语法与修辞[上学期]
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Unit 5 Modal Verbs
Approaching the topic （Page 41）
A . 2) B.3) C.1) D.5) E.4)
Page 43 Exercise 1
Functions
Modal verbs
Ability/possibility
? can, must
Permission/prohibition
?can, may, must
Obligation/
necessity
?should, ought to, must, have to, may
Deduction
?can, could, may, must
Willingness/
intention
?would, will
Page 44 Exercise 2
1. ability 2. deduction 3.obligation 4. deduction
5.permission 6.deduction 7.obligation 8.obligation
Applying Grammar Page 44 Exercise 1
1. must/could 2. could 3.can/should 4. should/must 5. should 6. could
Page 45 Exercise 2
1.C 2.A 3.C 4.C 5.C 6.C
Page 45 Exercise 3
1.can 2.Must I stay; No; needn’t/don’t have to
3. must have been ill, or he would have come on time 4.需要
5.敢从树上往下跳吗 6. should do
Page 46 Exercise 2
1.去掉will 2.去掉to 3.mays---may 4. right 5.jumping---jump 6. right
Unit 6 不定式
Page 49 Exercise 1
2. to be a doctor 3. to lock the door 4.to meet an old friend
Page 50 Examples
Subject: For me, to get it done earlier was really an achievement.
…it would be better not to see each other any more.
It’s better to love and lose than never to have loved at all.
Object: For no less than ten years now I’ve wanted to keep a diary.
…I managed to get my reported done three years in advance.
I’ve started to feel better.
…but I promise to keep writing every day.
Adverbial: So what else have I done to stop laziness?
…I gather all my courage to give Mary a call.
Attribute: It was the first for me to take the initiative.
Object complement: Some little voice in my head warned me not to put it off…
Predicative: What I wanted to do was to talk about relationship, …
Page 52 5)
Forms
Structures
Simple
to do
Continuous
to be doing
Perfect
to have done
Passive
to be done
Negative
not to do/never to do
Wh-form
wh-form to do
Page 52 2
1. to visit 2.not to tell 3. to have achieved 4. to be going 5. to be taken 6. to write
Page 52-53 Infinitives without to
1 1.去掉 to 2.去掉to 3.把answer改为to answer 4.把making改为made
2 在情态动词之后；在 “have done+宾语”之后；
but/except 之前有do的某种形式；在why/why not 之后
Page 53 Omission in the infinitives
1)中省略了to 2)中省略了come 3)中省略了come with us
1)clean the windows 2) know our headmaster
3) get in touch with Mary 4) get a ticker
Page 53 Applying Grammar
1 1)subject 2)subject 3)predicative 4)object 5)adverbial 6)attributive 7)object
2 1)A 2)C 3)D 4)A 5)C
Page 54 3
2)We consider that it is our duty to study for our motherland.
We consider it our duty to study for our motherland.
3)Didn’t you think that it is impossible for such a little boy to move the big stone?
Didn’t you think it impossible for such a little boy to move the big stone?
4)It was hard to deal with the man.
5)We all think that it is immoral to tell lies.
We all think it immoral to tell lies.
Page 54 Further Development
1)He drive too fast to break in time.
2)This question is too difficult for us to solve.
3)She is old enough to take good care of herself.
4)They came early enough to catch the train.
我有一个梦想
我梦想有一天，深谷弥合，高山夷平，歧路化坦途，曲径成通衢，上帝的光华再现，普天下生灵共谒。 这是我们的希望。这是我将带回南方去的信念。有了这个信念，我们就能从绝望之山开采出希望之石。有了这个信念，我们就能把这个国家的嘈杂 刺耳的争吵声，变为充满手足之情的悦耳交响曲。有了这个信念，我们就能一同工作，一同祈祷，一同斗争，一同入狱，一同维护自由，因为我们 知道，我们终有一天会获得自由。
让自由之声响彻科罗拉多州冰雪皑皑的洛基山！ 让自由之声响彻加利福尼亚州的婀娜群峰！ 不，不仅如此；让自由之声响彻佐治亚州的石山！ 让自由之声响彻密西西比州的一座座山峰，一个个土丘！ 让自由之声响彻每一个山岗！
Unit 7 –ing Participles
Page 58 Approaching the Topic
1)Playing 2) cleaning/sweeping ( the street) 3) swimming; swimming
4)singing; dancing 5) running; playing basketball 6) stealing
Page 60 Discovering Grammar
subject
1.Living is learning and working,…
2…., so there is no denying the importance of good time management,…
object
…, do you worry about falling behind, and always sense a lack of time?
