英语语法常错类型总结
[1.定语从句在什么情况下用whose引导]
whose 用于代替"表示人或物意义"的先行词,在从句中作定语,
往往与它所修饰的名词一起构成一个名词短语在从句中担当成分。
Whose常表达"某人的、某物的"之意。
例如:
Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate
你知道她的哥哥与你同寝室的那位女孩的名字吗?
Water whose boiling point is at 100 degree Centigrade has no color, no flavor.
沸点在摄氏100度的水无色、无味。
[2.定语从句引导词that和which的区别]
定语从句中的8种情况:只能用that引导
1.在从句中为了避免与疑问词who重复时
2.从句修饰词被the one修饰时
3.从句修饰词被含有人和物的名词时
4.从举所修饰词被everything,anything,something等不定代词修饰时
5.从句所修饰词被all ,more,any等不定代词修饰时
6.从句所修饰的词又被the only ,the very(强调语气)the last,the same 修饰时
7.从句修饰的词又被叙述词修饰时
8.修饰的词被形容词最高级修饰时
[3. Turn的几个短语]
turn down 不接受,把...调小
turn into sth. 转变
turn off 关闭, 使...停止
turn on 打开,是...开始
turn out 终于成为...
turn out a light关灯
turn over 把...翻转
turn up到达
以上的turn均为动词词性
in turn 逐个的
take turn at sth.=take it in turns to do sth.逐个做某事
turing转弯口
以上的turn为名词词性
[4.几个道路的区别]
way 范指一切的路
path 人或动物踩踏而成的小径
street两旁有建筑的
road供车辆行驶的
highway 公路
[5.几个旅游的区别]
journey指有明确方向的,长途的,陆路的旅行,通常比较辛苦.
travel范指旅行
voyage多指海路或空间的长途旅行
trip短距离的.又回到出发地的.
tour巡游
[6.bed的用法]
n.[C]
be in bed是卧床睡觉
The children are in bed.孩子们都在床上呢
in the bed是自作自受的意思
可以与lie on the bed转换
vt.
1. 为...提供床铺(或宿处)[(+down)]
2. 把...安置在(某种基础上),将...嵌入[O]
The bullet bedded itself in the wall.
这颗子弹嵌进了墙内。
3. 把...栽于苗床(或花坛)[(+out)]
They bedded the plants in good soil.
他们将这些秧苗栽在沃土中。
4. 【口】和...发生性关系
vi.
1. 睡,卧[(+down)]
I'll bed down on the sofa.
我就睡在沙发上。
[7.备注:句中避免重复的代词用法]
在英语中,如果一个句子中出现两次同一个词.通常要换用代词来代替前面提到的事物.
the ones和those代替复数名词
that代替单数名词和不可数名词
[8.备注:主动变被动要加to的用法]
在主动语态中,使让动词(make,have,let)和感官动词(see, look,watch,notice,listen,hear,feel,find)后必省略to,但在被动语态中必须加上to
例:在教室里我们听见他唱了这首歌
we heard him sing this song in the classroom.
he was heard to sing this song by us in the classroom.
[9.强调句式的用法]
由It's ....that/who....构成,中间的关系词必须是that/who,没有其他词的可能性。
It's ....that/who....的强调句型只是为了强调某一成分,而不充当成分。所以它和It作形式主语,真正的主语从句后置的情况有所不同。
请看以下2个例子就很容易分辨出2者不同。eg:
1.It's necessary that we should learn english.(主语从句)
2.It's not until he got off the bus that he realized she was the daughter of headmaster.(强调句型)
因为强调句型中的It's....that/who....在句子中不充当任何成分。所以去掉后句子依然完整。
例子2去掉It's....that/who....后就成了
until he got off the bus he realized she was the daughter of headmaster
而例子1去掉后句子则不完整。
[10.if和whether的区别]
(1)if和whether都可以引导宾语从句,常常可以互换,表示“是否”。如:
I don’t know whether(=if)I should tell him.
我不知道是否应该告诉他。
(2)但两者也有微妙的差别,请注意 whether可与or not连用,而if不可以
在句首时用whether,而不用if;在介词后用whether,而不用if;引导主语从
句时用whether,而不是if;引导同位语从句时用whether,而不用if;表示“如果”
时用if,而不用whether。如:
I don’t know whether he will come or not.
我不知道他是否会来。
Whether you take part in or not the result will be the same.
你参不参加结果都是一样的。
It depends on whether he can solve the problem.
那取决于他能否解决这个问题。
He can’t decide whether to visit her or not.
他决定不出是否去看她。
Whether he will come is still a question.
他是否会来还是一个疑问。
3.例题分析。
1)Only one of the books is ____ . ( NMET 86)
A. worth to read B. worth being read
C. worth of reading D. worth reading
此题答案为D。Sth.作主语时,be worth后应跟动名词,或sth. be worthy
of being done。
2)Rather than_____ on a crowded bus, he always prefers ____ a bicycle.
A. ride; ride B. riding; riding
C. ride; to ride D. riding; to ride
此题答案为C。句子为“宁愿干……而不愿干……”的常用句型。
此类句型还有would rather do…than do…和prefer doing sth. to doing sth.
3)The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it’s very comfortable to _____.
A. sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on
此题答案为B。句型为“主语 + be + adj. + to do”,常用不定式主动式代替
被动式。如:
It was hard to choose.
很难决定啊。
若动词是不及物动词,要跟相应的介词,如:
The ice is hard enough to skate on.
这冰够硬,可以在上面滑冰。
[11. 辨析: but; except ;besides]
except prep.除...以外(在整体中除去一部分)
except+n./pron./介词短语/to do (有时to可以省略)
eg.We're succeed except Yang.除了杨之外我们都成功了.
I looked everywhere except in the bedroom.除了卧室我哪个地方都找了.
but I.conj.
II.prep.[用于no,nobody,nothing,all,who,where等词后]除...以外
eg.除了Jim谁还会做这样的傻事
Who but Jim would do such an foolish thing.
除了两把椅子外房间里什么也没有.
There's nothing but two chairs in the room.
等于except,但还有一些区别,but着重整体且常用在no,nobody,nothing,all,who,where等次的后面.except不受此限,却着重在除去的那部分.
eg.The window is never opened except in summer.那扇窗子除夏天外从不打开.
except+ to do 时to 可以省略
eg.He did nothing except (to)work.他除了工作什么也不做.
but ;except除...以外 表示从整体减去部分时.可换用We're all here but/except Mary.
besides prep.除...以外(还有...)
eg.除了他们都去以外还有Tom也去了.
They all went there besides Tom.
except+动词不定式时[当句中的谓语是do 或动词+to do形式,宾语是anything,everything,nothing,不定式符号to 可以省略]
eg.除了睡觉她什么也不想做.
She doesn't want to do anything except (to )sleep.
[12.辨析: little;a little;few;a few]
few修饰复数名词"少,几乎没有"
a few修饰复数名词"一些"
little 修饰不可数名词"少,几乎没有"
a little修饰不可数名词"一点"
a little 还可以修饰adj.eg.a little tired
[13. aloud/ loud / loudly 区别]
aloud/ loud / loudly
aloud , loud 和 loudly 都可以表示“大声地”,但在用法上有区别。
① aloud 强调发出的声音能被听见,意思为“出声地”或“大声地”,常用 read , call 等动词连用。例如:
Please read the text aloud.
