课件10张PPT。1．can, could（能）
表示一般现在时和一般过去时两种时态，有时也能表示将来时。所有其他时态（包括将来时）须用to be able 加动词不定式来表示。
①What can I do for you?我能为你做什么吗？
②It surely can't be eleven o'clock already. 不可能已经十一点钟了。
③We were sure that he could pass the test.我们肯定他能通过测试。
④Will you be able to finish the chemical experiment today? 你今天能做完这个化学实验吗？
2．may
①May I come in?我可以进来吗？（表示允许或请求）
②You may go now.你现在可以走了。
●may表示允许的否定形式是must not（“不应该”、“不许”）。
③----May I take this book home? ----No, you mustn't.我可以把这本书拿回家吗？——不行。
④She may not go to the library tonight.
今晚她可能不去图书馆了。（表示说话人的猜测，认为某一事情“或许”或“可能”发生。）
⑤The news may or may not be true.消息也许是真的，也许不是真的。（猜测）
●may用在感叹句中可表示祝愿、愿望。如：
⑥May you succeed.祝你成功。3．Might (might为may的过去式)
①Mr. Li said he might visit Cambridge University.李先生说他可能去参观剑桥大学。
●might也可代替may，表示现在时间的动作，但语气较委婉，客气或更加不肯定。
②Might I use this phone?我可以用这个电话吗？
③The singing star might not come today.今天歌星也许不来了。
4．must必须，应当
①You must get to the airport before nine o'clock. 你必须在九点以前到达飞机场。
②Your homework must be clear and complete.你的作业应当清楚完整。
③He must be in the reading room now.他现在准是在阅览室。（表示说话人对事物的推测）
④She must be writing a letter to her mother.
她现在一定在给她妈妈写信。（must加动词不定式进行时也可表示对现在发生的动作的推测，表示“一定”或“准是”的意思。）
⑤The road is wet. It must have rained last night.
马路湿了，昨晚一定下雨了。（must加动词不定式的完成式，说明对过去事物的推测，表示“一定”或“准是”的意思。）
●两种否定式的比较
must not表示“不应该”、“不许可”，语气比较强烈。如：
We mustn't waste our time.我们不应该浪费我们的时间。
need not（不必）表示must在意义上的否定。如：
Must we clean our classroom today?----No, you needn't.我们必须今天清扫教室吗？——不，不必。5．have to（不得不，必须）
①To launch satellites into space, we have to use big powerful rockets.要把卫星射入太空我们必须得使用巨型强力火箭。
②There is no bus to the village and we have to walk there.没有到那个村子的公共汽车，我们必须步行去那里。6．need需要
用于疑问句及否定句，单数第三人称不加-s，后接动词原形。（在肯定句里既可用做情态动词又可用做实义动词。当用做实义动词时，单数第三人称加-s，并有时态变化。）
①Need we go to the factory on foot?我们今天需要步行去工厂吗？
②You needn't do your homework in class. You may do it after class. 你不必在课堂上做作业，你可以课后做。
●needn't后加动词的完成式时，指过去已做了但不需做的动作。
③You needn't have bought the new watch, as the old one could be repaired.你本可以不必买只新表，因为旧表能修好。
④You needn't have brought your umbrellA． It is going to be clear up.你本可以不必带伞，天就要晴了。
●didn't have to和didn't need to表示过去未做也不需做的动作。如：
⑤I didn't have to help her with her mathematics, for she is good at math.我没有必要帮她数学，她擅长数学。
⑥She knew the way to the library, so you didn't need to show her the way.她知道去图书馆的路，所以你没有必要给她指路。7．should应当
①You should listen to your father's advice.你应当听你爸爸的话。（表示“劝告”、“建议”）
②The doctor should be here by now.医生现在可能到了。（表示“预测”、“可能”）
③She should be on campus.她应当在校园里。（表示“预测”、“可能”）
④Why should I leave?我干吗要离开？（表示“不满”、“惊奇”）
●should后跟动词不定式的完成式时，这时句子指的是过去的事情。如果是肯定句，说明事情本应完成而未完成；如果是否定句表示发生了不应当发生的事情。如：
⑤ The little boy shouldn't have eaten the apple without washing it first.这个小男孩不应当不洗苹果就吃。
⑥You should have worked hard earlier.你早就应当努力学习了。
●should的语气比must轻，可用于各人称。8．ought to 应当，总该
语气比should重，比must轻，表示有“义务”或“必要”做某件事，还可表示“劝告”等。
①You ought to practice more.你应该多练习。
②You ought not to stay up too late.你不应该熬夜太晚。
③Your grandpa oughtn't to drink so much.你爷爷不应当喝大多的酒。
●ought后加动词不定式的完成式时，指过去的动作。肯定形式（ought to have done）表示某件事应当做而未做，相当于should have done。否定形式（ought not to have done），则表示一件不应该做的事情发生了，相当于should not have done。如：
④ I was fined. I ought to have returned these books to the library last month.我被罚款了，我上个月就应当把这些书还给图书馆。
⑤You oughtn't to have got up so late.你不应该起这么晚 9．will表示“意志”、“意愿”和“决心”等，可用于各种人称
①He will come to see you next Sunday.下个星期天他将来看你。
②We will try our best to win the game.我们将尽最大努力赢得比赛。课件10张PPT。普通名词 专有名词: English, the United Nations, Zhongshan Park 个体名词：tree, city, teacher集体名词：class, family, society 物质名词：paper, bread, light抽象名词：truth, health, music名 词 物质名词量的表示法 a piece of news, two sheets of paper, two sets of furniture
c.f. three boxes of eggs, two bunches of flowers名词所有格 Alice’s paintings
New Year’s Day
at the barber’s
five minutes’ talk c.f. a five-minute talk
the window of the room （无生命东西的名词）
the death of Dr. Norman Bethune ( 名词本身较长)
What’s the name of the student sitting near the window?（名词的定语较长）名词双重所有格 当a， an, this, that，these, those, some, any, several, no, every, such, another, which, what等与名词所有格共同修饰一个名词时， 两者不能同时都放在该名词前面，而要用双重所有格表示。
He is a friend of my father’s
This is no fault of John’s
c.f. a picture of his brother’s
a picture of his brother名词的单复数 1. 可数名词的复数形式：
desk---- desks
class---- classes
factory---- factories
hero---- heroes c.f photo--- photos
leaf--- leaves knife--- knives c.f. roof--- roofs chief---- chiefs2. 不规则形式：
foot---feet woman--- women tooth--- teeth
a sheep ---- two sheep a deer ---- two deer
an aircraft--- three aircraft
a Chinese--- many Chinese
a Frenchman--- two Frenchmen
a German--- five Germans
looker-on---- lookers-on
father-in-law --- fathers-in-law
grown –up ----- grown ups
man doctor ---- men doctors名词的用法 主语：The children are playing under the tree.
宾语:
a) She opens the window at five every morning.
b) He looks after the child.
表语 Her daughter is a singer.
宾补 They name the boy Tom.
主补 He is considered an excellent writer.
定语 That is a bicycle factory.名词的主谓一致 The class is for the plan.
The class are waiting for her.
The savings are for your future use.
The scissors are very sharp.
A pair of scissors is in the drawer.
The cattle are gazing at the foot of the hill.
The police are gathering in the street.
A policeman is asking him several questions.A deer is over there in the bush.
Three deer are appearing over there in the bush.
Five hundred dollars a month is not much.
Mr. Smith, together with his wife and two sons, is to arrive on the evening flight.
The manager as well as his colleagues was present at the meeting.
The owner and editor of the newspaper is a friend of mine.
The old lead a happy life.就近原则 Fans or an air-conditioner is necessary for the laboratory.
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it.
Not only the workers but the manager objects to the change.
There’s a book, two pencils and some paper on the desk.The Subjunctive Mood:
虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望、猜测、建议或与事实不符的假设等，也可以表示可能性较小的情况或不可能发生的情况，而不是客观存在的事实（表示客观事实要用陈述语气）。虚拟语气是由句中谓语动词的特殊形式表现出来的。虚拟语气常用于复合句中，也可用于简单句。
一、虚拟语气的用法
Present Unreal:
If I (you, he / she, we, they) + 动词过去式 (were, did, had, etc.), should / would / could / might + 动词原形
e.g. If I had HIV, I would know because I would fell sick.
If I were you, I would give an AIDS patient a hug.
Past Unreal:
If I (you, he / she, we, they) + had + 过去分词, should / would / could / might + have + 过去分词
e.g. If she had told him about the danger, he would not have got hurt.
If I had known more about giving first aid, I could have helped them.
Future impossible:
If I (you, he / she, we, they) + 动词过去式 (were, did, had, etc.), … should / would / could / might + 动词原形
e.g. If the teacher asked me to solve the problem next time, I could try my best.
If I (you, he / she, we, they) should +动词原形, … should / would / could / might + 动词原形
e.g. If he should fail in the experiment this time, he would try again.
If I (you, he / she, we, they) + were to +动词原形, should / would / could / might +动词原形
e.g. If we were to panic, we would not be able to help.
二、虚拟语气应该注意的问题
关于假使条件虚拟语气需注意的几点
1. 如果从句所假设的谓语动词发生的时间与主句所假设的谓语动词发生的时间不一致, 这种假设条件句叫错综时间条件虚拟语气. 其主句和从句谓语动词的构成要根据所假设的时间而定.
1) If I had taken the medicine, I would be better now. 如果我服用了那种药的话, 现在就会好些了.
2) If the weather had been finer, the crops would be growing still better. 如果(前些日子)天气更好些, 庄稼一定会长得更好.
2. If it were not for / had not been for… 也是一种条件虚拟语气从句, 译为 “要不是因为……”.
If it hadn’t been for the doctor, he wouldn’t have recovered so soon.
If it were not for the lack of space, we would hold the sports meet today.
3. 有些条件是由一些短语引出的 (but for, with, without; otherwise, or, but, etc,)
We couldn’t have achieved so much without your help (= If we had not had your help).
Without solar radiation, animals and plants would die.
With better equipment, we could have done it better.
But for electricity (= If there were no electricity), there would be no modern industry.
I should have returned the book last week, but I was so busy that I forgot to do so.
He was having a meeting; otherwise he would have come over to help us.
He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have attended the party.
4. 在某些隐含的虚拟条件简单句中, 虚拟语气可通过上下文表现出来. 谓语动词用虚拟形式.
Any men in his position would have done like that.
You should (ought to) have come earlier.
虚拟语气祈使语气的混合使用
在有些情况下, 条件从句中的谓语由”should + 原形动词” 构成, 这时主句的谓语动词既可以是虚拟语气或陈述语气, 也可以是祈使语气.
1. If it should rain, the plan will / would be called off.
2. Should anyone phone, please tell them I’m busy.
3. Even if (If) it should get stormy, I will go.
表示要求, 建议, 命令的虚拟语气
表示要求, 建议, 命令的从句中, 谓语动词要用should + 原形动词, 其中可以should 省略. 下列例句可以表示这种虚拟语气.
a. 主宾语从句表示法: suggest, order, request, advise, require, insist, ask, demand, command, propose等动词后面的宾语从句要用原形动词should + 原形动词, 可以省略.
1. The doctor advised that I (should) take a rest.
2. The London dockers demanded that their wages (should) be raised.
3. He insisted that the meeting (should) not be put off.
当suggest, insist 等动词表示”暗示, 坚持说” 时, 其宾语从句中的谓语动词不需要用虚拟语气, 要用陈述语气.
1. Are you suggesting that I am not suited for the job?
2. He insisted that he was innocent.
b. 主语从句表示法: 当以上动词用在下列句型中时, 主语从句也应该用should + 原形动词
1. It is suggested that the building (should) be pulled down.
2. It is ordered that the work (should) be started at once.
在It is (was) strange (necessary, wonderful, important, etc.) that…句型中, strange, necessary等后面的主语从句中用should + 原形动词, should可以省略.
3. It is strange that he (should) refuse to come to the party.
It is necessary that a doctor (should) be sent for at once.
It is important that we should learn from toehrs.
e. 表语从句表示法.
suggestion, proposal, order, advice, demand 等名词作主语时, 其后面的表语从句中也用虚拟语气, 即should + 原形动词, should 也可以省略.
My advice is that you (should) give up smoking.
c. wish 后面所跟宾语从句要求谓语动词用虚拟语气.
e.g. I wish that she were here with me and that we weren’t sick.
I wish I had sent the old man to hospital in time.
d. 在as if引起的从句中,动词一般用虚拟语气, 通常用were
e.g. People treat me as if I were a dangerous person.
I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.
f. 同位语从句表示法.
1. That evening came the order that we (should) cross the river at once.
虚拟语气中常见的句型有
1. It is (high / about) time that… 这一从句的谓语动词用过去式或should + 原形动词, 其中should不可以省略. 此句型译为”该是……时候了”.
2. would rather sb. did sth. / had done sth.
此句型表示”宁愿让某人……”, 如果是没有发生的动作, 从句用过去时; 如果是已经发生的事, 从句用过去完成时.
I’d rather you left tomorrow.
I’d rather they hadn’t gone to school yesterday.
3. if only…
此句型表示”要是……就好了”. 其后面句子的时态与wish引导的宾语从句相同, 既:如果虚拟现在, 要用一般过去时; 如果是虚拟过去, 要用过去完成时; 如果是虚拟将来, 则应该用 would或 could加原形动词.
If only I were a bird!
If only I had worked hard as a student!
If only I could land on the moon!
4. 连接词in case可用来引起的虚拟语气. 形式通常为: in case + 主语 + should +动词原形. in case句中should 的可以省去, 也可以不用虚拟语气, 而用陈述语气.
He took his rain coat with him in case it should rain.
He doesn’t dare to leave the house in case he is (should be) recognized.
虚拟语气单项选择:
1. If I had had enough time, I my work. A. would finish B. must have finished C. would have finished D. had finished
2. Ten minutes earlier, they the plane.
A. will catch B. would catch C. would have caught D. will have caught
3. Mr. Green requires that the students a composition every other week. A. write B. written C. would write D. will write
4. Had he studied hard, he the exam.
A. would pass B. could pass C. had passed D. would have passed
5. I wish I what is happening there in his room.
A. know B. known C. knew D. should know
6. It is important that you sports every day.
A. have B. would have C. must have D. will have
7. If there were no water in the world, everything .
A. will die B. would die C. would have died D. would have been dead
8. what was going to happen ,I would never have left her alone. A. Had I known B. If I know C. If I knew D. If had I known
9. He ordered that the work right away.
A. should finish B. finished C. would be finished D. be finished
10. — Shall we go to the movie tonight? — No, I'd rather at home with our baby. You'd better not leave it to the babysitter at night. A. you stayed B. you stay C. stayed D. stay
11 . in your position, I would help him.
A. Was I B. Were I C. If I am D. If I had been
12. I , but I was stopped by the heavy rain.
mean to come B. meant to come
C. had meant to come D. meant coming
13. Mrs. Black insists in that old hotel.
A. not to stay B. not staying C. staying not D. that he not stay
14. If you had spoken clearly, you would .
understand it B. have understood
C. be understood D. have been understood
15. If you that late movie last night, you wouldn't be so sleepy. A. haven't watched B. hadn't watched
C. didn't watch D. wouldn't have watched
16.The foreign friend speaks Chinese so well as if he a Chinese. A. is B. be C. should be D. were
17. — If he , he that food.
— Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. A. was warned; would not take
B. would be warned; had not taken C. had been warned; would not have taken D. would have been warned; had not taken
18. Without electronic computers, much of today's advanced technology _______ achieved. A. will not be B. would not be
C. would not have been D. cannot have been
key : 1.C 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.A 9.D 10.A 11.B 12.C 13.D 14.D 15.B 16.D 17.C 18.C
虚拟语气实战演练 1. Look at the trouble I am in! If only I _____ your advice. (上海2003) ?? A. followed??????????????? B. would follow ?? C. had followed?????????????? D. should follow
2. _____ be sent to work there?(上海 2002) ?? A.?Who do you suggest ?? B. Who do you suggest that should ?? C. Do you suggest who should?? ?? D. Do you suggest whom should 3. How I wish every family _____ a large house with a beautiful garden! (上海 2002) ?? A. has???? B. had???? C. will have??D. had had 4. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he _____ a goal. (上海2001) ?? A. had scored?????????????? B. scored? ?? C. would score???????????????? D. would have scored 5. You didn’t let me drive. If we _____ in turn, you _____ so tired.