…more than two seconds to resume driving when…
…, it will do harm to our health and keep us form enjoying things as…
predicative
1.Living is learning and working…
2.What we need to do is making…, trying to…, changing a bit…, and slowing down if you find it hard to keep.
object complement
Seeing those sitting around you learning hard and making progress every day,…
attributive
Seeing those sitting around you…
adverbial
1.Having entered the second year of our senior school life, have you felt the pressure of you studies?
2. Seeing those sitting around you learning hard and making progress every day, do you worry about falling behind, and always sense a lack of time?
3….by the clock: speeding; skipping the meal; frequenting…, ordering meals over the phone; getting angry; honking the horn…, becoming impatient…, dividing their days into…
Page 60 The –ing participle used as subject, object or predicative
Many people think going to the cinema will cost a lot of money. What they do instead is staying at home watching TV. What’s more, they like being together with their families.
Page 61 The –ing participle used as attributive 1)A 2)B
Page 62 The –ing participle used as adverbial 2.A
Page 62 Applying Grammar 1
reading sitting fixing enjoying studying running standing
dying leaving preferring teaching admitting
2 1)Since we recognize that hunger is a problem, we must take steps to prevent it.
2)The dog which is lying on the floor is called Booby.
3)While I was taking with an expert on homelessness, I leaned a great deal.
4)The computer which is being used now was bought yesterday.
5)After he (had) figured out the answer to the puzzle, Bob jumped with joy.
6)Because he didn’t know what to do, Jim turned to the teacher for help.
3 1)Believing (that) he is trustworthy, I told him the secret.
2)While writing the novel, he was lost in the memory of his childhood.
3)Being afraid, she didn’t want to go home alone.
4)They changed the end of the story, turning it into a tragedy.
5)Having finished my homework, I turned on the TV set.
6)Follwing Mr. David, Mary went out of the classroom.
4 1) telling/having told 2)hearing/ having heard 3) to find
4) meeting/ having met 5)to call 6) worrying 7) to understand
Page 64 Further Developmen 图片1 A 图片2 B
Unit 8 -ed Participles
Page 67 Approaching the Topic
1) excited 2)drawn 3) broken 4) followed
Page 68 Discovering Grammar
predicative
1.After lunch we put…and made some tests to see if it was polluted.
2.She must be lost.
attributive
1.Last Sunday our class went on an organized trip to a forest.
which was organized
2.After we were given printed question papers, we began
which were printed
3.Whenever we found an unknown plant, we had to…
which was unknown
4….and I remember a program that a well-known film director had made about the forest.
who was well-known
5.She had some pictures of a recently discovered plant.
which had been discovered recently
6.She said it was a well-kept secret.
which was kept well
7.We had our picnic lunch in the forest next to a fallen tree.
which had fallen (down)
object complement
1….we found the water not polluted at all.
2. We found ourselves better informed about wildlife.
adverbial
When asked what was the type of the plant, she said…
When she was asked
Page 69
1 1)B 2)A 3)B 4)A
2 1) excited, exciting 2) bored, boring 3) surprised, surprising 4) puzzling, puzzled
3 moved, moving; disappointed, disappointing; interested, interesting
tired, tiring; frightened, frightening; inspired, inspiring
4 1)The boy called Superman is my deskmate.
2)Face Off, starred by Nicholas Cage, is very popular.
Page 70 –ed participles used as adverbials
1)If it is heated, the iron expands.
2)Because/After he was inspired by the words of the teacher, Bob worked even harder.
The logical subject of –ed participles 第一句A 第二句B
Page 71 Applying Grammar
read sat fixed enjoyed studied run stood died
left preferred taught admitted
2 1)Most of the people who were invited to the party did not come.
2)When he was asked whether he would join us in the game, Bob didn’t give us a clear answer.
3)Once it is taken, the drug has a deadly effect.
4)If I am given more time, I will learn English much better.
5)I found an old pot which was buried in the sand.
3 1)Shocked at the waste of the money, I decided to leave the company.
2)The precious necklace stolen by the thief was never found.
3)Yesterday, the president went to visit the retired workers.
4)Separated at birth, the twins do not know each other.
5)The city defended by an army of 10,000 men was difficult to seize.
