语法专题特殊句式[下学期]
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语法专题十 特殊句式
直击高考考点
(1)考情分析： 06年全国19份试题有2套考查了省略句，4套考查了强调句，11套试题考查了倒装句。
(2)命题趋势
在新的“英语课程标准”中，倒装和省略已列为八级所掌握的语法项目，相信高考在重视对语言的意义和功能考查的同时，并未完全放弃对语言形式的考查，并且会在将来的考试中继续甚至于增加这些题目。应当引起特别注意的是，这类题目的综合性和情景性会越来越强。
基础知识清单
本专题讲述省略、倒装和强调。
清单一：省略
为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况：
（1）简单句中的省略
1）省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。
e.g. (I) Thank you for your help.（括号内为省略的词语，下同）
(I) see you tomorrow. (It) Doesn’t matter.
2）省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。
e.g. This beeper works well. But that one doesn’t (work well).
All uranium atoms do not have the same atomic weight. Some of them weigh 234 units, some (of them) (weigh) 235 units, some (of them )(weigh) 238 units.
3）省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。
Nothing can stop the boy from playing video games when he wants to (play).
e.g. ---- Are you going there ---- I’d like to (go there).
He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance).
注意：如果该宾语是be动词或完成时态，则须在to之后加上be或have。
e.g. ---- Are you an engineer ---- No, but I want to be.
---- He hasn’t finished the task yet. ---- Well, he ought to have.
4）省略表语。
e.g. ---- Are you thirsty ---- Yes, I am (thirsty).
5）同时省略几个成分。
e.g. Let’s meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday.
---- Have you finished your work ---- (I have) Not (finished my work) yet.
（2）并列句中的省略
两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。
e.g. My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.
I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.
（3）主从复合句中的省略
1）主句中有一些成分被省略。
(I’m) Sorry to hear that you are ill.
(It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance.
2）用so, not 或其它手段来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句义（切不可用it或that）代替。
e.g. ---- Is he coming back tonight
---- I think so.
---- Is he feeling better today
---- I’m afraid not.
—Did you know anything about it
--Not until you told me.
He has gone. No one knows where (he has gone).
Jenny knows what(is to be done)!
这种用法常见的有：How so Why so Is that so I hope so. He said so 及I suppose not. I believed not. I hope not等。（但I don’t think so比I think not更常用）。
（4）其它省略
1）连词that的省略：
①、宾语从句中常省略连词that，但也有不能省略的情况（参看“名词性从句”等有关部分）。
②、在定语从句中，that在从句中作宾语时可省略。
③、引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词that一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。
注意：有形式主语it的主语从句可省略that
It seems （或appears） (that) Joe is out, not Jack.
It is an honor (that) I was invited to your birthday party.
It is a pity (that) you can’t operate a computer.
It is the third time (that) I have come to China.
2）不定式符号to的省略
①、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。
e.g. I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.
②、某些使役动词（如let, make, have）及感官动词（如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look at和listen to等）后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被动语态中须把to复原。
e.g. ---- I saw the boy fall from the tree. ---- The boy was seen to fall from the tree.
③、介词but前若有动词do，后面的不定式不带to。
e.g. The boy did nothing but play.
3）在when, while, if as if, though(或although),as, until, once, whether, unless, where等词连接的状语从句中，常省略跟主句相同的主语和动词。
When (water is)pure, water is colorless liquid.
When (I am) in trouble I always turn to her for help.
Errors, if (there are) any, should be corrected.
Wood gives much smoke while (wood is )burning.
The letter is to be left here until (it is) called for.
Henry looked about as if (he were) in search of something.
She studies very hard though (she is) still rather weak.
4）连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化（参见“倒装句”有关部分）
5）主句与从句各有一些成分省略。
e.g. The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).
6）当见到“when (或if, where, wherever, whenever, as soon as, as fast as, than等)+possible/necessary”等时，可理解中间省略了it is(或was)
Answer these questions, if (it is) possible without referring to the book.
When (it is ) necessary you can help us to do something.
7）在限制性定语从句中可省略作宾主的关系代词whom, which, that
That is the naughty boy (whom/that )we talked about last week.
