2 Whenever(it was)possible,they would stop him and ask him the three questions.
6、 在than和as引导的比较状语从句中，在意义明确的情况下，可省略than和as后的任何部分。如：
1 I know you than he(knows you).
2 I know you than(I know)him.
3 In winter,it is colder here than(it is cold)in your hometown.
4 I’m nearly as tall as he(is).
II. 倒装
英语的正常语序是“主语+谓语”。即主语在前，谓语在后。有时由于句子结构的需要或表示强调，就要采取倒装形式。将谓语动词完全移到主语前称完全倒装；只将助动词或情态动词放到主语之前，称为部分倒装。比较：
The teacher came in.→In came the teacher.（完全倒装）
I have never seen so moving a film before.→Never before have I seen so moving a film.(部分倒装)
倒装句常用于下列情况：
1、疑问句要倒装。如
1 Are you from America （一般疑问句）
2 How old is your father （特殊疑问句）
3 Would you like tea or coffee （选择疑问句）
4 He was very unhappy,wasn’t he （反意疑问句）
其中反意疑问句前面陈述部分不倒装，后面附加部分倒装。特殊疑问句中，如果疑问词在句中作主语或作主语的定语，就不倒装。如：⑤Who is going to give us a talk (主语)
⑥Which bus runs to the zoo (主语的定语)
2、there be句型
（1）be与其后紧接着的主语保持数的一致。如：
1 There is a pen and some books on the desk.
2 There are some books and a pen on the desk.
(2)类似的句型还有：there live,there stand,there lie,there seem to be,there happen to be,there is likely to be等。如：
1 Once upon a time,there lived an old fisherman by the sea.
2 There seems to be something wrong with it.
(3)there be句型的反意疑问句的附加部分也用there be的相应形式，如：①There is little ink in the bottle,is there
3 There used to be a bus stop at the corner,usedn’t /didn’t there
3、以here,there,up,down,in,out,now,then,away等副词开头的句子。如：①Look,there comes the bus.
②Out rushed the children.
③Away went the boy.
但如果主语是代词就不倒装。如：
1 There he comes.
2 Here it is.
4、以only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句开头时，要半倒装。如：
1 Only then did I realize that I was wrong.
2 Only in this way can we better the living conditions of the people.
3 Only when the war was over in 1949 was he able to go back home.
5、 以副词so,neither,nor(均有“也”的含义)开头的句子。如：
1 He likes basketball very much.So do I.
2 I didn’t read the notice on the board,nor(neither) did he.
但如果so不含“也”的意思，即使打头，也不用倒装。如：
-----It was cold yesterday.-----So it was.（so当“的确”讲）
6、 否定意义的副词或连词（如seldom,never,hardly,little,not等）放在句首时，用半倒装。如：
1 Seldom does his wife have a holiday.
2 Never shall I forget the day.
3 Hardly can I believe it.
4 Not until he saw the present did he feel happy.
5 No sooner had we got home than it began to rain.
6 Not only is he a pop singer,but he is also a famous film star. （前一个分句倒装，后一个分句不倒装）
7、 省略if的虚拟条件句。如果条件从句的谓语有were,had,should等，可省去if,把were,had,should移到句首。如：
1 Were I you(=If I were you),I would try again.
2 Had you come early(=If you had come early),you would have met him.
3 Should it rain tomorrow(=If it should rain tomorrow),the crops would be saved.
8、 as引导的让步状语从句，谓语动词以后的部分倒装（提到as之前）。如：
1 Child as he is（=Though he is a child）,he knows a lot.
2 Much as I like it,I won’t buy it.
3 Hard as he worked,he made little progress.
Though引导的让步状语从句可以用倒装，也可以不用倒装。
9、 so/such引导的结果状语从句，当so/such放在句首时，用倒装如：①So interesting was the film that I saw it twice.
②Such a kindhearted man is he that everyone loves him.
10、直接引语的全部或部分放在句首，并且主句的主语为名词时，主句倒装。如：
①“You are right.”said the teacher.
②“Boys,”said the teacher,“you are right.”
但“I am very sorry.”he said.(he是代词，不倒装)
11、为了表达生动，或为了强调表语或状语，或为了使句子均衡而倒装。如：
1 At the head of the queue was an old woman.
2 Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting.
3 Before them were miles and miles of snow.
4 Gone are the days when the Chinese had to use foreign oil.
5 Also present will be a person who thinks up an idea for an advertisement.
12、某些表示祝愿的句子，需要倒装。如：
1 May you succeed!
2 Long live the Communist Party of China!
Ⅲ、插入语
英语句子中（尤其在口语中）常插入一些单词、短语或句子，用来补充某些含义。语法上称之为“插入语”。
（一）插入语的类型
1、单词（多是副词）。如：
1 I can,however,discuss this when I see you.
2 -----Are you hungry -----Yes,I sure am.
2、短语。如：
1 China and India,for example,are neighbours.
2 By the way,where are you from
3 To tell you the truth,I don’t agree with you.
4 Jack,as far as I know,isn’t very clever.
5 These young people,I dare say,will succeed.
6 This machine,it seems,is not so good as that one.
7 What do you think has happened to him
(二)插入语的位置
通常插入语位于句中，并用逗号隔开。有时，也位于句首或句末。也有时，不用逗号隔开。如：
1 What on earth do you mean
2 What was to become of them all,he wondered.
(三)插入语在句中的作用
一般说来，插入语在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入语抽去，句子的含义不大受影响。但是，有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分。如：He got the news from nobody knows where.如果把“nobody knows”从句中抽出，句子含义就不清楚，句子就不通了。
（四）混合疑问句
是一种包含有插入语的特殊疑问句，常用来征询对方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现的频率极高。如：
1 How long did you say he would stay here
2 When do you suppose he’ll be back
在这种混合疑问句中用作插入语的动词除了say,suppose之外，常用的还有guess,believe,consider,think,imagine等。
注意：这种带插入语的混合疑问句与带有宾语从句的一般疑问句在结构上是不同的。比较：
Where do you think he has gone /Do you know where he has gone
（五）大纲上要求掌握的常用作插入语的词语：
1.above all 2.after all 3.all the same 4.and so on 5.as a matter of fact/in fact 6.as a result 7.as usual 8.by the way 9.for example 10.in a word 11.in one’s opinion 12.in one’s turn 13.in other words 14.more or less 15.generally speaking 16.of course 17.to one’s joy 18.so far 19.to one’s surprise 20.to tell(you)the truth
常作插入语的副词有：actually,besides,finally,however,obviously,
otherwise,probably,therefore等。
高考试题：
1.Not until all the fish died in the river_____how serious the pollution was.(NMET95)
A.did the villagers realize B.the villagers realized
C.the villagers realized D.didn’t the villagers realize
2.Only in this way_____to make improvement in the operating system.
A.you can hope B.you did hope C.can you hope D.did you hope
（2003年上海春季高考）
3.Not until I began to work_____how much time I had wasted.
A.didn’t I realize B.did I realize C.I didn’t realize D.I realize
(NMET90)
4.---David has made great progress recently.---_____,and_____.
A.So he has;so you have B.So he has;so have you
C.So has he;so have you D.So has he;so you have(97上海)
5.I finally got the job I dreamed about.Never in my life____so happy!
A.did I feel B.I felt C.I had felt D.had I felt (2000春)
6.Not a single song_____at yesterday’s party.(2000上海)
A.she sang B.sang she C.did she sing D.she did sing
7.John plays football_____,if not better than,David.(NMET94)
A.as well B.as well as C.so well D.so well as
8.We all write,_____,even when there is not much to say.(NMET 94)
A.now and then B.by and by C.step by step D.more or less
9.---Susan,go and join your sister cleaning the yard.
---Why_____ John is sitting there doing nothing.(NMET2003)
A.him B.he C.I D.me
10.The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once____with each other.(NMET2003)
A.they had quarreled B.they have quarreled
C.have they quarreled D.had they quarreled
专项题组训练
I.省略
1.He became a good player_____in college.
A.when B.because C.as soon as D.even though
2._____green,the door might look more beautiful.
A.You painted B.If painted C.To paint D.Have it painted
3.-----The patient feels better.-----I know_______.
A.he feels B.he does C.he does so D.he does it
4.----Have you been here long -----_________.
A.Not much B.Yes,only little C.No,only yesterday D.No,not very
5.----Do you need a new dictionary in your English study ---No,____.
A.I have some to do it B.there are some already
C.I think I have some that will do D.I’m having some dictionaries
6.I told him to sit down and_____for a moment.
A.waits B.waited C.wait D.waiting
7.My father is a doctor and my mother________.
A.nurse B.a nurse C.be a nurse D.is nurse
II.倒装
1.Nowhere else in the world____cheaper tailoring than in Hong Kong.
A.a tourist can find B.can a tourist find
C.a tourist will find D.a tourist has found
2.----You seem to be an actor.---____.I have played many parts in a lot of films.
A.So I am B.So am I C.So do I D.So I do
3._____that we all went out,lying in the sun.
A.So fine was the weather B.So was the fine weather
C.The weather so fine was D.So the weather was fine
4.____a nice man_____that we all believed him.
A.So;he seemed B.So;did he seem
C.Such;he seemed D.Such;did he seem
5.Not only____working hard,but also_____very polite.
A.is the boy;he is B.is the boy;is he
C.the boy is;he is D.the boy is;is he
6.Not until_____,______settle the problem.
A.he returns;can we B.he returns;we can
C.does he return;we can D.does he return;can we
7.Well____know him and well______know me.
A.I did;he did B.I did;did he C.did I;he did D.did I;did he
8.He was unable to make such progress,______.
A.hard he has tried B.as hard as he tried
9.There______shouts for help from the river.
A.are coming B.did come C.comes D.come
10.Seeing many people coming,away_____.
A.the thief ran B.run the thief C.ran the thief D.did the thief run
III.插入语
1．Hold the ladder for me,that’s_________.
A.all B.it C.all right D.complete
2.---______,but can you tell me how I can get to the zoo
---I’m sorry.I’m a stranger here myself.Perhaps this lady can help you.
A.I’m sorry B.Hello C.Excuse me D.Why
3.---Have you nearly finished ---_____,we have just begun.
A.Above all B.After all C.On the contrary D.on the other hand
4.The young woman has studied in England for two years and she will come back______.
A.by and by B.one by one C.after a while D.long before
5.Mr Li looked as I remembered,_____he was very thin.
A.except for B.except that C.except D.besides
6.Many great men rose from poverty,Lincoln and Edison,_____.
A.like that B.as though C.for example D.such as
7.---____is the best football player in your city -----Jerry.
A.Do you think who B.Do you think whom
C.Who do you think D.Whom do you think
8.____we like the idea______not,we’ll have to go with him.
A.Either,or B.Neither,nor C.Whether,or D.If,or
9._____is well known,Taiwan is part of China.
A.As B.That C.Which D.It
10.Albert did not take your book,_____,he was not in the room.
A.All of a sudden B.As a matter of fact
C.Once in a while D.To his surprise
11.Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard,and_______,you failed.
A.in the end B.after all C.in other words D.at the same time
12.His handwriting is as good as,_____,his brother’s.
A.if not better B.if not better than C.if it is better D.if better than
13.There was a big fire in the building last night.______,all the people were able to escape.
A.Fortunate B.Fortunately C.To be fortunate D.Above all
14.It was raining heavily.______,it was getting dark,so we lost our way and stayed in the cave for the whole night.
A.Above all B.That is C.What’s more D.In other words
15.I didn’t go to his party last night,___,I didn’t want to see him at all.
A.To tell you the truth B.Telling you the truth
C.That’s to say D.Let’s say
16.You may agree with anyone you like.____,I agree with Lily.
A.What’s more B.That’s all C.Personally D.Or rather
17.Only half of the students passed the exam,_____,about 30 students failed in the exam.