4 1)B 2)B 3)D 4)C 5)D 6)B 7)C
5 1) to construct --- to be constructed 2) point---pointing 3) face---facing
4) writing---written 5) closing--- closed
Unit 13 Noun Clauses
Page 113 Approaching the Topic
B F H C A E D C
Page 116 Formations of noun clauses
1)The teacher asked Linda whether she had finished the job.
2) We’ve just got a warning on the radio that a typhoon might come.
3)She has no idea what he did for her.
Page 117 Be-subjunctive in noun clauses
2) his way (should) be considered 3) an argument be won 4) an argument be
5) you adopt 6) you give 7) something be done 8)a course of action be followed
Page 117 Applying Grammar 1
1)It is suggested that he (should) come to the meeting.
2)I’m sure he will come and join us.
3)I don’t agree to the suggestion that we (should) have a picnic on Saturday.
4)The reason why I didn’t go to France is that I got a new job.
5)The teacher asked me whether /if I had finished my work.
6)It’s not known when he will come to the meeting.
2 1)I don’t know where I can buy a pen (where to buy a pen).
2)I don’t know whether I should take morning classes or evening classes (whether to take morning classes or evening classes).
3)I don’t how I can use the computer in the library (how to use the computer in the library).
4)I don’t know who I should turn to for help (who to turn to for help).
3 1)My father said that he didn’t believe in giving children a lot of toys.
2)My mother said I could choose my own direction and make my own decisions.
3)My grandfather said he was the youngest of the 7 children.
4)My mother asked whether/if I wanted to go shopping with her the next day.
5)My classmates asked me when I got home the day before.
Further Development 1) whoever 2)whomever
Unit 14 Adjective Clauses
Page 123 Approaching the Topic
Bob, dog, the third place, speak Jack, bird, the first place, dance
Jim, snake, the second place, play dead
2 1)B 2)A
Page 125 Discovering Grammar
Use who for people
…an introvert is someone who is shy, retiring, and fearful.
Mary, who is energized sometimes by others and sometimes by being alone, is a good example.
Use whom for people
Lisa is actually a shy person whom others probably wouldn’t consider extrovert.
Bill, on the other hand, is someone whom everyone considers bold and outgoing.
Use that for people or things
There is a third category that many of us may fall into…
Use which for things
…Lisa opens up in situations in which she starts to feel relaxed and appreciated.
Use whose for possession
…he’s a person whose energies need solitude for replenishment.
Use where for place
At a large party where she doesn’t know many people, she’s shy…
Use when for time
There are times when Mary is like Lisa.
But there are other times when Mary is much more like Bill.
Use which for the idea of the whole main clause
He needs to be alone to reenergize, which is why he is to be regarded as a introvert.
Omit the relative words whom, that or which in some adjective clauses.
She likes to talk once she finds a group (that) she feels comfortable with, …
Page 126 whose
1)The house whose windows are broken faces south.
2)He, who laughs last, laughs best.
He laughs best laughs best.
3)Shanghai is an exciting city, which attracts a lot of tourists.
Shanghai, which is an exciting city, attracts a lot of tourists.
Page 127 when
1)In senior middle school, Lisa and I shared a room where/ in which we spent nights talking.
2)I can never forget the summer when the whole family went to the West Lake.
Page 127 Restrictive and non-restrictive
1 1)B 吉姆有一个当工人的哥哥（吉姆可能有不止一个哥哥）
2)A 吉姆有一个哥哥，他是当工人的（吉姆只有一个哥哥）
2 1) a comma 2) that
3 The little boy who says “I’ll try” will climb to the hill-top.
The little boy who says “I can’t” will be at the bottom stop.
They can’t be changed into non-restrictive ones.
…life is a broken-winged bird that cannot fly.
…life is a barren field that cannot grow.
They can be changed into non-restrictive ones.
Page 128 Applying Grammar
1 1).who 2).which/ in which 3).which 4).(that) 5). when/on which
6). (that) 7).which 8).whose 9).which 10).As
2 1).C 2).B 3).D 4).A 5). C 6). D 7).A 8).D 9).D 10).C
11)B 12)D 13)D 14)A 15)C 16)A 17)B 18)D
3 1) who chats with you on the internet.
2) who knows all your life; whose family knows you, too
3) to whom you can turn for help/whom you can turn to for help
4)who move
5) that/which are
4 1)Berners-lee, who invented the Web, is not rich.
2)A person, who is enrolled in Beijing University, must be intelligent and creative.