8）在direction(方向)，way(方向)，distance(距离)，time(时间)，times（倍数）等后面所接的定语从句中常省略that, which, in which
The direction (in which) we move a body can be changed.
The distance (which 或that) light travels in one second is 300,000 kilometers.
9）以there be 开头的句子，其主语的定语从句常可省略关联词， 而there be结构作定语从句时，省略作主语的关系代词
There is a chance Dr. Li will be able to be back for May Day.
We have to make a list of all the books there are on the subject.
10）祈使句、惊叹句、部分第一人称的陈述句、部分问句和答句中省略最为常见。
Open the door! Why not Why so Anybody wishing to go
11）当用强调句型强调疑问词时，常省略强调句型中的that
When was it (that ) you received his e-mail
We don’t know who it was (that) called the doctor
12）某些形容词要求后面接一固定的介词短语，若接一从句，则只用that 或疑问词直接引出从句，从而省略原有的介词
We are certain(省去of) that air is a mixture.
She is doubtful whether she can complete it in time.
13）在某些动词后含有宾语补语或主语补语的复合结构中省略to be 或being的情况。
They found the answer (to be) correct.
This conclusion proved (to be )correct.
14）新闻标题要求简洁，需根据上下文的语境推敲其省略部分
Boy 14, rescued from cliff face.
(A boy of 14 has been rescued from cliff face.)
American President to fly to London.
(American President is to fly to London.)
15）注意在一些固定短语中某些介词的省略。
have trouble (in) sleeping
spend one’s evenings (in) reading novels
be busy (in)doing sth.
They are (of)the same age.
There is no use(in) explaining it to her any more.
He is carrying out this experiment (in) the same way as I did yesterday.
清单二：倒装句
（1）倒装句之全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和 一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1) here, there, now, then, thus, out, in, up, down, off, away, back, over等表示方向、位移或位置的副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell.
Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter.
Out rushed the man, gun in hand.
Ahead sat an old woman.
注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here he comes. Away they went.
2) 如果位于句首的介词短语作地点状语或表语（包括形容词等作表语），其中的谓语为be, lie, sit, stand, come, walk等不及物动词时，常用全部倒装结构。
Under the table are two black cats.
On the ground lay a little dog.
Hidden behind the door was a naughty boy.
（2）倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, scarcely, at no time（决不，任何时候都不）, in no way(决不，一点也不), not until, not only, no sooner等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
At no time will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
2）so, neither, nor作部分倒装
表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
If you won't go, neither will I.
注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
---It's raining hard. ---So it is.
3）only在句首要倒装的情况
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
4）as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。
注意1：
1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意2：
让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
5）其他部分倒装
① so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。
So carelessly did he drive that he almost killed himself.
②在某些表示祝愿的句型中：
May you all be happy.
Long live the Communist Party of China!
③在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
Were I you, I would try it again.
If you had followed my advice last year, you would be all right now.
清单三：强调句
（1）强调句句型
1）陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其它部分。
e.g. It was in the street that he ran across Li Hua.
2）一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。
e.g. Was it in the street that he ran across Li Hua
3）特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分？
e.g. When and where was it that you were born
4）强调句例句：针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。
强调主语：It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.
强调宾语：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.
强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.
强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.
5）注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that, who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was … ，其余的时态用It is … 。
（2）not … until … 句型的强调句
1）句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分
e.g. 普通句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back.
强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
2）注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not … 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。
（3）谓语动词的强调
1）It is/ was … that … 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did。
e.g. Do take part in the activity. 务必参加这次活动。
He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！
2）注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did ，没有别的形式；过去时用did，后面的谓语动词用原形。
方法技巧点拨
(1)方法与技巧
结构省略的小技巧
结构省略有三点：疑问回答最常见；
如果省略不定式，千万不要省去to；
从句省略要注意，省略不能变原意。
(2)解题注意点
1)要注意题干和选项的结构干扰，抓住各种句式的不同结构特点解题。
2）注意知识的叠加考查，排除相关知识的干扰和思维定势的影响，仔细分析句子含义。
3）将省略部分补充完整，使句子恢复原貌；对于强调句、倒装句也可以先其还原成正常的语序，再分析结构、意思以及在具体语境中的运用，选择正确答案。
高考真题练习
1. (06全国II，16) Only then ___________how much damage had been caused.