请朗读一下课文。
② loud 意为“响亮地”、“大声”或“高声地”,侧重发出的音量大,传得远,一般多用来修饰 speak , talk , laugh 等动词。 loud 还可用作形容词。例如:
Speak louder, please, or no one will hear you.
请大声些,否则没人能听见。
③ loudly 意为“响亮地”,其基本意义与 loud 相同,还常与 ring , knock 等动词连用。 loudly 放在动词前后均可,含有“喧闹”或“嘈杂”的意味。例如:
Suddenly the bell on the wall rang loudly.
突然,墙上的铃大声地响起来。
[14. 反意疑问句的20种特殊形式]
反意疑问句的20种特殊形式
一些常规的反意疑问句,大家都很熟悉,这里我给大家介绍一些特殊的反意疑问句。
1.陈述部分的主语是I'm...句型时,疑问部分要用 aren't I。如:
I'm an English teacher, aren't I 我是一名英语老师,不是吗?
2.陈述部分是感叹句时,疑问部分用be +主语。如:
What beautiful hats, aren't they 多么漂亮的帽子,不是吗?
3.陈述部分是省去主语的祈使句时,疑问部分用will you。如:
Don't be late next time, will you 下次不要迟到了,好吗?
Come here, will you / won't you 到这儿来,好吗?
注意: Let's 开头的祈使句,疑问部分用shall we, Let us 开头的祈使句,疑问部分用will you。 如:
Let's start with the song, shall we 咱们以这首歌开始,好吗?
Let us help you, will you 让我帮助你,好吗?
4.陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may +主语。如:
I wish to go to Beijing, may I 我希望去北京,好吗?
5.陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义。如:
They never go there, do they 他们从不去那儿,是吗?
6.含有ought to 的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定的,疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。如:
He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he / shouldn't he 他应该知道该做什么,对吗?
7.陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.),疑问部分常用don't +主语(didn't +主语)。如:
We have to sleep here, don't we 我们必须睡在这儿,对吧?
8.must在表“推测”时,根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。如:
He must be Tom, isn't he 他一定是汤姆,不是吗?
8 回复:谁能给我讲讲反意疑问句???跪求了。拜托各位
It must be going to rain tomorrow, won't it 明天肯定要下雨,是吗?
9.陈述部分的谓语是used to 时,疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usen't +主语。如:
He used to be a bad boy, didn't he / usen't he 他过去是个坏男孩,是吧?
10.陈述部分有had better + v.,疑问句部分用hadn't you。如:
You'd better go there now, hadn't you 你最好现在去那儿,好吗?
11.陈述部分有would rather +v.,疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。如:
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he 他宁可读十遍也不愿意背诵,是吗?
12.陈述部分有You'd like to +v., 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。如:
You'd like to go to bed earlier, wouldn't you 你想早点儿睡觉,对吗?
13.陈述部分有must,疑问部分根据实际情况而定。如:
He must be a doctor, isn't he 他肯定是医生,是吗?
You must have studied English for four years, haven't you / didn't you 你一定学了四年英语,对吗?
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he 他肯定是在昨天完成任务的,是吗?
14.陈述部分由neither... nor, either... or 连接的并列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。如:
Neither you nor I am a teacher, are we 你不是老师,我也不是,对吗?
15.陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。如:
Everything is ready, isn't it 一切就绪,是吗?
16.陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句,疑问部分有三种情况:
a. 并列复合句的疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。如:
Mr. Smith had been to Shanghai for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he 史密斯先生曾几次去过上海,按理说他现在应该在中国,是吗?
b. 带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定。如:
He said he wanted to visit Urumchi, didn't he 他说他想去乌鲁木齐看看,他是那样说的吗?
c. 陈述部分主句为第一人称,谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的宾语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。如:
I don't think he is clever, is he 我认为他并不聪明,是吗?
We believe she can do it better, can't she 我们相信她能做得更好,她不能吗?
17.陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等,疑问部分常用复数they,有时也用单数he。如:
Everyone knows the answer, don't they (doesn't he ) 人人都知道答案,是这样吧?
Nobody knows about it, do they (does he ) 没人知道这件事,是吧?
18带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句,疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。如:
We need not do it again, need we 我们不必重做一遍,是吗?
He dare not say so, dare he 他不敢这样说,是吗?
当dare, need 为实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。如:
She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she 她不敢独自回家,是吗?
19.陈述部分是“there be”结构的,疑问部分用there省略主语代词。如:
There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there 你的表有问题,对不对?
There will not be any trouble, will there 不会有麻烦吧,是吗?
20.否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。如:
It is impossible, isn't it 这不可能,不是吗?
He is not unkind to his classmates, is he 他不会对他同学使坏,是吗?
[15.动词不定式用法]
1、 作主语,可以用it代替,it叫形式主语,动词不定式放在后面叫真正主语
1.To learn a foreign language is not easy.
It is not easy to learn a foreign language.
2. It’s dangerous to drive very fast.
二、作表语
My idea is to ring him up at once. 我的想法是马上给他打电话。
如果主语部分含实义动词do,且作表语的动词又是“do”的内容,这时表语不定式的“to”可以省略。如:All I did was wait here. 我能做的就是在这里等。
三、常可接动词不定式作宾语的动词有:agree(同意), hope(希望), decide(决定), need(需要), mean(打算), wish(希望), fail(失败), want(想要), begin(开始), would like(想要)等。
He has decided to go to the countryside. 他已决心去乡下。
四、“疑问词 + 动词不定式”结构可以作动词know、think、find out等的宾语。
I don’t know who to ask. 我真不知道该问谁。
五、“疑问词 + 动词不定式”可以作动词show、teach、ask等后面的直接宾语。
She told me where to find the earphone. 她告诉我什么地方可以找到耳机。
六、如果宾语太长,可用it作形式宾语,构成“主语 + 谓语 + it + 宾语不足语(名词或形容词) + to do sth”结构,谓语动词常为find、think、feel等。
I found it difficult to stop him. 我发现拦截他很困难。
七、动词不定式可以作介词的宾语。
Autumn harvest is about to start. 秋收即将开始。
I’m worrying about what to do next. 我正愁下一步该怎么办。
八、作定语的动词不定式与被修饰词有动宾关系。
I have a lot of books to read. 我有许多书要读。
此时,如果动词不定式动词为不及物动词,后面的介词绝对不能省略。
We had only a cold room to live in. 我们只有寒室一间。
九、作定语的动词不定式与被修饰词有主谓关系。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 他总是第一个到,最后一个走。
十、作定语的动词不定式与被修饰词之间只有修饰关系。
We have no time to go to town today. 今天我们没有时间去城里。
十一、作状语的动词不定式常表示目的、原因、方向、结果等。
I’m glad to meet you. 见到你,我很高兴。
They ran over to welcome the foreign guests. 他们跑过来欢迎外宾。
十二、不定式复合结构“for sb to do sth”可用作主语、表语、定语、状语等。
It’s for her to decide. 这得由她来决定。(表语)
There are many books for you to read. 这有许多书供你阅读。(定语)
The book ids too difficult for children to read. 这本书太难了,孩子们看不懂。(结果状语)
不定式复合结构作主语时,需注意:
It’s + 形容词 + for / of + sb + to do sth.