3)Kids, who watch a lot of TV, don’t spend much time on their homework.
4)There are many wonderful TV programs for children on Saturdays, when most of them are at home.
5)The computer, which you bought three years ago, does not have enough memory.
Unit 15 Adverb Clauses
Page 133 Approaching the Topic
1)Mrs. Smith came in. 2)it is fine/it doesn’t rain 3) it rained
4) you can catch the school bus. 5) he worked hard. 6)it were broken.
Page 134 Discovering Grammar
Time When their team wins, they learn how to be good winners; when their team loses, they find out they have to struggle to improve.
Place Wherever they go after graduation, what they have learned on the playground will help them to do better in their life, much better.
Condition If you ask what is most welcome both by boys and girls in middle school, the answer will be, most probably, sports.
Concession
Although sports take time, the students will have a better and clear mind for study after sports.
Purpose
People engaged themselves in sports in order that they may improve their physical condition.
Cause
For one thing, sports are positive because it is the best way to get refreshed.
Page135 Types of adverb clauses
2)D 3)A 4)F 5)H 6)G 7)B 8)C
Condition 1)If 2)unless 3) on condition that
Purpose and result 1), 3)为目的状语从句 2), 4)为结果状语从句
Page 136 Conjunctions
time
when, whenever, while, as, as soon as, before, after, etc.
cause
because, since, for, as, etc.
condition
if, unless, so long as, if only, in case, on condition that, etc.
result and purpose
so that, in order that, such that, in case, for fear that, etc.
concession
although, though, even if, no matter, whoever, etc.
manner
as if, as though, as, etc.
Page 136 Applying Grammar
1 2) condition 3) time 4) cause 5) time 6) purpose 7) time 8) result
2 1)A 2)D 3)C 4)B 5)A
3 2)We can’t provide jobs for everyone if we don’t do our best.
3)The man was driving so fast that he soon lost control of the car.
4)If they get enough attention form their teachers, the “poor” students will do much better in school.
5)We must think carefully before we do anything.
6)Since she’s ill, she can’t go to school today.
7)Because there is so much violence on the TV, many people want more government control of the programs.
Further Development
a. R b. R c. R d. W
a.R b.W
a.R b.W
Unit 16 Emphatic Sentences
Page 142 Approaching the Topic F B E C D A
Page 143 Discovering Grammar
using it for emphasis
1) It was on April 10, 1912 that the Titanic began its first and also the last voyage across the Atlantic Ocean.
2)…it was the women and children who were put on the lifeboats first, and then the rich.
using what for emphasis
At this critical moment what the captain tried to do was to reverse the direction of the ship, but it was too late.
using not…until…for emphasis
It was not until several hours later that another ship arrived to help, but the Titanic has gone down.
Page 144 Applying Grammar
1 2)No. It was his wife that/whom the man treated viciously.
3)No. It is only for three months that she has been teaching in our school.
4) No. It was London that Tom went to on Friday.
5) No. It was the machine that he could not repair.
6) No. It was from Henry that John bought the car.
7) No. It Henry that/whom I met in New York.
8) No. What I did was to tell her the sad news.
9) No. What I did was to give her a book.
2 1)a. It is Li Ming’s brother that/who is coming back from the United States on Sunday.
b. It is from the United States that Li Ming’s brother is coming back on Sunday.
c. It is on Sunday that Li Ming’s brother is coming back from the United States.
2)a. It was our school that lost the football match in Chongqing last month.
b. It was the football match that our school lost in Chongqing last month.
c.It was in Chongqiong that our school lost the football match last month.
d. It was last month that our school lost the football match in Chongqing.
3) a. It is people in the cities that/ who are facing the serious problem of air pollution.
b. It is the serious problem of air pollution that people in the cities are facing.
4) a. It is the 29th Olympic Games that will be held in Beijing in 2008.
b. It is in Beijing that the 29th Olympic Games will be held in Beijing in 2008.
c. It is in 2008 that the 29th Olympic Games will be held in Beijing in 2008.
5) a. It is the Li’s that/ who are planning a trip to Thailand during the summer vacation.
b. It is a trip to Thailand that the Li’s are planning during the summer vacation.
c. It is during the summer vacation that the Li’s are planning a trip to Thailand.
3 1)It is not until all the people get on it that the bus will go.
2) It was not until he finished his homework that Li Ming watched TV.