A. she realized B. she had realized C. had she realized D. did she realize
2. (06福建30)._______homework did we have to do that we had no time to take a rest.
A. So much B. Too much C. Too little D. So little
3. (06福建34) ----It’s burning hot today, isn’t it
----Yes. ________ yesterday.
A. So was it B. So it was C. So it is D. So is it
4.（06广东33） So difficult it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice.
A. I did find B. did I find C. I have found D. have I found
5. (06湖北31). __________ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
A. Would you be B. Should you be C. Could you be D. Might you be
6. (06浙江，9) ______ by keeping down costs will Power Data hold its advantage over other companies.
A. Only B. Just C. Still D. Yet
7. (06四川28).At the foot of the mountain ______ .
A. a village lie B. lies a village C. does a village lie D. lying a village
8.（06重庆24.）I’ve tried very hard to improve my English. But by no means with my progress______.
A. the teacher is not satisfied B. is the teacher not satisfied
C. the teacher is satisfied D. is the teacher satisfied
9.（06上海春34）Just in front of our house ________ with a history of 1,000 years.
A. does a tall tree stand B. stands a tall tree C. a tall tree is standing D. a tall tree stands
10.（06天津, 3）－Did Linda see the traffic accident
－No, no sooner impossible now does seem possible.
A. had she gone B. she had gone C. has she gone D. she has gone
11. (06全国II, 9) It was not until she got home ________ Jennifer realized she had lost her keys.
A. when B. that C. where D. before
12. (06辽宁，35) It was after he got what he had desired _______ he realized it was not so important.
A. that B. when C. since D. as
13. (06安徽，9) Never in my wildest dreams _________ these people are living in such poor conditions.
A. I could imagine B. could I imagine C. I couldn’t imagine D. couldn’t
14. (06山东，32) I just wonder ________ that makes him so excited.
A. why it does B. what he does C. how it is D. what it is
15. (06湖北，29)---- I was wondering if we could go skiing on the weekend.
----_______good..
A. Sound B. Sounded C. Sounding D. Sounds
16. (06浙江，19) ----Could I have a word with you, mum
----Oh dear, if you_________.
A. can B. must C. may D. should
17. (06山东，30) ----May I smoke here
----If you _______, choose a seat in the smoking section.
A. should B. could C. may D. must
18. (06江西，31) ----I reminded you not to forget the appointment.
---- _______.
A. So you did B. So I do not C. So did you D. So do I
高考真题练习参考答案：
1. D. only后接状语放在句首表强调时，句子部分倒装。又如：Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.
2．A．本句考查考生对so…that 倒装结构的掌握情况。英语中有时为了强调，常把要强调的部分放于句首，用so来修饰，引起部分倒装。如：So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
3. A。 句意：今天天气炽热，不是吗？----是的，昨天也是。只有A项So was it和D项So is it为倒装结构，表示“……也是这样/如此”，但根据时间状语为昨天，时态为过去时，故选A。
4. B．解释同2。
5. B. 句意：如果你被解雇了，你的保健及其他福利不会马上停止。在条件状语从句中，有时可省略连词if而把should放在句首引导半倒装结构，即：should + 主语+动词原形。如：Should it rain tomorrow, we will have to put off the sports meet.
6. A．考查倒装句型。分析句子结构可知采用了倒装句式，四个选项中只有A项都符合倒装句的用法，但D项与句意不符合。句意：我们有如此多作业要做，以致于没有时间休息。
7. B。介词短语置于句首，用倒装语序。
8. D. 句意：我已经很努力地谋略提高我的英语了，但是老师对我的进步一点都不满意。当by no means放在句首时，句子要采用半倒装的形式，其含义为“一点都不，无论如何都不，绝不”，B项符合语法形式，但是含义不通。
9. B. 介词短语置于句首，用倒装语序。
10.A. 考查句型：no sooner…than…，表示“一……就……”，no sooner置于句首要用部分倒装语序，且no sooner后用过去完成时，故选A。
11．B．考查强调句型。not… until…结构的强调结构为：It (is) was not until +被强调部分+that+其他。此题强调until引导的时间状语从句。
12．A．此句强调after引导的状语从句，还原后句子为：After he got what he had desired, he realized it was not so important.