当上面的形容词指的是to do sth的性质时,用介词for。
It’s dangerous for children to swim in the river. 孩子在这条河里游泳很危险。(游泳这件事情危险)
当上面的形容词指的是sb的性质时,用介词of。这些形容词往往修饰人:good, bad, polite, unkind, kind, nice, clever, right, wrong, careful, careless
It was careless of you to do that. 你这么做真粗心。(你这个人粗心)
十三、动词hear, see, feel, watch, notice, look at, listen to等后面的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不能带to, 即常见的形式为: hear sb do sth等
Many people like to watch others play games. 许多人喜欢看别人玩游戏.
十四、let, make, have后面的动词不定式作宾语补足语, 也不能带to; help后面的动词不定式作宾语补足语, to可有可无
She let us meet her at the station, but she didn’t come. 她让我们去车站迎接她,卡她没有来.
十五、十三和十四这两种情况下的动词不定式在改被动语态句子时,必须将省略的to还原,也就是说,动词后需跟带to的动词不定式.
We heard him sing every day.
He was heard to sing every day. 那时每天都听到他唱歌.
十六、跟带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词还有: ask, beg, leave, like, love, hate, prefer, order, teach, tell, believe, find, know, want, think, understand, would like等
形式为: ask sb to do sth
Would you like me to visit him 要不要我拜访他
I would prefer you not to come tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天不要来.
He ask the driver to stop the motobike. 他要那位司机拦下那辆摩托车.
十七、区别下列词组的不同含义:
①like to do sth
like doing sth
②stop to do sth
stop doing sth
③remember to do sth
remember doing sth
④forget to do sth
forget doing sth
[16.部分否定的用法]
部分否定:
他们都不是学生(完全否定)
None of them are students.
他们不都是学生
All of them aren't students.(部分否定)
"all"表示全部,但是"not all"表示并非所有
not用在all,always,both,every以及every的合成词等词之前时,表示部分否定.
他们不都是学生.
All of them aren't students.
Not all of them are students.
They aren't all students.
[17.被动语态的用法]
英语动词有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
如: Many people speak English.(主动语态)
English is spoken by many people.(被动语态)
1. 被动语态的构成 由于不及物动词不能带宾语,故无被动语态,只有及物动词或相当于及物动词的动词短语才有被动语态,其基本构成方式是“助动词be+过去分词”。 注意:“be+过去分词”结构不一定都是被动语态,有些动词(如 be,feel,look,seem等)后面的过去分词已转化为形容词,用作表语表示状态。
如: My bike is broken.(我的自行车坏了。) The door is open.(门开了。)
2. 主动语态改被动语态的方法 1)将主动语态改为被动语态应注意以下三个方面:①将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语;②将主动语态的谓语动词改为“be+过去分词”结构;③将主动语态的主语改为介词by之后的宾语,放在谓语动词之后(有时可省略)。 2)含直接宾语和间接宾语的主动语态改为被动语态时有两种情况:①把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语,直接宾语仍保留原位;②把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语,此时,间接宾语前要加介词to或 for。如: He gave the boy an apple.→The boy was given an apple.(或An apple was given to the boy.) Her father bought her a present.→She was bought a present by her father.(或A present was bought for her by her father.) 3)不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的主动语态,改为被动语态时不定式前要加to。如: They watched the children sing that morning.→The children were watched to sing that morning. 4)带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时,一般把主动语态的宾语改为主语,宾语补足语在被动语态中作主语补足语。如: We call him Xiao Wang.→He is called Xiao Wang. He cut his hair short.→His hair was cut short. They told him to help me.→He was told to help me. 5)短语动词是不可分割的整体,改为被动语态时要保持其完整性,介词或副词不可遗漏。如: We must take good care of the young trees.→The young trees must be taken good care of. 6)含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动结构时,通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语,从句放在句子后面;也可采用另一种形式。可以这样转换为被动结构的动词有know,say,believe,find,think,report等。如: People believe that he is ill.→It is believed that he is ill.(或:He is believed to be ill.)
3. 被动语态改为主动语态的方法: 被动语态中介词by后的宾语改为主动语态中的主语(或按题意要求确定主语),按照这个主语的人称和数以及原来的时态把谓语动词形式由被动语态改为主动语态。注意在主动语态中有的动词要求不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语,此时要把被动语态中的to去掉。被动语态的主语用来作主动语态的宾语。如: History is made by the people. The people make history.
4. 不能用于被动语态的情况 1)某些表示“静态”的及物动词(表示状态而不是动作,而且常常是不可用于进行时态的动词)如have,fit,suit,hold(容纳),cost, suffer,last(持续)等不能用于被动语态。如: They have a nice car.他们有一辆漂亮的汽车。 My shoes don't fit me.我的鞋不合适。 My brain can't hold so much information at one time.我的脑子一下子记不住这么多资料。 How much /What does it cost?这值多少钱? Our holiday lasts 10days.我们的假期有十天。 This food will last(them)(for)3days.这食物足够(他们)(吃)三天。 2)不是所有带介词的动词都能用于被动结构。若是构成成语动词通常有被动态,若不构成成语动词则无被动态。试比较: They arrived at a decision. A decision was arrived at.他们作出了决定。 They arrived at the station.他们到达车站。(不说:The station was arrived at.) He looked into the question. The question was looked into.他调查了这个问题。 3)动词leave(离开),enter(进入),join(参加)不可用于被动语态。如: The car left the road and hit a tree.车子离开了道路,撞上了树。 4)某些及物动词可作不及物动词用,特别是后加副词(如well, easily等)时。主动语态有被动含义,这类动词常见的有sell,write, wear,wash,cook,open,close,lock,read,record等。如: His new novel is selling well.他的新小说很畅销。The cloth washes well.这布很耐洗。 This material won't wear.这种材料不耐穿。His play won't act.他的戏剧不会上演。 The window won't shut.这窗关不上。The door won't open.这门打不开。 The door won't lock.这门锁不上。This poem reads well.这首诗读来很好。 5)feel,look,appear,sound,taste,smell等由实意动词演变而来的系动词,后接形容词作表语,不可用于被动语态。如: Tell me if you feel cold.你要是感到冷就告诉我。 You're looking very unhappy what's the matter?你看来很不高兴 怎么回事儿? The soup tastes wonderful.这汤味道好极了。 Those roses smell beautiful.那些玫瑰好闻极了。 She appears to be friendly.她看上去很友好。 6)宾语是不定式或动词的或-ing形式时,不可用于被动语态。如: Peter hoped to meet her.彼得希望遇见她。 Mr Smith enjoyed seeing his daughter.史密斯先生喜欢看他的女儿。 7)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时,不可用于被动语态。如: She can dress herself.她可以自己穿衣服。 We could hardly see each other in the fog.在雾中我们彼此几乎看不见。 8)宾语是同源宾语时,不可用于被动语态。如: They live a happy life.他们过着幸福的生活。 The girl dreamed a sweet dream .那女孩做了个甜美的梦。 9)宾语带有与主语有照应关系的物主代词时,不可用于被动语态。如: The old man broke his(=the old man's)legs.那老人把自己的腿弄断了。 The girl shook her(=the girl's)head.那女孩摇了摇头。