3) It was not until the war actually broke out that the government realized the danger.
Approaching the topic （Page 41）
A . 2) B.3) C.1) D.5) E.4)
Page 43 Exercise 1
Functions
Modal verbs
Ability/possibility
? can, must
Permission/prohibition
?can, may, must
Obligation/
necessity
?should, ought to, must, have to, may
Deduction
?can, could, may, must
Willingness/
intention
?would, will
Page 44 Exercise 2
1. ability 2. deduction 3.obligation 4. deduction
5.permission 6.deduction 7.obligation 8.obligation
Applying Grammar Page 44 Exercise 1
1. must/could 2. could 3.can/should 4. should/must 5. should 6. could
Page 45 Exercise 2
1.C 2.A 3.C 4.C 5.C 6.C
Page 45 Exercise 3
1.can 2.Must I stay; No; needn’t/don’t have to
3. must have been ill, or he would have come on time 4.需要
5.敢从树上往下跳吗 6. should do
Page 46 Exercise 2
1.去掉will 2.去掉to 3.mays---may 4. right 5.jumping---jump 6. right
Unit 6 不定式
Page 49 Exercise 1
2. to be a doctor 3. to lock the door 4.to meet an old friend
Page 50 Examples
Subject: For me, to get it done earlier was really an achievement.
…it would be better not to see each other any more.
It’s better to love and lose than never to have loved at all.
Object: For no less than ten years now I’ve wanted to keep a diary.
…I managed to get my reported done three years in advance.
I’ve started to feel better.
…but I promise to keep writing every day.
Adverbial: So what else have I done to stop laziness?
…I gather all my courage to give Mary a call.
Attribute: It was the first for me to take the initiative.
Object complement: Some little voice in my head warned me not to put it off…
Predicative: What I wanted to do was to talk about relationship, …
Page 52 5)
Forms
Structures
Simple
to do
Continuous
to be doing
Perfect
to have done
Passive
to be done
Negative
not to do/never to do
Wh-form
wh-form to do
Page 52 2
1. to visit 2.not to tell 3. to have achieved 4. to be going 5. to be taken 6. to write
Page 52-53 Infinitives without to
1 1.去掉 to 2.去掉to 3.把answer改为to answer 4.把making改为made
2 在情态动词之后；在 “have done+宾语”之后；
but/except 之前有do的某种形式；在why/why not 之后
Page 53 Omission in the infinitives
1)中省略了to 2)中省略了come 3)中省略了come with us
1)clean the windows 2) know our headmaster
3) get in touch with Mary 4) get a ticker
Page 53 Applying Grammar
1 1)subject 2)subject 3)predicative 4)object 5)adverbial 6)attributive 7)object
2 1)A 2)C 3)D 4)A 5)C
Page 54 3
2)We consider that it is our duty to study for our motherland.
We consider it our duty to study for our motherland.
3)Didn’t you think that it is impossible for such a little boy to move the big stone?
Didn’t you think it impossible for such a little boy to move the big stone?
4)It was hard to deal with the man.
5)We all think that it is immoral to tell lies.
We all think it immoral to tell lies.
Page 54 Further Development
1)He drive too fast to break in time.
2)This question is too difficult for us to solve.
3)She is old enough to take good care of herself.
4)They came early enough to catch the train.
我有一个梦想
我梦想有一天，深谷弥合，高山夷平，歧路化坦途，曲径成通衢，上帝的光华再现，普天下生灵共谒。 这是我们的希望。这是我将带回南方去的信念。有了这个信念，我们就能从绝望之山开采出希望之石。有了这个信念，我们就能把这个国家的嘈杂 刺耳的争吵声，变为充满手足之情的悦耳交响曲。有了这个信念，我们就能一同工作，一同祈祷，一同斗争，一同入狱，一同维护自由，因为我们 知道，我们终有一天会获得自由。
让自由之声响彻科罗拉多州冰雪皑皑的洛基山！ 让自由之声响彻加利福尼亚州的婀娜群峰！ 不，不仅如此；让自由之声响彻佐治亚州的石山！ 让自由之声响彻密西西比州的一座座山峰，一个个土丘！ 让自由之声响彻每一个山岗！
Unit 7 –ing Participles
Page 58 Approaching the Topic
1)Playing 2) cleaning/sweeping ( the street) 3) swimming; swimming
4)singing; dancing 5) running; playing basketball 6) stealing
Page 60 Discovering Grammar
subject
1.Living is learning and working,…
2…., so there is no denying the importance of good time management,…
object
…, do you worry about falling behind, and always sense a lack of time?