13．B．否定词加状语置于句首构成倒装，且为部分倒装。其陈述语序为：I found it so difficult to work out…句子时态为一般过去时，故应用助动词did.
14.D．解答本题的关键是分清句子成份，此题强调疑问词what,在wonder后的宾语从句中what作主语。此句变化还原后是I just wonder what makes him so excited.
15. D。考查交际用语与省略。Sounds good.相当于It/ That sounds good.在口语中，可根据特定语境，在不影响表达的情况下省略主语或主语+be动词。例如：Nice day, isn’t it (= It’s a nice day, isn’t it )
16. B。此题考查情态动词和省略的综合运用。第一句表示请示给予许可，答语Oh, dear, if you________表示应允，if you must(=if you must have a word with me)是一个省略句式，意思是： “假如你一定要的话”。
17．D．考查情态动词和省略句式。问句表示请求别人许可，由后面句子choose a seat in the smoking section可推断出，表示不许在此吸烟，must表示与说话人愿望相反，不满、不耐烦等情绪，译为“偏偏，偏要”。If you must (= If you must smoke)省略与上句相同的谓语，意思是：“假如你一定要的话”。
18. A.考查so的替代与省略的用法。so+主语+助动词/情态动词/be动词表示“的确……”，此处意为“你的确提醒过我”，C项干扰较大，但C项意为“你也是”，不符合题意。
考能提升训练
1.----Why can't I smoke here
----At no time___ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
2. Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know
3. No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game began B. has the game begun C. did the game begin D. had the game begun
4. ---Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother
---I don't know, _____.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
5. Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know
6. Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realize
7. ----Do you know Tom bought a new car
----I don't know, _______.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
8．(07滨州一质测)Is it he often plays truant to play games on the Internet makes his parents angry with him
A．since; what B．that; what C．because; that D．that; that
参考答案：
1. A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2. D. 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
3. D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。
注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。
Not only you but also I am fond of music.
4. B. nor为增补意思"也不关心"，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。
5. D. 否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
6. B。
7. B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。
8. D. 第一个空格是引导主语从句，第二个空格是强调句型的that.
直击高考考点
(1)考情分析： 06年全国19份试题有2套考查了省略句，4套考查了强调句，11套试题考查了倒装句。
(2)命题趋势
在新的“英语课程标准”中，倒装和省略已列为八级所掌握的语法项目，相信高考在重视对语言的意义和功能考查的同时，并未完全放弃对语言形式的考查，并且会在将来的考试中继续甚至于增加这些题目。应当引起特别注意的是，这类题目的综合性和情景性会越来越强。
基础知识清单
本专题讲述省略、倒装和强调。
清单一：省略
为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况：
（1）简单句中的省略
1）省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。
e.g. (I) Thank you for your help.（括号内为省略的词语，下同）
(I) see you tomorrow. (It) Doesn’t matter.
2）省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。
e.g. This beeper works well. But that one doesn’t (work well).
All uranium atoms do not have the same atomic weight. Some of them weigh 234 units, some (of them) (weigh) 235 units, some (of them )(weigh) 238 units.
3）省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。
Nothing can stop the boy from playing video games when he wants to (play).
e.g. ---- Are you going there ---- I’d like to (go there).
He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance).
注意：如果该宾语是be动词或完成时态，则须在to之后加上be或have。
e.g. ---- Are you an engineer ---- No, but I want to be.
---- He hasn’t finished the task yet. ---- Well, he ought to have.
4）省略表语。
e.g. ---- Are you thirsty ---- Yes, I am (thirsty).
5）同时省略几个成分。
e.g. Let’s meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday.
---- Have you finished your work ---- (I have) Not (finished my work) yet.
（2）并列句中的省略
两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。
e.g. My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.
I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.
（3）主从复合句中的省略
1）主句中有一些成分被省略。
(I’m) Sorry to hear that you are ill.
(It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance.
2）用so, not 或其它手段来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句义（切不可用it或that）代替。
e.g. ---- Is he coming back tonight
---- I think so.
---- Is he feeling better today
---- I’m afraid not.
—Did you know anything about it
--Not until you told me.
He has gone. No one knows where (he has gone).