5. 某些动词的主动形式表被动含义 英语中有很多动词如act,break,catch,cut,clean,drive,draw, let,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash,wear等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,其主动形式常用来表达被动含义。另外,像 owe,beat,cook,bake,print,build,make等,有时可以用主动形式表达被动含义。如: This kind of radio doesn't sell well.这种收音机不太畅销。 The shop opens at eight o'clock.这个商店八点开门。 The pipe does not draw well.这烟斗不太通畅。 These plays act wonderfully.这些剧演得好。 Kate's book reads like an interesting novel.凯特的这本书读起来像本有趣的小说。 注意:主动表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。如: The door won't lock.门锁不上。(指门本身有毛病) The door won't be locked.门不会被锁上。(指不会有人来锁门) His novels sell easily.他的小说销路好。(指小说本身内容好) His novels are sold easily.他的小说容易销售。(主要强调外界对小说的需求量大)
6.某些动名词的主动形式表被动含义 1)在need,want,require,deserve和bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动含义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。如: The house needs repairing(to be repaired).这房子需要修理。 My clothes need washing(to be washed).我的衣服需要洗了。 2)形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。如: The picture-book is well worth reading.(=The picture-book is very worthy to be read.)这本画册很值得一读。 Such a man as Mr.Smith is not worth helping.(=Such a man as Mr.Smith is not worthy to be helped.)像史密斯先生那样的人不值得帮助。 This plan is not worth considering.(=This plan is not worthy to be considered.)这个计划不值得考虑。 3)某些动词不定式的主动形式表被动含义 a.当nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant, interesting等形容词后跟不定式作状语,而句子的主语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动含义。如: Japanese is not difficult to learn.日语并不难学。(指日语被学) The water is unfit to drink.这水不适合喝。(指水被喝) The piece of music is pleasant to hear.这首音乐听起来很悦耳。(指音乐被听) This book is easy to read.这本书读起来很容易。(指书被读) b.当动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。如: I have a lot of work to do today.我今天有很多工作要做。(work to do指被做的工作) He has three children to look after.他有三个孩子要照看。(children to look after指孩子被照看) 注意:如果以上句型用动词不定式的被动形式,其含义有所区别。如: I have some clothes to be washed.我有些要洗的衣服。(衣服不是自己洗) c.在there be...句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动或被动式,其含义没有什么区别。如: There is a lot of homework to do(to be done).有很多家庭作业要做。 There are some clothes to wash(to be washed).有些衣服要洗。 4)由介词for,on,above,under等构成的短语有时可以表达被动含义。如: His paintings will be on show tomorrow afternoon.=His paintings will be shown tomorrow afternoon.他的油画作品明天下午展出。 5)表示感官意义的连系动词如smell,feel,taste,look,sound等在句子中常表达被动含义。如: How nice the music sounds!这音乐听起来多悦耳! Good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口。 Our school looks more beautiful than before.我们学校看上去比以前更漂亮了。在主动语态中,使让动词(make,have,let)和感官动词(see, look,watch,notice,listen,hear,feel,find)后必省略to,但在被动语态中必须加上to
例:在教室里我们听见他唱了这首歌
we heard him sing this song in the classroom.
he was heard to sing this song by us in the classroom.
[18. 辨析for example,such as,like]
for example作“例如”讲,一般只以同类事物或人中的“一个”为例,作插入语,用逗号隔开,可置于句首、句中或句末。如: For example,air is invisible.例如,空气是看不见的。
such as也作“例如”讲,用来列举同类人或事物中的几个例子。如: Some of the European languages come from Latin,such as French, Italian and Spanish.有些欧洲语言来源于拉丁语,例如,法语、意大利语和西班牙语。 注意:使用such as来举例子,只能举出其中的一部分,一般不能全部举出。若全部举出,要改用namely(意为:即)。如: He knows four languages,namely Chinese,English,Russian and French.他精通四门语言,即汉语、英语、俄语和法语。
like也常用来表示举例,可与such as互换。注意:such as用于举例时可以分开使用,这时不与like互换。如: Some warm-blooded animals,like /such as the cat,the dog or the wolf,do not need to hibernate.一些温血动物,像猫、狗和狼都不需要冬眠。 He has several such reference books as dictionaries and handbooks.他有几本像字典、手册之类的参考书。
[19. 辨析surprise,surprising,surprised]
surprise既可用作动词,也可用作名词。作动词用时意为“使(某人)惊奇或吃惊”。作名词用时意为“惊奇、吃惊”。如: The bad news didn't surprise them.这个坏消息没使他们吃惊。 in surprise(惊奇地)和to one's surprise(使某人感到吃惊的是)都是含有名词surprise的两个短语。如: The two men looked at each other in surprise那两个人惊奇地互相看着。 To their surprise,the poor boy didn't die.使他们吃惊的是,那个可怜的男孩没有死。 surprised和surprising都是从动词surprise变来的两个形容词,但其用法区别在于:surprised有被动意味,表示“对……感到惊奇”,主语习惯上是人,且其后多接介词at;surprising有主动意味,指“使人惊奇的”,作表语时主语习惯上是事。试比较: I was surprised at his answer.我对他的回答感到吃惊。 Your success is surprising.你们的成功使人吃惊。
[20. 主谓一致讲解]
在英语中,句子的主语和谓语动词要保持数上的一致关系,叫主谓一致。这种关系通常要遵循下面三条原则: 1.语法一致原则。句子的主语是单数形式,谓语动词要用单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语动词用复数形式。如: Australia is an extremely rich country.澳大利亚是个非常富裕的国家。 What are advertisements made?广告是怎样制作的? 注意:anything,everyone,everybody,nobody,anyone,anybody, someone,somebody等复合不定代词作语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。如: If anybody calls,tell him I'll be back later.如果有人找,告诉他我一会儿就回来。 当主语后面跟有as well as,like,but,except等引导的词语时,其谓语动词的单复数形式通常与这些词语前面的主语保持一致。如: I as well as you am a football fan.不仅你是个足球迷,我也是个足球迷。 Nobody but Tom and Jane was there.除了汤姆和珍妮,没有人在那里。 2.意义一致原则。即谓语动词该用单数还是复数取决于主语所表达的内容在含义是单数意义还是复数意义。如: The Chinese are industrious.中国人是勤劳的。 The USA is a developed country.美国是个发达国家。 另外,像works(工厂),politics(政治),physics(物理)等词,虽然形式上是以s结尾,但表示的意义是单数,故谓语动词要用单数形式。相反,people,police等词形式上是单数形式,但表示复数意义,谓语动词要用复数形式。如: This works was built in 2000.这家工厂建立于2000年。 Maths is my favourite subject.数学是我最喜欢的学科。 3.邻近原则。谓语动词该用单数还是复数形式,取决于最邻近它的名词、代词或其它词的数。另外,neither...nor,either...or,not only...but also连接两个名词或代词作主语时,或由there,here引导的句子,并且主语不止一个时,谓语动词通常与邻近它的那个主语保持数上一致。如: There is a dictionary and some books on the desk.桌子上有一本词典和一些书。 Either her father or her mother calls for her every afternoon.不是她父亲就是她母亲每天下午来接她。 除了上述三个原则外,还有一些特殊的情况需要注意: 1.表示时间、重量、数目、价格、长度、数学运算等的词或词组作主语时,尽管它们是复数形式,但如果把这些复数形式的词或词组看作是一个整体,谓语动词就用单数形式。如: Three weeks is a short time.三个星期是很短的时间。 Ten pounds is not so heavy.十磅并不太重。 9999 is a large number.9999是个很大的数字。 2.动词不定式、动名词、从句或不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如: To see is to believe.眼见为实。 It is not easy to master a foreign language.要掌握一门外语是不容易的。 