…more than two seconds to resume driving when…
…, it will do harm to our health and keep us form enjoying things as…
predicative
1.Living is learning and working…
2.What we need to do is making…, trying to…, changing a bit…, and slowing down if you find it hard to keep.
object complement
Seeing those sitting around you learning hard and making progress every day,…
attributive
Seeing those sitting around you…
adverbial
1.Having entered the second year of our senior school life, have you felt the pressure of you studies?
2. Seeing those sitting around you learning hard and making progress every day, do you worry about falling behind, and always sense a lack of time?
3….by the clock: speeding; skipping the meal; frequenting…, ordering meals over the phone; getting angry; honking the horn…, becoming impatient…, dividing their days into…
Page 60 The –ing participle used as subject, object or predicative
Many people think going to the cinema will cost a lot of money. What they do instead is staying at home watching TV. What’s more, they like being together with their families.
Page 61 The –ing participle used as attributive 1)A 2)B
Page 62 The –ing participle used as adverbial 2.A
Page 62 Applying Grammar 1
reading sitting fixing enjoying studying running standing
dying leaving preferring teaching admitting
2 1)Since we recognize that hunger is a problem, we must take steps to prevent it.
2)The dog which is lying on the floor is called Booby.
3)While I was taking with an expert on homelessness, I leaned a great deal.
4)The computer which is being used now was bought yesterday.
5)After he (had) figured out the answer to the puzzle, Bob jumped with joy.
6)Because he didn’t know what to do, Jim turned to the teacher for help.
3 1)Believing (that) he is trustworthy, I told him the secret.
2)While writing the novel, he was lost in the memory of his childhood.
3)Being afraid, she didn’t want to go home alone.
4)They changed the end of the story, turning it into a tragedy.
5)Having finished my homework, I turned on the TV set.
6)Follwing Mr. David, Mary went out of the classroom.
4 1) telling/having told 2)hearing/ having heard 3) to find
4) meeting/ having met 5)to call 6) worrying 7) to understand
Page 64 Further Developmen 图片1 A 图片2 B
Unit 8 -ed Participles
Page 67 Approaching the Topic
1) excited 2)drawn 3) broken 4) followed
Page 68 Discovering Grammar
predicative
1.After lunch we put…and made some tests to see if it was polluted.
2.She must be lost.
attributive
1.Last Sunday our class went on an organized trip to a forest.
which was organized
2.After we were given printed question papers, we began
which were printed
3.Whenever we found an unknown plant, we had to…
which was unknown
4….and I remember a program that a well-known film director had made about the forest.
who was well-known
5.She had some pictures of a recently discovered plant.
which had been discovered recently
6.She said it was a well-kept secret.
which was kept well
7.We had our picnic lunch in the forest next to a fallen tree.
which had fallen (down)
object complement
1….we found the water not polluted at all.
2. We found ourselves better informed about wildlife.
adverbial
When asked what was the type of the plant, she said…
When she was asked
Page 69
1 1)B 2)A 3)B 4)A
2 1) excited, exciting 2) bored, boring 3) surprised, surprising 4) puzzling, puzzled
3 moved, moving; disappointed, disappointing; interested, interesting
tired, tiring; frightened, frightening; inspired, inspiring
4 1)The boy called Superman is my deskmate.
2)Face Off, starred by Nicholas Cage, is very popular.
Page 70 –ed participles used as adverbials
1)If it is heated, the iron expands.
2)Because/After he was inspired by the words of the teacher, Bob worked even harder.
The logical subject of –ed participles 第一句A 第二句B
Page 71 Applying Grammar
read sat fixed enjoyed studied run stood died
left preferred taught admitted
2 1)Most of the people who were invited to the party did not come.
2)When he was asked whether he would join us in the game, Bob didn’t give us a clear answer.
3)Once it is taken, the drug has a deadly effect.
4)If I am given more time, I will learn English much better.
5)I found an old pot which was buried in the sand.
3 1)Shocked at the waste of the money, I decided to leave the company.
2)The precious necklace stolen by the thief was never found.
3)Yesterday, the president went to visit the retired workers.
4)Separated at birth, the twins do not know each other.
5)The city defended by an army of 10,000 men was difficult to seize.