?? A. drove; didn’t get???????? ???? ?? B. drove; wouldn’t get ?? C. were driving; wouldn’t get? ?? D. had driven; wouldn’t have got 6. My suggestion is that we _____ a few more assistants to help the engineer working busily on the machine. ?? A. sends????????? B. sending???????? C. to send????? D. send
7. The CEO of the company insisted _____ in the five-star hotel. ?? A. that we not stay? B. that we don’t stay?? ?? C. we wouldn’t stay D. not to stay 8. It’s high time we students _____ even harder at our lessons as the national entrance examination is coming nearer. ?? A. work??????????????????? B. will work ?? C. worked?????????????????? D. have to work 9. It has been proposed that the school sports meet _____ till next weekend because of the recent storm. ?? A. should be put off?????????????????? B. should put off ?? C. put off??????????? D. would be put off 10. How I wish I _____ to Athens, where the 28th Olympic Games are being held! ??? A. will pay a visit??????????? B. have paid a visit? ??? C. could pay a visit???????????? D. had paid a visit
11. Though the girl had been suffering from the blood disease, she acted as if nothing _____ to her while facing her friends and relatives. ??? A. happened??????????????????? B. happens ??? C. had happened??????????????????? D. happen 12. If he _____ his legs in the last training, he _____ the coming World Cup, which he has been longing to compete in. ??? A. hadn’t hurt; would join in ?? ??? B. hadn’t hurt; would have taken part in ??? C. didn’t hurt; would go in for?? ??? D. didn’t hurt; would have taken part in 13. If I _____ to school tomorrow, I _____ my lessons now. ??? A. were to go; would do B. would go; would do? C. went; did?? ???????? D. should go; am doing 14. It is demanded that everyone _____ in his seat at 7:00 tomorrow morning. ??? A. is????????????? B. be???????????? C. would be?????? D. will be 15. I’d rather you _____ their invitation yesterday. ??? A. not accept? B. wouldn’t accept ??? C. didn’t accept?????????????? D. hadn’t accepted
16. If I _____ him yesterday I _____ him about it.
A. saw; would ask B. had seen; would have asked
C. had seen; would ask D. saw; would have asked
17. What do you think would happen if there _____ no light during the days?
A. is B. will be C. were D. would be
18. _____ late tomorrow, who would take her place?
A. Should Miss Green come B. If Miss Green would come
C. Miss Green should come D. If Miss Green comes
19. It seems as if it ____ already summer now.
A. were B. be C. is D. had been
20. I wish I _____ him the day before yesterday.
A. saw B. could see C. had seen D. was seeing Key: 1 – 5 CABDD???? 6 – 10 DACAC???????11 – 15 CAABD 16 – 20 BCAAC
一、?谓语动词在人称和数上必须和主语一致
1．The results of the experiment show that you have all made good progress.
2．Between the two buildings stands a monument.
二、如果主语是一个抽象概念,谓语动词用单数
1．Growing vegetables needs constant watering.
2．That we have made brilliant achievements is an iron fact.
三、由and 并列的两个名词做主语时，如果表示的是一个同一概念或者单数概念，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数
1．The iron and steel industry is very important.
2．The teacher and poet often gives lectures around the city.
3. The teacher and the poet are good friends in the city.
4．When and where to build the shopping center has not been decided.
四、如果主语是单数，即使后面跟着由with, together with, as well as, like, but, except等引起的短语，谓语动词仍然用单数(与第一个主语保持一致)
1．An iron and steel works, with some satellite factories, is to be built here.
2．A scientist, together with some assistants, was sent to the flooded area to help in the work.
3．The teacher as well as the students is going to visit the exhibition.
4．None but Xiao Wang knows it.
五、each 和由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词都看作单数
1．Each of us has something to say about the subject. （注意如果是we each 就不一样了）
3．Just a minute, someone is talking with manager.
六、what, which, who, some, more, most, all等代词是单数或是复数要依据意思来定
1．Which is / are your room / rooms?
2．What we need is more practice.
3．What he left me are but a few old books.
4．All that can be done has been done.
5．All but you were here just now.
七、none指不可数名词时为单数，指可数名词时为单复皆可，主要取决于说话人头脑中联想到的是单数还是复数
1．None of the books are easy for us.
2．None cares now.
3．None of the information is useful..
八 either, neither通常看作单数
1．Neither of us has passed the examination.
2．Either of them has known it.
九Many a和more than one修饰的词做主语时，谓语动词用单数
1.Many a person has had that kind of experience.
2.More than one expert was invited to the party.
十、分数，百分数 + of + 名词做主语时，主要看名词是单数还是复数；是可数还是不可数
1．More than 70% of the earth is covered with water.
2．Two thirds of the work has been finished so far.
3．60% of the students have arrived.
4．One fourth of the population here are workers.
但，population 单独做主语，为单数
如：What is the population of the city?
十一、不可数名词如果被表示数量的名词所修饰，谓语动词用复数
1．Three million tons of coal were exported that year.
2．South of the village were 200 mu of sandy wasteland.
十二、表示时间，数量，长度及价值的名词尽管是复数形式但常被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数
1．Today ten thousand yuan is not a large number.
2．100 miles was covered in a single night.
十三、or; not only…but also…; neither…nor…; either…or…并列两个主语时，谓语动词和就近的保持一致
1．Not only the students but also the teacher wants to see the film.
2．Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind.
3．Either you or Xiao Li is mistaken.
十四、here, there 引起一个句子而主语又不止一个，谓语动词通常和就近的一个一致
1．Here is a ruler, a few pencils and two copybooks.
2．There is a computer, a typewriter and two telephones on the desk.
十五、有些集体名词可为单数也可为复数，主要依据意思而定
1．His family is not very large.
2．His family are all music lovers.
3．Class 3 is next to Class 2.
4．Class 3 are having a class-meeting this Saturday.
十六、a number of + n为复数；the number of + n为单数
1．A number of books on this subject have been published.
2．The number of books on this subject is amazing.
十七、and 连接的名词前有every, each, no时，谓语动词用单数
1．Every hour and every minute is important to us students.
2．No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in such a heated discussion.
3．Each man and each woman has the equal rights in every field in our country now.
十八、动名词，不定式或者从句做主语时，谓语动词一般要用单数
Seeing is believing
Who is her father is not known yet.
十九、the +adj.表示一类人时为复数，表示一类物概念时为单数
1．The poor were looked down upon in the old days.
2．The true is always appreciated anytime.
二十、one and a half…为单数
1．One and a half hours is enough for the experiment.
二十一、one of + pl做先行词，后接定语从句且关系代词做主语，定语从句的谓语动词用复数；the one of…/ the very one of… / the only one of…做先行词且关系代词做主语，定语从句的谓语动词用单数
1．He is one of the students who are into computer games.
2．He is the only one of the students who is into computer games.
二十二、表示某些组织机构的名词，虽然形式上是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数
1．The United Nations was founded on October 24, 1945.
2．The United States is the only superpower of the world today.
二十三、表示学科的词以及works(工厂)，news(消息)等，虽然本身为复数形式，但谓语动词仍用单数
1．Mathematics is my poor subject, I even want to give it up.
2．The news that the newly- built nuclear power station is to be put into use next month is true.
课件48张PPT。一、?谓语动词在人称和数上必须和主语一致
1．The results of the experiment _____that you have all made good progress.
2．Between the two buildings ________a monument.
二、如果主语是一个抽象概念,谓语动词用单数
1．Growing vegetables _________constant watering.
2．That we have made brilliant achievements ____ an iron fact.showstandsneedsis三、由and 并列的两个名词做主语时，如果表示的是一个同一概念或者单数概念，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数
1．The iron and steel industry _____ very important.
2．The teacher and poet often ______lectures around the city.
3. The teacher and the poet ______ good friends in the city.
4．When and where to build the shopping center ______ not been decided. isgivesarehas四、如果主语是单数，即使后面跟着由with, together with, as well as, like, but, except等引起的短语，谓语动词仍然用单数(与第一个主语保持一致)
1．An iron and steel works, with some satellite factories, _____to be built here.
2．A scientist, together with some assistants, _____ sent to the flooded area to help in the work.
3．The teacher as well as the students__ going to visit the exhibition.
4．None but Xiao Wang ______it.iswasisknows五、each 和由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词都看作单数
1．Each of us ______something to say about the subject. （注意如果是we each 就不一样了）
3．Just a minute, someone ____ talking with manager.
六、what, which, who, some, more, most, all等代词是单数或是复数要依据意思来定
1．Which is / are your room / rooms?
2．What we need is more practice.
3．What he left me are but a few old books.
4．All that can be done has been done.
5．All but you were here just now.hasis七、none指不可数名词时为单数，指可数名词时为单复皆可，主要取决于说话人头脑中联想到的是单数还是复数
1．None of the books ___easy for us.
2．None ____now.
3．None of the information ___useful..
八 either, neither通常看作单数
1．Neither of us ____passed the examination.
2．Either of them ____known it.arecareshashasis九Many a和more than one修饰的词做主语时，谓语动词用单数
1.Many a person ____had that kind of experience.
2.More than one expert _____ invited to the party.
十、分数，百分数 + of + 名词做主语时，主要看名词是单数还是复数；是可数还是不可数
1．More than 70% of the earth___ covered with water.
2．Two thirds of the work ____been finished so far.
3．60% of the students ______arrived.
4．One fourth of the population here____ workers.
但，population 单独做主语，为单数
如：What ____the population of the city?haswas ishashaveareis十一、不可数名词如果被表示数量的名词所修饰，谓语动词用复数
1．Three million tons of coal were exported that year.
2．South of the village were 200 mu of sandy wasteland.
十二、表示时间，数量，长度及价值的名词尽管是复数形式但常被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数
1．Today ten thousand yuan is not a large number.
2．100 miles was covered in a single night.十三、or; not only…but also…; neither…nor…; either…or…并列两个主语时，谓语动词和就近的保持一致
1．Not only the students but also the teacher wants to see the film.
2．Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind.
3．Either you or Xiao Li is mistaken.
十四、here, there 引起一个句子而主语又不止一个，谓语动词通常和就近的一个一致
1．Here is a ruler, a few pencils and two copybooks.
2．There is a computer, a typewriter and two telephones on the desk.十五、有些集体名词可为单数也可为复数，主要依据意思而定
1．His family __not very large.
2．His family ____all music lovers.
3．Class 3 ____next to Class 2.
4．Class 3 _____having a class-meeting this Saturday.
十六、a number of + n为复数；the number of + n为单数
1．A number of books on this subject have been published.
2．The number of books on this subject is amazing.isareisare十七、and 连接的名词前有every, each, no时，谓语动词用单数
1．Every hour and every minute is important to us students.
2．No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in such a heated discussion.
3．Each man and each woman has the equal rights in every field in our country now.
十八、动名词，不定式或者从句做主语时，谓语动词一般要用单数
Seeing is believing
who is her father is not known yet. 十九、the +adj.表示一类人时为复数，表示一类物概念时为单数
1．The poor were looked down upon in the old days.
2．The true is always appreciated anytime.
二十、one and a half…为单数
1．One and a half hours is enough for the experiment.
二十一、one of + pl做先行词，后接定语从句且关系代词做主语，定语从句的谓语动词用复数；the one of…/ the very one of… / the only one of…做先行词且关系代词做主语，定语从句的谓语动词用单数
1．He is one of the students who are into computer games.
2．He is the only one of the students who is into computer games.二十二、表示某些组织机构的名词，虽然形式上是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数
1．The United Nations was founded on October 24,1945.
2．The United States is the only superpower of the world today.
二十三、表示学科的词以及works(工厂)，news(消息)等，虽然本身为复数形式，但谓语动词仍用单数
1．Mathematics is my poor subject, I even want to give it up.
2．The news that the newly- built nuclear power station is to be put into use next month is true.主谓一致单选题精选1.Nobody but Jane ____ the secret.
A.know B.knows C.have known D.is known
2.All but one _____ here just now.
A.is B.was C.has been D.were
3.Not only I but also Jane and Mary ____ tired of having one examination after another.
A.is B.are C.am D.be
4.A library with five thousand books _______ to the nation as a gift.
A.is offered B.have offered
C.are offered D.has offered 5.When and where to build the new factory _____ yet.
A.is not decided B.are not decided
C.has not decided D.have not decided 5.When and where to build 6.The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them ____ absent for different reasons.
A.were , was B.was , was C.was , were D.were , were 7._____ of the land in that district _____ covered with trees and grass. A.Two fifth,is B.Two fifth ,are C.Two fifths,is D.Two fifths , are 8.This is one of the most interesting questions that ____ asked. A.have B.has C.have been D.has been 9.Between the two rows of trees _____ the teaching building.
A.stand B.stands C.standing D.are
10.All that can be done_____.
A.has been done B.has done
C.have done D.were done
11.They each _____ a new dictionary.
A.has B.have C.is D.are
12.The singer and the dancer ______ come to the meeting.
A.has B.have C.are D.is
13.I have finished a large part of the book ; the rest _____more difficult.
A.is B.are C.was D.were
14.The wounded _______ by the hospital.
A.have been taken in B.has been taken in
C.have taken in D.has taken in
15.The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.? A. is B. was C. are D. were 16.What the population of Beijing? A.is B.are
17.The Chinese a great people. A.is B.are
18.The number of the students who part in the entrance examination great. A.takes,is B.takes,are C.take,is D.take,are
1.? Each of you ______ responsible for the accident.
a. am??? b. be??? c. is??? d. are
2.? Each man and woman ______ the same rights.
a. has??? b. have??? c. had??? d. is having
3.? Every means ______ tried but without much result.
has been??? b. have been??? c. are???
d. is
4.? There ______ in this room.
a. are too much furniture??? b. is too many furnitures
c. are too much furnitures?? d. is too much furniture
5.? The manager or his assistant ______ planning to go.
a. were??? b. are??? c. was??? d. be
6.? Not only I but also David and Iris ______ fond of playing basketball.
a. am??? b. is??? c. are??? d. was
7.? Neither Tom nor his parents ______ at home.
a. is???? b. are??? c. has??? d. was
8.? Either the dean or the principal ______ the meeting.
attends??? b. attend???
c. are attending???
d. have attended
9.? ______ was wrong.
a. Not the teacher but the students?????? b. Both the students and the teacher
c. Neither the teacher not the students??? d. Not the students but the teacher
10.???? “______ twenty dollars a big sum to her?”
? “I suppose so.”
a. Will be??? b. Is??? c. Are??? d. Were
11.???? Three hours ______ enough for us to finish the task.
a. are?? b. has?? c. is?? d. were
12.???? Most of his savings ______ in the Xin Hua Bank.
a. has been kept??? b. is being kept??? c. have kept???? d. have been kept
14.???? One or perhaps more pages _______.
a. is missing??? b. has been missed??? c. are missing??? d. was missing
15.???? More than one worker ______ dismissed.
a. have been???? b. are??? c. has been??? d. has
16.???? Many a student ______ the importance of learning a foreign language.
have realized???
b. has realized???
c. have been realized???
d. has been realized
17.???? The gas works ______ near the city.
a. is??? b. are??? c. were??? d. be
18.???? The surroundings of his house ______ clean now.
a. is??? b. are??? c. was??? d. were
19.???? The committee ______ over the problem among themselves for two hours.
a. has argued??? b. has been arguing??? c. have argued??? d. have been arguing
20.???? The public ______ generous in their contributions to the earthquake victims.
a. is??? b. was??? c. are??? d. has been
21.???? Cattle ______ on the hillside.
a. grazes??? b. is grazing??? c. was grazing??? d. were grazing
22.???? Her politics ______ neither conservative nor liberal.
a. is??? b. are??? c. was??? d. has been
23.???? Measles ______ a kind of infectious illness.
a. is??? b. are?? c. were??? d. have been
24.???? The Philippines ______ to the south-east of China.