Whether we go or not depends on the weather.我们去还是不去要看天气情况而定。 It is impossible that one can master a new language in such a short period of time.一个人要在这么短的时间内掌握一种新语言是不可能的。 Time is money.〔谚语〕时间就是金钱(一寸光阴一寸金)。 3.由and连接两个单词作主语时,要看其表示的意义来决定谓语动词用单数还是用复数形式。如果表示的是一个整体的概念或指的是同一事物,谓语动词用单数形式;如果表示的是两个不同的对象时,谓语动词用复数形式。如: Danish bacon and egg makes a good meal.丹麦咸肉炖蛋成了一顿美餐。(咸肉炖蛋看作一道菜肴。) The writer and the teacher are coming.作家和老师走来了。(作家和老师是两个人。) The poet and teacher is one of my friends.那位诗人兼教师是我的一位朋友。(诗人和教师指的是同一个人。) 4.集合名词people(人、人民),police一般看作复数意义,谓语动词要用复数形式。另外一些集合名词,如family,enemy,class, population,army等作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式还是复数形式,要根据这些词在句中的实际含义而定。当它们表示的是整体意义时,谓语动词用单数形式;当它们强调或着重指个体成员时,谓语动词用复数形式。如: Are there any police around?附近有警察吗? There were few people present.出席的人寥寥无几。 His family isn't large.他家的人不多。 5.名词性物主代词mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs等作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于该动词后面名词的数,动词后面的名词是单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;动词后面名词为复数形式,谓语动词用复数形式。如: His is a new bike.他的是一辆新自行车。 Ours are old bikes.我们的是些旧自行车。 6.many a意为“许多”,但因后面跟的是单数名词,谓语动词应用单数形式。如: Many a person has had that kind of experience.许多人都有过这种经历。
[21. become,get,go,be,grow,turn 词语辨析]
这几个词用作连系动词时,都可以表示“变成”的意思,但具体用法有所不同。
become通常不用来表示未来的事,而表示变化过程已经完成,用法比较正式。如:I became ill.我病倒了。
get也表示变化的过程已经完成,比become口语化,通常与形容词连用。如:He has got rich.他变富了。
go与get用法差不多,特别用于某些成语中。如:go bad变坏,go blind变瞎,go hungry挨饿。be表示“成为”的意思时,多用于将来时、祈使语气或不定式。如:He will be a scientist.他将成为一名科学家。I would like to be a bus-driver.我想成为一名公共汽车司机。
grow表示“逐渐变成新的状态”的含义。如:My younger brother is growing tall.我的弟弟渐渐长高了。
turn有“成为与以前完全不同的东西”的含义。如:The milk turned sour.牛奶变酸了。
[22.定语从句的用法]
定语从句
知识要点:
一、限定性定语从句:
种类 先行词 关联词 例句 说明
定 语 从 句 (人)在从句中做主语或宾语 物在从句中做主语或宾语 who which This is the doctor who saved the boy’s life .这就是救了孩子生命的医生。She is the new student whom I want to introduce to you .她就是我要介绍给你的新学生Please pass me the book which is lying on the table.请递给我摆在桌上的那本书。The novel which Tom bought is very interesting.汤姆买的小说很有意思。Can you lend me the magazine about which you talked yesterday 你能把昨天谈到的那本杂志借给我吗? who在从句中做主语whom在从句中做宾语,口语中who可以代替whom,也可以被省去,但做介词宾语时只能用whom which在从句中做主语。which充当宾语时可以省去。 which做介词宾语不可省
种类 先行词 关联词 例 句 说 明
定语从句 人或物的 whose The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. Williams那位教授是威廉斯他的女儿教你英语。The professor, the daughter of whom teaches you English is Dr. Williams. The bike whose brake was damaged has now been repaired.那辆坏了闸的自行车现在已经修好了。=The bike the brake of which was damaged has now been repaired whose在从句中做定语指某人的也可以用…of whom代替whose 指物时也可以用…of which 代替 whose
人 或 that The woman that is playing the piano is Miss Zhang.正在弹钢琴的那位妇女是张小姐。I’d like to see the films that are just on show.我想看那些刚上映的电影。 that指人做主语 that指物做主语
种类 先行词 关联词 例 句 说 明
物 all, little much和some,any every ,no 构成的合成代词 人或物 that that They talked for about an hour of things and persons that they remember in the school. 他们谈起他们所记得起的学校里的人和事,谈了大约有半个小时。I’ll tell you all(that )I know about it .我要告诉你我所知道这件事的一切情况。Is there anything (that) I can do for you 有什么我可以帮助做的事吗?I’ve brought everything (that )you need.我把你需要的东西都拿来了。 This is the best film that I have seen .这是我看过的最好的一部电影。The first place that we’ll visit is Beijing Library.我们要参观的第一个地方是北京图书馆 先行词分别表示人和物,关系代词要用that,不用who或which先行词表示物,关系代词用that不用which, 在从句中做宾语可省去 。如果先行词是人时,关系代词不受制约,用that或who (whom)均可 先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时定语从句用that引导。
定 语 从 句 人 或 物 that He is the only person that is believable.他是唯一可靠的人。John is the very person that she wants to see.约翰正是她要见的人。Who is the man that is talking with Tom 正在和汤姆谈话的人是谁?Which of the books that you bought is easy to read 你买的那些书中哪一本容易读。 先行词被the only, the very,the same 等修饰时用关系代词that. 当主句以who、which开头的特殊疑问句时,定语从句要用that
时 间 when He came at a time when we. needed him most.他在我们最需要的时候来了。We’ll never forget the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的那一天。 在定语从句中作时间状语
注:先行词是time, minute, moment, next tim很少用关系副词when,可用that 但通常省去。
地点 where This is the room where he put up for the night.这就是他渡过夜晚的那房子。 在定语从句中作地点状语
原因理由 why I know the reason why she studies so well .我知道她学习好的原因。 在定语从句中作原因状语
(2)非限制性定语从句
种类 先行词 关联词 例 句 说 明
非 限 制 性 定 语 从 句
人 物 没有固定的先行词而是一个句子 whowhom which which as George ,who is my classmate, has won a scholarship.乔治获得了奖学金,他是我的同学。Dr. Li , whom I know very well, will come here tomorrow.李大夫明天将来这儿,我跟他很熟悉。I gave him a New Year card ,which he enjoyed very much.我给他一张贺年卡,他很喜欢它。He studies hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life .他年轻时在校学习努力,这导致了他后来生活中的成功。He gets up early ,as is always his habit.他总是早起床,这是他的习惯。John was admitted into the college, as we had expected.约翰被大学录取了,这是我们期待的。The earth ,as is known to all ,is round.人人皆知,地球是圆的。 who, whom不能省去,也不能用that代替 which指物,不可省去,也不能用that代替 which作主语指它前面的整个句子,不可用that代替,强调结果。 as指全句,在从句中做主语。 as指全句意思,在从句中做宾语。 as引导的定语从句可以放在句首,句中或句末。
This is the same book as I lost yesterday.这本书与我昨天丢失的那本书一样。 用于the same… as, such… as ,as…as等结构中。
(3)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
从句与先行词的关系 从句是先行词不可缺少的定语,如果省去,主句的意思就会不完整或不明确。 从句只是对先行词的附加说明,如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚或完整
标 点 从句和主句之间不用逗号分开 从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开
关系代词 指人who (that) whom指物which (that)人和物whose关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省去 指人who(作主语)whom(做宾语)指物which人和物的whose关系代词一般不可省
修饰 从句只修饰一个名词或代词 可以修饰一个名词或代词也可修饰整个主句
翻译 定语从句译在被修饰词的前面 定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的句子
[23.插入语的用法]