Jenny knows what(is to be done)!
这种用法常见的有：How so Why so Is that so I hope so. He said so 及I suppose not. I believed not. I hope not等。（但I don’t think so比I think not更常用）。
（4）其它省略
1）连词that的省略：
①、宾语从句中常省略连词that，但也有不能省略的情况（参看“名词性从句”等有关部分）。
②、在定语从句中，that在从句中作宾语时可省略。
③、引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词that一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。
注意：有形式主语it的主语从句可省略that
It seems （或appears） (that) Joe is out, not Jack.
It is an honor (that) I was invited to your birthday party.
It is a pity (that) you can’t operate a computer.
It is the third time (that) I have come to China.
2）不定式符号to的省略
①、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。
e.g. I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.
②、某些使役动词（如let, make, have）及感官动词（如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look at和listen to等）后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被动语态中须把to复原。
e.g. ---- I saw the boy fall from the tree. ---- The boy was seen to fall from the tree.
③、介词but前若有动词do，后面的不定式不带to。
e.g. The boy did nothing but play.
3）在when, while, if as if, though(或although),as, until, once, whether, unless, where等词连接的状语从句中，常省略跟主句相同的主语和动词。
When (water is)pure, water is colorless liquid.
When (I am) in trouble I always turn to her for help.
Errors, if (there are) any, should be corrected.
Wood gives much smoke while (wood is )burning.
The letter is to be left here until (it is) called for.
Henry looked about as if (he were) in search of something.
She studies very hard though (she is) still rather weak.
4）连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化（参见“倒装句”有关部分）
5）主句与从句各有一些成分省略。
e.g. The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).
6）当见到“when (或if, where, wherever, whenever, as soon as, as fast as, than等)+possible/necessary”等时，可理解中间省略了it is(或was)
Answer these questions, if (it is) possible without referring to the book.
When (it is ) necessary you can help us to do something.
7）在限制性定语从句中可省略作宾主的关系代词whom, which, that
That is the naughty boy (whom/that )we talked about last week.
8）在direction(方向)，way(方向)，distance(距离)，time(时间)，times（倍数）等后面所接的定语从句中常省略that, which, in which
The direction (in which) we move a body can be changed.
The distance (which 或that) light travels in one second is 300,000 kilometers.
9）以there be 开头的句子，其主语的定语从句常可省略关联词， 而there be结构作定语从句时，省略作主语的关系代词
There is a chance Dr. Li will be able to be back for May Day.
We have to make a list of all the books there are on the subject.
10）祈使句、惊叹句、部分第一人称的陈述句、部分问句和答句中省略最为常见。
Open the door! Why not Why so Anybody wishing to go
11）当用强调句型强调疑问词时，常省略强调句型中的that
When was it (that ) you received his e-mail
We don’t know who it was (that) called the doctor
12）某些形容词要求后面接一固定的介词短语，若接一从句，则只用that 或疑问词直接引出从句，从而省略原有的介词
We are certain(省去of) that air is a mixture.
She is doubtful whether she can complete it in time.
13）在某些动词后含有宾语补语或主语补语的复合结构中省略to be 或being的情况。
They found the answer (to be) correct.
This conclusion proved (to be )correct.
14）新闻标题要求简洁，需根据上下文的语境推敲其省略部分
Boy 14, rescued from cliff face.
(A boy of 14 has been rescued from cliff face.)
American President to fly to London.
(American President is to fly to London.)
15）注意在一些固定短语中某些介词的省略。
have trouble (in) sleeping
spend one’s evenings (in) reading novels
be busy (in)doing sth.
They are (of)the same age.
There is no use(in) explaining it to her any more.
He is carrying out this experiment (in) the same way as I did yesterday.
清单二：倒装句
（1）倒装句之全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和 一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1) here, there, now, then, thus, out, in, up, down, off, away, back, over等表示方向、位移或位置的副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell.
Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter.
Out rushed the man, gun in hand.
Ahead sat an old woman.
注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here he comes. Away they went.
2) 如果位于句首的介词短语作地点状语或表语（包括形容词等作表语），其中的谓语为be, lie, sit, stand, come, walk等不及物动词时，常用全部倒装结构。
Under the table are two black cats.
On the ground lay a little dog.