??? a. lies??? b. lie??? c. lay??? d. lays
25.???? Mary is one of the girls who ______ always on time.
a. is??? b. am??? c. are??? d. was
26.???? Tom is the only one of the stall members who ______ to be promoted.
a. is going??? b. are going??? c. has been going??? d. have been going
27.???? What caused the accident ______ on the road.
a. were stone??? b. were stones??? c. was stone??? d. was stones
28.???? Wisky and soda ______? his favorite drink.
a. is??? b. are??? c. were??? d. have been
29.???? ______ is to attend our evening.
a. both the singer and the dancer??? b. Either the singer or dancers
? c. The singer or dancers?????????? d. The singer and dancer
30.???? The Smiths ______ their breakfast when the morning post came.
a. had???? b. has been having??? c. are having??? d. were having
31.???? No one except two students ______ the meeting.
a. has been late for??? b. have been late for??? c. was late for??? d. were later for
32.???? All but him and me ______ to the exhibition.
a. am going??? b. is going??? c. are going??? d. was going
33.???? Interest, as well as prospects, ______ important when one looks for a job.
a. are??? b. were??? c. is??? d. was
34.???? The president, accompanied by his assistants, ______.
a. have arrived??? b. are arriving???? c. had arrived??? d. has arrived
35.???? A number of cars ______ in front of the park
a. is parked??? b. was parked??? c. are parked??? d. has parked
36.???? The number of articles published on smoking ______ amazing.
a. is??? b. are??? c. were??? d. have been
37.???? The majority of doctors ______ smoking is harmful to health.
a. are believed??? b. had believed??? c. has believed??? d. believe
38.???? The majority of the damage ______ easy to repair.
a. is??? b. are??? c. were??? d. be
39.???? Four-fifths of the crop ______.
a. are ruined??? b. was ruined??? c. were ruined??? d. have been ruined
40.???? Three-fourths of the buildings ______.
a. was destroyed??? b. is destroyed??? c. were destroyed???? d. has been destroyed
41.???? Early to bed and early to rise ______ a man healthy, happy and wise.
a. making??? b. to make??? c. make??? d. makes
43.???? The young ______ the vital forces in our society.
a. is??? b. has been??? c. are??? d. have been
44.???? Every man, woman and child ______ some history, enough at least, to survive in the world.
a. knows??? b. know??? c. is known??? d. are known
45.???? None of them ______ my friends.
a. is??? b. are??? c. was??? d. has been
46.???? Not only the whole nation, but the whole Europe , indeed the whole human society ______ to alter its attitude to racial problems.
a. need??? b. needs??? c. has a need??? d. have a need
47.???? Getting to other planets or to the moon _____ many problems.
a. involve??? b. involves??? c. involving??? d. to involve
48.???? In that country, the rich ______ richer, the poor, poorer.
a. become??? b.? has become??? c. becomes???? d. is becoming
49.???? The project requires more labor than ______ because it is extremely difficult.
a. has been put in??? b. have been put in???? c. being put in??? d. to be put in
50.???? Not one in one hundred children exposed to the disease ______ likely to develop it.
a. should be??? b. must be??? c. is??? d. are
Exercise I
Peter, why didn’t you go to the flower show?
--- I think it’s something ______ pleasant.
A. far more B. far less C. too much D. much too
The rainy season is coming and let’s make full use of the ______ days to dry whatever is needed to dry before the next dry season.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny
C. last sunny few D. sunny last few
Americans eat ______ as they actually need every day.
A. twice as much protein B. twice protein as much twice
C. twice protein as much D. protein as twice much
The Chinese Educational Department suggests teachers should receive ________ education to catch up with the _______ development.
A. farther; late B. farther; later
C. further; lately D. further; latest
--- Goods imported from abroad are ______ those made in China.
--- Yes. Some of the goods made in China are of high quality.
A. not always better than B. always as good as
C. no better than D. no longer better than
He was lying in hospital ______, with his ribs broken.
A. half dead B. deadly C. dying D. died
The young pigeons which I bought _______ last month are able to fly _____ now.
A. cheap; high B. cheaply; highly
C. cheap; highly D. cheaply; high
--- Are you satisfied with his work, sir?
--- Well, I’m afraid it couldn’t be _______.
A. any better B. the best C. any worse D. the worst
--- Tom is very stupid. He fails in every exam.
--- In my opinion, he is _____ than stupid.
A. lazier B. no lazier C. more lazy D. lazier rather
She is always ready to help people in trouble because she thinks it _____.
A. pleasure B. a fun C. a pride D. a pleasure
Some trees are cut down each year and ______ are left to grow even taller.
A. the rest B. rest of them C. a rest D. a rest of them
I don’t like this pair of gloves. Will you show me_____?
A. another B. the others C. some others D. other ones
This pair of trousers ______ for John.
A. is made B. are made C. makes D. will make
As a result of the heavy snow, the highway has been closed up until further ______.
A. news B. information C. notice D. message
--- Could you mail these letters for me please?
--- ________ letters? Your friends are going to be very happy to hear from you again.
A. What B. Some C. More D. different
With summer coming on, the weather gets hot ______.
A. day after day B. day and night
C. day in and day out D. day by day
--- ______ of Guilin has your uncle covered since he came here?
--- About half of it, I guess.
A. How far B. How much C. How wide D. How many
The little boy is dirty from head to foot because he _______ in the mud all morning.
A. has played B. is playing C. has been playing D. was playing
The new dictionaries are very useful. They _____ well and _____ already.
A. sell; have been sold out B. sold; had sold out
C. sell; sell out D. are sold; have been sold out
20--- Are all the titles of the articles _______ in the contents?
--- Yes, all ______.
A. listed; included B. listing; includes
C. listed; including D. being listed; being included
--- I’m sorry, I shouldn’t have been so rude to you.
--- You ______ your temper but that’s OK.
A. have lost B. had lost C. did lose D were losing
21.--- You’ve made great progress in your studies of English, haven’t you?
--- Yes, but much _______.
A. remains to do B. is remained to do
C. remains to be done D. is remained to be done
--- Sorry. I _____ to post the letter for you.
--- Never mind. ______ it myself after school.
A. forget; I’d rather post B. forgot; I’m going to post
C. forgot; I’ll post D. forget; I’ll better post
Glad to see you back. How long ______ in Russia?
A. did you stay B. have you stayed
C. were you staying D. have you been staying
--- Alice’s second-hand computer ______ wrong although she used it only once.
--- You’d better go to check it.
A. went B. has gone C. is going D. had gone
John as well as the other children who _____ no parents ______ good care of in the village.
A. have; is being taken B. have; has taken
C. has; is taken D. has; have been taken
The dictionary still ____ where I ____ it a moment ago.
A. lies; laid B. lied; lay C. laid; laid D. lies; lay
The careless driver has just been _____ $10 for stopping his car at a sign that ______ “ No Parking”.
A. punished; read B. fined; reads
C. punished; is written D. fined; is written
Neither of the young men who had tried to get the job in the company _______ .
A. has been accepted B. had been accepted
C. was accepted D. accepted
28.--- Have you heard from Janet recently?
--- No, but I _____ her over Christmas.
A. saw B. will be seeing C. have seen D. have been seeing
In 1960, this was the longest bridge that _______.
A. was ever built B. had ever built
C. has ever been built D. had ever been built
You_____ things about. Look, what a mess in your room!
A. always throw B. have always thrown
C. are always throwing D. have always been throwing
--- Never touch my computer while I’m away.
--- ______.
A. I shouldn’t B. I mustn’t C. I won’t D. I don’t
---- We want someone to design the new art museum for us.
---- ______ the young fellow have a try?
A. May B. Shall C. Will D. Need
--- Why hasn’t Jane arrived yet?
--- She ______ again in the morning.
shouldn’t have overslept
may have turned off the alarm clock
must have no one to call her
should have someone to wake her up
As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think _______.
A. ought to be said B. must say C. have to be said D. need to say
You _______ this morning if you really wanted to see it yourself.
A. ought to come B. could come
C. ought to have come D must have come
Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we _____ during the day.
A. should have done B. would have done
C. must have done D. may have done
--- Will it take me at least six hours to write this essay?
--- Yes, six hours ______ to write a good essay.
are not long for you
will be too long to you
was not long enough for you
is not long enough for you
--- Was he present at the meeting?
--- He ______ not have attended it, for he was busy repairing his computer all the time.
A. can B. might C. should D. must
_____ you like to have dinner with us this evening?
A. Do B. Would C. Will D. Can
He must have attended the meeting yesterday, _____ he?
A. didn’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. hasn’t
40--- _______ I return the dictionary within three days?
--- No, you _____ . You _______ it for five days.
May; needn’t ; can borrow
Can; mustn’t; would have
Must; don’t have to; can keep
Shall; can’t; should read
41.These _______ are very expensive.
A. women handbags B. woman’s handbags
C. woman handbags D. women’s handbags
42. The country’s wealth comes chiefly for its many ______.
A. herd of cattle B. herd of cattles
C. herds of cattle D. herds of cattles
43. You have taken ______ time to do your homework. A time of thirty minutes to finish it is _____ long.
A. too much; much too B. too much; too much
C. much too; much too D. much too; too much
44. Frank doesn’t speak Chinese so ______ as Harry.
A. better B. well C. nice D. wonderful
45. Three boys ______ climbing the garden wall.
A. have caught B. caught C. being caught D. were caught
46. No matter how hard you ______, you won’t be able to do it well alone.
A. will try B. would try C. try D. tried
47. When Mary and Kate got to the cinema, the film ________ for ten minutes.
A. had begun B. began C. had started D. had been on
48. Just stay here on the platform; the train _______.
will arrive after five minutes
B. will arrive in five minutes
C. will arrive five minutes after
D. will arrive in five minutes later form now
49. We _______ to work on foot, but now we ______ by bike.
A. usually go; have gone B. used to go; go
C. was used to going; going C. used to going; have been going
50. Tell me how you work out the answer, ______ you?
A. can B. will C. don’t D. shan’t
Multiple Choices
Peter, why didn’t you go to the flower show? （B）
--- I think it’s something ______ pleasant.
A. far more B. far less C. too much D. much too
The rainy season is coming and let’s make full use of the ______ days to dry whatever is needed to dry before the next dry season. （B）
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny
C. last sunny few D. sunny last few
Americans eat ______ as they actually need every day.
A. twice as much protein B. twice protein as much twice
C. twice protein as much D. protein as twice much (A)
The Chinese Educational Department suggests teachers should receive ________ education to catch up with the _______ development.
A. farther; late B. farther; later
C. further; lately D. further; latest (D)
--- Goods imported from abroad are ______ those made in China.
--- Yes. Some of the goods made in China are of high quality.
A. not always better than B. always as good as
C. no better than D. no longer better than (A)
He was lying in hospital ______, with his ribs broken.
A. half dead B. deadly C. dying D. died (A)
The young pigeons which I bought _______ last month are able to fly _____ now.
A. cheap; high B. cheaply; highly
C. cheap; highly D. cheaply; high (A)
--- Are you satisfied with his work, sir?
--- Well, I’m afraid it couldn’t be _______.
A. any better B. the best C. any worse D. the worst (C)
--- Tom is very stupid. He fails in every exam.
--- In my opinion, he is _____ than stupid.
A. lazier B. no lazier C. more lazy D. lazier rather （C）
She is always ready to help people in trouble because she thinks it _____.
A. pleasure B. a fun C. a pride D. a pleasure (D)
Some trees are cut down each year and ______ are left to grow even taller.
A. the rest B. rest of them C. a rest D. a rest of them (A)
I don’t like this pair of gloves. Will you show me_____?
A. another B. the others C. some others D. other ones (A)
This pair of trousers ______ for John.
A. is made B. are made C. makes D. will make (A)
As a result of the heavy snow, the highway has been closed up until further ______.
A. news B. information C. notice D. message (C)
--- Could you mail these letters for me please?
--- ________ letters? Your friends are going to be very happy to hear from you again.
A. What B. Some C. More D. different (C)
With summer coming on, the weather gets hot ______.
A. day after day B. day and night
C. day in and day out D. day by day (D)
--- ______ of Guilin has your uncle covered since he came here?
--- About half of it, I guess.
A. How far B. How much C. How wide D. How many (B)
The little boy is dirty from head to foot because he _______ in the mud all morning.
A. has played B. is playing C. has been playing D. was playing (C)
The new dictionaries are very useful. They _____ well and _____ already.
A. sell; have been sold out B. sold; had sold out
C. sell; sell out D. are sold; have been sold out (A)
20--- Are all the titles of the articles _______ in the contents?
--- Yes, all ______.
A. listed; included B. listing; includes
C. listed; including D. being listed; being included (A)
--- I’m sorry, I shouldn’t have been so rude to you.
--- You ______ your temper but that’s OK.
A. have lost B. had lost C. did lose D were losing ( C)
21.--- You’ve made great progress in your studies of English, haven’t you?
--- Yes, but much _______.
A. remains to do B. is remained to do
C. remains to be done D. is remained to be done ( C)
--- Sorry. I _____ to post the letter for you.
--- Never mind. ______ it myself after school.
A. forget; I’d rather post B. forgot; I’m going to post
C. forgot; I’ll post D. forget; I’ll better post ( C)
Glad to see you back. How long ______ in Russia?
A. did you stay B. have you stayed
C. were you staying D. have you been staying (A)
--- Alice’s second-hand computer ______ wrong although she used it only once.
--- You’d better go to check it.
A. went B. has gone C. is going D. had gone (A)
John as well as the other children who _____ no parents ______ good care of in the village.
A. have; is being taken B. have; has taken
C. has; is taken D. has; have been taken (A)
The dictionary still ____ where I ____ it a moment ago.
A. lies; laid B. lied; lay C. laid; laid D. lies; lay (A)
The careless driver has just been _____ $10 for stopping his car at a sign that ______ “ No Parking”.
A. punished; read B. fined; reads
C. punished; is written D. fined; is written (B)
Neither of the young men who had tried to get the job in the company _______ .
A. has been accepted B. had been accepted
C. was accepted D. accepted ( C)
28.--- Have you heard from Janet recently?
--- No, but I _____ her over Christmas.
A. saw B. will be seeing C. have seen D. have been seeing (B)
In 1960, this was the longest bridge that _______.
A. was ever built B. had ever built
C. has ever been built D. had ever been built (D)
You_____ things about. Look, what a mess in your room!
A. always throw B. have always thrown
C. are always throwing D. have always been throwing ( C)
--- Never touch my computer while I’m away.
--- ______.
A. I shouldn’t B. I mustn’t C. I won’t D. I don’t ( C)
---- We want someone to design the new art museum for us.
---- ______ the young fellow have a try?
A. May B. Shall C. Will D. Need (B)
--- Why hasn’t Jane arrived yet?
--- She ______ again in the morning.
shouldn’t have overslept
B. may have turned off the alarm clock
must have no one to call her
D. should have someone to wake her up (B)
As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think _______.
A. ought to be said B. must say C. have to be said D. need to say (A)
You _______ this morning if you really wanted to see it yourself.
A. ought to come B. could come
C. ought to have come D must have come (C)
Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we _____ during the day.
A. should have done B. would have done
C. must have done D. may have done (D)
--- Will it take me at least six hours to write this essay?
--- Yes, six hours ______ to write a good essay.
are not long for you
will be too long to you
was not long enough for you
is not long enough for you (D)
--- Was he present at the meeting?
--- He ______ not have attended it, for he was busy repairing his computer all the time.
A. can B. might C. should D. must (A)
_____ you like to have dinner with us this evening?
A. Do B. Would C. Will D. Can ( B)
He must have attended the meeting yesterday, _____ he?
A. didn’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. hasn’t (A)
40--- _______ I return the dictionary within three days?
--- No, you _____ . You _______ it for five days.
May; needn’t ; can borrow
Can; mustn’t; would have
Must; don’t have to; can keep
Shall; can’t; should read ( C)
41.These _______ are very expensive.
A. women handbags B. woman’s handbags
C. woman handbags D. women’s handbags (D)
42. The country’s wealth comes chiefly for its many ______.
A. herd of cattle B. herd of cattles
C. herds of cattle D. herds of cattles (C)
43. You have taken ______ time to do your homework. A time of thirty minutes to finish it is _____ long.
A. too much; much too B. too much; too much
C. much too; much too D. much too; too much (A)
44. Frank doesn’t speak Chinese so ______ as Harry.
A. better B. well C. nice D. wonderful ( B)
45. Three boys ______ climbing the garden wall.
A. have caught B. caught C. being caught D. were caught (D)
46. No matter how hard you ______, you won’t be able to do it well alone.
A. will try B. would try C. try D. tried ( C)
47. When Mary and Kate got to the cinema, the film ________ for ten minutes.
A. had begun B. began C. had started D. had been on (D)
48. Just stay here on the platform; the train _______.
will arrive after five minutes
B. will arrive in five minutes
C. will arrive five minutes after
D. will arrive in five minutes later form now (B)
49. We _______ to work on foot, but now we ______ by bike.
A. usually go; have gone B. used to go; go
C. was used to going; going C. used to going; have been going (B)
50. Tell me how you work out the answer, ______ you?
A. can B. will C. don’t D. shan’t (B)
动词及动词时态
实义动词
及物动词
a.动词后要求有宾语，否则意思不完整的动词。及物动词可有被动结构。
She studies English very hard.
I always review my lessons in the evening.
b. 及物动词的另两种结构
及物动词中有少数动词要求一个宾语（直接宾语）外，还要求有一个宾语（间接宾语），才使句意完整。这类动词有：leave, show, bring, lend, teach, give, tell, hand, write等。
I’ll tell you a story about Leifeng.
还有少数动词要求一个宾语外，还要求有一个补足语来使句意完整。这类动词有：name, call, get, have, find, turn, think, consider等。
They call him Lao Wang.
2) 不及物动词
不及物动词指不可带宾语的动词，也不可用于被动语态。
The sun rises in the east.
He came last month.
They go to school every day.
3)连系动词
连系动词只起连系作用，虽有词义但不能单独作谓语，后必须加表语一起构成谓语。
常用的连系动词有： appear, become, fall, feel, get, go, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。
She felt a bit tired.
He kept silent at the meeting.