A.worse still B.that is C.indeed D.after all
18._____from his accent,he must be from the south.
A.Judging B.Judged C.To judge D.To be judged
19._____,we must do the work with a good plan.
A.To start B.To start with C.Starting D.Starting with
20.We met with a lot of trouble in doing the work._____we succeeded in the end.
A.All in all B.Above all C.Therefore D.After all
Key to the exercises:
高考试题：1---10 ACBBD CBADC
专题训练：I.省略：1---7 ABBDCCB
II.倒装：1--10 BAADA ADCDC
III.插入语：1----10 BCCAB CCCAB
11---20 CBBCA CBABA现在完成时及其考点
考点一：考查基本概念
例 Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _________what's happened to him .（呼和浩特）
Ａ. knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ.will know
简析：现在完成时主要强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，或过去发生的动作还未结束，一直持续到现在或将来，重点在于对现在的影响。这种考查难度较大，往往无时间状语，需要从上下文分析、推理才行。故上两侧根据上下文分析、推理，正确答案是Ｂ。
考点二：考查时间状语
例1. He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he
Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still
例2. Have you met Mr Li ______？
Ａ. just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ. a moment ago
例3. The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .
Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written
例4.—Our country ______ a lot so far . —Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .
Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good
Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed ; better
例5. Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .
Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are ; studying
例6. We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew
例7. Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .
Ａ. will see Ｂ. have seen Ｃ. saw Ｄ.see
简析：现在完成时的时间状语常有如下四类：
⑴现在完成时常与already（已经），just（刚刚，正好），ever（曾经），never（从来，也不；从不），before（以前），yet（仍然）等连用。故例1应选B；例2应选C。
⑵现在完成时常与recently（近来），so far（到目前为止），in the past/“last + 一段时间”等时间状语连用。因为上述短语表示的是从现在起往前推算的一段时间，句中的动作是从过去某一时间或时刻开始持续到现在的。故例3应选D，例4应选C。
⑶现在完成时时常与“for +时间段或since +过去时间点”连用（含从句，从句过去时）。故例5应选C，例6应选C。
⑷现在完成时还与once（一次），twice（两次），three times（三次），several times（几次）等表示重复次数的词语连用。故例7应选B。
考点三：考查与一般过去时的区别
例1. —These farmers have been to the United States .
—Really When _____ there
Ａ. will they go Ｂ. did they go
Ｃ. do they go Ｄ. have they gone
例2.—______ you ___ your homework yet —Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
Ａ. Did ; do ; finished Ｂ. Have ; done ; finished
Ｃ. Have ; done ; have finished Ｄ. will ; do ; finish
简析：现在完成时与一般过去时容易混淆，就是因为它们所表示的动作都发生在过去，但二者又有区别：一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作，说话的侧重点在于陈述一件过去的事情，与现在没有关系；现在完成时表示与现在有关系的发生在过去的动作，它不与表示过去的时间状语（如yesterday , last week , a moment ago等）连用。故例１、２的正确答案皆为B。
考点四：考查非延续性动词的用法
例1. His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
Ａ. joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in Ｄ. has been in
例2.—Do you know him well
— Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .
Ａ. were Ｂ. have been Ｃ. have become Ｄ. have made
例3.—How long have you ____ here —About two months .
Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived
例4. Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .
Ａ. has begun Ｂ. had begun
Ｃ. has been on Ｄ. began
例5. His uncle died two years ago .（改变句子，句意不变）
His uncle has _______ for two years
例6. Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句）
Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ .
例7. It _____ ten years since he left the army .
Ａ. is Ｂ. has Ｃ. will Ｄ. was
简析：现在完成时中，非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。常用的非延续性动词及替代形式如下：
close—→be closed, put on→wear , open—→be open
get up—→be up, finish/end—→be over , lose—→be lost ,
marry—→be married(to), fall asleep/ go to sleep —→be asleep ( sleep ) ,
get to know—→ know come/arrive—→be here/in ,
come/get back—→be back , go/leave-be away , become —→be ,
borrow —→keep , buy—→have , begin/start—→be on ,
die—→be dead , join—→be in/be a ember of．．． ,
catch a cold—→ have a cold等，
故例1、2、3、4的正确答案依次为：D、B、A、C。例5应填been dead 。其次，可以用相应的延续性动词的过去时表示，故例6应填joined；ago。再次，还可用“It is + 一段时间＋since从句”来表示，故例７应选A。
考点五：考查词组have/has been in / to与have/has gone to的区别
例1. Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library .
Ａ.has gone Ｂ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has been
例2. My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .
Ａ. have been in Ｂ. have been to
Ｃ. have gone to Ｄ.have been
简析：“have/has gone to + 地点”表示“某人去了某地（还未回来）”，指主语所指的人不在这儿。“have/has been in + 地点”表示“在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示时间的状语连用。“have/has been to +地点”表示“曾经去过某地（但现在已不在那儿）。”故例1、2的正确答案皆为A。突破定语从句精讲精练
Ex. 1. This is the factory _______we visited last year.
2. Is this the factory_______ colour TV sets are produce d
3. Is this the factory _______your father works
4. This is the best factory _______I have ever visited all my life.
5. Is this factory _______we visited last year
A. where B. in which C. the one D. at which E. that F. in that G. in where
H. which I. the one that J.\
Ex2. 1. I will never forget the day ____I joined the League.
A. which B. when C. in which D. on that
2. September 18, 1913 is the day _______ we’ll never forget.
A. that B. when C. on which D. on that
3. I remember the day _______I first came to the college.
A. on which B. in which C. which D. that
4. Do you still remember the days ________ we spent together in the countryside.
A. that B. in which C. when D. on which
Ex.3 1.I've read all the books you gave me.
A.which B.them C.what D.that
2.There isn't much I can do.
A.what B.which C.that D.how
3.He keeps a record of everything he had seen there.
A.he B.that C.which D.what
4.Tell us about the people and the places are different from ours.
A.that B.who C.which D.whom
5.Mr John said that Suzhou was the first city he had visited in China.
A.that B.where C.which D.what
6.The TV play I watched last night is the best one I have watched this year.
A.which B.what C.whose D.that
7. There is no difficulty can't be overcome in the world.
A.that B.which C.who D.what
8. Who is the person is standing at the gate of Beijing Tourism Tower
A.who B.that C.which D.whom
9. This is the last time I shall come here to help you.
A.that B.which C.when D.what
10. This is the very film I've long wished to see.
A.which B.that C.who D.whom
11. I now know why Mao impresses everyone who meets him the way he does.
A.which B.what C.／ D.now
Ex.4 1.The doctor did all to save the wounded boy.
A.what he could C.everything which he could B. he could D.for which he could do
2. He is the only one of the three got the new idea.
A.who have B.whom have C.who has D. whose had
3. I'm one of the students well in English in my class.
A. who does B. who do C. which does D. who did
4. The reason ___________ he could not go there was _______ his grade was too low.
A. that, why B. why, for D. that, that, D. why, that
5.When night fell, we finally reached what was once an old temple__ the villagers used as a school
A. where B. which C. when D. why
EX高考点击
1. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _______ the sailing time was 226 days.
A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which (2004全国卷)
2．The English play _______ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success.
A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which (2004全国卷)
3． American women usually identify their best friend as someone _______ they can talk frequently.
A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom (2004上海卷)
4． In the office, I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m._____ time many people have gone home.
A. whose B. that C. on which D. by which (1995上海)
5．Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _______ was very reasonable. (2000上海)
A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose
6． There are two buildings, ________ stands nearly a hundred feet high. (2004湖北卷)
A. the larger B. the larger of them
C. the larger one that D. the larger of which
7．The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _______ are sold abroad.
A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that ( 2004辽宁卷)
8. His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ______ family was poor.
A.of whom B.whom C.of whose D.whose (89)
9. She heard a terrible noise, _______ brought her heart into her mouth.
A.it B.which C.this D.that (91)
10. In the dark street , there wasn’t a single person _____ she could turn for help.
A.that B.who C.from whom D.to whom (92)
11. The weather turned out to be very good , ____ was more than we could expect.
A.what B.which C.that D.it (92)
12. After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child.
A.which B.where C.that D.when (96)
13．Carol said the work would be done by October.＿＿＿＿＿personally I doubt very much.
A. it B.that C.when D.which (99)
14．Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ____,of course, made the others unhappy.
A．who B．which C．this D．what (2000)
15. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _____ was very reasonable.
A.which price B.the price of which C.its price D.the price of whose
16._____ has already been pointed out , grammar is not a set of dead rules.
A.As B.It C.That D.Which
17.He lived in London for 3 months , during ____ time he learned some English.
A.this B.which C.that D.same
18.Oh the wall hung a picture, _____ color is blue.
A.whose B.of which C.which D.its
19.Whenever I met him , ____ was fairly often, I like his sweet and hopeful smile.
A.what B.which C.that D.when
20. I don’t like _____ you speak to her.
A.the way B.the way in that C.the way which D.the way of which
The visitor asked the guide to take his picture _____ stands the famous tower.
A.that B.where C.which D.there
14.The boss ____ department Ms King worked ten years ago look down upon women.
A.in which B.in that C.in whose D.whose
15.
16.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella ._______ I got wet through .
A.It’s the reason B.That’s why C.There’s why D.It’s how
17.He made another wonderful discovery , ____ of great importance to science.
A.which I think is B.which I think it is C.which I think it D.I think which is
18.He was very rude to the customs officer, ____ of course made things even worse.
A.who B.whom C.what D.whcih
1. Yesterday Mr. Li finally bought his own house, _______ is a hospital.
A. in where B. to the east of which
C. to the east of it D. in the east of that
2. My brother's purse, _______ he put ￥1,000, was missing on the bus.
A. there B. which C. in which D. that
3. The football match _______ the students competed yesterday was very wonderful.
A. in which B. which C. in that D. that
4. The reason _______ he was late again was that he was caught in a traffic jam in the rush hour.
A. which B. in which C. for which D. of which
5. His glasses, _______ he could see nothing, was taken away by a naughty boy.
A. which B. without which C. with which D. without those
6. The computer, _______ he paid ￥3,000, was once owned by his uncle.
A. which B. for which C. that D. to that
7. In the past we lost many chances, _______ we paid little attention.
A. which B. that C. in which D. to which
8. The pen, _______ I had been writing for ten years, was broken.
A. with which B. with that C. as D. with it
9. Mary has two brothers, ________ are doctors.
A. both of they B. both of whom C. both of them D. whom of both
10. The problem _______ you argued about yesterday has been solved.
A. that B. what C. why D. for which
11. My aunt bought me a book, the name _______ I have forgotten.
A. of it B. which C. whose D. of which
12. On the way home I met my friend John, from _______ home the thief had stolen a computer.
A. whom B. which C. that D. whose
13. I hate the way _______ you talk to your mother.
A. by which B. on which C. in which D. which
14. At last we found the hole in the wall _______ the mouse got into the house last night.
A. in which B. which C. through which D. by which
15. There are three girls in the room, ________ is Tom's sister.
A. the tallest of which B. the tallest of whom
C. tallest of that D. tallest of which
16. I'll never forget the day _______ I bought my own guitar with my own money.
A. where B. on which C. on when D. that
17. She is just the girl, with _______ my brother came to visit me last month.
A. whom B. her C. that D. who
18. Last night we saw two movies, _______ was interesting.
A. both of which B. neither of which
C. both of them D. neither of them
19. This is the house in _______ I was born thirty years ago.
A. it B. there C. which D. that
20. The reason for _______ he failed in the exam was that he was too careless.
A. which B. why C. that D. it
Key:
1—5 BCACB 6—10 BDABA 11—15 DDCCB 16—20 BABCA语法系列复习专题-----情态动词与虚拟语气
一、一般疑问句中几个情态动词的问与答
1. Need I/he/…
Yes,you/he/…must.(不用need)
2. Must I/ he/…
No,you/ he/…needn’t/don’t(doesn’t,won’t)have to.(不用mustn’t)
3. May I/ he/…
No,you/ he/…mustn’t.(少用may not)
4. Could(Can)you…
Yes,I can (不用could)
5. Shall I/she/ he…
No,you(she,he)needn’t/can’t/mustn’t
二、情态动词表“推测”
1.can,may,must使用的句式：
1)肯定陈述句中：must表“肯定、必定、一定”意，may/might表“也许，或许”意。
2)否定陈述句中：can’t/couldn’t表“不可能”意，may not/might not表“也许不、可能不”意。
3)疑问句中：只能用can或could,不能用must,may或might。
注意：表推测的could,might并不是指过去时间，而是表示比can,may把握性略小些的情况。
2.对目前状态的推测：
1)must/may/might/can/could＋be＋表语
例如：She must be a teacher.她肯定是老师。She can’t/couldn’t be a doctor.她肯定不是医生。 He may not/might not be a doctor.他可能不是医生。
2)must/may/might/can/could＋一些不能用于进行时的静态动词(如:have,exist,live,like,hate,own,belong to等)
例如：She must have her own car,for she has a lot of money.