Hidden behind the door was a naughty boy.
（2）倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, scarcely, at no time（决不，任何时候都不）, in no way(决不，一点也不), not until, not only, no sooner等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
At no time will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
2）so, neither, nor作部分倒装
表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
If you won't go, neither will I.
注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
---It's raining hard. ---So it is.
3）only在句首要倒装的情况
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
4）as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。
注意1：
1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意2：
让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
5）其他部分倒装
① so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。
So carelessly did he drive that he almost killed himself.
②在某些表示祝愿的句型中：
May you all be happy.
Long live the Communist Party of China!
③在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
Were I you, I would try it again.
If you had followed my advice last year, you would be all right now.
清单三：强调句
（1）强调句句型
1）陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其它部分。
e.g. It was in the street that he ran across Li Hua.
2）一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。
e.g. Was it in the street that he ran across Li Hua
3）特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分？
e.g. When and where was it that you were born
4）强调句例句：针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。
强调主语：It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.
强调宾语：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.
强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.
强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.
5）注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that, who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was … ，其余的时态用It is … 。
（2）not … until … 句型的强调句
1）句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分
e.g. 普通句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back.
强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
2）注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not … 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。
（3）谓语动词的强调
1）It is/ was … that … 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did。
e.g. Do take part in the activity. 务必参加这次活动。
He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！
2）注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did ，没有别的形式；过去时用did，后面的谓语动词用原形。
方法技巧点拨
(1)方法与技巧
结构省略的小技巧
结构省略有三点：疑问回答最常见；
如果省略不定式，千万不要省去to；
从句省略要注意，省略不能变原意。
(2)解题注意点
1)要注意题干和选项的结构干扰，抓住各种句式的不同结构特点解题。
2）注意知识的叠加考查，排除相关知识的干扰和思维定势的影响，仔细分析句子含义。
3）将省略部分补充完整，使句子恢复原貌；对于强调句、倒装句也可以先其还原成正常的语序，再分析结构、意思以及在具体语境中的运用，选择正确答案。
高考真题练习
1. (06全国II，16) Only then ___________how much damage had been caused.
A. she realized B. she had realized C. had she realized D. did she realize
2. (06福建30)._______homework did we have to do that we had no time to take a rest.
A. So much B. Too much C. Too little D. So little
3. (06福建34) ----It’s burning hot today, isn’t it
----Yes. ________ yesterday.
A. So was it B. So it was C. So it is D. So is it
4.（06广东33） So difficult it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice.
A. I did find B. did I find C. I have found D. have I found
5. (06湖北31). __________ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
A. Would you be B. Should you be C. Could you be D. Might you be
6. (06浙江，9) ______ by keeping down costs will Power Data hold its advantage over other companies.
A. Only B. Just C. Still D. Yet
7. (06四川28).At the foot of the mountain ______ .
A. a village lie B. lies a village C. does a village lie D. lying a village
8.（06重庆24.）I’ve tried very hard to improve my English. But by no means with my progress______.
A. the teacher is not satisfied B. is the teacher not satisfied
C. the teacher is satisfied D. is the teacher satisfied
9.（06上海春34）Just in front of our house ________ with a history of 1,000 years.
A. does a tall tree stand B. stands a tall tree C. a tall tree is standing D. a tall tree stands
10.（06天津, 3）－Did Linda see the traffic accident
－No, no sooner impossible now does seem possible.
A. had she gone B. she had gone C. has she gone D. she has gone
11. (06全国II, 9) It was not until she got home ________ Jennifer realized she had lost her keys.
A. when B. that C. where D. before
12. (06辽宁，35) It was after he got what he had desired _______ he realized it was not so important.
A. that B. when C. since D. as
13. (06安徽，9) Never in my wildest dreams _________ these people are living in such poor conditions.
A. I could imagine B. could I imagine C. I couldn’t imagine D. couldn’t
14. (06山东，32) I just wonder ________ that makes him so excited.
A. why it does B. what he does C. how it is D. what it is
15. (06湖北，29)---- I was wondering if we could go skiing on the weekend.
----_______good..
A. Sound B. Sounded C. Sounding D. Sounds
16. (06浙江，19) ----Could I have a word with you, mum
----Oh dear, if you_________.