插入语作为独立于句子完整成分之外的插入部分,其插入位置比较随便,对整个句子的意思也没有太大影响,但可能对判断说话人的语气、意图、态度等很有用。插入语形式很多,可以是不定式、现在分词短语、介词短语、形容词及其词组、副词及其短语、主谓结构和简单从句等等。比较常见的如 so what, I think, you know等。插入语结构固定,因此一般语速都较快,但和主句之间往往有一些停顿。考生必须熟悉它们以帮助理解,但又要注意不要被它们干扰了对主要句意的把握。
[24.现在分词与动名词的区别]
V-ing 在英语中可以看作是动名词和现在分词,它们都可以用作非谓语动词,在句中可以充当一定的句子成分。现将其可以充当的句子成分列表对照如下:
一、V-ing作动名词时具有名词的特征,因而在句中用作主语、表语、宾语、定语,有时它可以有自己的逻辑主语,也可以有时态和语态形式。如:
1. 作主语、表语
动名词作主语和表语表示泛指。如:
Tom's not having finished his homework made his teacher angry. 汤姆没有完成作业使老师很生气.(主语)
Her job is keeping the offices clean. 她的工作是保持办公室清洁。(表语)
2. 作宾语
动名词常跟在某些动词如enjoy, finish, mind, can't help(禁不住), suggest(建议), advise, consider(考虑), practise, admit, imagine等以及含介词的短语动词insist on, stop...from, look forward to, pay attention to等后面作宾语。如:
Do you mind my smoking here 你介意我在这儿吸烟吗
3. 作定语
动名词作定语时表示被修饰词的用途和作用。如:
Don't forget to take a shopping basket with you. 别忘了带上购物篮子。
二、V-ing作现在分词充当非谓语动词时,它主要在句中充当定语、表语、宾补、主补及状语。如:
1. 作定语
现在分词作定语时表示该动作正在进行。单个现在分词作定语通常放在被修饰词的前面.现在分词短语作定语则放在被修饰词之后。如:
The rising sun looks very beautiful. 冉冉升起的太阳看上去很美。
若被修饰词与现在分词是被动关系时,须用现在分词的被动式(being done)作定语。如:
The song being broadcast is very popular with the young students. 正在播放的歌曲深受青年学生的欢迎。
现在分词与动名词作定语的区别:现在分词与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系,而动名词作定语表示作用与用途。如:
Let sleeping dogs lie. 别招惹麻烦。(现在分词。相当于定语从句 which are sleeping)
I think some sleeping pills may help you. 我想安眠药可以助你入睡。(动名词.表示用途,相当于pills for sleeping)
2. 作表语
现在分词作表语表示主语的性质,这时通常可以看作形容词,可以用very, so或much等修饰。如:
The news that our team had been beaten by them in the match was very surprising. 我们队在比赛中被他们打败的消息让人感到很意外。
The sound we heard last night was so frightening. 我们昨晚听到的声音令人恐怖。
现在分词作表语与现在分词用于进行时态表达的意义是不同的.作表语,说明主语具备的性质,描述的是一种状态;而与助动词be构成现在进行时态和过去进行时态则强调动作正在发生,侧重对动作的描述。试比较:
Mr. Zhang is encouraging his students to study English thoroughly. 张老师在鼓励学生们学好英语.
The book is very interesting. 这本书很有趣。
3. 作宾语补足语
动词的现在分词作宾补表明宾语正在进行的动作。可以带现在分词作宾补的动词有find, see, hear, watch, have, get, catch, keep, leave等。如:
When I came in, I found him lying in bed. 我进来时发现他躺在床上。
4. 作状语
现在分词作状语可以表示伴随、原因、条件、结果等。如:
All the students sat in the classroom, waiting for their new teacher to come. 所有的学生都坐在教室里等待新老师的到来。 (伴随)
Not having received his reply, she decided to write a second letter. (由于)没有收到他的回信,她决定再写一封。 (原因)
Seeing from the top of the hill, you can find the city more beautiful. (如果)从小山顶上看,你会发现这座城市更美丽。(条件)
My parents went to a birthday party yesterday, leaving me alone at home. 昨天我父母去参加一个生日舞会,留下我一个人在家。(结果)
值得注意的是,现在分词作状语时如果句中主语不是自己的逻辑主语,也可以带自己的主语,构成独立主格结构.此外, 现在分词也可以用在with的复合结构中表示其逻辑主语是分词动作的发出者。如:
Weather permitting, we will go out for a picnic tomorrow. 如果明天天气允许的话,我们将去野餐。(独立主格结构)
With a guide leading the way, we found the village easily. 由于有向导引路,我们轻易就找到了那个村庄。(含with的复合结构作状语)
实践演练:
1. -You are brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
-Well, now I regret _______ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. have done D. having done
2. The secretary worked late into the night, _______ a long speech for the president.
A. who prepars B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
3.The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _______ that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added
4. _______ your homework, you mustn't listen to the music.
A. When do B. When to do C. When doing D. When you doing
5. _______ the idiom, he looked it up in the dictionary.
A. Not learning
B. Never having learned
C. Having learned
D. Having been learned
6. It rained heavily, _______ severe (严重的) flooding in the country.
A. causing B. to cause C. caused D. being caused
7. Any driver _______ a license ought to be punished.
A. doesn't have B. having no C. has not D. not having
Key: 1-4 DBCC 5-7 BAD
[25.as while when的区别]
when引导暂短性动作,也可以引导持续性动作,可用于主。从句动作同时发生或从句动作先发生
eg: When I lived there, I used to go to the seashore on Sunday.
while侧重动作同时发生
While I WAS WRITING,YOU WERE TALKING WITH OTHERS
as引导持续动作,主句伴随从句动作“一边。。。一边”
He looked behind as he went
[26.备注:强调谓语]
强调句子的谓语,要在谓语动词前加助动词do,does,did,谓语动词用原形
[27.虚拟语气的用法]
一、虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设。该语法主要用于if条件状语从句。也可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等。
二、if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断
判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思,看假设的条件是否能够实现,能够实现是真实条件句,不能使用虚拟语气;假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句,要用虚拟语气。
判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况:①与过去事实相反。②与现在事实相反。③与将来事实可能相反。
三、“后退一步法”
后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后,按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即:在非真实条件状语从句中,谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。也就是:
①与过去事实相反,在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。
②与现在事实相反,在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。
③与将来事实可能相反,在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。
主句中则用情态动词would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。
例:If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him.
If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn’t go out.
四、注意事项
①if条件句中如有were, should, had,可以省去if,并使用倒装语序。
②在现代英语中if条件状与从句中的谓语动词如果是be其过去形式一般用were。
●宾语从句中的虚拟语气
一、wish 后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气
wish 后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气,按“后退一步法”处理从句的谓语动词。注意:与哪个事实相反,不能以主句的时态为判断依据,而是根据从句的意义判断。
二、表示“要求、建议、命令”等动词后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
从句中用“should + 动词原形”构成。而且should可以省去。用于此结构的动词有:advise, direct, agree, ask, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest等。
注意:当insist表示“坚持认为”、suggest表示“表明,显示”时,不用虚拟语气。
The look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what I had done for him.