That kind of bird may live in the valleys.
3.对目前正在发生的事情进行推测：
句式：must/may/might/can/could＋be doing
例如：They must be waiting for us.他们肯定正在等我们。
She may/might be doing her homework.她可能正在做作业。
Can/Could he be playing football 他会正在踢足球吗？
4.对已发生的事情进行推测：
句式：must/may/might/can/could＋have done
例如：There’s no lignt in the room. They must have gone to bed./She knows nothing about the film. She can’t/couldn’t have seen it./Can/Could he have been a doctor /He may/might(not)have been a teacher./They must have been watching TV at nine last night./Can/Could she have stayed in Beijing last year
注意：will have done句式也可表“肯定/可能已经…”推测意。
例如：He will have learned advanced mathematics,for he knows a lot about it. 他肯定/可能学过高等数学，因为他对此懂得很多。
三、“情态动词＋have done”用法
1.should/ought to ＋have done,意“本应该…”，含有责备或后悔意。
例如：You should have come here a little earlier./I ought to have sent him to school./
2.shouldn’t/oughtn’t to＋have done,意“本不应该”，含有责备或后悔意。
例如：You shouldn’t have watered the flower./I oughtn’t to have scolded her for such a small thing.
3.might have done,意“过去可能做”；could have done意“本能够做”，两者都含有委婉批评或遗憾之意，也可表对过去情况的推测。
例如：He might have gone to Nanjing with Professor Wang.last week,but he was ill.上星期他本可以和王教授一起去南京的，可他病了。We could have finished the work ahead of time.我们本来是能够提前完成工作的。
四、情态动词在反意疑问句中的用法
1.“肯定祈使句＋附加问句”结构，附加问句常用will/would/won’t you形式。
例如：Stand still,will/would/won’t you
2.“否定祈使句＋附加问句”结构，附加问句常用will/would you形式。
例如：Don’t watch TV,will/would you
3.Let’s…,shall we ; Let us…,will/won’t you
4.含有must句子的反意问句
1)must表示“必须”时，附加部分常用needn’t,也可用mustn’t.例如：He must go with you,needn’t/mustn’t he
2)mustn’t表“一定不能”时，附加部分用may.例如：She mustn’t leave,may she
3)must表“一定、想必”推测意时，附加部分主要有下列几种形式：
A.He must be an engineer,isn’t he They must be writing now,aren’t they (这类句子问句前部分含“must be…”或“must be doing…”。)
B.She must have a car/live there, doesn’t she
C.He must have seen the film,hasn’t he？(这类句子问句前部分的谓语为must have done,句子无具体过去时间状语。)
D.He must have seen the film last week,didn’t he (这类句子问句前面部分的谓语为must have done,句子有具体过去时间状语。)
E.Mother must have been shopping then,wasn’t she (前面部分谓语为must have been doing。)
5.含有may表推测的句子，其反意问句形式与must表推测的反意问句形式相似。
例如：She may have finished her homework,hasn’t she
五、几组词语辨析
1.must与have to:must强调说话者的主观看法，have to强调客观需要，表示“不必”意要用needn’t或don’t/didn’t/won’t have to,不能用mustn’t。
2.can/could与be able to:can多用于现在时，也可用于将来时，could只用于过去时，be able to可用于各种时态。表示“过去经过努力而做成(或没做成)”要用was/were(not) able to ，而不用could(not)。例如：He worked hard,but he wasn’t able to pass the exam.
3.will,would,used to:都可表“习惯”意。①will表示不受时间限制的习惯性动作。如：Fish will die out of water./ She’ll sit for hours without saying anything.
②would表示过去习惯性的动作，但不涉及与现在情况的对比。如：He would walk by the river in the morning.注意：would后不能跟表状态动词。例如不能说He would be late for school last year. ③used to表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但这种习惯现在已不存在了。如：He used to get up early. He used to be late for school.
4.dare与need
六、虚拟语气在if引导的条件句的用法
1)与现在事实相反的结构：
2）与过去事实相反的结构：
3）与将来事实相反的结构：
**当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。例如：
If you had worked hard, you would be very tired.
(从句说的是过去,主句指的是现在.)
5以上句型可以转换成下列形式:
**省略if,用“were, have, should +主语”. 例如:
Were I in school again, I would work harder.
Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him.
Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come.
**用介词短语代替条件状语从句：but for\without.例如:
Without air, there would be on living things.
But for your help, I couldn’t have done it.
七、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法
1.“wish +宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望,汉语可译为“可惜……”. “……就好了”, “悔不该……”, “但愿……”等.
表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句的谓语动词用过去式;表示将来不能实现的愿望用“would(could) +动词原形”;表示过去不能实现的愿望时用“had +过去分词”或“(could)would +have +过去分词”.例如:
I wish it were spring all the year round.
I wish you could go with us.
We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.
2.虚拟语气在动词一个坚持（insist）；两个命令（order，demand）;三个建议(advise,suggest,propose);四项要求（demand,require,request,ask）,等后面的宾语从句中用“(should)+动词原形”.例如:
We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.
We insisted that they (should) go with us.
The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.
He demanded that we (should) start right away.
**注意:insist作“力言”, “强调”解时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气,只有当insist作 “坚持(认为)”, “坚持(应该)”解时宾语从句才用虚拟语气.例如:
Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.
又如suggest
3.虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句
作advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“(should)+动词原形”.例如:
We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for
sightseeing.
My idea is that we (should) exercises first．
4.虚拟语气在 as if(as though)中，引导的表语从句或状语从句中的应用．
如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时，指现在状况，则用过去时，指将来则用过去将来时．例如：
He looked as if he were an artist.
He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England．
Even if he were here，he could not solve the problem．
5.虚拟语气用于主语从句．
在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用“ should 十动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等．例如：
It is necessary( important，natural，strange，etc) that … we should clean
the room every day.
It was a pity ( a shame，no wonder，etc) that you should be so careless．
It will be desired( suggested，decided，ordered，requested，proposed，etc)
that she should finish her homework this afternoon．
在上述三种主语从句中，should意为“应该”,“竟然”，可以省去，但不可换用would.主句所用动词的时态不限．
注意：这种从句表示的是事实．如果说话人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气．反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感，that从句也可用陈述语气，例如：
It is a strange that he did not come yesterday.
It is a pity that you can’t swim．
八.几种常见的其他虚拟语气结构
1.虚拟语气用于定语从句
这种从句常用在 It is( high) time( that)…句型中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，或 should十动词原形( should不能省略，be用 were)来表示，意为“(现在)该……”。例如：
It is ( high) time we left (should leave).
lt is high time we were going.
2.虚拟语气用于 if only引导的感叹句中,用法同.wish
If only I had taken his advice.
我要是听他的话就好了．
If only I were a bird．我如果是一只鸟就好了．
3.虚拟语气在简单句中的应用
l)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常会话中，例如：
It would be better for you not to stay up too late．
Would you be kind enough to open the door
2)用于一些习惯表达法中，例如：
Would you like a cup of tea
I would rather not tell you. You had better go now．
3)用“ may 十动词原形”表示“祝愿”、“但愿”． may须置于句首，例如：May you be happy! May you succeed!
4.would rather-----
12突破定语从句精讲精练
Ex. 1. This is the factory _______we visited last year.
2. Is this the factory_______ colour TV sets are produce d
3. Is this the factory _______your father works
4. This is the best factory _______I have ever visited all my life.
5. Is this factory _______we visited last year
A. where B. in which C. the one D. at which E. that F. in that G. in where
H. which I. the one that J.\
Ex2. 1. I will never forget the day ____I joined the League.
A. which B. when C. in which D. on that
2. September 18, 1913 is the day _______ we’ll never forget.
A. that B. when C. on which D. on that
3. I remember the day _______I first came to the college.
A. on which B. in which C. which D. that
4. Do you still remember the days ________ we spent together in the countryside.
A. that B. in which C. when D. on which
Ex.3 1.I've read all the books you gave me.
A.which B.them C.what D.that
2.There isn't much I can do.
A.what B.which C.that D.how
3.He keeps a record of everything he had seen there.
A.he B.that C.which D.what
4.Tell us about the people and the places are different from ours.
A.that B.who C.which D.whom
5.Mr John said that Suzhou was the first city he had visited in China.
A.that B.where C.which D.what
6.The TV play I watched last night is the best one I have watched this year.
A.which B.what C.whose D.that
7. There is no difficulty can't be overcome in the world.
A.that B.which C.who D.what
8. Who is the person is standing at the gate of Beijing Tourism Tower
A.who B.that C.which D.whom
9. This is the last time I shall come here to help you.
A.that B.which C.when D.what
10. This is the very film I've long wished to see.
A.which B.that C.who D.whom
11. I now know why Mao impresses everyone who meets him the way he does.
A.which B.what C.／ D.now
Ex.4 1.The doctor did all to save the wounded boy.
A.what he could C.everything which he could B. he could D.for which he could do
2. He is the only one of the three got the new idea.
A.who have B.whom have C.who has D. whose had
3. I'm one of the students well in English in my class.
A. who does B. who do C. which does D. who did
4. The reason ___________ he could not go there was _______ his grade was too low.
A. that, why B. why, for D. that, that, D. why, that
5.When night fell, we finally reached what was once an old temple__ the villagers used as a school
A. where B. which C. when D. why
EX高考点击
1. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _______ the sailing time was 226 days.
A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which (2004全国卷)
2．The English play _______ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success.
A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which (2004全国卷)
3． American women usually identify their best friend as someone _______ they can talk frequently.
A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom (2004上海卷)
4． In the office, I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m._____ time many people have gone home.
A. whose B. that C. on which D. by which (1995上海)
5．Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _______ was very reasonable. (2000上海)
A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose
6． There are two buildings, ________ stands nearly a hundred feet high. (2004湖北卷)
A. the larger B. the larger of them
C. the larger one that D. the larger of which
7．The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _______ are sold abroad.
A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that ( 2004辽宁卷)
8. His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ______ family was poor.
A.of whom B.whom C.of whose D.whose (89)
9. She heard a terrible noise, _______ brought her heart into her mouth.
A.it B.which C.this D.that (91)
10. In the dark street , there wasn’t a single person _____ she could turn for help.
A.that B.who C.from whom D.to whom (92)
11. The weather turned out to be very good , ____ was more than we could expect.
A.what B.which C.that D.it (92)
12. After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child.
A.which B.where C.that D.when (96)
13．Carol said the work would be done by October.＿＿＿＿＿personally I doubt very much.
A. it B.that C.when D.which (99)
14．Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ____,of course, made the others unhappy.
A．who B．which C．this D．what (2000)
15. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _____ was very reasonable.
A.which price B.the price of which C.its price D.the price of whose
16._____ has already been pointed out , grammar is not a set of dead rules.