注：连系动词不可与副词连用。
时态
一般现在时
用法：
经常性动作等。常与everyday, often, always, once a week, seldom, usually等连用。
She is our teacher of English.
真理和事实。
Light travels faster than sound.
有计划的动作，常用go, come, start, leave, arrive, return等动词。
I leave for Beijing next Monday.
代替一般将来时，在由when, if, before, as soon as, unless等引导的时间，条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
When I grow up I shall be a soldier.
动作正在发生，用在由here, there等开首的句子中，表示现在正在发生。
There goes the bell.
表示主语的习惯特征，性格，能力等。
He studies very hard.
一般的说明文字等。
The book says that women can live longer than men.
2）一般过去时
表示过去的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和明确的时间状语连用。
She went out just now.
I saw him yesterday.
表示过去经常发生的动作。
Last month she worked eleven hours every day.
He used to get up early.
3)一般将来时
表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。
I shall not be free tonight.
表示将来经常发生的动作。
We will go for an outing every other week.
表示将来动作的其他形式
be going to+ 动词原形
be to+动词原形
be about(around/sure/certain//due/bound) to+动词原形
4)过去将来时
表示在过去将来的某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
I didn’t expect that so many people would offer their help.
也可用was/were to+动词原形或was/were about to+动词原形或was/were going to+动词原形表示过去将来时。
I was about to leave when the telephone rang.
5)现在进行时
表示正在进行的动作。
What are you doing now?
表示即将发生的动作.
She is leaving tomorrow.
表示现阶段正在进行的动作.
More and more people are giving up smoking.
表示反复发生的或习惯性的动作,常表示不满,抱怨,赞赏等.
She is always finding fault with others.
6)过去进行时
1. 过去某一时刻在进行的动作．经常需要表示过去的时间状语．
This time yesterday, they were having lunch.
2.过去进行时常与一般现在时配合，互为时间背景．
I was writing a letter when he came.
The telephone rang while she was washing.
3.过去反复的动作，常同always, frequently, continually等连用．
They were frequently going there.
７)将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，常表示安排好的事．
They will be discussing the problem this time next week.
表示预料不久要发生或势必要发生的动作．
The train will not be leaving until one o’clock.
8)现在完成时
表示动作刚刚完成.
I have finished that work.
表示过去做的动作对现在仍有影响.
Who has opened the door?
表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在并且可能会延续下去.
He has worked in the company since he came to the city.
9)过去完成时
表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作．
By the end of 2002,the factory had produces 200000cars.
表示在过去某一时间开始一直延续到另一个过去的时间的动作．
The old man had been ill for a long time before he died in 2002.
注：
当含有由before, after, as soon as等引导的复合句中，由于连词本身可以明确表示动作发生的顺序，故主句和从句一般都用一般过去时．
I went home after I finished my work.
过去完成时常用于no sooner than和hardly, scarcely…when等句型，从句用一般过去时．
He had hardly got on the train when the train started out.
10)将来完成时
表示将来某一时刻或某一行为发生之前所完成的动作或这一动作仍在持续．常和by或by the time等连用．
By the end of this term, we shall have learned 18 lessons.
１１）现在完成进行时
表示从过去某时一直持续到现在的一个动作．
It has been snowing since last Sunday.
重复的动作表示感彩．
She’s been saying that twenty times.
已结束的动作所产生的影响．
You have been cleaning the classroom, I think.
１２）过去完成进行时
表示过去某时以前一直进行的一个动作这一动作可能在这一时间前刚结束或仍在进行.
No one knew what this dad egg had been doing all this years.
Exercise
Tests from NMET
1. -where ________ the recorder? I can’t see it anywhere.
-I _______ it right here, but now it’s gone.
A. did you put; have put B. have you put; put
C. had you put; have put D. were you putting; have put
2. -When ________ again?
-When he _____, I’ll let you know.
A. he comes; come B. will he come; will come
C. haven’t known; are D. will he come; comes
3. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I _______ a good drink.
A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying
C. enjoyed D. had been enjoying
4. –Come in, Peter. I want to show you something.
-Oh, how nice of you! I ______ you ________ to bring me a gift.
A. never think; are going B. never thought; were going
C. didn’t think; were going D. had been broken into; stolen
5. The police found that the house _____ and a lot of things _______.
A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen
C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen
6. –We could have walked to the station. It was so near.
- Yes, taxi ______ at all necessary.
A. wasn’t B. hadn’t been C. serves D. served
7. If city noises ______ from increasing, people _______ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.
A. are not kept; will have to B. are not kept; have to
C. do not keep; will have to D. was slipping; looked
8. The last time I ______ Jane she ______ cotton in the fields.
A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked
C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking
9. In some parts of the world, tea ___ with milk and sugar.
A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served
10. The pen I ___ I _______ is on my desk, right under my nose.
A. think; lost B. thought; had lost
C. think; had lost D. had they known; got
11. – Your phone number again? I _____ quite catch it.
- It’s 9568442.
A. didn’t B. couldn’t C. don’t D. can’t
12. Helen ___her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ___home.
A. has left; comes B. left; had come
C. had left; came D. had left; would come
13. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to _____.
A. be put up B. give in C. be turned on D. go out
14. They _______ the train until it disappeared in distance.
A. saw B. watched C. noticed D. observed
15. --- Sorry, Joe. I didn’t mean to…
--- Don’t call me “Joe”. I’m Mr. Parker to you, and ____ you forget it!
A. do B. didn’t C. did D. don’t
16. News reports say peace talks between the two countries _______ with no agreement reached.
A. have broken down B. have broken out
C. have broken in D. have broken up
KEY:
1~5: BDABD 6~10:AADBB 11~16:ADDBDA
Multiple choices:
1. I wonder why Jenny ______ us recently. We should have hears from her by now.
A. hasn’t written B. doesn’t write
C. won’t write D. hadn’t written
2. Mary _______ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making
C. was making D. makes
3. On Saturday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market,________ some bananas anf visited her cousin.
A. bought B. buying
C. to buy D. buy
4. The volleyball match will be put off if it ______.
A. will rain B. rains
C. rained D. is raining
5. -----We haven’t heard of Jane for a long a time.
------What do you suppose ______to her?
A. was happening B. to happen
C. has happened D. having happened
6. ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, it’s the first time I ________ here.
A. was B. have been
C. came D. am coming
7. ---- You haven’t said a word about my new coat, do you like it?
---- I’m sorry, I ___ anything about it sooner. I certainly think it’s pretty on you.
A. wasn’t saying B. don’t say
C. won’t say D. didn’t say
8. We were all surprised when he made it clear that he ___ officer soon.
A. leave B. would leave
C. left D. had left
9. I _____ pingpong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year.
A. will play B. have played
C. played D. play
10. He will have learned English for eight year by the time he ______from the university next year.
A. will graduate B. will have graduated
C. graduates D. is to graduate
11. Tom ______ back from France. Yesterday he ________ about it.
A. just comes; told B. has just come; told me
C. came just; was told me D. just has come; was telling
12. He said, “_______ much sand in the south of France.”
A. There aren’t B. It isn’t
C. It wasn’t D. There isn’t
13. You shall have some ice-cream when you _________ you dinner.
A. finished B. finish
C. will finish D. will be finished
14. Thomas could fix your car. That ______ you quite a lot of money.
A. saved B. has saved
C. would save D. was saving
15. “Come back at 5 o’clock,” he said, “I’ve already _________.”
A. will be done B. has been done
C. is being done D. was being done
16. Maria hasn’t visited her home in Spain _________.
A. for many years B. since many years
C. many years since D. many years ago
17. When ______ the car, you’ll agree with me about it.
A. you saw B. you’ve seen
C. you would see D. has been seen
18. By next Saturday Tom ___________ a whole month without smoking a cigar.
A. will go B. will have gone
C. has gone D. has been going
19. By the time he reached the dentist, the pain in his tooth ________.
A. stopped B. had stopped
C. Has stopped D. as been stopped
20. The old man _________ for three days when his son got back home.
A. has been dead B. had been dead
C. died D. had died
KEY:
1~5: ACABC 6~10:BDBDC 11~15:BDBCA 16~20:ABBBB
Fill in the blanks:
1. Much of the carbon in the earth ____________ (come) from things that once lived.
2. In the past two decades, research _______________ (expand) our knowledge about sleep and dream.
3. Some proverbs ____________ (be) in the language for 1,000 years, for example, A friend in need is a friend indeed.
4. ________________ (stand) at the gate was a young man in green coat.
5. In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush’s approved rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling ________________ (begin) in the 19302.
6. Seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day ________________ (make) us tolerate crime more than we should.
7. So far, Irving ______________ (live) in New York City for ten years.??
8. The patient ________________ (send) to another hospital before we got there.
9. The second half of the nineteenth century _______________ (witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.
10. All the worries they might have felt for him ________________ (drive) off by the sight of his cheerful face.
Key:
1.comes? 一般现在时，主语为不可数名词，谓语用单数
2. has expanded?? 现在完成时?
3. has been? 现在完成时
4. Standing? 过去进行时的倒装形式
5.began? 一般过去时
6. makes? 一般现在时，动名词做主语，谓语用单数
7. has been living? 现在完成进行时
8. had been sent? 过去完成时的被动形式
9. witnessed?? 一般过去时
10. were driven?? 一般过去时的被动
课件17张PPT。及物动词
a.动词后要求有宾语，否则意思不完整的动词。及物动词可有被动结构。
She studies English very hard.
I always review my lessons in the evening.b. 及物动词的另两种结构
及物动词中有少数动词要求一个宾语（直接宾语）外，还要求有一个宾语（间接宾语），才使句意完整。这类动词有：leave, show, bring, lend, teach, give, tell, hand, write等。
*I’ll tell you a story about Lei Feng.
还有少数动词要求一个宾语外，还要求有一个补足语来使句意完整。这类动词有：name, call, get, have, find, turn, think, consider等。
They call him Lao Wang. 不及物动词不及物动词指不可带宾语的动词，也不可用于被动语态。
*The sun rises in the east.
*He came last month.
*They go to school every day.连系动词 连系动词只起连系作用，虽有词义但不能单独作谓语，后必须加表语一起构成谓语。
常用的连系动词有： appear, become, fall, feel, get, go, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。
*She felt a bit tired.
*He kept silent at the meeting.
注：连系动词不可与副词连用。一般现在时经常性动作等。常与everyday, often, always, once a week, seldom, usually等连用。
She is our teacher of English.
真理和事实。
Light travels faster than sound.
代替一般将来时，在由when, if, before, as soon as, unless等引导的时间，条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
When I grow up I shall be a soldier.
动作正在发生，用在由here, there等开首的句子中，表示现在正在发生。
There goes the bell.
表示主语的习惯特征，性格，能力等。
He studies very hard.
一般的说明文字等。
The book says that women can live longer than men.一般过去时表示过去的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和明确的时间状语连用。
She went out just now.
I saw him yesterday.
表示过去经常发生的动作。
Last month she worked eleven hours every day.
He used to get up early.一般将来时 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。
I shall not be free tonight.
表示将来经常发生的动作。
We will go for an outing every other week.
表示将来动作的其他形式.
be going to+ 动词原形
be to+动词原形
be about (around/sure/certain//due/bound) to+动词原形过去将来时表示在过去将来的某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
I didn’t expect that so many people would offer their help.
也可用was/were to+动词原形或was/were about to+动词原形或was/were going to+动词原形表示过去将来时。
I was about to leave when the telephone rang.现在进行时表示正在进行的动作。
What are you doing now?
表示即将发生的动作.
She is leaving tomorrow.
表示现阶段正在进行的动作.
More and more people are giving up smoking.
表示反复发生的或习惯性的动作,常表示不满,抱怨,赞赏等.
She is always finding fault with others.过去进行时 1. 过去某一时刻在进行的动作．经常需要表示过去的时间状语．
This time yesterday, they were having lunch.
2.过去进行时常与一般现在时配合，互为时间背景．
I was writing a letter when he came.
The telephone rang while she was washing.
3.过去反复的动作，常同always, frequently, continually等连用．
They were frequently going there.将来进行时 表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，常表示安排好的事．
They will be discussing the problem this time next week.
表示预料不久要发生或势必要发生的动作．
The train will not be leaving until one o’clock.现在完成时 表示动作刚刚完成.
I have finished that work.
表示过去做的动作对现在仍有影响.
Who has opened the door?
表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在并且可能会延续下去.
He has worked in the company since he came to the city.过去完成时 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作．
By the end of 2002,the factory had produces 200000cars.
表示在过去某一时间开始一直延续到另一个过去的时间的动作．
The old man had been ill for a long time before he died in 2002.当含有由before, after, as soon as等引导的复合句中，由于连词本身可以明确表示动作发生的顺序，故主句和从句一般都用一般过去时．
I went home after I finished my work.
过去完成时常用于no sooner than和hardly, scarcely…when等句型，从句用一般过去时．
He had hardly got on the train when the train started out.将来完成时 表示将来某一时刻或某一行为发生之前所完成的动作或这一动作仍在持续．常和by或by the time等连用．
By the end of this term, we shall have learned 18 lessons.现在完成进行时 表示从过去某时一直持续到现在的一个动作．
It has been snowing since last Sunday.
重复的动作表示感彩．
She’s been saying that twenty times.
已结束的动作所产生的影响．
You have been cleaning the classroom, I think.过去完成进行时表示过去某时以前一直进行的一个动作这一动作可能在这一时间前刚结束或仍在进行.
No one knew what this dad egg had been doing all this years.历届高考英语单选题精选主谓一致
1.Nobody but Jane ____ the secret.
A. know B. knows C. have known D. is known (86)
2.All but one _____ here just now.
A. is B. was C. has been D. were (87)
3.Not only I but also Jane and Mary ____ tired of having one examination after another.
A. is B. are C. am D. be (89)
4.A library with five thousand books _______ to the nation as a gift.
A. is offered B. have offered C. are offered D. has offered (90)
5.When and where to build the new factory _____ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided (91)
6.The number of people invited ____ fifty, but a number of them ____ absent for different reasons.
A. were , was B. was , was C. was , were D. were , were (96)
7._____ of the land in that district _____ covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth , is B. Two fifth , are C. Two fifths , is D. Two fifths , are (2000)
8.This is one of the most interesting questions that ____ asked.
A. have B. has C. have been D. has been
9.Between then two rows of trees _____ the teaching building.
A. stand B. stands C. standing D. are
10.All that can be done______.
A. has been done B. has done C. have done D. were done
11.They each _____ a new dictionary.
A. has B. have C. is D. are
12.The singer and the dancer ______ come to the meeting.
A. has B. have C. are D. is
13.I have finished a large part of the book ; the rest _____more difficult.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
14.The wounded _______ by the hospital.
A. have been taken in B. has been taken in C. have taken in D. has taken in
KEYS: 1-5 BDBAA 6-10 CCCBA 11-14 BBAA
名 词：
普通名词：
个体名词：tree, city, teacher
集体名词：class, family, society
物质名词：paper, bread, light
抽象名词：truth, health, music
专有名词：English, the United Nations, Zhongshan Park
物质名词量的表示法： a piece of news, two sheets of paper, two sets of furniture
c.f. three boxes of eggs, two bunches of flowers
名词所有格:
Alice’s paintings
New Year’s Day
at the barber’s
five minutes’ talk c.f. a five-minute talk
the window of the room （无生命东西的名词）
the death of Dr. Norman Bethune ( 名词本身较长)
What’s the name of the student sitting near the window?（名词的定语较长）
名词双重所有格：
当a， an, this, that，these, those, some, any, several, no, every, such, another, which, what等与名词所有格共同修饰一个名词时， 两者不能同时都放在该名词前面，而要用双重所有格表示。
He is a friend of my father’s
This is no fault of John’s
c.f. a picture of his brother’s
a picture of his brother
名词的单复数：
Which of the following that you often get confused?
可数名词的复数形式：
desk---- desks
class---- classes
factory---- factories
hero---- heroes c.f photo--- photos
leaf--- leaves knife--- knives c.f. roof--- roofs chief---- chiefs
不规则形式：
foot---feet woman--- women tooth--- teeth
a sheep ---- two sheep
an aircraft--- three aircraft
a Chinese--- many Chinese
a Frenchman--- two Frenchmen
a German--- five Germans
looker-on---- lookers-on
father-in-law --- fathers-in-law
grown –up ----- grown ups
man doctor ---- men doctors
名词的用法：
主语：The children are playing under the tree.
宾语: a) She opens the window at five every morning.
b) He looks after the child.
表语 Her daughter is a singer.
宾补 They name the boy Tom.
主补 He is considered an excellent writer.
定语 That is a bicycle factory.
名词的主谓一致：
The class is for the plan.
The class are waiting for her.
The savings are for your future use.
The scissors are very sharp.
A pair of scissors is in the drawer.
The cattle are gazing at the foot of the hill.