A. can B. must C. may D. should
17. (06山东，30) ----May I smoke here
----If you _______, choose a seat in the smoking section.
A. should B. could C. may D. must
18. (06江西，31) ----I reminded you not to forget the appointment.
---- _______.
A. So you did B. So I do not C. So did you D. So do I
高考真题练习参考答案：
1. D. only后接状语放在句首表强调时，句子部分倒装。又如：Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.
2．A．本句考查考生对so…that 倒装结构的掌握情况。英语中有时为了强调，常把要强调的部分放于句首，用so来修饰，引起部分倒装。如：So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
3. A。 句意：今天天气炽热，不是吗？----是的，昨天也是。只有A项So was it和D项So is it为倒装结构，表示“……也是这样/如此”，但根据时间状语为昨天，时态为过去时，故选A。
4. B．解释同2。
5. B. 句意：如果你被解雇了，你的保健及其他福利不会马上停止。在条件状语从句中，有时可省略连词if而把should放在句首引导半倒装结构，即：should + 主语+动词原形。如：Should it rain tomorrow, we will have to put off the sports meet.
6. A．考查倒装句型。分析句子结构可知采用了倒装句式，四个选项中只有A项都符合倒装句的用法，但D项与句意不符合。句意：我们有如此多作业要做，以致于没有时间休息。
7. B。介词短语置于句首，用倒装语序。
8. D. 句意：我已经很努力地谋略提高我的英语了，但是老师对我的进步一点都不满意。当by no means放在句首时，句子要采用半倒装的形式，其含义为“一点都不，无论如何都不，绝不”，B项符合语法形式，但是含义不通。
9. B. 介词短语置于句首，用倒装语序。
10.A. 考查句型：no sooner…than…，表示“一……就……”，no sooner置于句首要用部分倒装语序，且no sooner后用过去完成时，故选A。
11．B．考查强调句型。not… until…结构的强调结构为：It (is) was not until +被强调部分+that+其他。此题强调until引导的时间状语从句。
12．A．此句强调after引导的状语从句，还原后句子为：After he got what he had desired, he realized it was not so important.
13．B．否定词加状语置于句首构成倒装，且为部分倒装。其陈述语序为：I found it so difficult to work out…句子时态为一般过去时，故应用助动词did.
14.D．解答本题的关键是分清句子成份，此题强调疑问词what,在wonder后的宾语从句中what作主语。此句变化还原后是I just wonder what makes him so excited.
15. D。考查交际用语与省略。Sounds good.相当于It/ That sounds good.在口语中，可根据特定语境，在不影响表达的情况下省略主语或主语+be动词。例如：Nice day, isn’t it (= It’s a nice day, isn’t it )
16. B。此题考查情态动词和省略的综合运用。第一句表示请示给予许可，答语Oh, dear, if you________表示应允，if you must(=if you must have a word with me)是一个省略句式，意思是： “假如你一定要的话”。
17．D．考查情态动词和省略句式。问句表示请求别人许可，由后面句子choose a seat in the smoking section可推断出，表示不许在此吸烟，must表示与说话人愿望相反，不满、不耐烦等情绪，译为“偏偏，偏要”。If you must (= If you must smoke)省略与上句相同的谓语，意思是：“假如你一定要的话”。
18. A.考查so的替代与省略的用法。so+主语+助动词/情态动词/be动词表示“的确……”，此处意为“你的确提醒过我”，C项干扰较大，但C项意为“你也是”，不符合题意。
考能提升训练
1.----Why can't I smoke here
----At no time___ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
2. Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know
3. No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game began B. has the game begun C. did the game begin D. had the game begun
4. ---Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother
---I don't know, _____.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
5. Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know
6. Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realize
7. ----Do you know Tom bought a new car
----I don't know, _______.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
8．(07滨州一质测)Is it he often plays truant to play games on the Internet makes his parents angry with him
A．since; what B．that; what C．because; that D．that; that
参考答案：
1. A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2. D. 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
3. D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。
注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。
Not only you but also I am fond of music.
4. B. nor为增补意思"也不关心"，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。
5. D. 否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
6. B。
7. B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。
8. D. 第一个空格是引导主语从句，第二个空格是强调句型的that.