A.As B.It C.That D.Which
17.He lived in London for 3 months , during ____ time he learned some English.
A.this B.which C.that D.same
18.Oh the wall hung a picture, _____ color is blue.
A.whose B.of which C.which D.its
19.Whenever I met him , ____ was fairly often, I like his sweet and hopeful smile.
A.what B.which C.that D.when
20. I don’t like _____ you speak to her.
A.the way B.the way in that C.the way which D.the way of which
The visitor asked the guide to take his picture _____ stands the famous tower.
A.that B.where C.which D.there
14.The boss ____ department Ms King worked ten years ago look down upon women.
A.in which B.in that C.in whose D.whose
15.
16.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella ._______ I got wet through .
A.It’s the reason B.That’s why C.There’s why D.It’s how
17.He made another wonderful discovery , ____ of great importance to science.
A.which I think is B.which I think it is C.which I think it D.I think which is
18.He was very rude to the customs officer, ____ of course made things even worse.
A.who B.whom C.what D.whcih
1. Yesterday Mr. Li finally bought his own house, _______ is a hospital.
A. in where B. to the east of which
C. to the east of it D. in the east of that
2. My brother's purse, _______ he put ￥1,000, was missing on the bus.
A. there B. which C. in which D. that
3. The football match _______ the students competed yesterday was very wonderful.
A. in which B. which C. in that D. that
4. The reason _______ he was late again was that he was caught in a traffic jam in the rush hour.
A. which B. in which C. for which D. of which
5. His glasses, _______ he could see nothing, was taken away by a naughty boy.
A. which B. without which C. with which D. without those
6. The computer, _______ he paid ￥3,000, was once owned by his uncle.
A. which B. for which C. that D. to that
7. In the past we lost many chances, _______ we paid little attention.
A. which B. that C. in which D. to which
8. The pen, _______ I had been writing for ten years, was broken.
A. with which B. with that C. as D. with it
9. Mary has two brothers, ________ are doctors.
A. both of they B. both of whom C. both of them D. whom of both
10. The problem _______ you argued about yesterday has been solved.
A. that B. what C. why D. for which
11. My aunt bought me a book, the name _______ I have forgotten.
A. of it B. which C. whose D. of which
12. On the way home I met my friend John, from _______ home the thief had stolen a computer.
A. whom B. which C. that D. whose
13. I hate the way _______ you talk to your mother.
A. by which B. on which C. in which D. which
14. At last we found the hole in the wall _______ the mouse got into the house last night.
A. in which B. which C. through which D. by which
15. There are three girls in the room, ________ is Tom's sister.
A. the tallest of which B. the tallest of whom
C. tallest of that D. tallest of which
16. I'll never forget the day _______ I bought my own guitar with my own money.
A. where B. on which C. on when D. that
17. She is just the girl, with _______ my brother came to visit me last month.
A. whom B. her C. that D. who
18. Last night we saw two movies, _______ was interesting.
A. both of which B. neither of which
C. both of them D. neither of them
19. This is the house in _______ I was born thirty years ago.
A. it B. there C. which D. that
20. The reason for _______ he failed in the exam was that he was too careless.
A. which B. why C. that D. it
Key:
1—5 BCACB 6—10 BDABA 11—15 DDCCB 16—20 BABCA语法复习十六：数 词
高考重点要求：
1．掌握基数词、序数词、分数词、倍数、百分数、年月日、钟点、年龄、序号的基本用法。
2．掌握不定数量词、约数词的表达方法。
数词在各个题项中，单选、阅读、听力、写作中发挥着很强的作用，往往用以说明事实的精确性和可信性。数词是由两大部分构成的即基数词和序数词，而其他数字表示法如分数，小数等均由这两大部分的不同组合而构成。
（一）基数词：表示数目的词为基数词，它的构成如下表：
范 围 特 点 实 例
1~12 无规律 one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve
13~19 以teen为结尾 thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen
20~90 以ty结尾 twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety
21~99 十位与个位之间要加连字符 “-” twenty-five, sixty-five, ninety-nine
101~999 百位与十位之间通常用and three hundred and twenty-five（美语中常将and省略）
千以上 6275—six thousand two hundred and seventy-five；1200—twelve hundred
（二）序数词：表示顺序的数词为序数词，它的构成如下表：
范 围 特 点 实 例
1~19 各基数词尾加th 其中七个例外：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, 其余，如：four — forth, six — sixth, nineteen — nineteenth
20,30~90 把y变i后加eth twentieth, fortieth, ninetieth
21以后多位数 最后一个数用序数词，其余用基数词 21st — twenty-first, 110th — one hundred and tenth
（三）数词的用法：
1.英语中年月日、点钟、序数词、分数词、算式列表
示例 英语表示法
2001．6．30 June 30,2001 30June,2001 30thJune, 2001
7：25 seven twenty-five twenty-five past even
12:54 twelve fifty four six to one
9:15 nine fifteen a quarter past nine
2:30 two thirty half past two
21:50 twenty-one fifty 9:50p.m.
第21 twenty-first
第123 one hundred and twenty-third
a half
two and two-fifths
20% 20 per cent 20 percent
第七路公共汽车 Bus Number Seven
第201房间 Room 201
人民路153号 153 Renmin Road
4+8 =12 Four plus eight is twelve
11-7=4 Eleven minus seven is four.
6×5=30 Six times five is thirty.
20÷5=4 twenty divided by five is four.
A＞B A is more than B.
A＜B A is less than B.
A≈B A is approximately (近似地, 大约)equals to B.
A≠B A is not equal to B.
2.约数表示法列表
含义 英语表达 例句
大于某数 more than He has lived here for more than twenty years.
over she is over fifty.
or more There're thirty people or more in the meeting-room.
小于某数 less than I have less than (not more than )fifty dollars.
under Children under seven are not allowed to enter.
below He would not sell it for below a hundred fifty dollars.
or less The coat might cost him sixty dollars or less.
大约（某数） nearly She is nearly fifty now.
almost Its almost three o'clock.
up to Up to ten men can sleep in this tent.
or He spent four or five days writing the article.
or so The distance is twenty miles or so.
about I visited that village about three years ago.
some Their team has some four or five players.
more or less The container can hold more or less twenty pounds of water.
around/round Let's make it round/around eight o'clock.
3.不定数量词“多”的表示法列表
被修饰名词的数 英语表达 汉译
修饰可数名词 dozens of 几十、许多
scores of 许多
many, a good(great) many, many a (饰单数可数名词) 许多、大量
hundreds of 数以百计
thousands of ,thousands upon thousands of 成千上万
millions of 数百万
billions of 亿万
修饰不可数名词 much , a great (good)deal of ,a large amount of ,large amounts of 许多、大量
修饰可数名词或不可数名词 a lot of /lots of ,plenty of, a large quantity of , large quantities of 许多、大量
练习、数 词
1. Two __died of cold last winter.
A. hundreds old people B. hundred old people
C. hundreds old peoples D. hundred old peoples
2. He was only in__ at the time.
A. his 20's B. the 20's C. his twenties D. the twenties
3. The two great men wrote those letters in__ .
A. 1870's B. 1879s C. the 1870's D. the 1870
4. I wonder if I can ask him__ time.
A. four B. fourth C. the fourth D. a fourth
5. He came out__ in the track events.
A. first B. one C. the first D. the one
6. It was in 1939 that __broke out.
A. World War Second B. the World War Second C. Second World War D. World War II
7. You'll have to spend __writing your report here.
A. one day or two days B. one day or two C. a day or two D. two days or one
8. He cut the cake__ .
A. in halves B. in half C. into halves D. into half
9. The earth is nearly__ the moon.
A. 50 time the size of B. 50 times the size of C. 50 times as size as D. 50 times as that of
10. Either you or the headmaster __the prizes for these gifted students at the meeting.
A. is handing in B. are to hand out C. are handing in D. is to hand out
11. __of the population here are peasants.
A. 20 percents B. 20 percent C. the 20 percent D. the 20 percents
12. It's about__ , the thickness of a human hair.
A. two-fifteenth B. two-fifteenths C. two fifteen D. two fifteens
13. The price of such material was reduced__ .
A. by 18 percent B. to 18 percent C. at 18 percent D. for 18 percent
14. South of the equator, 81 percent of the surface of the earth__ water.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
15. They sold __boxes of such sweets last week.
A. four dozen B. four dozens C. four dozens of D. four dozen of
16. It took me __ days to finish drawing a beautiful horse.
A. a half dozen B. half a dozen C. haft dozens D. half dozen
17.__people were sent there to help fight against the flood.
A. Three scores of B. Three score of C. Three score D. Three scores
18. Don't leave you work,__ .
A. done half B. half done C. a half done D. done a half
19. Nobody can do two things well __ .
A. at one time B. at once C. one time D. once
20. He has__ books in his study.
A. several thousands B. some thousands of C. some thousands D. some thousand of
21. On National day__ people take part in all kinds of celebration.
A. hundreds of millions of B. millions of hundred of
C. hundreds millions of D. millions hundreds of
22. He has lived at__ for 30 years.
A. No. 101 Heping Street B. 101 Heping Street C. Heping Street 101 D. Heping street No. 101
23. You can find him in__ .
A. Room 201 B.201 Room C. the Room 20 D. the 201 Room
24. It's__ walk from here to my school.
A. two - hours B. two hours C. two - hour D. a two - hour
25. It was in__ when he was already in ___ that he went to Yan'an.
A. the 1940s, the 40s B. the 1940s, his forties C. 1940's, his forties D. the 1940's, his 40s
26. He went to the market and bought __eggs and some meat.
A. three dozen of B. three dozen C. three dozens D. three dozens of
27.Shortly after the accident two ___police were sent to the spot to keep order.
A. dozen of B. dozens C. dozen D. dozens of (MET92 29)
28.Mr Smith ___me to buy several __eggs for the dinner.
A. asked, dozen B. suggested, dozens of C. had, dozen D. persuaded, dozens of ('94上海)
29.____of the land in that district ___covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are C. Two fifths , is D. Two fifths, are (2000上海)
30.Two ___died of cold last winter.
A. hundreds old people B. hundred old people
C. hundred old peoples D. hundred old peoples ('88MET.15)
31.It is not rare in ___that people in ____fifties are going to university for further education.
A.90s,the B. the 90s, / C.90s, their D. the 90s, their ('99上海 6)
32.-Have you seen many sheep in the distance -Yes, ___.
A. thousand of them B. two thousands of them
C. two thousand of them D. two thousand them
语法复习十六：数 词
1．B
2. C 表示"几十"的数字的复数与所有格代词一起来用以表示人的年龄，本句为"二十多岁"。
3．C 定冠词"the"和数的复数形式在一起表示年代。
4．D 序数词前面加不定冠词表示"又一次"(已经四次了)
5．A 这里"first"有人说起副词作用，可以看成表语，也可以看做一种"取得第一名"的习惯用法。
6．D 序数词和名词共同构成的专有名词还可以是thc Second World War的形式。
7．C 只有C项为正确的表达方式，或者也可以写成"one or two days"．再如：one hour and a half或one and a half hours．
8．B "in half"表示"分成一样大小的两半"。也可以说"cut…in two"
9．B 再如twice the height(depth，width，weight，etc．)of
10．D either…or…连接主语用就近原则。be to hand out the prizes意为"要颁发奖品"。
11．答案为B。百分比作修饰语，前面不加冠词且不能加复数。
12．答案为B。分数做定语，分子用基数词，分母为序数词，当分子大于1时，分母用复数，本题中，其它表达方式均不正确。
13．答案为A。表增加或减少的数量的百分比，用by+百分数表示。
14．答案为A。不可数的名词的百分比用单数；可数名词的百分比则用复数。C项时态不对，另如：90 percent of the population here are peasents．这个句子中population的意思是people．
15．答案为A。"dozen"与数词或many，several等词连用时复数一般不加s，故B、C两项不选。此外，dozen与数词连用做定语，一般也不加of．当然也有例外：Place them in dozens on the table．dozens表数量很多。Two dozen of these are wanted．dozen后面有of因为有限定词these，the等。Dozens of people were here．dozens of也表示"很多"。
16．答案为B。"半打"的表达方式一定要用"hall a dozen"。
17．答案为B。score做定语修饰名词用a(three)score of，而不用复数形式；常用"scores of"为其复数形式，意为"大量"，但有：three score and ten，a score or more
18．答案为B。"hall"起副词作用，修饰过去分词"done"，因为这个过去分词表状态，故"half"应在"done"前。再如：well done，well known，不用a half修饰done，故不选C、B两项。
19．B意为"同时"，不是"立刻"。
20．B
2l．A 如：tens of thousands of(小数在前，大数在后)thousands and thonsands of(两数一样大)。
22．B 居住的门牌号用介词at+号数+街道名"。
23．A
24．答案为D。"walk"作为名词，常与不定冠词连用。注意：在表数量的合成词中，名词部分为单数，如：a two-year-old boy．
25．答案为B。"在20世纪40年代"，必须有定冠词"the"．此外，年代后要加's或s。"他已经40多岁了"要用in his forties。
26．答案为B。dozen与数词或多或少several, many连用时，复数不加s。dozens of表示数量很多，在修饰有these，the等词限定的名词时，可用dozen of的形式。如：three dozen of these eggs.