The police are gathering in the street.
( A policeman is asking him several questions.)
A deer is over there in the bush.
Three deer are appearing over there in the bush.
Five hundred dollars a month is not much.
Mr. Smith, together with his wife and two sons, is to arrive on the evening flight.
The manager as well as his colleagues was present at the meeting.
The owner and editor of the newspaper is a friend of mine.
The old lead a happy life.
就近原则：
Fans or an air-conditioner is necessary for the laboratory.
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it.
Not only the workers but the manager objects to the change.
There’s a book, two pencils and some paper on the desk.
Exercise 1 Nouns
Multiple choices:
1. There are ______ on her mother’s head.
A. a little grey hairs B. a few grey hairs
C. a lot of grey hair D. some grey hair
2. ________ has been tried to finish the work in time.
A. Every possible means B. Every possible mean
C. All means possible D. All mean possible
These shoes are too small, please bring me a bigger ______.
A. one B. pair C. set D. shoes
Every new ______ has the possibility of making or losing money.
A. event B. venture C. adventure D. expectation
5. Let’s read _________.
A. the paragraph six B. the six paragraph
C. the paragraph sixth D. paragraph six
6. ________ is a computer engineer.
A. This Tom’s old friend B. That’s Tom’s old friend
C. This old friend of Tom D. This old friend of Tom’s
7. Those three old men each have two ______.
A. son-in-law B. sons-in-law
C. sons-in-laws D. son-in-law
8. He raised a lot of ______ on the farm.
A. sheeps and goats B. sheep and goats
C. sheep and goat D. sheeps and goat
9. He bought two _____ and cut each into two ______.
A. loafs of breads; halves B. loaf of bread; halfs
C. loaves of breads; halfs D. loaves of bread; halves
10. His office is in a big building in ______ .
A. the city of Nanjing B. Nanjing city
C. the Nanjing D. the City Nanjing
11. His father gave him a _______.
A. five dollars bill B. five-dollars bill
C. five-dollar bill D. five dollars’bill
12. _______ and _______ do not look alike.
A. Englishman; German B. Englishmen; Germans
C. Englishman; Germans D. Englishmen; German
13.______ are searching for a tall dark man.
A. The policeman B. Police
C. The police D. Polices
14. Jane did a very good _____. The manager was satisfied with her _______.
A. work; job B. job; work
C. work; business D. business; works
15. The police asked him for ______ on the accident
A. information B. informations
C. an information D. some informations
16. Peter carried one of the ________ for the teacher.
A. box of books B. boxes of books
C. boxes of book D. books’ boxes
17. These ______ are very expensive.
A. women handbags B. woman’s handbags
C. woman handbags D. women’s handbags
18. The country’s wealth comes chiefly from its many _______.
A. herd of cattle B. herd of cattles
C. herds of cattle D. herds of cattles
19. I went to the market and bought some ______ and ______.
A. potatoes; tomatoes B. potatos; tomatos
C. potatoes; tomatos D. potatos; tomatoes
20.What _____ it is to jump into the water to swim in the hot weather!
A. a fun B. funs C. the funs D. fun
21. What ______ we have today!
A. a fine weather B. fine weathers
C. fine weather D. the fine weather
22. Before we moved into the new house, we bought many _______.
A. a furniture B. furnitures
C. pieces of furniture D. furniture pieces
23. Our ______ protect us from the cold.
A. dress B. clothing C. clothes D. cloth
24. This is a _______ report.
A. three-thousand-word B. three-thousand- words
C. three-thousands-words D. three-thousands-word
25.Did you ask for _______ leave?
A. two days’ B. two-day C. two days D. two-day’s
KEYS:
1-5 BABBD 6-10DBBDA 11-15 CBCBA 16-20 BACAD 21-25 CCCAA
Tests about Nouns from NMET
_______ work has been done to improve the people’s living standard.
A. Many B. A great many
C. A large number of D. A great deal of
________ turn green in spring.
A. Leaf B. Leafs
C. Leave D. Leaves
Father went to his doctor for ______ about his heart trouble.
A. an advice B. advice C. advices D. the advices
It is impossible for so ______ workers to do so _____ work in a single day.
A. few; much B. few; many
C. little; much D. little; many
He dropped the ______ and broke it.
A. cup of coffee B. coffee’s cup
C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup
We’ve missed the last bus. I’m afraid we have no ______ but to take a taxi.
A. way B. choice C. possibility D. selection
Here’s my card. Let’s keep in ______.
A. touch B. relation C. connection D. friendship
He gained his _______ by printing ______ of famous writers.
A. wealth; work B. wealths; works
C. wealths; work D. wealth; works
9.-I’d like _____ information about the management of your hotel, please.
- Well, you could have _____ word with the manager. He might be helpful.
A. some; a B. an; some C. some; some D. an; a
We waited _____ for the bus.
A. long time B. a long time
C. the long time D. some long time
I’ll look into the matter as soon as possible. Just have a little _____.
A. wait B. time C. patience D. rest
Many countries are increasing their use for natural gas, wind and other forms of ______
A. energy B. source C. power D. material
______ friends Betty had made there were all invited to her birthday party.
A. Few of B. Few C. The few D. A few
If by chance someone comes to see me, ask them to leave a ______.
A. message B. letter C. sentence D. notice
These football players had no strict ______ until they joined our club.
A. practice B. education C. exercise D. training
We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into ______.
A. fact B. reality C. practice D. deed
– Who did you spend last week with?
______.
A. Palmer’s B. The Palmers’ C. The Palmers D. the Palmer’s
You’ll find this map of great ______ in helping you to get round London.
A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness
My parents always let me have my own _____ of living.
A. way B. method C. manner C. fashion
The new law will come into _____ on the day it is passed.
A. effect B. use C. service D. existence
We all know that _____ speak louder than words.
A. movements B. performances C. operations D. actions
–Can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree?
-No, it’s out of _____.
A. range B. reach C. control D. distance
KEYS
1-5 DDBAD 6-10 BADAB 11-15. CACAD 16-20 CCCAA 21-22. DA
名词性从句
名词性从句——主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
名词性从句是由if,?whether,?that?和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功能同名词一样。?
一．主语从句? ????主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。? 1.?It?作形式主语 ????It?作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。例如：? It?is?a?pity?that?you?didn’t?go?to?see?the?film.? It?doesn’t?interest?me?whether?you?succeed?or?not.? 2.?用it?作形式主语的结构? (1)?It?is?＋名词＋从句? It?is?a?fact?that?…?事实是…? It?is?an?honor?that?…非常荣幸? It?is?common?knowledge?that?…是常识? (2)?it?is?＋形容词＋从句? It?is?natural?that…?很自然…? It?is?strange?that…?奇怪的是…? (3)?it?is?＋不及物动词＋从句? It?seems?that…?似乎…? It?happened?that…?碰巧…? (4)?it?＋过去分词＋从句? It?is?reported?that…?据报道…? It?has?been?proved?that…?已证实…?
3. 由连词that 或者whether引导的主语从句：
这种情况下 that 和whether只是引导作用 不担当成分，不能省略，并且可以转变成it形式主语。
That the earth is round is true。―――it is true that the earth is round。
Whether he will come or not hasn’t been decided.
4. 由连接代词或者连接副词引导的主语从句：
连接代词who,which和连接副词when，where，how，why都可以引导主语从句，可以分别担任主语，宾语和状语，不能省略，可以改为it引导的主语从句。
Who let out the news remained unknown
----it remained unknown who let out the news.
Why he didn’t come here is not clear to anyone.
----it is not clear to anyone why he didn’t come.
5. 以关系代词what, whatever whoever whichever等引导的主语从句：
whoever leaves the office should tell me。（这里whoever做主语）
改成定语从句：Any one who leaves the office should tell me。
Whenever the Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet. 6.?What?与that?在引导主语从句时的区别? ????What?引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语，而that?则不然。例如：? 1)?What?you?said?yesterday?is?right.? 2)?That?she?is?still?alive?is?a?consolation.?
二．宾语从句? ????宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。? 1.?作动词的宾语? (1)?由that引导的宾语从句（that?通常可以省略）,例如：? I?heard?that?he?joined?the?army.? (2)?由what,?whether?(if)?引导的宾语从句，例如：? 1)?She?did?not?know?what?had?happened.? 2)?I?wonder?whether?you?can?change?this?note?for?me.? (3)?动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：? She?told?me?that?she?would?accept?my?invitation.? 2.?作介词的宾语?:
Our?success?depends?upon?how?well?we?can?cooperate?with?one?another.? 3.?作形容词的宾语? 例如：I?am?afraid?(that)?I’ve?made?a?mistake.? ?That?引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：? anxious,?aware,?certain,?confident,?convinced,?determined,?glad,?proud,?surprised,?worried,?sorry,?thankful,?ashamed,?disappointed,?annoyed,?pleased,?hurt,?satisfied,?content?等。? 4.?It?可以作为形式宾语? ????It?不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语，而真正的宾语that?(也可能是to do) 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。?例如：? We?heard?it?that?she?would?get?married?next?month.
He found it pretty hard to learn both English and French well at the same time. 5.?后边不能直接跟that?从句的动词?
这类动词有
allow,?refuse,?let,?like,?cause,?force,?admire,?condemn,?celebrate,?dislike,?love,?help,?take,?forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。例如：? I?admire?their?winning?the?match.?(right)? I?admire?that?they?won?the?match.?(wrong)? 6.否定的转移若主句谓语动词为think,?consider,?suppose,?believe,?expect,?fancy,?guess,?imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：? I?don’t?think?this?dress?fits?you?well.（我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。）
7.?注意事项：
宾语从句时态要与主语保持相应的一致和变化。
从句的语态要变为陈述语序。
三．表语从句? ????表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,?look,?remain,?seem等。引导表语从句的that一般不可省略。另外，常用的还有the?reason?is?that…?和It?is?because?等结构。例如：? 1)?The?question?is?whether?we?can?make?good?preparation?in?such?a?short?time.? 2)?This?is?why?we?can’t?get?the?support?of?the?people.? 3)?But?the?fact?remains?that?we?are?behind?the?other?classes.? 4)?The?reason?he?is?late?for?school?is?that?he?missed?the?early?bus.?
四．同位语从句?
?同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。? 1.?同位语从句的功能? 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：? 1)?The?king’s?decision?that?the?prisoner?would?be?set?free?surprised?all?the?people.? 2)?The?order?that?all?the?soldiers?should?stay?still?is?given?by?the?general.? 2.?同位语在句子中的位置? ????同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：? He?got?the?news?from?Mary?that?the?sports?meeting?was?put?off.?
一般用于同位语从句的抽象名词有：
news， idea，belief, doubt, fact, rumor, order, hope, answer… 3.?同位语从句与定语从句的区别? (1)?定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时可以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。? (2)?定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：? 1)?The?news?that?he?told?me?is?that?Tom?would?go?abroad?next?year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）? 2)The?news?that?Tom?would?go?abroad?is?told?by?him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）
whether 与if 在名词性从句中：
1．引导宾语从句时，whether和if可以互换，但是出现or not时候只能用whether
I don’t know whether/ if I can come.
I don’t know whether I can come or not.
2. 如果宾语从句是否定结构，则用if。
I don’t care if he doesn’t show up.
介词宾语从句只能用whether 引导。
We worried about whether he was in god health.
引导表语从句，主语从句和同位语从句时都用whether。
The question whether he should come himself or send another one hasn’t been decided.
Whether they win is all the same to me.
The Question is whether you can do it yourself.
名词性从句练习题
He asked _______for the violin.
A. did I play how much B. I paid how much
C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid
Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see_______.
A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is
Can you make sure _______ the gold ring?
A. where Alice had put B. where had Alice put
C. where Alice has put D. where has Alice put
_______she couldn’t understand was _______fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lesson.
A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that
Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the schoolmaster_______ he had done the day before.
A. that B. how C. where D. what
_____ you don’t like him is none of my business.
A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether
______ the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.
That B. If C. Whether D. Whenever
What the doctors really doubt is _______ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
A. when B. how C. whether D. why
______ is no possibility______ Bob can win the first prize in the match.
A. There; that B. It; that C. There; whether D. It; whether
These wild flowers are so special I would do______ I can to save them.
A. whatever B. that C. which D. whichever
______ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who
It is generally considered unwise to give a child ______ he or she wants.
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
I remember______ this used to be a quiet village.
A. when B. how C. where D. what
Go and get your coat. It’s ______you left it.
A. there B. where C. there where D. where there
---I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
---Is that _____ you had a few days off?
A. why B. when C. what D. where
They have no idea at all______.
A. where he has gone B. where did he go
C. which place has he gone D. where has he gone
No one can be sure______ in a million years.
A. what man will look like B. what will man look like
C. man will look like what D. what look will man like
The reporter said that the UFO______ east to west when he saw it.
A. was traveling B. traveled
C. had been traveling D. was to travel
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests ____when he ____at the party.
A. left; had arrived B. left; arrived
C. had left; had arrived D. had left; arrived
We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _____office soon.
A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left
______ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A. There B. This C. That D. It
---I think it’s going to be a big problem.
---Yes, it could be.
---I wonder ______ we can do about it.
A. if B. how C. what D. that
There is a feeling in me ______ we’ll never know what a UFO is not ever.
A. that B. which C. of which D. what
Perseverance is a kind of quality and that’s _____ it takes to do anything well.
A. what B. that C. which D. why
_____ be sent to work there?
A. Who do you suggest B. Who do you suggest that should
C. Do you suggest who should D. Do you suggest whom should
---Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?
---Oh, that’s_____.
A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about
C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited
Eat_____ cake you like and leave the others for_____ comes in late.
A. any; who B. every; whoever
C. whichever; whoever D. either; whoever
People have heard what the President had said; they are waiting to see_____ he will do.
A. how B. what C. when D. that
There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars_____ road condition need_____.
A. that; to be improved B. which; to be improved
C. where; improving D. when; improving
It is pretty well understood______ control the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.
A. that B. when C. what D. how
1. DDCAD CCCAA 11. CBABA AAADB 21. DCAAA ACBAC
Some of the scientists held the point __ __ the book said was right.
A. what what B. what that C. that that D. that what
Whether ways will be found to stop pollution or not is just _____ worries the public.
A. why B. which C. that D. what
I really wonder _____ he has posted me many packages _____ we worked together.
A. why; when B. why; since C. when; before D. how; after
Although Ann is happy with her success she wonders ____ will happen to her private life.
A. that B. what C. it D. this
Because they usually receive the same score on standardized exams, there is often disagreement as to ____is the better student, Bob or Jim.
A. who B. which C. whom D. whose
There is little doubt ____ her advice is of greater value to us.
A. that B. whether C. why D. of
I have no idea _____ she gets on well with her classmates.
A. when B. how C. that D. which
8. We can’t believe that he drew such a big conclusion according to ______ he took for granted.
A. as B. that C. what D. it
9. Scientists believe native Americans arrived by crossing the land bridge that connected Siberia and ____ more that 10,000 years ago.
A. this is Alaska B. Alaska is now
C. is now Alaska D. what is now Alaska
10. ____ we are doing has never been done before.
A. That B. What C. Which D. Whether
11. Whether ways will be found to stop pollution or not is just ____ worries the public.
A. why B. which C. that D. what
12. The boy dived into the water and after ____ seemed to be a long time, he came up again.
A. what B. that C. it D. which
13. The thought____ Lao Gao would open a Sichuan restaurant in Los Angeles surprised his wife.
A. that B. what C. whether D. if
14. Please tell me ____ you want your coffee, black or white?
A. what B. when C. whether D. how
15. Many workers were organized to clear away _____ remained of the World TradeCenter. A. those B. that C. what D. where
16. _____ we can pass the coming examination will mainly depend on _____ we learn and _____ we learn it.
A. Whether; what; how B. That; whether; why
C. If; how; that D. Why; that; how
17. _____ people spend so much money on their pets ____ us a lot.
A. That; surprises B. What; surprising
C. How; are surprised D. That; is surprised
18. We believe ____ you have been devoted to _____ naturally of great necessity. A. That; being B. all that; be
C. that all; are D. what; is
19. Although most of them have no doubt _____ he will pass the exam, I still think there is something about ____ he has really got everything ready.