4 1)B 2)B 3)D 4)C 5)D 6)B 7)C
5 1) to construct --- to be constructed 2) point---pointing 3) face---facing
4) writing---written 5) closing--- closed
Unit 13 Noun Clauses
Page 113 Approaching the Topic
B F H C A E D C
Page 116 Formations of noun clauses
1)The teacher asked Linda whether she had finished the job.
2) We’ve just got a warning on the radio that a typhoon might come.
3)She has no idea what he did for her.
Page 117 Be-subjunctive in noun clauses
2) his way (should) be considered 3) an argument be won 4) an argument be
5) you adopt 6) you give 7) something be done 8)a course of action be followed
Page 117 Applying Grammar 1
1)It is suggested that he (should) come to the meeting.
2)I’m sure he will come and join us.
3)I don’t agree to the suggestion that we (should) have a picnic on Saturday.
4)The reason why I didn’t go to France is that I got a new job.
5)The teacher asked me whether /if I had finished my work.
6)It’s not known when he will come to the meeting.
2 1)I don’t know where I can buy a pen (where to buy a pen).
2)I don’t know whether I should take morning classes or evening classes (whether to take morning classes or evening classes).
3)I don’t how I can use the computer in the library (how to use the computer in the library).
4)I don’t know who I should turn to for help (who to turn to for help).
3 1)My father said that he didn’t believe in giving children a lot of toys.
2)My mother said I could choose my own direction and make my own decisions.
3)My grandfather said he was the youngest of the 7 children.
4)My mother asked whether/if I wanted to go shopping with her the next day.
5)My classmates asked me when I got home the day before.
Further Development 1) whoever 2)whomever
Unit 14 Adjective Clauses
Page 123 Approaching the Topic
Bob, dog, the third place, speak Jack, bird, the first place, dance
Jim, snake, the second place, play dead
2 1)B 2)A
Page 125 Discovering Grammar
Use who for people
…an introvert is someone who is shy, retiring, and fearful.
Mary, who is energized sometimes by others and sometimes by being alone, is a good example.
Use whom for people
Lisa is actually a shy person whom others probably wouldn’t consider extrovert.
Bill, on the other hand, is someone whom everyone considers bold and outgoing.
Use that for people or things
There is a third category that many of us may fall into…
Use which for things
…Lisa opens up in situations in which she starts to feel relaxed and appreciated.
Use whose for possession
…he’s a person whose energies need solitude for replenishment.
Use where for place
At a large party where she doesn’t know many people, she’s shy…
Use when for time
There are times when Mary is like Lisa.
But there are other times when Mary is much more like Bill.
Use which for the idea of the whole main clause
He needs to be alone to reenergize, which is why he is to be regarded as a introvert.
Omit the relative words whom, that or which in some adjective clauses.
She likes to talk once she finds a group (that) she feels comfortable with, …
Page 126 whose
1)The house whose windows are broken faces south.
2)He, who laughs last, laughs best.
He laughs best laughs best.
3)Shanghai is an exciting city, which attracts a lot of tourists.
Shanghai, which is an exciting city, attracts a lot of tourists.
Page 127 when
1)In senior middle school, Lisa and I shared a room where/ in which we spent nights talking.
2)I can never forget the summer when the whole family went to the West Lake.
Page 127 Restrictive and non-restrictive
1 1)B 吉姆有一个当工人的哥哥（吉姆可能有不止一个哥哥）
2)A 吉姆有一个哥哥，他是当工人的（吉姆只有一个哥哥）
2 1) a comma 2) that
3 The little boy who says “I’ll try” will climb to the hill-top.
The little boy who says “I can’t” will be at the bottom stop.
They can’t be changed into non-restrictive ones.
…life is a broken-winged bird that cannot fly.
…life is a barren field that cannot grow.
They can be changed into non-restrictive ones.
Page 128 Applying Grammar
1 1).who 2).which/ in which 3).which 4).(that) 5). when/on which
6). (that) 7).which 8).whose 9).which 10).As
2 1).C 2).B 3).D 4).A 5). C 6). D 7).A 8).D 9).D 10).C
11)B 12)D 13)D 14)A 15)C 16)A 17)B 18)D
3 1) who chats with you on the internet.
2) who knows all your life; whose family knows you, too
3) to whom you can turn for help/whom you can turn to for help
4)who move
5) that/which are
4 1)Berners-lee, who invented the Web, is not rich.
2)A person, who is enrolled in Beijing University, must be intelligent and creative.