27.C 28.A 29.C 30.B 31.D 32.C
77
107语法复习十五：名 词
（一）考纲要求
名词应掌握以下内容：分清名词的可数性与不可数性；可数名词有单复数，有些名词只有复数；物质名词、抽象名词不可数但可以具体量化使用；名词所有格和of格的语言现象；名词直接作定语；国家名词的正确使用；名词词义的区分和搭配；单位名词的搭配；名词前的修饰语so, as, quite等；time及常考点。
（二）命题导向
名词的“可数”与“不可数”是高考命题的热点之一。不可数名词前不能与不定冠词连用，之后不能加-s。有些抽象名词却有复数形式，但意义与原来词不同。有些可数名词复数有两个意思，一个与单数意义相同，另一个和单数含义不同，高考中这些含义很可能成为考查的内容。词语的固定搭配及名词作定语也是高考命题的注意点。
（三）知识概要
英语的名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词是指个人、团体、地方、机构或事物等所专有的名称，它的第一个字母必须大写。如：Einstain, Beijing, Asia等。普通名词是指一类人、一类事物、某种物质抽象概念的名称，可分为：个体名词（可数，如：worker, father, book, tree, school等）；集体名词（可数，如：people, family, class, team等）；物质名词（不可数，如：iron, paper, snow, water, chalk, gold等）；抽象名词（不可数，如：life, thought, idea, strength等）。
注意：可数、不可数是英文名词和中文名词的一个重要差异——即学习的重点。而很多英语名词具有双重性。即，名词的类别不是固定不变的，它们会根据词义的变化和场合的不同而相互转换，其名词类别的转换可归纳如下：
1、个体名词转抽象名词或抽象名词转个体名词
e.g. Our school is not far from my home.（个体）我们学校离我家不远。
School is over at six.（抽象）六点钟放学。
2、物质名词转个体名词或个体名词转物质名词
e.g. He broke a piece of glass.（物质）他打破了一块玻璃。
He broke a glass.（个体）他打破了一个杯子。
3、个体名词转专有名词
e.g. His father is a teacher.（个体）他父亲是个教师。
“What are you doing there ” Father asked.（专有）“你在那儿干什么？”父亲问道。
（四）名词的数
名词分为可数（有单、复数形式）和不可数名词（只有单数形式）。
1、可数名词单数变复数：
① 一般加s ：lesson → lessons, pen → pens
② 以s, x, ss, ch, sh, o结尾的加es ：buses, boxes, classes, watches, brushes, hero → heroes
但有些以o结尾的名词，是加s构成复数：kilo → kilos, piano → pianos, radio → radios,
photo → photos, zoo → zoos
③ 以辅音字母 + y 结尾的改y为i，再加es ：city → cities, story → stories
④ 以f 或fe结尾的，一般将f或fe改为v，再加es ：knife → knives, leaf → leaves
但有些以f 结尾的名词，是在f后加s，构成复数形式：belief → beliefs, roof → roofs, safe（保险箱）→ safes, proof（证据）→ proofs, chief → chiefs, handkerchief → handkerchiefs
2、有些名词，不按上述规则构成其复数形式，有以下几种情况：
① 单复数形式相同：Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep
② 不规则变化：man → men, woman → women, goose → geese, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, child → children, mouse → mice, ox → oxen 。但是，German → Germans
③ 复合名词的复数形式：editor-in-chief → editors-in-chief, daughter-in-law → daughters-in-law, grown-up → grown-ups, woman teacher → women teachers, man driver → men drivers
3、注意以下几个名词单复数问题
① 物质名词一般不用复数形式,但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示不同的类别,如：fishes各种鱼，fruits各种水果，steels各种钢材。
② 物质名词表示数量时，一般用表示数量的短语来表示。如：a cup of tea, three bags of apples, four pieces of bread。
③ 有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义。如：work（工作）→ works（著作），arm（手臂）→ arms（军火），glass（玻璃）→ glasses（眼镜），cloth（布）→ clothes（衣服）。
④ 定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式，表示全家人或夫妇二人；姓氏的复数形式前不加冠词，则表示若干个姓…的人。如：the Wangs王家，three Wangs三个姓王的。
⑤ 只用作单数的复数形式的名词。如：physics, mathematics, news, the United States
⑥ 有些名词形似单数，但实为复数。如：police, people, cattle
⑦ 有些名词如被看作整体时就作单数用，如被看作组成该集体的各个成员时就作复数用。如：class, family, couple, audience, government, public
⑧ 有些抽象名词在具体化时，可以复数形式出现。表示特指时，可和定冠词连用；表示“某种”或“一次”意义时，可和不定冠词连用。如：How did you smooth away the difficulties （指各种具体困难）；It is a great pleasure to talk with you.；What a surprise!
（五）名词的所有格
名词的所有格在句中表示所有关系，作定语用。
1、有生命名词的所有格一般在词尾加上“’”或“’s”。如：Tom’s bike, Engles’s (Engles’) works, a works’ school, Women’s Day, the editor-in-chief’s office
2、如果一个事物为两个人所有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“’s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾都加上“’s”。如：Tom and Mike’s room.（共有），Tom’s and Mike’s books.（不共有）。
3、表示时间、距离、国家、城市的无生命名词，可以在词尾加“’s”或“’”表示所有格，如：today’s papers, ten minutes’ walk
4、表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格之后省去shop, house, home。如：the tailor’s
5、无生命名词的所在格通常用of短语来表示。如：the window of the room
6、表示有生命的名词有时也可用of短语来表示所有关系，而且当该名词带有较长的定语时。如：the teachers of the No. 1 Middle School.
7、双重所有格结构前的被修饰名词通常指整体中的部分或一个，双重所有格只能用于有生命的名词，这个名词是确定的。被修饰名词前有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时，一般只能用双重所有格。如：an old friend of my uncle’s, a daughter of Mrs Green’s, the house of one of my friends
（六）名词的普通格作定语
表材料、地点、用途、性质、泛指时间、整体等普通名词可以作定语，一般用单数形式。
e.g. stone figures（石像）；paper money（纸币）；country music（乡村音乐）；table cloth（桌布）；river bank（河岸）；school gate（校门口）；book stores（书店）；traffic lights（交通灯）；summer holidays（暑假）；evening dress（晚礼服）。
但在个别情况下，也有需用复数的。
e.g. sports meet（运动会）；the United States government（美国政府）；students reading-room（学生阅览室）；goods train（货车）；two men doctors（两个男医生）。
练习、名词
1. The ____ of the room were covered with ____.
A. roofs, leafs B. roofs, leaves C. rooves, leafs D. rooves, leaves
2. There are three ____ in our factory.
A. woman doctors B. women doctors C. woman doctor D. women doctor
3. Which do you prefer ____ or ____
A. potatos, tomatos B. potatos, tomatoes C. potatoes, tomatos D. potatoes, tomatoes
4. They are ____ of different presses(出版社). Now they are having a meeting in one of the ____ office.
A. editor-in-chiefs, editors-in-chief’s B. editors-in-chief, editor-in-chief’s
C. editors-in-chiefs, editor’s-in-chief’s D. editors-in-chief, editors-in-chief’s
5. The ant has two ____. A. stomaches B. stomacks C. stomach D. stomachs
6. He doesn’t like ____ for supper. A. chick B. chicken C. chickens D. chicks
7. It was ____ hot weather that many of us went swimming.
A. so B. such C. so as D. such a
8. ____ wonderful space they saw on the room!
A. How B. How a C. What D. What a
9. We know ____ travels not so fast as light.
A. sound B. sounds C. the sounds D. a sound
10. My family raise a lot of ____, including two ____.
A. cattle, cows B. cows, cattle C. cattles, cows D. cow, cattles
11. A number of soldiers ____ at he camp gate（军营门口）.
A. have gathered B. has gathered C. is D. was
12. The Browns have spent a large ____ of money on their new car.
A. deal B. amount C. number D. size
13. ____ work has been done to improve the people’s living standard.
A. Many B. A great many C. A great deal of D. A number of
14. Mr Li shook ____ warmly with a friend.
A. hand B. a hand C. hands D. the hands
15. Two ____, please. A. coffee B. coffees C. cup of coffee D. cups coffee
16. I can’t pay as ____ as he asked for.
A. high price a B. high price C. a high price D. high a price
17. ____ knowledge of space develops rapidly. A. Man’s B. Men’s C. Mens’ D. Person’s
18.I stayed at ____. A. Xiao Wang’s B. Wang’s home C. the Wangs D. home of Wang
19. Sister Carrie works in a ____ factory. A. shoes B. shoses C. shoe D. shoe’s
20. Have you ever read ____
A. today newspaper B. newspaper today C. newspaper of today D. today’s newspaper
21. Two ____ walk didn’t made me tired. A. hour B. hours C. hour’s D. hours’
22. The mother over there is ____ mother.
A. Julia and Mary B. Julia and Mary’s C. Julia’s and Mary’s D. Julia’s and Mary
23. Li Ming’s handwriting is better than ____ in the class.
A. anyone’s B. anyone else C. anyone’s else’s D. anyone else’s
24. The children are playing ____ on the ____.
A. sand, sand B. sands, sands C. sand, sands D. sands, sand
25. If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller ____. A. set B. one C. copy D. pair
26. Tom usually takes a ____ in bus on rainy days. A. walk B. ride C. trip D. travel
27. We have no ____ about where she has gone.
A. information B. news C. message D. flash
28. Food and ____ are daily necessities（需要）for the people.
A. cloth B. clothe C. clothes D. clothing
29. My ____ of hearing is not so good as it used to be. A. strength B. sense C. power D. skill
30. The ____ caused by carelessness ____ yesterday. Many workers were killed.
A. incident, was happened B. matter, happened
C. event, was taken place D. accident, took place
31. The room was so quiet that she could hear the ____ of her heart.
A. beating B. ways C. knocking D. striking
32. ____ has been told not to throw waste things anywhere.
A. The public B. People C. Women D. Man
33. He was an ____ in the government ____.
A. office, official B. official, office C. officer, office D. official, officer
34. There are several ____ in this novel who are different in ____.
A. character, character B. characters, characters C. character, characters D. characters, character
35. We visited him ____ when he was in hospital.
A. every other days B. each other day C. every other day D. every two day
36. My friend will return in ____.
A. one day or two B. a day or two C. one day or two D. a or two days
37. ____ is always difficult for me.