A. whether; that B. that; whether C. that; that D. whether; whether
20. Professor Lee’s book will show you ___ can be used in other fields.
A. that you have observed B. how that you have observed
C. that how you have observed D. how what you have observed
21. Your ability has never been in doubt---the question is _____ you are prepared to work hard. A. that B. if C. how D. Whether
22. A computer can only do ____ you have instructed it to do.
A. how B. after C. what D. when
DDBBAA CCDBD AADCA ADBDD C
定语从句
定语从句与引导词
定语从句是在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫做选行词，
而引导定语从句的词叫引导词，有关系代词和关系副词两类。
懂得什么样的先行词后用什么样的引导词是学好定语从句的关键。
关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose,在定语从句中作主语、宾语中表语，whose
作定语。代人的有：who,whom,whose,that；代物的有：that,which,whose.例如：
The man who helped you is Mr White.(who代人，在定语从句中作主语)
That is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see.(whom,who,that代人，在定
语从句中作宾语，可省略)
I(m not the fool(that) you thought me to be.(that代人，在定从中作表语)
A dictionary is a useful book which(＝that) tells us the meaning of words(which
或that代物，在定从中作主语)
关系副词有：when(指时间)，where(指地点),why(指原因)，在定语从句中作状语。
例如：Would you suggest a time(when) we can have a talk?(when可省略)
The house where they live is not very large./This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.
注意：不是表时间的先行词都用when引导定从，不是表地点的先行词都用where引导定从。例如：We(ll visit the factory which(＝that) makes radios.
(which或that在定从中作主语，where不可用主语，故不可用)
They still remember the happy days(which/that) they spent in Beidaihe.
(which或that在定从中作spent的宾语，when不可作宾语，故不可用)
二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句和主句之间不用逗号分开，修饰主句中的某一个名词或名词词组或代
词；非限制性定语从句常用逗号和主句隔开，可以修饰主句中的某一个词，也可修饰整个句子。非限制性定语从句不能用that引导，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词不能省略。非限制性定语从句例：Li Ping(s father, who works in a factory, is an engineer./He tore up my photo, which made me very angry.(which指代主句内容，因前后两句是因果关系，此时which不可换为as。)
He is good at physics, as is known to us all.＝As is known to us all, he is good at physics.(as指代主句内容，在as is known/believed, as we all know/believe这类结构中as不可换为which)
只用that引导和不用that引导的场合
只用that引导和不用that引导的场合
当先行词既包括人又包括物时：He talked about the men and the books that attracted
him.
指物的先行词被any, every, only, very, all, no等修饰时：These are the very points that interest me./That(s the only watch that I like most.
指物的先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时：The first step that we are to take is very difficult./This is the second card that he gave me.
先行词是指物的不定代词all,little,few,much,及everything,anything,nothing等时：There is still much that can be done about it./Have you got everything that you need?
先行词是who时：Who that have seen him does not like him?
不用that的场合如下：
1）非限制性定语从句中 Last night ,I saw a very good film,which was about the Long
March .
2）介词放在关系代词之前时 This is the man from whom I learnt the news
3）句中出现了that，或先行词是that时 I have found that which I was looking for.
四、“介词＋关系代词”用法
介词的确定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配，例如：Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands?(shake hands with…是习惯性搭配)
介词常受先行词的制约（即介词和先行词的搭配），例如：He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.(through which 即through the telescope)
当关系代词作“动词＋介词”固定短语的宾语时，此时因定短语中的介词不能拆开移到关系代词前。例如：This is the watch which you(re looking for./He is a kind of man whom you can safely depend on.
五、几个名词后的引导词
situation后常用where,in which引导定语从句：Can you imagine a situation where/in
which you can use the word?
way(方式，方法)后常用in which或that或how引导定语从句，也可省略：Do you know the way(in which/that/how) he worked out the problem?
“the same＋名词”，“such＋名词”，“as＋名词”后通常用as引导定语从句。
例如：I have the same dictionary as you(have)./Such a book as you bought is not worth buying.
定语从句考点分析
The best work ______ Luxun wrote and ______ I have read has been made into a film.
A.which;that B.that;× C.×;that D.×;×
析：如果两个定语从句并列，关系代词作宾语时前一句的可以省略，但后一句的不可省略，故应选C。
It was in 1969 ______ two Americans got to the moon by space ship.
It was 1969 ______ two Amerians got to the moon by space ship.
A.when B.which C.that D.×
析：第一句是强调时间in 1969,强调结构是“It was＋强调部分＋that句”，故应选C。第二句It是表时间的，先行词1969在从句中作状语，故选A。
Is this the house ______ Shakespeare was born?
A.at which B.which C.in which D.at where
析：观察题目，空白处只有填in which或where才能表达“这是莎士比亚出生的房子吗？”这一意思，故答案为C。
Is this house ______ Shakespeare was born?
A.where B.which C.in which D.at which
析：将此句变为陈述句；This house is ______ Shakespeare was born.显然is后是一表语从句，只有选where(＝the place where)才能表达“这是莎士比亚的出生地”这一意思，故答案为A。
In the dark street,there wasn’t a single person ______ she could turn for
help.
A.to whom B.of whom C.from whom D.that
析：“介词＋关系代词”要考虑短语搭配或与先行搭配，这道题短语turn to有关，故
应选A。
The two things ______ they felt very proud were Jim(s gold watch and Della(s
hair.
A．about which B.of which C.in which D.for which
析：涉及be/feel proud of短语，故答案为B。
Have you ever asked him the reason ______ may explain his being late.
A.why B.that C.for which D.what
析：此题易误选A、C，因为先行词是the reason,但细观察分析，定语从句缺少主语，所以答案是B。注意what不能引导定语从句。
Farming is difficult ______ there is no rain.
A.where B.in place C.that D.the place where
析：因为difficult是形容词，故其后不是定语从句。这儿的空白处应填引导状语从句where(＝in the place where),全句表达“在没有雨水的地方耕种困难”。这一意思，可见答案为A。
We need the same machine ______ in your factory.
A.which is being used B.as is being used
C.that is being used D.as it is being used
析：根据“the same＋先行词”后跟as引导定语从句的原则，可知答案为B。
10．______ the people,not things ______ are most important.
A.There are;who B.Those are;that C.It is;that D.It was;who
析：仔细观察分析题目，可知只有C构成强调句才有成立。当我们要检验视其为强调
句的判断是否正确时，只要将“It is (或was)…that”这三个词去掉，剩下部分读
起来正确无误，则证明判断是正确的，反之是错误的。此题如不填“It is…that”
三词，句子是The people,not things are most important.语义完整正确，说明选
C是对的。
课件23张PPT。 定语从句高考点例析Have a try指出关系代词（副词）在定语从句中的成份：
1.The man who came to our school is Mr. Wang.
( )
2.The girl (whom) I met is Lucy. ( )
3.A child whose parents are dead is called Tom.
( )
4.I like the book (which) you bought yesterday.
( ) 主语
宾语
定语
宾语Have a try5. His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone whose family was poor. ( )
6. I like the person to whom you just talked.
( )
7. We shall never forget the days (that) we spent together. ( )
8. We shall never the days when we lived together.
( )
定语
介宾
宾语
状语考点一：that和which以下情况，引导词用that，不用which。
1. 先行词为不定代词everything，little，much，all，anything，nothing。
e.g. Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen.
2. 先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时，用that。
e.g. This is the best book (that) I’ve ever read.考点一：that和which3. 先行词被the only，the very，the last 修饰时，用that。
e.g. He is the only person that I want to see now.
4. 先行词同时指人和指物时，用that。
e.g. We talked about the things and persons that we saw then.
5. 定语从句内容为解释名词的性质、概念时，需用that。
e.g. A plane is a machine that can fly.考点二：连接词which的用法Which引导非限定性定语从句，其先行词可是一个词,也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分。
e.g. 1. She heard a terrible noise, ______
brought her heart into her mouth.
A. it B. which C. this D. that
2. The weather turned out to be good,
___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
B
B Good!考点三：介词+关系代词**** “of + which/whom”可用来限定名词、代词、分数词、数词等。
e.g. 1. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ____________ she could turn for help.
A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
2. He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows, most of ________ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
A. these B. those C. that D. which DD关系代词前介词的确定1.根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系，请体会：
e.g. Is that the newspaper for which you often write articles?
2. 根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配，如：
e.g. Can you explain to me how to use these idioms about which I’m sure.
3. 根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯，请体会：
e.g. 1949 was the year in which the P.R.C. was founded.关系代词前介词的确定4.非限制性定与从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用“数词/代词 + of + 关系代词”的结构，如：
e.g. There are 50 students in our class, two- thirds of whom have been to Beijing.
关系代词前的介词的确定5. Whose从句可转换为“ of +关系代词”型，如：
e.g. They live in a house, whose door opens to the south.
They lived in a house, of which the door opens to the south.
They lived in a house, the door of which open to the south.Can you work them out????????Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions:
1. The sun gives us heat and light, ________ which we can’t live.
2. The student ________ whom we were talking just now is the best student in our class.
3. I’ll never forget the day _____ which she said good-bye to me.
4. Who can give me the reason ______ which he hasn’t turned up yet?forabout
on
without
考点四:关系副词的运用在限定性和非限定性从句中，when的先行词是时间名词，where的先行词是地点名词，分别在定语从句中做状语。
e.g.1. After living in Paris for 50 years he returned to the small town ______ he grew up as a child.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
2. It was an exciting moment for these people this year, ______ for the first time their team won the World Cup.
A. that B. while C. which D. when B
D考点五：as与which引导的定语从句 两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as。
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。
e.g. As we all know, the earth is round.
2. 当与such或the same连用时，一般用as。
e.g. Such books as you tell me are interesting.
I have the same plan as you.Go on Please!3. 当从句和主句语义一致时，用as，反之则用which。
e.g.
She has married again, as was expected.
She has married again, which was unexpected.
Go on please!4. as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如be known，be said，be reported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。
e.g. She has been late again, as was expected.
Tom has made great progress, which made us happy.Correct the sentences:1. I’m using the pen which he bought it yesterday.
2. Is that factory which your father once worked in?
3. The man whom I spoke is from Canada.
4. July 1,1999 is the day when we’ll never forget.
^^__(去掉)which____tothe oneCorrect the sentences:5. I still remember the holidays I stayed with them.
6. I’m going to work in the hospital where needs me.
7. Those that haven’t been to the West Lake will gather at the school gate.
8. I don’t like the way which you talked to your friend.
inwhen____who___(that/which)^^Correct the sentences:9.This is the last time when I’ve given you lessons.
10. Soon they came to a farm house,and in front of which sat a small boy.
11. We heard the news which our team won the game.
12. The reason which he explained it sounds reasonable.
____ that____ that ____whyit____Correct the sentences:13. Those at the desk want to buy tickets write down your names.
14. That was the reason because she looked old.
15. Miss Chen is the only one of the few teachers who give us wonderful English lessons in our school.
16. Taiwan, that we know, belongs to China.
aswho______________giveswhy^Correct the sentences:17. It is the one of the best films that have been shown recently.
18. The third place which we are going to visit is Hangzhou.
19. Which is known to all, many satellite are going around in the sky.
20. The students and things which you spoke of are known to us.
that_________hasAsthat________Correct the sentences:21.Einstein is such a great scientist that we must learn from.
22. The student who’s book I had borrowed didn’t come to school today.
23. Who is the worker who took some pictures of the factory.
24. The bike by which I travelled was his.as_____Whose____that___on____Homework:
1) Finish off the exercises.
2) Preview Lesson 89.THE END模拟练习
His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ____ family was poor.
A. of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose
She heard a terrible noise, _______ brought her heart into her mouth.
A. it B. which C. this D. that
3. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person _____ she could turn for help.
A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
4. The weather turned out to be very good, ____ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
5. After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
6．Carol said the work would be done by October, ＿＿＿＿＿personally I doubt very much.
A. it B. that C. when D. which
7． He was hiding behind the door _________ he could see what was happening.
A. which B. from where C from which D. where
8. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _____ was very reasonable.
A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose
9._____ has already been pointed out, grammar is not a set of dead rules.
A. As B. It C. That D. Which
10. He lived in London for 3 months, during ____ time he learned some English.
A. this B. which C. that D. same
11. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others , , of course , made the others envy him . A. who B. that C. what D. which
12. A story goes ______ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more that being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.
A. when B. where C. what D. that
13. The visitor asked the guide to take his picture _____ stands the famous tower.
A. that B. where C. which D. there
14.The boss ____ department Ms King worked ten years ago look down upon women.
A. in which B. in that C. in whose D. whose
15. I don’t like _____ you speak to her.
A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which
16. There are two buildings , stands nearly a hundred feet high .
A．the larger B．the larger of them C．the larger one that D．the larger of which
17. He made another wonderful discovery, ____ of great importance to science.
A. which I think is B. which I think it is
C. which I think it D.I think which is
18. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _____ they can talk frequently. A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom
19. George Orwell, _______ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays.
A. the real name B. what his real name C. his real name D. whose real name
高考真题
1. There were dirty marks on her trousers ______ she had wiped her hands. (NMET 2004-2) A. where B. which C. when D. that 2. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _____ the sailing time was 226 days. (NMET2004-3) A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which 3. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, ______five are mine. (NMET2004-4)
A. on which B. in which C. of which D. from which
4. George Orwell, _______ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. (Beijing 2004)
A. the real name B. what his real name
C. his real name D. whose real name
5. ______ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress. (Beijing 2004) A. It B. As C. That D. What 6. Anyway, that evening, ____ I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at
Rachel’s place. (Zhejiang 2004)
A. when B. where C. what D. which
7. Luckily, we’d brought a road map without ______ we would have lost our way. (Beijing 2004 spring)
A. it B. that C. this D. which
8. If a shop has chairs ____ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. （Shanghai 2005）
A. that B. which C. when D. where
9. ______ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. (Jiangshu 2004)
A. Which B. When C. What D. As
10. I work in a business _________ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance. (Hunan 2004)
A. how B. which C. where D. that
11. The place ____ the bridge is supposed to be built should be_____the cross-river traffic is the heaviest. (Jiangshu 2005)
A. which; where B. at which; which C. at which; where D. which; in which
12. I walked in our garden, ______ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees. （Liaoning 2005）
A．which B．when C．where D．that
13. What surprised me was not what he said but he said it. (Hubei 2004)
A．the way B．in the way that C．in the way D．the way which
14. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% are sold abroad. (Liaoning 2004)
A．of which B．which of C．of them D．of that
15. The film brought back the hours to me _____ I was taken good care of in the far-away village. A. until B. that C. when D. where (NMET 2001)
16. Alec asked the policeman ________he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident. (2002Shanghai)
A. with him B. who C. with who D. whom
17. A fast food restaurant is the place _______, just as the name suggests, eating is performed quickly. （Shanghai 05 spring）
A. which B. where C. there D. what
18. Along with the letter was his promise ________ he would visit me this coming Christmas.
A. which B. that C. what D. whether
19. Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students’ Union. (NMET2005 Chongqing)
A．during which time B．for which time
C．during whose time D．by that time
20. I have many friends, _____ some are businessmen. (NMET2005-1)
A. of them B. from which C. who of D. of whom
1-5DBDBB 6-10DBBAB 11-15DDBCA 16-19DADD
1-40: AACDB DDDDC CCAAC CBBAD
形容词与副词
一、形容词
形容词用来修饰，说明名词或不定代词，表示人或物的性质、特征和状态。
形容词的用法：
作定语
The birds are flying in the blue sky.
That is a long and wide road.
大部分形容词既可作表语也可作定语，但有的形容词只能作表语或定语。常见的只能作定语的形容词有：
golden sun, former president, a little boy, the only way, the upper teeth, spare time, daily necessities, live fish, the outer space, elder sister, etc.
注意形容词在句中作定语时的位置：
形容词作定语，一般防在所修饰名词的前面。但在下列情况下，形容词要放在所修饰词的后面作后置定语：
形容词修饰由some-, any-, no-, every-, 与one, body, thing (where) 等构成的复合不定代词（副词）时
e.g. Is there anything interesting?
Do you know somewhere quiet where we might spend the weekend?
少数以a开头的形容词如：awake, alive, asleep作定语时：
e.g. He was the only boy awake at the time of earthquake.
形容词短语作定语时：
e.g. He carried a basket full of stones on his back.
作表语
The fish is still alive.
He has been ill / sick for a week.
Cf. The mother is holding her sick child in her arms.
常见的只能作表语的形容词有：
afraid, ahead, alike, alone, ashamed, aware, glad, ill, unable, unwell (不健康的), well (健康的), etc.
作补足语
We should keep our classroom clean.
The news made her sad.
名词化的形容词可以作主语和宾语
The unemployed have to make a living by themselves.
Respect the old and love the young.
常见的名词化的形容词有：
the old, the sick, the rich, the poor, the young, the wounded, the (un)employed, etc.
二、副词
副词通常用来修饰动词、形容词，其他副词、介词短语或整个句子，表示时间、地点、方式、程度、动作特征等，有时也可作定语或宾语。
A. 副词的种类：
根据词汇意义，副词可分为五种
时间副词 now, then, already, ago, tonight, usually, soon, etc.
地点副词 here, there, nowhere, above, below, back, outside, etc.
方式副词 slowly, fast, well, carefully, alone, patiently, suddenly, etc.
频度副词 often, always, once, hardly, sometimes, frequently, seldom, etc.
程度副词 very, quite, completely, almost, much, still, enough, mainly, etc.