He insisted that he was honest.
三、would rather +从句
在这种结构中,从句的位于动词用过去形式表示虚拟。
I would rather you did this instead of me.
●主语从句中的虚拟语气
一、It be + 形容词 + that ...(should)...
用于该句型的形容词是:necessary, good, inportant, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, funny, strange, surprising .
一些名词也可以用于 在该结构中。如:a pity, no wonder....
二、It be + 过去分词 + that ...(should)....
用于该结构中的过去分词是表示“建议、请求、命令”等词的过去分词。如:desired, suggested, requested, ordered, proposed等。
三、It is time(about time, high time)that ...(过去式动词形式或should+动词原形)....
It is high time I went home now. = It is high time I should go home now.
●表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, advice, decision等需要有内涵的名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中,要使用虚拟语气。其谓语动词应用:should+原形动词。另外连接从句的that不能省略。
例:My suggestion is that weshould go there at once.
What do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the English evening
虚拟语气的重点是:
1.一些常见的虚拟语气的句型或结构。
2.虚拟语气的特殊形式,即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式。
3.主从句表示不同的时间概念、事实或假设情况,从而交错成为复合虚拟语气。
4.含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气的表示愿望的虚拟形式。
上述四个要点往往在完形填空或者阅读理解里面存在,尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考这方面的知识的题目,而在阅读理解里,我们掌握上述四个重点对于我们理解文章的大意和作者态度很有帮助,了解哪些观点是作者假设的、虚拟的,哪些是真实的,这样对于我们回答关于作者态度观点题很有帮助。
下面我们将主要从上述四个方面来重点论述在考试中应该注意的问题。
一、虚拟语气的常见类型和句型
(1)由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气
A.用wish表示对现在的愿望时,它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为:过去式(be动词用were)。
B.用wish表示对将来的愿望时,它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为:would, could, might+ 动词原形。
C.wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时,宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为:had+动词过去分词或could, would + have +动词过去分词。
The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it.
---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.”
---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”
I wish that he weren’t so lazy.
(2)had hoped引起的宾语从句中备用语动词形式为would+动词原形,表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。
His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.
(3)would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况,用过去完成时表示过去的情况,表示希望或婉转的责备。例如:
I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。
I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。
I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。
(4)It’s (high, about) time that 句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式,即动词要用过去式。
It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.
It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.现在是我们该结束讲座的时候了。
(5)as, 或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形,引导让步虚拟从句,这种用法通常采用倒装结构:
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
(6)由连接词in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的状语从句中,谓语动词要用虚拟形式,即should(might, would)+动词原形,例如:
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
(7) if it were not for…与现在事实相反, if it had not been for与过去事实相反,两个都相当于but for:
If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.
(8) 虚拟语气用于as if(though)引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中,其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。例如:She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑,而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样,常常流露出来。
They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着,就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。
She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。
(9)其它各种句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.
二、特殊形式的虚拟语气
虚拟语气的特殊形式,即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式,其虚拟语气的构成往往是由should(可省略)+动词原形that从句。
A、 用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中,这类动词有:
ask要求 advise建议 arrange安排 beg请求
command命令 decide决定 demand要求 desire渴望
determine决定 insist坚持 intend打算 maintain坚持主张
move建议,动员 propose提议 object反对 order命令
prefer建议 require 需要 request要求 resolve下决心
recommend推荐 suggest建议 stipulate约定,规定 urge强调,促进
vote公认,提议 decree颁布(法令) pray请求
注意:这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外,也可以接doing或者to do…来表达,一般情况下,意思没有什么差别。
She advised that we should keep the gate locked.(书面体)
She advised us to keep the gate locked.(口语)
She advised keeping the gate locked.(较随便)
B、用于It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中,这类形容词或分词有:
advisable合理的 decided决定的 crucial关键的 appropriate恰当的
determined决定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential紧要的,基本的
complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的
desirable合意的 better较好的,更好 insistent坚持的 desired想要
asked请求 keen渴望的 incredible难以置信的 adamant坚定不移的
natural自然的 insisted坚持 necessary必要的 suggested建议
urgent紧迫的 ordered命令 shocked震惊的 vital极其重要的
possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable (好一点) proposed提议
requested要求的 required要求的 recommended推荐 resolved决定的
probable(可能的) pity可惜,憾事 shame遗憾
注意:这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外,也可以for…to do…
来表达,一般情况下,意思没有什么差别。
It is essential that he should be prepared for this.
It is essential for him to be prepared for this.
C.用于由表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中,这类名词常见的有:
advice忠告 decision决定 demand要求 desire要求、愿望
insistence坚持 motion提议 necessity必要性 order命令
preference偏爱 proposal提议 pray恳求 recommendation推荐
request要求 requirement要求 resolution决心 suggestion劝告、忠告
例如:
This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.这是他们的决议:要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。
The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.该提议要求把最后一个发言的人的讲话从记录上除掉。
三、混合虚拟语气
有时主句和从句的谓语动词指不同的时间,这时需要用混合虚拟语气。一般来说,在这种情况下,主从句谓语动词指代的时间不同,所以我们又可以错综时间条件句,在这种虚拟情况,动词形式应根据实际情况灵活使用,在做这些题目时候尤其要注意每道题目的提示语:时间状语。绝大多数情况下,从句或者主句都有相关的时间状语,这是我解题的关键。
If you that late movie last night, you wouldn’t be so sleepy.
A. haven’t watched B. didn’t watch
C. hadn’t watched D. wouldn’t have watched 答案选C。
Many dead would now be alive if they have not attempted to return for something.
Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.
混合虚拟语气还有一种情况就是事实和虚拟假设的混合句,这样的句子不仅仅是时间的不同,而重要是事实和假设的混合。
I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.
该句前半部分是假设虚拟,而后半部分是事实的陈述。
Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.
该句前半句用的是假设虚拟,后半句主句也用的是假设虚拟(如果你去并且解释的话),但是后半句的从句用的是事实语气,因为“父母病了”是客观事实,故不需要用虚拟形式had been。
四、含蓄虚拟条件句
含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句,而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有:
(1)介词或介词短语,如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。
the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadn’t been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 答案选B。
But that she was afraid, she would have said no.
(2)连词,如:so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若……),for fear that(唯恐),in order that, on condition that, if only(要是……就好了)等。
She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted.
If only I had more money, I could buy a car.
(注:lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形,但可以不用虚拟语气,而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如:
The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。
Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法时要小心谨慎,以免会发生溢流现象。
(3)通过上下文及内在含义,句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等类似转折词。
I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awake.
A. were sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep选择 B。
(4)形容词及其比较级
A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.
A less conscientious man wouldn’t have tried so hard to get this job done.
(5)分词短语
Having known in time, we might have prevented the accident.
Born ten days earlier, the boy could have seen his late father.
(6)动词不定式短语。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虚拟。
I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at that time.
To hear him speak French, you would take him for an Englishman.
She would be stupid not to accept his invitation.
It would be easier to do it this way.
(7)名词短语和名词+and结构
A judicious man would not have committed suicide.
A diligent student would have worked harder.
(8)独立主格结构
All things considered, the price would be reasonable.
(9)定语从句
Anyone who had been in your position would have done the same.
A nation, which stopped working, would be dead in a fortnight.
(10)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气:
I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.
The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.