A. Translation B. Translate C. The translation D. A translation
38. ____ of this novel is excellent, quite to my surprise.
A. Translation B. Translate C. The translation D. A translation
39. The police ____ looking into the matter now. A. be B. is C. are D. are going to
40. The Chinese are ____ brave and hard working people. A. the B. a C. / D. one
41. No news ____ good news. A. is B. are C. have D. has
42. Maths still ____ very difficult for me, though I have done my best.
A. looks B. seems C. is D. are
43. “Where ____ my trousers ” the boy asked. A. is B. was C. were D. are
44. How happy they are! Obviously, they are ____.
A. in nice spirits B. in nice spirit C. in high spirits D. in high spirit
45. I saw many ____ seated in the corner reading something.
A. Japanese B. Japaneses C. of Japanese D. of Japaneses
46. Father went to his doctor for ____ about his heart trouble.
A. an advice B. advice C. advices D. the advices
47. We are ____ and they are ____. A. Englishmen, Germans
B. Englishmen, German C. Englishmans, Germans D. Englishmen, Germen
48. ____ are made of ____.
A. A glass, a glass B. Glasses, glass C. The glass, the glass D. Glasses, glasses
49. I’ll have to buy ____ trousers. A. a B. two C. a pair of D. a couple of
50. There are two ____ in our class. A. Liu B. Lius C. Liu’s D. Lius’
51. ____ is needed in cold countries.
A. A lot of clothes B. Much clothing C. Many a cloth D. Lots of clothes
52. They are ____. A. mathematics student B. mathematic students
C. students in mathematics D. mathematics students
53. The laboratory assistant recorded the ____ reactions（反应）.
A. mouses’ B. mice C. mices’ D. mice’s
54. This letter was sent by ____.
A. my father friend B. my father friend’s C. a friend of my father’s D. a friend of my father
55. Ten years had passed. I found she had ____.
A. a little white hair B. some white hair C. a few white hair D. a few white hairs
56. I have made ____ with Billy. A. friends B. friend C. a friend D. the friend
57. The population of Beijing is ____ than that of Xi’an. A. more B. larger C. fewer D. small
58. There are thirty-two ____ in our school.
A. woman teacher B. women teacher C. women teachers D. woman teachers
59. He had tried everything but it made little______ .
A. use B. good C. difference D. result
60. You must get there within half an hour. There should be no______ in sending the blood to the dying man.
A. wait B. delay C. time D. hurry
61. Enough of it! Nobody here thinks what you are saying should make any______ .
A. excuse B. sense C. use D. value
62. -How dare you play on such thin ice -Playing on ice is not my ______of spare time.
A. idea B. thought C. mind D. intention
63. Helen said she would like to go to Atlanta by air, but I wonder if she has enough money to pay for the______ .
A. travel B. tourism C. journey D. course
64. One splendid mountain______ followed another during our journey from Mieheel more to Rurunz.
A. view B. glance C. screen D. scene
65.The new law will come into ___on the day it is passed. (1999上海)
A. effect B. use C. service D. existence
66. When you play' football, what ______do you play
A. situation B. place C. part D. position
67. It's important for us to employ a word or a phrase according to the______in language studies.
A. situation B. expression C. condition D. translation
68. I wrote him a letter to show my ______of his thoughtfulness.
A. achievement B. agreement C. view D. appreciation
69. One of the advantages of living on the top floor of a high-rise is that you can get a good______ .
A. sight B. scene C. view D. look
70. Nowadays natural gas, wind and other forms of ______are widely used in the country.
A. energy B. force C. power D. materials
71. ______with foreign countries can bring us much information about the world.
A. Contrast B. Competition C. Contact D. Combination
72. We all know that______speak louder than words.
A. movements B. performances C. operations D. actions
73.We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into ___.(NMET1997 38)
A. fact B. reality C. practice D. deed
74.We've missed the last bus. I'm afraid we have no ____but to take a taxi.(Met 1993 ,33)
A. way B. choice C. possibility D. selection
75.He dropped the ___and broke it . (Met 1993, 38)
A. cup of coffee B. coffee's cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup
76.Here's my card. Let's keep in ____. (NMET1994 ,33)
A. touch B. relation C. connection D. friendship
77.He gained his ___by printing ___of famous writers.(NMET1995,40)
A. wealth; work B. wealths ; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works
78.I'll look into the matter as soon as possible , just have a little ___.(MET 1996 ,10)
A. wait B. time C. patience D. rest
79.If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask them to leave a ____.(NMET1997,18)
A. message B. letter C. sentence D. notice
80.These football players had no strict ___until they joined our club. (1997.上海 20)
A. practice B. education C. exercise D. training
81.Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of ___.(1996.上海.15)
A. energy B. source C. power D. material
82.You'll find this map of great __in helping you to get round London.(NMET 1998 21)
A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness
83.We all know that ___speak louder than words.(1999.上海 24)
A. movements B. performances C. operations D. actions
84.My parents always let me have my own ____of living. (1999.上海25)
A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion
语法复习十五：名 词
1~5 BBDDD 6~10 BBCAA 11~15 ABCCB 16~20 DAACD 21~25 DBDCD
26~30 BADBD 31~35 AABDC 36~40 BACCB 41~45 ABDCA 46~50 BABCB
51~55 BDDCD 56~60 ABCCB 61~65 BACAA 66~70 DADCA 71~75 CDCBD
76~80 ADCAD 81~84 ACDA
77
103非谓语动词考点全解
1， 考查非谓语动词的时态和语态
[链接高考]
（1） All these gifts must be mailed immediately _____ in time for Christmas.
A. in order to have received B. in order to receive
C. so as to be received D. So as to be receiving
(2005辽宁)
【简析】 答案是C。 因为句子主语All these gifts与不定式receive式被动关系，只有
选项C是被动式。
（2） _______ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.
A. Being separated B. Having separated
C. Having been separated D. To be separated
(2005湖北)
【简析】 答案是C。因为Australia与separate是被动关系，且separate发生在谓语动词has之前，所以用现在分词的完成被动式作原因状语。
2， 考查非谓语动词的逻辑主语
所作句子成分 宾语和表语 定语 状语 宾补
逻辑主语 句子的主语 所修饰的词 句子的主语 句子的宾语
[链接高考]
（1） While watching television, _______.
A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings
C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings
(2005全国III)
【简析】 答案是C。 因为watching 的逻辑主语一定是句子的主语，能作其主语的只有选项C和D 中的we，有因为在hear后能作宾补的应是省略to 的不定式。
(2)In order to make our city green, _______.
A. it is necessary to have planted more trees B. many more trees need to plant
C. our city needs more trees D. we must plant more trees
(2002上海春)
【简析】 答案是D。 作目的状语的不定式的逻辑主语应为句子的主语，选项中的主语能作不定式的逻辑主语的只有we。
3， 考查非谓语动词的否定式
[链接高考]
（1） Victor apologized for _____ to inform me of the change in the plan.
A. his being not able B. him not to be able
C. his not being able D. him to be not able
(2004上海春)
【简析】 答案是C。 在介词for后作宾语用动名词，排除B和D；非谓语动词的否定式式将not放在非谓语动词之前，排除A；只有选项C 正确，题中not放在动名词being 之前，逻辑主语his之后。
(2) _______the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
A. Not completing B. Not completed
C. Not having completed D. Having not completed
(2004广东)
【简析】 答案是C。 因为非谓语动词的否定式，要将not等放在非谓语动词的前面，排除D；they与complete是主动关系，用现在分词，排除B；“还没有完成”，发生在“决定”之前，所以用现在分词的完成式，排除A。
4， 考查非谓语动词作主语和表语
[链接高考]
（1） It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview;_____ the answers ready will be of great help.
A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having
(2005北京)
【简析】 答案是D。 因为动名词短语作主语，表示一般的情况。
（2）______ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk
(1992全国)
【简析】 答案是B。 因为a good form暗示泛指一般性行为，用动名词作主语。
注：（1）有时这种区别并不是很严格。但要注意：主语和表语要用同一种形式；平行结构中要用同一种形式。
[链接高考] Fishing is his favourite hobby, and _____.
A. he’d like to collect coins as well
B. he feels like collecting coins, too.
C. to collect coins is also his hobby
D. collecting coins also gives him great pleasure.
(2001上海)
【简析】 答案是D。 因为and连接两个并列句，前一分句用动名词作主语，与之并列的后一分句也应用动名词作主语。
（2） 在seem, appear, prove（结果是，后来表明），remain（尚须），grow (达到……的程度)等连系动词后，可用不定式作表语，但不用-ing形式作表语。
[链接高考]I think you’ll grow _____ him when you know him better.
A. liking B. to be like C. to like D. to be liking
(2005江西)
【简析】 答案是C。 因为在表示“达到喜欢的程度”的grow后用不定式作表语，排除A;like作喜欢讲是动词，前面不用be，排除B，like一般没有进行式，排除D。
5， 考查不定式和动名词作宾语
表示“需要”的need,want和require等后的动词形式这时，其主语一般是事物，其后的动词形式可以是不定式的被动式，也可以是动名词的主动式。
[链接高考]There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars ____ road conditions need _______.
A. that, to be improved B. which , to be improved
C. where, improving D. when, improving
（2003上海）
【简析】 答案是A。 因为“公路状况需要改善”，need后接improving或to be improved都可以。后面的从句应是problem的同位语，应用that引导。
6， 考查不定式，现在分词和过去分词作状语
[链接高考] （1）My advisor encouraged______ a summer course to improve my wrting skills. A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take
(2004北京)
【简析】 答案是D。 因为me 与take式主动关系，且take 发生在谓语动词encouraged之后，要用不定式作宾语，即encourage sb. To do sth。
（2） Paul doesn’t have to be made ______. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
（1995全国）
【简析】 答案是B。 因为在使役动词make, let, have后，一般用不带to的不定式作宾补，但在其被动式后作主补的不定式要加to。
7， 考查不定式，现在分词或过去分词作状语
1． 在表示时间，条件，让步，方式或伴随情况等时，通常要用分词，不用不定式。
句子主语与现在分词在逻辑上是主动关系，句子主语与过去分词在逻辑上是被动关系。注意：现在分词的被动式，习惯上不作伴随状语。
[链接高考] （1）Daddy didn’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, _____fun.
A. had B. have C. to have D. having
（2005重庆）
【简析】 答案是D。 因为作伴随状语不能用不定式，we与have fun是主动关系，要用现在分词。
[链接高考] （2）______ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited
(2004北京)
【简析】 答案是C。 表示时间不能用不定式，而要用现在分词。Having fun=After he had waited…
[链接高考] (3)When ______ help, one often says, “Thank you.” Or “ It’s kind of you.”
A. offering B. to offer C. to be offered D. offered
（2005福建）
【简析】 答案是D。 某人说“谢谢”应当是他被提供了帮助，所以要用过去分词。When offered help = when he is offered help…
2。不定式和分词表示原因的区别
表示原因时，分词短语常放在句首，也可放在句末，多用逗号格开；不定式短语却只能放在句末，但不用逗号，且多用于表示情绪或情感反应的动词，形容词之后。
I’m surprised to see you here .在这时遇见你真让我感到意外。
[链接高考] _______ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.
A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed
(2005湖南)
【简析】 he 和dress是被动关系，要用过分词作原因状语，故选A.Dressed in … = As he isdressed in …
3．不定式和现在分词表示结果的区别
不定式表结果，其动作发生在谓语动词之后，往往表示未曾预料到的或令热不快的结果，不定式前常加only；另外，还用于too…to, enough to, never to, so/such… as to等固定结构中。现在分词表示的结果，式伴随谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果（同时发生），有时在前面加上thus，谓语动词于现在动词的动作式因果关系。
[链接高考] (1) He hurried to the station only _____ that the train had left.
A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found
(2005广东)
【简析】 答案是A。only后接不定式，表示“结果却，不料”，hurried和find是先后发生的两个动作。
[链接高考]（2）Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _____ a record US57.65 a barrel on April 4.