根据句法功能，副词可分为三种
疑问副词 when, how, where, why 位于句首，后接一般疑问句
连接副词 when, where, how, why, whether 引导主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句
关系副词 when, where, why 引导定语从句
B. 副词的用法：
作状语修饰动词 I have already seen the movie.
作状语修饰形容词 We have been very busy these days.
作状语修饰副词 You did the job quite well.
作状语修饰介词短语 My seat is exactly in the middle of the room.
作状语修饰整个句子 Actually, he is right.
作定语修饰名词等 The teachers here are all very kind to me.
作表语 Class is over.
C. 副词在句中的位置：
副词在句中的位置比较灵活，一般遵循以下原则：
多数副词位于谓语动词之后，如有宾语则位于宾语之后，但如宾语太长时也可置于宾语之前。
e.g. She runs fast.
He went to school early.
They discussed carefully the proposals which were raised as the meeting.
程度副词通常位于所修饰的词之前或之后，不能出现在句首。
e.g. He runs fast.
The boy seems quite happy.
I forgot it completely.
频度副词通常位于行为动词之前，系动词、助动词和情态动词之后。
e.g. They often come to see us.
He is never late for class.
We have always lived in this house.
几个副词同时出现在一个句子里时，通常顺序是：程度---方式---地点---时间
We study very hard at school every day.
三、形容词、副词的比较等级
原级 bright, hot, happy, carefully, many (much), little, good (well), far
比较级 brighter, hotter, happier, more carefully, more, less, better, farther / further
最高级 brightest, hottest, happiest, most carefully, most, least, best, farthest / furthest
A. 形容词、副词的原级比较
as+原级+as… not +as / so+原级+ as…
e.g. This book is not as /so interesting as that one.
She got up as early as I (did)/me. Cf. He did not get up as early as I/me.
This park is five times as big as that park.
B. 形容词、副词比较级的比较
比较级+than+…
e.g. She is cleverer than her sister.
They now live more happily than (they did) in the past.
the +比较级…, the +比较级…
e.g. The bigger the bottle is, the more water it will hold.
The more clearly you speak, the better we shall understand you.
比较级+and+比较级
e.g. The weather is getting warmer and warmer.
He ran faster and faster.
the taller of the two结构
形容词比较级前面一般不加定冠词the，但是如果比较级后面没有than，而是紧跟of the two结构，则要加the。
e.g. Which is the better of the two?
much +比较级+ than…
形容词比较级前可以用表示数量或程度的词修饰，这些词常用的有even, much, far, a little, a bit, no, twice, three times, etc.
e.g. Her brother is six years older than she / her.
This car is far cheaper than that one.
He speaks much louder than others.
This park is four times bigger than that park. = This park is five times as big as that park.
C. 形容词、副词最高级的比较
一般采用“the +最高级+表示范围的短语或从句”的比较结构，但如是副词，最高级前的不定冠词the也可省略。
e.g. Which is the biggest, the sun, the moon or the earth? Cf. Which is bigger, the earth or the moon?
She is the most careful student of all the girls in her class.
He studies (the) hardest in the class.
形容词最高级作表语，不同他物作比较，后面又没有表示范围的词时，前面一般不加the, 但可加不定冠词a。
e.g. Please read your book where light is best.
Cf. This book is most (=very) interesting.
This is a most (=very) interesting book.
This is the most interesting book I have ever read.
最高级也可以用by far等词以及序数词来修饰。
e.g. This dictionary is by far the most useful.
Tianjin is the third largest city in China.
在比较结构中，从句中的名词或动词如与主句中的名词，动词完全一样，经常用one, ones, that, those, do, did来代替这一重复的名词或动词。
e.g. No dictionary is as useful as the one (=that) I bought last year.
The children from the United States are different from the ones (=those) from China.
Exercise 2. Adjectives & Adverbs
1. In Britain, the best season of the year is probably ______ spring.
A. late B. last C. latter D. later
2. As a ______ president, his views are treated with respect when he is interviewed.
A. previous B. former C. late D. lonely
3. For _______ he lived in the south of Europe for the sake of his health.
A. some time B. sometime C. some times D. sometimes
4. When they met again a few years later, they said they were ______ young.
A. not more B. any young C. no longer D. no sooner
5. ______ the male are more beautiful than the female in the world of animal.
A. Almost B. Properly C. Usually D. Actually
6. One point is that if the assignment is worked out _______, the worker will gain a power that would not be possible otherwise.
A. fully B. thorough C. hardest D. thoroughly
7. After the fight, a looker-on found that a young man ______ so he telephoned for an ambulance immediately.
A. was injured seriously B. was serious injured
C. seriously injured D. was seriously injured
8. All too _______ it was time to go back to school after the winter vacation.
A. often B. soon C. fast D. soon
9. – How can I go there very fast? – You will get there ______ if you go by taxi.
A. faster B. more faster C. more fast D. much fast
10. My computer hasn’t worked _______ since I dropped it on the floor.
A. easily B. regularly C. quickly D. properly
11. I think the Red Team will win the final game; it’s ______ that they win.
A. almost surely B. rather possibly C. very likely D. quite certainly
12. I like Betty and Maud, but I think Betty is _______ of the two.
A. nicer B. the nicer C. nice D. the nicest
13. He is _______ than diligent.
A. wise B. more wiser C. more wise D. much wise
14. Thunderstorms are ______ in Ireland than in England.
A. very less common B. much less common
C. more less common D. too less common
15. Prices for bikes at that store can run _______ $250.
A. so high as B. so high to C. as high as D. as high to
16. One of the _______ parts of the trip was meeting some wonderful people.
A. good B. better C. well D. best
17. There are _______ custom tailors and dressmakers in the US than in European countries.
A. so fewer B. far fewer C. very fewer D. too fewer
18. What he said sounds ______.
A. nicely B. pleasantly C. friendly D. wonderfully
19. Soon the boy and the girl fell _______.
A. asleep B. sleeping C. slept D. sleep
20. There were a lot ______ books in the reading room than I expected.
A. of B. more of C. more D. more than
Keys:
1 – 5 ABACC 6 – 10 DDBAD 11 – 15 CBCBC 16 – 20 DBCAC
Tests about Adjectives & Adverbs from NMET
1. The students are ______ young people between the age of sixteen and twenty.
A. most B. almost C. mostly D. at most
2. She told us _______ story that we all forgot about the time.
A. such an interesting B. such interesting a
C. so an interesting D. a so interesting
3. If we had followed his plan we could have done the job better with _______ money and _______ people.
A. less, less B. fewer, fewer C. less, fewer D. fewer, less
4. The horse is old and can’t run _______ it did.
A. as faster as B. as fast than C. so faster as D. so fast as
5. After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced ______ tractors in 1988 as the year before.
A. as twice many B. twice as many C. as many twice D. twice many as
6. – Can I help you?
– Well, I’m afraid the box is ______ heavy for you, but thank you all the same.
A. so B. much C. very D. too
7. Oh, John, ______ you gave me.
A. how a pleasant surprise B. how pleasant surprise
C. what a pleasant surprise D. what pleasant surprise
8. Canada is larger than _______ country in Asia.
A. any B. any other C. other D. another
9. These oranges taste ______.
A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well
10. _______ food you’ve cooked!
A. How a nice B. What a nice C. How nice D. What nice
11. Go and get your coat. It’s _______ you left it.
A. there B. where C. there where D. were there
12. John was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes ______.
A. open B. to be opened C. to open D. opening
13. – Are you feeling _______? – Yes, I’m fine now.
A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better
14. Which is _______ country, Canada or Australia?
A. a large B. larger C. a larger D. the larger
15. – Will you give this message to Mr. White, please?
– Sorry, I can’t. He _______.
A. doesn’t any more work here B. doesn’t any longer here work
C. doesn’t work any more here D. doesn’t work here any longer
16. – Mum, I think I’m _______ to get back to school.
– Not really, my dear. You’d better stay at home for another day or two.
A. so well B. so good C. well enough D. good enough
17. – If you don’t like the red coat, take the blue one.
– OK, but do you have _______ size in blue? This one’s a bit tight for me.
A. a big B. a bigger C. the big D. the bigger
18. John plays football _______, if not better than David.
A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as
19. – Have you finished your report yet?
– No, I’ll finish in _______ ten minutes.
A. another B. other C. more D. less
20. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, _______great it is.
A. what B. how C. however D. whatever
21. Tony is going camping with _______ boys.
A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two
22. We all write ______, even when there’s not much to say.
A. now and then B. by and by C. step by step D. more or less
23. It’s always difficult being in a foreign country, _______ if you don’t speak the language.
A. extremely B. naturally C. basically .D. especially
24. – How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
– It was great. We visited some friends, and spent the _______ at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
25. Wait till you are more _______. It’s better to be sure than sorry.
A. inspired B. satisfied C. calm D. certain
Keys:
1 – 5 CACDB 6 -10 DCAAD 11 – 15 BABDD 16 – 20 CBBAC
21 – 25 CADBD
情态动词的用法
情态动词表示“可能”、“必须”等意义，但不能单独作谓语，必须与另一动词原形构成谓语，一般没有人称、数的变化。
1．can, could（能）
表示一般现在时和一般过去时两种时态，有时也能表示将来时。所有其他时态（包括将来时）须用to be able 加动词不定式来表示。
①What can I do for you?我能为你做什么吗？
②It surely can't be eleven o'clock already. 不可能已经十一点钟了。
③We were sure that he could pass the test.我们肯定他能通过测试。
④Will you be able to finish the chemical experiment today? 你今天能做完这个化学实验吗？
⑤The seventy-year-old man has been able to swim in the ocean in winter for twenty years.这位七十岁的老人冬天能在海里游泳已经有二十年的历史了。
2．may
①May I come in?我可以进来吗？（表示允许或请求）
②You may go now.你现在可以走了。
●may表示允许的否定形式是must not（“不应该”、“不许”）。
③----May I take this book home? ----No, you mustn't.我可以把这本书拿回家吗？——不行。
④She may not go to the library tonight.
今晚她可能不去图书馆了。（表示说话人的猜测，认为某一事情“或许”或“可能”发生。）
⑤The news may or may not be true.消息也许是真的，也许不是真的。（猜测）
●may用在感叹句中可表示祝愿、愿望。如：
⑥May you succeed.祝你成功。
3．might(might为may的过去式)
①Mr. Li said he might visit Cambridge University.李先生说他可能去参观剑桥大学。
●might也可代替may，表示现在时间的动作，但语气较委婉，客气或更加不肯定。
②Might I use this phone?我可以用这个电话吗？
③The singing star might not come today.今天歌星也许不来了。
4．must必须，应当
①You must get to the airport before nine o'clock. 你必须在九点以前到达飞机场。
②Your homework must be clear and complete.你的作业应当清楚完整。
③He must be in the reading room now.他现在准是在阅览室。（表示说话人对事物的推测）
④She must be writing a letter to her mother.
她现在一定在给她妈妈写信。（must加动词不定式进行时也可表示对现在发生的动作的推测，表示“一定”或“准是”的意思。）
⑤The road is wet. It must have rained last night.
马路湿了，昨晚一定下雨了。（must加动词不定式的完成式，说明对过去事物的推测，表示“一定”或“准是”的意思。）
●两种否定式的比较
must not表示“不应该”、“不许可”，语气比较强烈。如：
We mustn't waste our time.我们不应该浪费我们的时间。
need not（不必）表示must在意义上的否定。如：
Must we clean our classroom today?----No, you needn't.我们必须今天清扫教室吗？——不，不必。
5．have to（不得不，必须）
①To launch satellites into space, we have to use big powerful rockets.要把卫星射入太空我们必须得使用巨型强力火箭。
②There is no bus to the village and we have to walk there.没有到那个村子的公共汽车，我们必须步行去那里。
6．need需要
用于疑问句及否定句，单数第三人称不加-s，后接动词原形。（在肯定句里既可用做情态动词又可用做实义动词。当用做实义动词时，单数第三人称加-s，并有时态变化。）
①Need we go to the factory on foot?我们今天需要步行去工厂吗？
②You needn't do your homework in class. You may do it after class. 你不必在课堂上做作业，你可以课后做。
●needn't后加动词的完成式时，指过去已做了但不需做的动作。
③You needn't have bought the new watch, as the old one could be repaired.你本可以不必买只新表，因为旧表能修好。
④You needn't have brought your umbrella． It is going to be clear up.你本可以不必带伞，天就要晴了。
●didn't have to和didn't need to表示过去未做也不需做的动作。如：
⑤I didn't have to help her with her mathematics, for she is good at math.我没有必要帮她数学，她擅长数学。
⑥She knew the way to the library, so you didn't need to show her the way.她知道去图书馆的路，所以你没有必要给她指路。
7．should应当
①You should listen to your father's advice.你应当听你爸爸的话。（表示“劝告”、“建议”）
②The doctor should be here by now.医生现在可能到了。（表示“预测”、“可能”）
③She should be on campus.她应当在校园里。（表示“预测”、“可能”）
④Why should I leave?我干吗要离开？（表示“不满”、“惊奇”）
●should后跟动词不定式的完成式时，这时句子指的是过去的事情。如果是肯定句，说明事情本应完成而未完成；如果是否定句表示发生了不应当发生的事情。如：
⑤ The little boy shouldn't have eaten the apple without washing it first.这个小男孩不应当不洗苹果就吃。
⑥You should have worked hard earlier.你早就应当努力学习了。
●should的语气比must轻，可用于各人称。
8．ought to 应当，总该
语气比should重，比must轻，表示有“义务”或“必要”做某件事，还可表示“劝告”等。
①You ought to practice more.你应该多练习。
②You ought not to stay up too late.你不应该熬夜太晚。
③Your grandpa oughtn't to drink so much.你爷爷不应当喝大多的酒。
●ought后加动词不定式的完成式时，指过去的动作。肯定形式（ought to have done）表示某件事应当做而未做，相当于should have done。否定形式（ought not to have done），则表示一件不应该做的事情发生了，相当于should not have done。如：
④ I was fined. I ought to have returned these books to the library last month.我被罚款了，我上个月就应当把这些书还给图书馆。
⑤You oughtn't to have got up so late.你不应该起这么晚。
9．will表示“意志”、“意愿”和“决心”等，可用于各种人称
①He will come to see you next Sunday.下个星期天他将来看你。
②We will try our best to win the game.我们将尽最大努力赢得比赛。
情态动词练习
Exercises:
“ _____ you play baseball?” “ No, I _______. “
A. Can; may B. Can’t; can’t C. May; can’t D. can; can
“ ______ I hand in the paper this week?” “ No, you ______. You _____ hand it in next week.
A. Must; needn’t; may B. will; mustn’t; ought to
C. Shall; can’t; have to D. Should; didn’t have to; can
There were already 4 people in the car but they managed to take John as well. It ______ a comfortable journey.
A. can’t be B. wouldn’t be
C. mustn’t have been C. couldn’t have been
It’s nearly eight o’clock. They ______ be here at any moment.
A. must B. can C. should D. need
“ ______ I take the magazine out of the reading room?” “ Sorry, you _____.”
A. May; mustn’t B. Must; can’t
C. will; didn’t have to C. Can; aren’t able to
The boss say to the secretary, “ If you work well, you _____ have a rise.”
A. shall B. would C. must D. ought
Let’s sing a song, ______ we?
A. will B. can’t C. shall D. do
“______ you go so soon?” “ No, I ______ go yet.”
A Must; mustn’t B. Shall; won’t
C. Can; may not D. Must; needn’t
The book I borrowed from the library isn’t here. Who __________?
A. could have taken it B. must have taken it
C. might take it D. should take it.
“ They went to the lecture, but it had been put off.” “ Oh, so they _______.”
A. needn’t have gone B. should have gone
C. mustn’t have gone D. don’t need to go
“________ I have a glass of beer?” “ No, I’m afraid you ________.”
A. Can’t; can’t B. Could; won’t C. May; daren’t D. Shall; may
“ Isn’t that Tom playing basketball?” “ It ______ be; he fell off the ladder yesterday and got badly hurt.”
A. mustn’t B. would rather not C. couldn’t D. wouldn’t
“ Need he go?” “ Yes, he ______.”
A. need B. can C. may D. must
Tell me how you work out the answer, _______ you?
A. can B. will C. don’t D. shan’t
You promised your friend a letter; you ought to ______ days ago.
A. write B. be writing C. have written D. be written
She had done more work in one day than her brother _______ in three days.
A will do B. may do C. could do D. has done
The teacher told the student that he ______ pay for the missing magazine.
A. didn’t need to B. need not to C. mustn’t D. not had to
It is Saturday tomorrow. I _______ get up early.
A. don’t need B. needn’t to C. can’t D. needn’t
You made a lot of spelling mistakes in your composition. You ______ after you finished writing it.