(11)动词原形表示虚拟
动词原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一种虚拟,最常见于正式文体中,动词原形一般用在条件从句中,有时倒装置于句首,同时这种用法也常见于独立句中表达愿望。
God bless you!
All magnets behave the same, be they large or small.
She’ll be sixteen years odd, com May.(come May =when May come).
If that be so, we shall take action at once.
[28.as if 和 as though的区别]
as if 或as though引导的方式状语从句中,如果表示真实情况应该用直陈语气;如果表示非真实情况则应该用虚拟语气。关于这一点也取决于说话人的态度、看法。例如:
It gets darker and darker in the sky as if it's going to rain .(表示真实情况,是直陈语气) 天越来越暗了似乎要下雨了。
She speaks as if she knew everything in the world . (表示非真实情况,是虚拟语气)她说话的样子仿佛似她懂得天下事。
[29.系动词的用法]
系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
说明:
有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:
He fell ill yesterday.
他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。)
He fell off the ladder.
他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。
1)状态系动词
用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)
2)持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3)表像系动词
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4)感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。
5)变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如:
He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
6)终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, trun out, 表达"证实","变成"之意,例如:
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)
[30.定语从句的用法]
定语从句
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有:when, where, why等。
1 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you 他就是你想见的人吗?
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。
2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如:
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。
2 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1)when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用,例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
2)that代替关系副词that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
3 限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如:
This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice
.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如:
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。
说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
4 介词+关系词
1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2)that前不能有介词。
3) 某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
5 as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
注意:as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:
(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。
(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
6 先行词和关系词二合一
Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
7 what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever
1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything
What you want has been sent here.
Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
(错)Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
(对)Who robbed the bank is not clear.
3) that 和 what
当that引导定语从句时 ,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时,是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从 句, 用作连接代词,作从句的具体成分,且不能省略。
I think (that) you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice.
8 关系代词that 的用法
1)不用that的情况
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。
b) 在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。
c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。
d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。.
e) 先行词既有人,又有物时。
[31.need的用法]
need 一.实意动词 "需要'
success need hard work.
1.don't need to do sth.不必...了
2.sth. neet doing/to be done.某事需要...了
二.情态动词 "需要"(常用于否定或疑问句中)
三.名词"必需品"
[32.other以及与其容易混淆词汇的辨析]
another
表“另一个”时只跟可数名词单数,而表“另外的、额外的、
附加的”之意时,可跟带有few或具体数字的复数名词,此时可把“数词+复数名词”
看作是一个整体
other, another,any other,the other的用法:
A) other表示“另外”,而another表示“另外一个”,等于an other。两者都可以做主语、
定语和宾语。another只表示单数泛指的意思,而other有复数形式;特指时在其前加定冠词;
前面可加任何限定词以及数量词。
B) other用于两者(或双方)的情况下,another用于三者情况下。
例:He has more concern for others than for himself.(他关心他人比关心自己更重)
other
表“另外的”接复数名词,如与具体数词连用,则置于数词之后,但与定冠词the连用时,other要放在数词前。如:
other 的用法。哦
nuts(232064651) 18:45:14
6.other, the other, others, another
other可作为形容词,意为“其他的”如:What other things can you see
要注意掌握one…the other的用法,表示(两者中的)一个…另一个,如:
I have two balls.One is red, the other is green.
others泛指另外的人或物。the others表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”,如:
Some students are playing basketball, (the)others are playing football.
another意为“另一个”。如:I want another apple.
[33. the first time和for the first time的区别]
这两个词组的词性不同 The first time是名词,在句子里面做主语或者宾语
例如 it's the first time for me to come here.
for the first time是副词,直接做时间状语
I come here for the first time.
[34. so+助动词+主语和so+主语+助动词的区别]
so + 连系动词be/助动词/情态动词+另一主语
此句型中需将主、谓语倒装,表示前句所述的肯定情况也适用于另外一个人或物。其中的so作“也这样;也如此”解。例如:
You can answer the question. So can anybody else. 你能回答这个问题,任何其他人也能回答。
My father enjoys watching TV, and so does my mother. 我父亲喜欢看电视,我母亲也喜欢看。
He is an English teacher. So am I. 他是英语教师,我也是英语教师。
She bought a beautiful skirt in the shop yesterday. So did I. 她昨天在商场买了一条漂亮的裙子。我也买了一条。
从上例可以看出:
①so后面的连系动词be、助动词或情态动词既要在意义上同前一句的谓语动词保持一致,又要与后面的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
②这一结构中的主语可以是名词或人称代词,但它和上文中的主语不是指同一个“人”或“物”。
另外,这一结构的否定式是“neither/nor+系动词be/助动词/情态动词+主语”。例如:
—He doesn”t know Louise”s address. 他不知道路易丝的地址。
—Neither do I. 我也不知道。
I have never been there, neither has he. 我从未到过那里,他也没有。
这里neither/ nor的意思是“也不”或“也没有”。又如:
—The first one was not bad. 第一个不坏。
—Neither was the second. 第二个也不坏。
so+主语+连系动词be/助动词/情态动词
此句型的主语与前一句的主语通常是指同一个“人”或“物”,主、谓语不需要倒装。这种句型表示说话者赞同前句所提到的情况或事实,其中的so作“不错;确实如此”解。例如:
—He studies much harder than any other student in his class.
他比班上其他同学学习都用功得多。
—So, he does. 确实如此。
—He will go to England for his holiday tomorrow. 他明天要去英国度假。
—So he will. 的确如此。
—It was hot yesterday. 昨天天热。
—So it was. 是这样。
[35.ill和sick的区别]
ill和sick都是形容词,表示“生病的”,但二者有区别;
ill只可作表语;而sick既可作表语,也可作定语。如:
①He is ill / sick in hospital. 他生病住院了。
②He is a sick boy.(正)这男孩儿生病了。
He is an ill boy. (误)
[36.enough的用法]
enough作副词用时,意为“充分地;足够地”,通常要把它放在所修饰的形容词、副词或动词的后面,常与不定式或介词for连用。如:
1. You don't practise enough at the piano. 你钢琴弹奏练习得不够。
2. Is the river deep enough for swimming 河水够深来游泳吗?
enough作形容词,意为“充足的;足够的”,在句中可作定语或表语。作定语时,一般放在它所修饰的名词前面。如:
1. I have enough money to buy a colour TV set. 我有足够的钱买台彩电。
2. Fifteen minutes is enough time for you to have a coffee. 15分钟够你喝杯咖啡了。
[37.help的用法]
help sb do sth:help sb to do sth
a.如果help这个动词的主语同它的宾语一起动作,它所搭用的那个作宾语的补语的不定式短语可以省去to,否则仍须把to保留;也就是说,用于人称结构,那个不定式短语要省去to,而用于非人称结构,则多半不省去to。
例如:Please help me find a seat.请你帮我找个座位。(你我两人一起去找)
The magnificent plan of socialist modernization will help us tobroaden our vision.社会主义现代化的宏伟规划将会帮助我们大开眼界。(主语plan是非人称的,所以仍须保留to)
比较:Please help me find a seat.请你帮我找个座位。(你我两人一起去找)
Please help me to find a seat.请你帮我找个座位。(你去找,不是你我一起去找。)
b.用于被动语态,那个不定式短语中的to也不能省去(注:美国英语则往往一概省去to)。
例如:They must be helped to remain modest,prudent and freefrom arrogance and rashness in their style of work.他们在工作作风