A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching
(2005山东)
【简析】伴随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果，用现在分词作结果状语。故选B。
4．作目的状语或者在形容词后作状语只能用不定式
[链接高考] (1) ____ more about university coursed, call (05920)746-3789.
A．To find out B. Finding out C. Find out D. Having found out
(2005浙江)
?【简析】作目的状语要用动词不定式，故选A。
[链接高考] （2）You were silly not ______ your car.
A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked
(2004 湖南)
【简析】在形容词（silly）后作状语，用不定式；“没有锁车”发生在谓语之前，用完成式，故选B。语法复习三：名词性从句
名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句厅分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。
（一）引导名词性从句的连接词
1、连接代词：who, whose, whom, what, which。有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。
2、连接副词：when, where, why, how。有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语。
3、连接词：that, whether, if, as if。that 无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略；if (whether), as if虽有词义，但在从句中不担任成分。
注意：连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句，因而从句中谓语不用疑问式。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分，连接词whether 和if（是否），as if（好象）在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。根据句义，如果连接代词与连接副词，whether、if 和as if都用不上时，才用that作连接词（that本身无任何含义）。
（二）主语从句
1、主语从句在复合句作主语。
e.g. Who will go is not important.
2、用it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。
e.g. It doesn’t matter so much whether you will come or not.
3、that引导主语从句时，不能省略。
e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.
（三）表语从句
1、表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。
e.g. The question was who could go there.
2、引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。
e.g. My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work.
（四）宾语从句
1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。
e.g. I hope (that) everything is all right.
2、介词之后的宾语从句，不可用which或if连接，要分别用what或 whether。
e.g. I’m interested in whether you’ve finished the work..
I’m interested in what you’ve said.
3、whether与if都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。
①宾语从句是否定句时，只用if，不用whether。
e.g. I wonder if it doesn’t rain.
②用if 会引起误解，就要用whether。
e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go.（此句如果把whether改成if，容易当成条件句理解）
③宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用，就不能换成if；不直接连用，可换。
e.g. I don’t know whether or not the report is true.
I don’t know whether/ if the report is true or not.
④介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether 可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时，只能用if，而不能用whether。
e.g. It depends on whether we have enough time.
They don’t know whether to go there.
Please come to see me if you have time.
（五）同位语从句
同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词（如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等）之后，说明该名词的具体内容。
e.g. I have no idea when he will be back.
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.
练习：名词性从句
一、判断下列各句哪句含有名词性从句，并指出是什么从句：
1. China is no longer what it used to be.
2. The truth that the earth turn around the sun is known to all.
3. It was snowing when he arrived at the station.
4. How he persuaded the manager to change the plan is interesting to us all.
5. The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.
6. The news that you told me yesterday was really disappointing.
7. That is where Lu Xun used to live.
8. He spoke as if he understood what he was talking about.
9. Do you remember the teacher who taught us English at middle school
10. I wonder why she refused my invitation.
二、用适当的连词填空：
1. I can’t decide ____________ dictionary I should buy.
2. That’s ____________ he refused my invitation.
3. I am very interested in ____________ he has improved his pronunciation in such a short time.
4. ____________ we need is more time.
5. The fact ____________ she had not said anything at the meeting surprised everybody.
6. ____________ and ____________ they will meet has not been decided yet.
7. Please tell me ____________ you are waiting for.
8. Is that ____________ you are looking for
9. Would you please tell me ____________ the nearest post office is
10. I don’t know ____________ he will agree to the plan or not.
三、选择填空：
1. Do you see _____ I mean
A. that B./ C. how D. what
2. Tell me_____ is on your mind.
A. that B. what C. which D. why
3. We must stick to _____ we have agreed on.
A. what B. that C. / D. how
4. Let me see _____.
A. that can I repair the radio B. whether -I can repair the radio
C. I can repair the radio D. whether can I repair the radio
5. Keep in mind _____.
A. that the teacher said B. what did the teacher say
C. that did the teacher say D. what the teacher said
6. Could you advise me _____
A. which book should I read first B. what book should I read first
C. that book 1 should read first D. which book I should read first
7. He was criticized for _____.
A. he had done it B. what he had done C. what had he done D. that he had done it
8. Would you kindly tell me _____
A. how can I get to the Beijing Railway Station
B. how I can get to the Beijing Railway Station
C. where can I get to the Beijing Railway Station
D. whether can I get to the Beijing Railway Station
9. Mrs. Smith was very much impressed by _____.
A. what had she seen in China B. that she had seen in China
C. what she had seen in China D. which had she seen in China
10. We took it for granted ___
A. that they were not coming B. that were they not coming
C. they were coming not D. were they not coining
11. I really don't know _____
A. I should do next B. what should I do next
C. what I should do next D. how I should do next
12. I'm afraid _____.
A. the little girl will have to be operated on
B. that will the little girl have to operate on
C. the little girl will have to operate on
D. that will the little girl have to be operated on
13. She walked up to _____ .
A. where did I stand B. where I stood
C. I stood there D. where I stood there
14. Can you tell me _____
A. who is that gentleman B. that gentleman is who
C. who that gentleman is D. whom .is that gentleman
15. We'll give you _____.
A. that do you need B. what do you need
C. whatever you need D. whether do you need
16. They want us to know _____ to help us.
A. what can they B. what they can C. how they can D. how can they
17. We must put _____ into practice.
A. what we have learned B. that we have learned
C. that have we learned D. what have we learned
18. Did she say anything about _____
A. that the work was to be done B. how was the work to be done
C. that was the work to be done D. how the work was to be done
19. He was never satisfied with _____.
A. what she had achieved B. had what she achieved
C. she had achieved D. that she achieved
20. These photographs will show you _____.
A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like
C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like
21. Peter insisted _____ he pay the bill.
A. on that B. what C. that D. on which
22. They urged _____ the library open during the vacation.
A. when B. where C. why D. that
23. We wish we could have learned _____ when we were at high school.
A. what you did B. that you had done
C. that what you did D. what did you do
24.1 will describe to you _____ I saw when there.
A. what B. that C. which D./
25. From _____ I should say he is a good worker.
A. what 1 know of him B. that I do know of him
C. what do I know of him D. that do I know of him
26. I will give this dictionary to __ wants to have it.
A. whomever B. anyone C. whoever D. someone
27._____ they will come here hasn' t been decided yet.
A. What B. That C. When D. Where
28. _____ was said here must be kept secret.
A. Who B. The thing C. Whatever D. Where
29. It is still a question _____ we shall have our sports meet.
A. if B. that C. what D. when
30. I'm going anyway. _____ she will go is up to her to decide.
A. If or not B. Whether or not C. If D. That
31. It is strange _____ she have left without saying a word.
A. that B. what C. why D. how
32. It is very clear _____ our policy is a correct one.
A. what B. that C. why D. where
33. _____ Mr Zhang said is quite right.
A. That B. When C. What D. Whether
34. It has been decided _____ he will be sent there.
A. if B. whether C. why D. that
35. It doesn' t matter _____he' s come back or not.
A. if B. whether C. that D. when
36. It's a great pity _____ we won’t be able to finish the task on time.
A. when B. that C. why D. where
37. It happened _____ I wasn't there that day.
A. when B. why C. where D. that
38._____ you have done might do harm to other people.
A. What B. That C. Which D. The things
39. _____ leaves the room last ought to turn oft the lights.
A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D.Who
40._____ the 2000 Olympic Games won't be held in Beijing is known to all.
A. Whether B. If C. Whenever D. That
41. _____ fails to see this will make a big mistake.
A. That B. Whoever C. Whether D. Whether or not
42. __ we need more equipment is quite obvious.
A. What B. Whether C. That D. Whatever
43. Has it been announced _____
A. when are the planes to take off B. that are the planes to take off
C. where are the planes to take off D. when the planes are to take off
44. That is _____ we all support his idea.
A. what B. why C. where D. when
45. That’s _____ we should do.
A. that B. what C. how D. why
46. _____ is troubling me is _____ I don’t understand _____ he said
A. What; that; what B. What; what; what
C. That; that; what D. Why; that; which
47. Things were not _____ they seemed to be.
A. when B. why C. that D. what
48. That’s _____ I want to say.
A. all what B. what C. all which D. what that
49. That’s _____ .
A. where our differences lie B. our differences lie there
C. where do our differences lie D. that where our differences lie
50. That is _____ .
A. where lived he there B. where did he live
C. where he lived D. that where he lived
51. The questions is _____.
A. whether is it worth doing B. that if it is worth doing
C. whether it is worth doing D. if it is worth doing
52. Water will continue to be _____ it is today next in importance to oxygen.
A. how B. which C. what D. as
53. That's_____.
A. how did I become a teacher B. how I became a teacher
C. how a teacher I became D. that I became a teacher
54. They are just _____.
A. that what shall I have B. what shall I have
C. that I shall have what D. what I shall have
55. It looked ____.
A. as if it was going to rain B. that as if it was going to rain
C. as if was it going to rain D. as if that it was going to rain
56. That's_____.
A. how she did it B. that how did she do it.
C. how did she do it D. what she did it
57. That is _____ we decided to put the discussion off.
A. where B. which C. that D. why
58. That’s _____ I lived when I was ten years old.
A. where B. at which C. there where D. when
59. My suggestion is _____ we should send a few comrades to help them.
A. if B. that C. when that D. that where
60. The idea _____ all people are selfish is wrong.
A. what B. that C. why D. if
61. We heard the news _____ our team had won.
A. that B. what C. whether D. why
62. The fact _____ he hadn’t said anything surprised us all.
A. why B. if C. that D. whether
63.I have no idea _____ she will be back.
A. that B. where C. that when D. when
64. We must keep in mind the fact _____ China is still a developing country.
A. whether B. that C. why D. when
65. They have no idea at all _____.
A. where he has gone B. where did he go
C. where has he gone D. which place he has gone
参考答案
语法复习三：名词性从句
一、1、表语从句；2、同位语从句；3、不是；4、主语从句；5、同位语从句；6、不是；7、表语从句；8、宾语从句；9、不是；10、宾语从句
二、1. which; 2. why; 3. how; 4. What; 5. that; 6. when, where; 7. who(m); 8. what; 9. where; 10. whether
三、1~5 DBABD 6~10 DBBCA 11~15 CABCC 16~20 BADAB 21~25 CDAAA
26~30 CCCDB 31~35 ABCDB 36~40 BDACD 41~45 BCDBB 46~50 ADBAC
51~55 CCBDA 56~60 ADABB 61~65 ACDBA
PAGE
21语法复习十九：冠 词
（一）考纲要求
考纲规定，冠词考查基本用法，包括定冠词与不定冠词，不定冠词a与an的区别；不用冠词的情况；习语中的冠词；特指与泛指等。
（二）命题导向
冠词规则的灵活运用是高考命题的一个热点，几乎每年高考题的单项选择或完形填空都有涉及冠词的题目，不定冠词和定冠词的一些特殊用法，习惯用法及不用冠词的情况是高考重点考查的知识点。
（三）基本用法
当代语法把冠词分为不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词（即不用冠词）三种。冠词是一种虚词，起限定作用，是最主要最典型的限定词，放在名词（或名词化的形容词分词）前面，说明其所指的人或物。
1、定冠词的基本用法：
① 表示上文提到过的人或事物。如：I have bought a book. The book is very useful.
② 用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如：Close the window, please.
③ 用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the sun, the moon, the earth, the world等。
④ 用于表示方位的名词之前。如：the east, the right.
⑤ 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如：the first, the tallest.
⑥ 用于形容词之前，使其名词化。如：the sick, the wounded.
⑦ 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如：the United States, the United Nation.
⑧ 用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前。如：the Changjiang River, the East Lake.
⑨ 用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如：The Smiths
⑩ 用于乐器的名词前。如：play the piano; play the violin.