3)Kids, who watch a lot of TV, don’t spend much time on their homework.
4)There are many wonderful TV programs for children on Saturdays, when most of them are at home.
5)The computer, which you bought three years ago, does not have enough memory.
Unit 15 Adverb Clauses
Page 133 Approaching the Topic
1)Mrs. Smith came in. 2)it is fine/it doesn’t rain 3) it rained
4) you can catch the school bus. 5) he worked hard. 6)it were broken.
Page 134 Discovering Grammar
Time When their team wins, they learn how to be good winners; when their team loses, they find out they have to struggle to improve.
Place Wherever they go after graduation, what they have learned on the playground will help them to do better in their life, much better.
Condition If you ask what is most welcome both by boys and girls in middle school, the answer will be, most probably, sports.
Concession
Although sports take time, the students will have a better and clear mind for study after sports.
Purpose
People engaged themselves in sports in order that they may improve their physical condition.
Cause
For one thing, sports are positive because it is the best way to get refreshed.
Page135 Types of adverb clauses
2)D 3)A 4)F 5)H 6)G 7)B 8)C
Condition 1)If 2)unless 3) on condition that
Purpose and result 1), 3)为目的状语从句 2), 4)为结果状语从句
Page 136 Conjunctions
time
when, whenever, while, as, as soon as, before, after, etc.
cause
because, since, for, as, etc.
condition
if, unless, so long as, if only, in case, on condition that, etc.
result and purpose
so that, in order that, such that, in case, for fear that, etc.
concession
although, though, even if, no matter, whoever, etc.
manner
as if, as though, as, etc.
Page 136 Applying Grammar
1 2) condition 3) time 4) cause 5) time 6) purpose 7) time 8) result
2 1)A 2)D 3)C 4)B 5)A
3 2)We can’t provide jobs for everyone if we don’t do our best.
3)The man was driving so fast that he soon lost control of the car.
4)If they get enough attention form their teachers, the “poor” students will do much better in school.
5)We must think carefully before we do anything.
6)Since she’s ill, she can’t go to school today.
7)Because there is so much violence on the TV, many people want more government control of the programs.
Further Development
a. R b. R c. R d. W
a.R b.W
a.R b.W
Unit 16 Emphatic Sentences
Page 142 Approaching the Topic F B E C D A
Page 143 Discovering Grammar
using it for emphasis
1) It was on April 10, 1912 that the Titanic began its first and also the last voyage across the Atlantic Ocean.
2)…it was the women and children who were put on the lifeboats first, and then the rich.
using what for emphasis
At this critical moment what the captain tried to do was to reverse the direction of the ship, but it was too late.
using not…until…for emphasis
It was not until several hours later that another ship arrived to help, but the Titanic has gone down.
Page 144 Applying Grammar
1 2)No. It was his wife that/whom the man treated viciously.
3)No. It is only for three months that she has been teaching in our school.
4) No. It was London that Tom went to on Friday.
5) No. It was the machine that he could not repair.
6) No. It was from Henry that John bought the car.
7) No. It Henry that/whom I met in New York.
8) No. What I did was to tell her the sad news.
9) No. What I did was to give her a book.
2 1)a. It is Li Ming’s brother that/who is coming back from the United States on Sunday.
b. It is from the United States that Li Ming’s brother is coming back on Sunday.
c. It is on Sunday that Li Ming’s brother is coming back from the United States.
2)a. It was our school that lost the football match in Chongqing last month.
b. It was the football match that our school lost in Chongqing last month.
c.It was in Chongqiong that our school lost the football match last month.
d. It was last month that our school lost the football match in Chongqing.
3) a. It is people in the cities that/ who are facing the serious problem of air pollution.
b. It is the serious problem of air pollution that people in the cities are facing.
4) a. It is the 29th Olympic Games that will be held in Beijing in 2008.
b. It is in Beijing that the 29th Olympic Games will be held in Beijing in 2008.
c. It is in 2008 that the 29th Olympic Games will be held in Beijing in 2008.
5) a. It is the Li’s that/ who are planning a trip to Thailand during the summer vacation.
b. It is a trip to Thailand that the Li’s are planning during the summer vacation.
c. It is during the summer vacation that the Li’s are planning a trip to Thailand.
3 1)It is not until all the people get on it that the bus will go.
2) It was not until he finished his homework that Li Ming watched TV.
3) It was not until the war actually broke out that the government realized the danger.