A. mustn’t have gone it over B. shouldn’t have gone it over
C. needn’t have gone it over D. can’t have gone it over
Miss Wilson isn’t in the office, so she _______ in one of the computer rooms.
A. must work B. must be working
C. should have to work D. needs to work
NMET
A computer ______ think for itself; it must be told what to do.
A. can’t B. couldn’t C. may not D. might not
Jenny _______ have kept her word. I wonder why she changed her mind.
A. must B. should C. need D. would
We _______ last night, but we went to the concert instead.
must have studied B. might study
C. should have studied D. would study
---- Could I borrow your dictionary?
---- Yes, of course you ______.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
Tom ought not to _______ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told
---- If he _______, he ________ that food.
---- Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.
was warmed; would not take
had been warmed; would not have taken
would be warmed; had not taken
would have be warmed; had not taken
Peter ______ come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet.
A. must B. may C. can D. will
I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _______ for her.
had to write it out
must have written it out
should have written it out
ought to write it out
I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If she _______, she would have met my brother.
A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come
----Shall I tell John about it?
---- No, you _______. I’ve told him already.
A. needn’t B. wouldn’t C. mustn’t D. shouldn’t
When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ______.
A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken
Without electricity human life ______ quite difficult today.
A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be
He ________ you more help, even though he was very busy.
might have given
might give
may give
would give
Johnny, you _______ play with the knife, you ________ hurt yourself.
A. won’t; can’t B. mustn’t may C. shouldn’t; must D. can’t; shouldn’t
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ______ get out.
A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to
----When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
----They ______ be ready by 12:00.
A. can B. should C. might D. need
17 ---- I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
----Oh, did you? You ______ with Barbara.
A. could have stay B. could stay
C. would stay D. must have stayed
---Will you stay for lunch?
---- Sorry, _______. My brother is coming to see me.
A. I mustn’t B. I can’t C. I needn’t D. I won’t
19 ---- Are you coming to Jeff’s party?
---- I ‘m not sure. I ______ go to the concert instead.
A. must B. would C. should D. might
20 A left-luggage office is a place where bags _____ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station.
A. should B. can C. must D. will
Keys:
Exercises 1-5 BADCA 6-10 ACDAA
11-15 ACDBC 16-20 CADDB
NMET 1-5 ABCCA 6-10 BBCDA
11-15 CDABD 16-20 BABDB
课件26张PPT。情态动词
的用法1、Could I borrow your book?
Yes. Of course you can.
2. Would you like to do it for me ?
Yes. I would.一、情态动词注意事项(1) 对现在或将来情况推测：must +动词原形。
must只能用于肯定。否定和疑问分别用can’t和can。
He must tell a lie. Can he tell a lie ?
He can’t tell a lie.
*Must-should/ought to –may-might/could+do
可能性依次减弱2、推测语气(2) 对过去情况推测：must (may, might)+完成时。
You must have met him before.
must—may—might可能性依次减弱
must只能用于肯定句，译成“一定”。否定和疑问分别用can’t / couldn’t和can / could。
Could /Can it have happened last night ?
It couldn’t/can’t have happened last night.
He must be reading, isn’t he?
You must do it yourself, don’t you?
He must have gone over the article, hasn’t he?
It must have rained last night, didn’t it?3、表猜测语气的反意疑问句的构成 would need
used to do dare
mustn’t
don’t have to=needn’t
may/might do/have done
不妨…; 还是…为好4、 be able to must
can have to1）用于第一人称表将来。I shall go to work after I have finished school.
2）用于一、三人称疑问句、表征求对方意见或向对方请求。
Shall he come in? — Come in, please.
3）用于二、三人称，表示保证、承诺、威胁、警告。
You shall be punished if you insist on doing it this way.5、Shall1）预测、可能。They should be here by now.
2）说话人的感情。如惊奇、愤怒、失望等、“竟然”
You can’t imagine that well-behaved gentleman should be so rude to a lady.6、should1）对过去情况推测。
must/may/might have done
can’t/couldn’t/may not/might not have done
can/could have done…?
7、情态动词+have done2）译成“本…”could/should/need have done.
You should have come here five minutes earlier.
3）虚拟语气（与过去事实相反的主句）
If you had followed my advice, you wouldn’t have been defeated.
情态动词典型例题专练
1.-----There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
-----It ____a comfortable journey. ( )
can't be
B. shouldn't be
C. mustn't have been
D. couldn't have been
D2. Johnny, you ______play with the knife, you ____hurt yourself. ( )
won't ; can't
mustn't ; may
C. shouldn't ; must
D. can't ; wouldn'tB
3. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _____get out. ( )
had to
B. would
C. could
D. was able toD4. ------When can I come for the photos ? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
-----They _____be ready by 12 : 00 . ( )
A. can B. should
C. might D. need
B
5. With so much work on hand, you ____to see the game last night. ( )
mustn’t go
B shouldn’t go
C. could have gone
D. shouldn’t have goneD6.They are disappointed at the English party. They say that it ___better organized. ( )
had been
B. had to be
C. must have been
D. could have been
D
7.She must have forgotten about the class _______? ( )
doesn’t she
B. mustn’t she
C. hasn’t she
D. won’ t she
C8. See who’s there ! _______ it be Mary ?
May
Must
Can
willC9.Jenny ____with him at that time, for I was having dinner with her in my home. ( )
can’t have been
B. mustn’t have been
C. must be
D. may be
A
10.Tom’s father promised, “You ___have a new computer if you pass the coming examination,” ( )
can
B. should
C. shall
D. may
C11.---- Did you walked home by yourself last night ?
---- Yes, I did. But I think I _____. ( )
needn’t
B. shouldn’t
C. may not have
D. needn’t haveD
12.----Would you change this bucket for another ? It ______ hold water.
----- OK. I’m really sorry.
won’t
can’t
didn’t
doesn’tA13. You ought to have helped him with his English, ____you ?
A. won’t you
B. ought not you
C. shouldn’t you
D. wouldn’t you
C14.--- I though I ____something burning. ( )
---Really ?
smelled
B. was smelling
C. could smell
D. might smell
C15. She _____out alone at night. ( )
dare not to go
B. dares not go
C. doesn’t dare to go
D. doesn’t dares goC 语态
语态是动词的一种形式，用以表示主谓之间的关系。语态分为主动语态和被动语态。
把主动语态变成被动语态，是把助动词be变为主动态，动词原来的时态，再加上主要动词的过去分词。主动态，动词的主语这时变成被动态动词的施动者。这个施动者常常被提到。可置于by之后或放在从句的后面。
This chair was made by my father.
3. 各个进行时态的被动态，要求用be的进行时加上主要动词的过去分词，be的这种进行时形式在其他方面很少使用。
主动态：They are repairing the bridge.
被动态：The bridge is being repaired.
主动态：Thery were carrying the injured player off the field.
被动态：The injured player was being carried off the field.
4. 助动词+动词原形结构可借助被动式来构成被动语态：
主动态： You must should shut these doors.
被动态： These doors mustshould be shut.
表示喜欢、热爱、希望、想要及与其相似意义的动词+宾语+不定式，由不定式的被动式结成其被动语态。
主动态：He wants someone to take photographs.
被动态：He wants photographs to be taken .
表示命令、请求、劝告、邀请的动词+间接宾语+不定式，可用主动词的被动式来构成被动语态：
主动态：He invited me to go.
被动态：I was invited to go.
但是，如果是advisebegorderrecommendurge +间接宾语+不定式+宾语的结构，则可以构成两种被动语态：
主动态：He urged the Council to reduce the rates.
被动态：1 The Council was urged to reduce the rates.
2 He urged that the rates should be reduced.
至于agreebe anxious be determinedecidedemand +不定式+宾语，则通常用that ----should 的结构表示被动，同上第二种方式：
主动态：He decided to sell the house.
被动态：He decided that the house should be sold.
5. 被动态通常用于以下各种情况：
动作的实施者很明显，没有必要提到时：
The streets are swept every day.
不知道，不确定或忘记了谁是施动者时：
The minister was murdeded.
主动动词的主语是人们时：
He is suspected of receiving stolen goods.
对所做的事情比对做事的人更感兴趣时：
The house next door has been bought (by a Mr.Jones)
使用被动语态，可避免说出别扭或不合语法的句子时：
When he arrived home a detective arrested him.
最好表示为：When he arrived home he was arrested(by a detective).
6. 用 have +宾语+过去分词表示被动关系：
7. 用在被动语态后面的不定式通常带 的不定式，尽管主动态动词后面可能带的是不带 的不定式：
主动态：We saw them go out. 被动态：They were seen to go out
主动态：He made us work.
被动态：We were made to work.
然而，惟独let的被动态后面的不定式不带to :
主动态：They let us go.
被动态：We were let go.
8. 注意英语中有些情况不能用被动语态：
1) 所有的不及物动词和某些短语，如：
happen enterbreak out belong to date fromlose hearttake place
2) 某些动词形态上是助动结构，但却表示被动意义，如表示状态特征的系动词：
look feel smell taste soundproveappear等
The idea sounds interesting.
Good medicine tastes bitter.
又如某些可以与easily ,well等副词连用的动词。
Readsellwritewashcleanweighmeasurewear
The cloth washed easily.
This kind of goods sells well.
3) 有些动词形式上是被动的，但意义却是主动的，如：
He is seated on a bench.
He is engaged in research.
9. 下列句型常用被动语态：
He is said that – 据说——
He is believed that— 人们相信——
He is hoped that – 人们希望——
He is well known that-- ---众所周知——
Practice:
Nowadays Chinese food ___ to be the healthiest one in the world.
A. considers B. is considered C. will consider D. will be considered
All the preparations for the task ____, and we are ready to start.
A. completed B. complete C. had been completed D. have been completed
Cleaning women in big cities usually get ____ by the hour.
A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
--You’ve made great progress in your studies of English, haven’t you? – Yes, but much___
A. remains to do B. is remained to do C. remains to be done D. is remained to be done
I ____ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
A. gave B. was given C. was giving D. had given
----Have you moved into the new house? -----Not yet, the rooms _____.
are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting
Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge? It will ___fresh for several days .
be stayed B. stay C. be staying D. have stayed
The reporter said that the UFO ____east to west when he saw it .
was travelling B. travelled C. had been traveling D. was to travel
The price___, but I doubt whether it will remain so.
A. went down B. will go down C. has gone down D. was going down
A railway ____between the two cities at present.
A. built B. has built C. are building D. is being built
The thief ____by a policeman in plainclothes.
has been closely watching B. watches closely
C. has closely watched D. is being closely watched
It____to us for many years that the moon has no air.
A. has been known B. are known C. knows D. has known
14.When you come to our college again, a new building_____.
A. will have built B. will be building C. will build D. will have been built
15.He ___in the countryside but he ____in the city.
is born ;was brought up B. was born ; was brought up
born ;brought up D. is born ;brings up
16.All the traffic _____as a road accident _____.
was held up ;was occurred B. was held up; had occurred
C. was held up ;has occurred D. held up; occurred
17. When the bank ____three weeks ago, the police were there waiting for the robbers.
A. were broken into B. has been broken into
C. had been broken into D. was broken into
18.That house is very dirty. You can see it ____for quite a few days .
A. isn’t cleaned B. hasn’t been cleaned
C. wasn’t cleaned D. hadn’t been cleaned
19.The appointment _____some other time. It is raining hard.
A. should have made B. should have been made
C. must have been making D. may make
20.I told the lady that the seat _____already.
A. had taken B. took C. was taken D. had been taken
NMET：
1. 1. If city noises ____ from increasing，people ____ shout to be heard even at dinner．
A． are not kept；will have to B． are not kept；have
C． do not keep；will have to D． do not keep；have to
2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are ____and perfected now.
A. developed B. have developed
C. are being developed D. will have been developed
3. --- ____ the sports meet might be put off． --- Yes，it all depends on the weather．
A． I've been told B． I've told C． I'm told D． I told
4. I need one more stamp before my collection ___.
A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed
5. Rainforests ___ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future. A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut
6. The new suspension bridge ___ by the end of last month.
A. has been designed B. had been designed C. was designed D. would be designed
7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ____.
A. breaks B. has broken C. was broken D. had been broken
8. Great changes ___ in the city, and a lot of factories ___.
A. have been taken place; have been set up B. have taken place; have been set up
C. have taken place; have set up D. were taken place; were set up
9. That suit __ over 60 dollars.
A. had cost B. costed C. is cost D. cost
10. --- Look! Everything here is under construction.--- What’s the pretty small house that __ for?
A. is being built B. has been built C. is built D. is building
11.--- Do you like the material? --- Yes, it ___ very soft.
A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt
12. It is difficult for a foreigner ____ Chinese．
A． write B． to write C． to be written D． written
13. I have no more letters ____ ，thank you．
A． to type B． typing C． to be typed D． typed
14. Take care! Don’t drop the ink on your shirt, for it __ easily.
A. won’t wash out B. won’t be washed out C. isn’t washed out D. isn’t washing out
15. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to ___.
A. be put up B. give in C. be turned on D. go out
16. The computers on the table ___ Professor Smith.
A. belongs B. are belonged to C. belongs to D. belong to
17. --- What do you think of the book? ---Oh, excellent. It’s worth ___ a second time.
A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read
18. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed ___.
A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch
19. This page needed ___ again.
A. being checked B. checked C. to check D. to be checked
20. ___ many times, the boy still didn’t know how to do the exercises
A. Having taught B. Having been taught C. taught D. Teaching
答案：1---5BDCCA 6---10BABAC
11---15 DDADB 16--20BDBBD
1--5 ACADC 6--10 BCBDA
11--15 CBCAD 16--20 DCCDB
课件9张PPT。 语态是动词的一种形式，用以表示主谓之间的关系。语态分为主动语态和被动语态。
把主动语态变成被动语态，是把助动词be变为主动态，动词原来的时态，再加上主要动词的过去分词。主动态，动词的主语这时变成被动态动词的施动者。这个施动者常常被提到。可置于by之后或放在从句的后面。
This chair was made by my father. 各个进行时态的被动态，要求用be的进行时加上主要动词的过去分词，be的这种进行时形式在其他方面很少使用。
主动态：They are repairing the bridge.
被动态：The bridge is being repaired.
主动态：They were carrying the injured player off the field.
被动态：The injured player was being carried off the field. 助动词+动词原形结构可借助被动式来构成被动语态：
主动态： You must should shut these doors.
被动态： These doors mustshould be shut.
表示喜欢、热爱、希望、想要及与其相似意义的动词+宾语+不定式，由不定式的被动式结成其被动语态。
主动态：He wants someone to take photographs.
被动态：He wants photographs to be taken .表示命令、请求、劝告、邀请的动词+间接宾语+不定式，可用主动词的被动式来构成被动语态：
主动态：He invited me to go.
被动态：I was invited to go.但是，如果是advisebegorderrecommendurge +间接宾语+不定式+宾语的结构，则可以构成两种被动语态：
主动态：He urged the Council to reduce the rates.
被动态：1 The Council was urged to reduce the rates.
2 He urged that the rates should be reduced.
至于agreebe anxious be determinedecidedemand +不定式+宾语，则通常用that ----should 的结构表示被动，同上第二种方式：
主动态：He decided to sell the house.
被动态：He decided that the house should be sold.被动态通常用于以下各种情况：
1. 动作的实施者很明显，没有必要提到时：
The streets are swept every day.
2. 不知道，不确定或忘记了谁是施动者时：
The minister was murdeded.
3. 主动动词的主语是人们时：
He is suspected of receiving stolen goods.
4. 对所做的事情比对做事的人更感兴趣时：
The house next door has been bought (by a Mr.Jones)
5. 使用被动语态，可避免说出别扭或不合语法的句子时：
When he arrived home a detective arrested him.
最好表示为：When he arrived home he was arrested (by a detective).用在被动语态后面的不定式通常带 的不定式，尽管主动态动词后面可能带的是不带 的不定式：
主动态：We saw them go out. 被动态：They were seen to go out
主动态：He made us work.
被动态：We were made to work.
然而，惟独let的被动态后面的不定式不带to :
主动态：They let us go.
被动态：We were let go.注意英语中有些情况不能用被动语态：
1) 所有的不及物动词和某些短语，如：
happen enterbreak out belong to date fromlose hearttake place
2) 某些动词形态上是助动结构，但却表示被动意义，如表示状态特征的系动词：
look feel smell taste soundproveappear等
The idea sounds interesting.
Good medicine tastes bitter.
又如某些可以与easily ,well等副词连用的动词。
Readsellwritewashcleanweighmeasurewear
The cloth washed easily.
This kind of goods sells well.
3) 有些动词形式上是被动的，但意义却是主动的，如：
He is seated on a bench.
He is engaged in research.下列句型常用被动语态：
He is said that – 据说——
He is believed that— 人们相信——
He is hoped that – 人们希望——
He is well known that-- ---众所周知——