⑾ 发明物。如：The compass was invented in China.
⑿ 年代名词前。如：He lived in the countryside in the 1970s.
⒀ 固定词组中。如：in the morning(afternoon, evening), on the other hand , at the same time
2、不定冠词的基本用法：
① 泛指一个。如：There is a book on the table.
② 指人或事物的某一种类。如：His father is a driver. Longjing is a wonderful tea.
③ 指某一个人或事物，但不具体说明。如：My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire.
④ 用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前，表示“每一”。如：We have meals three times a day.（我们一天吃三餐。）
⑤ 表示同样的。如：They are of an age.（他们是同岁。）
⑥ 表数量，相当于one,但语意较弱。如：There is a pen and two books on the desk.
⑦ 使抽象名词具体化。如：The little girl is a help to her mother. （a hand译"帮手"）
⑧ 固定搭配。如：as a matter of fact , in a hurry, in a word
3、不用冠词的情况：
① 表示总称的复数名词之前。如：Children love cartoons.（儿童喜欢卡通影片。）
② 不含普通名词的专有名词前。如：We are studying English.
③ 名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。如：I like this picture; I do not have any money; As time went on, Einstein’s theory proved to be correct.
④ 季节、月份、星期等名词前，一般不用冠词。如：She likes spring most.
⑤ 呼语前不用冠词。如：What shall I do next, Mother
⑥ 三餐饭前不用冠词。如：What did you have for lunch
⑦ 节假日前不用冠词。如：People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.
⑧ 球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。如：She is fond of playing basketball.
⑨ 在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。如：arm in arm（手挽手）; hand in hand（手牵手）; side by side（肩对肩）; day and day（日日夜夜）; young and old（老老少少）; from door to door（挨门挨户）; from beginning to end（从头到尾）; from morning till night（从早到晚）等。
练习（一）、冠 词
1. In America, ____ car is ____ popular means of transportation（交通设施）.
A. the, the B. a, the C. the, / D. the, a
2. ---- What happened ---- They left in such ____ hurry that they forgot to lock ____ door.
A. a, a B. a, the C. /, the D. /, a
3. There were two small rooms in the house, ____ smaller of which served as ____ kitchen.
A. a, the B. the, a C. the, the D. a, a
4. I ordered ____ book some time ago. ____ book has arrived.
A. a, The B. the, A C. a, A D. /, The
5. Mr Smith is ____ European and his wife is ____ American.
A. an, an B. a, a C. a, an D. an, a
6. Lesson 10 is ____ most difficult lesson, but it isn’t ____ most difficult lesson in Book One.
A. a, a B. a, the C. the, the D. the, a
7. My sister works in a factory. She goes home once ____ month. A. a B. an C. the D. every
8. He was absent because he had caught ____.
A. heavy a cold B. the heavy cold C. a heavy cold D. heavy cold
9. ____ water is ____ liquid. A. The, a B. A, a C. /, / D. /, a
10. In winter ____ people often hang up wet clothes near ____ fire.
A. /, / B. a, a C. /, a D. the, a
11. He has tried twice, and the captain asks him to have ____ third try.
A. a B. the C. another D. other
12. He was a top student in the class, he often got ____ in English.
A. first B. a first C. second D. the second
13. ____ horse is ____ useful animal. A. The, the B. The, a C. The, an D. /, a
14. Tom left Shanghai in ____.
A. the summer 1995 B. summer 1995 C. 1995 the summer D. the summer of 1995
15. ____ children here live ____ most happy life. A. The, the B. The, a C. The, / D. /, the
16. The soldier died during ____ World War I. A. the B. the first C. / D. a
17. In ____ Marx began to learn Russian.
A. a 1870 B. 1870s C. the year of 1870 D. the 1870s
18. Alice is ____ of the two girls. A. taller B. the tall C. more tall D. the taller
19. ---- Can your sister play ____ ---- No, but she can play ____.
A. the tennis, the piano B. tennis, piano C. the tennis, piano D. tennis, the piano
20. The introduction is always in ____ of a book.
A. front B. the front C. a front D. instead
21. She touched her daughter gently ____ shoulder.
A. in her B. on her C. in the D. on the
22. Both ____ wounded and ____ sick were sent to safety.
A. /, / B. the, the C. /, the D. the, /
23. ____ doctors and ____ nurses should care for their patients.
A. The, the B. /, / C. The, / D. /, the
24. Tell us the story as ____ Mother told you. A. a B. the C. an D. /
25. Do you know how long ____ has lived on the earth
A. man B. the man C. a man D. men
26. The man was once thrown into ____ prison for robbing the bank. A. a B. an C. the D./
27. ____ Mount Tai is in the east of China. A. A B. The C. / D. That
28. I like ____ history. I am studying ____ history of China.
A. the, / B. /, the C. a, / D. /, a
29. He wrote a letter ____ pencil. A. with B. in C. in a D. use a
30. On October 1, the Chinese people celebrated ____ with new achievements and victories.
A. National Day B. the National Day C. our National Day D. a National Day
练习（二）、冠 词
1. ---You mean you know the man ---I know________ man exactly like him.
A. other B. the C. / D. a
2. Wouldn't it be_________ wonderful world if all nations live in ________peace with one another
A. a, / B. the, / C. a, the D. the, the
3. ---I hear that as many as 1,500 people were killed in the earthquake.
---Yes, ________ news came as ________ shock to us.
A. a, a B. the, a C. /, / D. /, a
4. At midnight they reached ________ small village ________ east of ______ Everwhite Mountain.
A. a,/, the B. a,/, / C. the, the, the D. the, an, an
5. Nanjing lies on ________ Changjiang River and has ________ population of more than four million.
A. the, the B. the, / C. the, a D. /, a
6. Bill Clinton took ________ office on January 20th, 1993 and left ________ office on January 20th, 2001.
A. /, / B. his, his C. the, the D. an, his
7. We learn to go all out to work for ____ good of ____ society.
A. the, / B. /, / C. /, a D. the, the
8. Paris is ____ most beautiful city, where you can see ____ famous Eiffel Tower.
A. a, the B. a, / C. the, a D. the, the
9. ---What about ____ bike ---Do you think it all right to buy him ____ bike as ____ birthday present
A. the, the, the B. a, the, a C. the, a, the D. the, the, a
10. He had decided to give it up, but on ____ second thoughts he decided to try ____ third time.
A. the, a B. /, / C. a, a D. /, a
11. Towards ____ morning, ____ heavy rain began to fall.
A. the, a B. a, a C. the, / D. the, /
12. ---Excuse me, where are ____ books for biology
---Follow me. They' re on this shelf. Do you want ____ new or used book
A. a, a B. a, the C. the, a D. the, the
13. Young as he is, David has gained ____ rich experience in ____ society.
A. /, / B. the, the C. a, / D./, the
14. ---My son is lost. Did you see a boy passing by
---I saw ____ boy hidden behind ____ tree over there. You may go and have a look.
A. a, a B. the, the C. a, the D. the, a
15. Mary climbed to the top of the mountain in ____ hurry, looked down and found in ____ surprise that ____ whole town took on a new look.
A. a, the, the B. a,/,the C. /,/,the D. /,/,a
16. In ____ old society many young women died by so curious and cruel ____ custom.
A. an, a B. /, the C. the, a D. the, /
17. ---You' re sure to help me find ____ bed for my new house
---Sure, but not now. I'm heading for ____ bed and a good sleep.
A. a, a B. the, a C. a, / D. the, /
18. The wheel is thought to be _____ first invention of _____ transportation.
A. the, the B. a, a C. a, / D. the, /
19. Some people say that ____ British are _____ funny people.
A. the, a B. /, the C. /, / D. the, /
20. Don' t worry about _____ mistakes. They' re _____ natural part of learning.
A. /, a B. the, / C. /, the D. the, the
21. ---Selma looks especially pretty tonight. ---Yes, she always looks her best in _____ of that kind.
A. the dress B. a dress C. dress D. the dresses
22. --- _____did you think of the exhibition ---Oh, it was ____ success.
A. How, really a B. What, great C. How, / D. What, quite a
23. The child had only _____ slight temperature, but the doctor regarded _____ illness as serious enough for ____ hospital treatment.
A. /,/,the B. a,/,/ C. a, the,/ D. /,the, the
24. ---Did you have ____ wonderful time yesterday ---Yes. I was on _____ top of _____ world.
A. /, the, a B. a, /, the C. a, a, the D. a, the, the
25. I don' t usually have _____ breakfast, but I always eat _____ good lunch.
A. /, / B. /, a C. the, / D. /, the
26. ---I hear there'll be ____ talk on English study tomorrow morning.
---Do you mean ____ speech our teacher asked us to listen to
A. a, the B. the, a C. the, the D. a, a
27. Mr. Stock runs _____ small business, who is in ____ Mexico on business.
A. a, a B. /, / C. a, the D. a, /
28. Although _____ motor car has been with us for almost a century, I have never been able to drive_____ American one.
A. a, the B. a, / C. the, an D. the, the
29. Xi'an was _____ starting point of _____ world-famous Silk Road.
A. /, / B. a, a C. the, / D. the, the
30. ---What does "on _____one hand…on _____other" means
---What_____great fun! You're asking me such a simple question.
A. the, the, / B. the, the, a C. /, the, a D. /, the, /
31. Alexander Gramha Bell invented ____telephone in 1876. (MET1991)
A./; B. a C. the D. one
32.After watching ____TV, she played ____violin for an hour.
A./;/ B. the ; the C. the; / D./;the （ MET1991 11）
33. ---Where's jack ---I think he's still _____in bed, but he might just be in ____bathroom.
A./; / B. the; the C. the; / D./; the （ MET1992 36）
34.Many people are still in ___habit of writing silly things in ___public places.
A. the ; the B./; / C. the; / D./; the （MET 1993 19）
35.She is ___newcomer to ___chemistry but she has already made some important discoveries.
A. the; the B. the ; / C. a; / D. a ; the （NMET1994 20）
36.Wouldn't it be ___wonderful world if all nations lived in ___peace with one another
A. a; / B. the; / C. a; the D. the; the （NMET1994 23）
37.Many people agree that ___knowledge of English is a must in __international trade today.
A. a; / B. the; an C. the; the D./;the （NMET 1996 13）
38. Paper money was in ___use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in ___thirteenth century.
A. the ; / B. the; the C./; the D./; /（NMET 1999 8）
39.It is not true in ___that people in ___fifties are going to university for further education .
A.90s; their B. the 90s; / C.90s; / D. the 90s; their（1999.上海 6）
40.Most animals have little connection with ____animals of ___different kind unless they kill them for food.
A. the; a B./; a C. the ; the D./; the (NMET2000 10)
41.---Have you seen ___pen I left it here this morning.
---Is it ___black one I think I saw it somewhere.(NMET1997 7)
A. a; the B. the; the C. the ; a D. a; a
42.Summers in ___ south of France are for ___most part dry and sunny.
A./; a B. the; / C./; / D. the ; the (2000.春招 8)
43.I don't like talking on ____ telephone; I prefer writing _____letters.(2002春招 26)
A. a; the B. the ;不填 C. the; the D. was killing
44.Jumping out of ___airplane at ten thousand feet is quite ____exciting experience.(NMET 2002,26)
A./;the B./;an C. an; an D. the; the
45. ---I don't like_____New York at all. ---But this isn't_____ New York you remember.
A. the, the B. /, the C. the, / D. /, a
冠 词
练习一、1~5 DBBAC 6~10 BACDC 11~15 ABBDB 16~20 CDDDB 21~25 DBBDA
26~30 DCBBA
练习二、1~5 DABAC 6~10 AAADD 11~15 ACACB 16~20 CCDAA 21~25 BDCBB
26~30 ADCDD 31~35 CDDCC 36~40 AACDB 41~45 DDBCB
77
107
