语法[上学期]

课件5张PPT。主动表被动浅说主动表被动：指形式无被动结构而含被动意义的主动形式，即句中某个名词或代词与某个动词存在逻辑动宾关系或为被动关系，用主动结构表被动意思。小结如下：
1.下列实义动词作系动词时用主动结构表被动意思,常见的有:look, sound, smell, taste, feel, prove, remain等,e.g.
①The flower looks ugly.
②What you said sounds reasonable.
③The dish smells delicious.
④The food tastes good.
⑤The story proved quite false.
⑥She remains silent.
⑦This material feels soft.
2.“主语＋be worth＋doing”结构中,doing 与主语存在动宾关系:
The novel is worth reading again.
3.当need/want/require三动词是需要的意思且主语与这些动词后的动词存在逻辑上的动宾关系,则这三动词后的动词用v-ing形式,用主动结构表被动意思,相当于to be done, e.g.
①My watch needs reparing（＝to be repaired）.
②The house wants painting （＝to be pained）.
4.某些与can’t,won’t等连用的不及物动词,如move,lock, shut, open等,用主动结构表被动意思,e.g.
①It can’t move.
②The door won’t shut.
③The window won’t open. （这些动词与can’t,won’t等连用, 表示事物“拒绝”我们要它们“做”的事.）
5.某些可以和well, easily, smoothly等副词连用的不及物动词如read, write, wash, clean, draw, burn, cook, sell, lock, open, shut,且主语是非生命的名词或代词,用主动结构表被动意思,e.g.
①This kind of book sells well.
②The pen writes smoothly.
③ The cloth washes well.
④The poem reads smoothly.
⑤The table doesn’t clean easily.
⑥This kind of rice cooks more easily than that kind.
⑦ That door shuts well.
6.某些可以用于“主＋谓＋主补”结构的不及物动词,如blow, wear等,用主动结构表被动意思,e.g.
①The material has worn thin.
②The door blew open.
7. “sb. has sth. to do”结构,也用主动结构表被动意思, 此时主语与to do 存在逻辑主谓关系, to do 与宾语存在逻辑动宾关系,用公式表示为:
“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋to do”
主谓关系
动宾关系
①He has many problems to solve.
②White has lots of things to do.
③I have a room to live in.
8. “sth.＋be＋adj.＋to do”结构, to do 与sth.存在逻辑动宾关系,也用主动结构表被动意思,这些表语形容词有hard, difficult, easy, fit,necessary,dangerous,e.g.
①The problem is hard to solve.
②The water isn’t fit to drink.
9.“sth./sb ＋系动词＋ to do”结构,主要用于sth. be to rent,　sth remain to do, who to blam ,e.g.
①The taxi is to rent.
②Much remains to find.
③She is to blame.
10.在一些表语或定语的介词短语含被动意义,e.g.
①be＋under＋n./doing, e.g.
The fire was under control at last.
②be＋on sale/show ,e.g.
Many new types of cars are on show in Beijing.
③be＋in the charge of, e.g.
The factory is in the charge of my brother.
课件17张PPT。Welcome!The Passive Voice（被动语态）A recorder is used in our English class every day. recorder, use, class use, for, photo football, play, worldFootball is played all over the world.Cameras are used for taking photos. bank, rob yesterdaysatellite,send up, last yearA man-made satellite was sent up into space last year.The bank was robbed yesterday.send to, hospital, right now a talk, give , soonThey must be sent to the hospital right now.A talk will be given soon.Thehamburger has been eaten up already.hamburger, already, eat upFootball is played all over the world.A camera is used for taking photos. A bank was robbed yesterday.A man-made satellite was sent up into space last year.The tree must be planted on the ground.ReadThe ground will be covered with trees in a few years’ time. They will be sent to the hospital right now.A talk will be given soon.The food has been eaten up already.ReadConclusion:一般现在时—— am／is ／are + v.p.p. 一般过去时—— was／were +v.p.p. 一般将来时—— will be／be going to be +
v.p.p.情态动词—— aux.v. (must／can／could
／may…) + be + v.p.p.现在完成时—— have/has +been+ v.p.p.　被动语态的构成：be +vt.p.p.被动语态：主语是动作的承受者 。1. Many people speak English.English2. He bought me a new bike yesterday. I A new bike 3. The boss made him do the heavy work.Heis spokenby many people.was boughta new bike yesterday.was bought yesterday.was made the heavy work.for meto doA traffic accident ________(happen) just now.happened2. 连系动词（Link.v.) 如：be, look, seem, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, turn, become…Peking Opera ________ (sound) beautiful.sounds3. 当此动词表示事物的自然属性的时候:The pen _________ (write) very fast.writesThis kind of sweater _______ (sell) well. sells1. 不及物动词（vi.) 如:happen, take place, appear, dissapear, …不用被动语态的动词：1. Large numbers of plastic bags _________ (use) in the supermarkets every day.2. _____ our country ____(send) up another man-made satellite last year? 3. Must the old people ___________ (speak) to politely?4. Her grandma was still alive when he _________ (take) to the hospital.5. English __________(speak) in many counties. are usedDidsendbe spokenwas takenis spoken6. Three quarters of the world’s books ____________ (write) in English.7. This kind of sweater __________ (sell) well.8. _________ Lesson 50 ___________ (teach) next week?are writtensellsWillbe taught Fill in the blanks using right forms:1. All the students __________(ask) to bring a kite with them last Sunday.2. Are many ways _______(try) to stop people from cutting down so many trees?3. —What are on show in the museum? —Some photos _________(take) by American children.4. This coat _________(wash) well.9. Have you found your necklace ________(偷) last week?6. I’m often _________(警告）not to copy others’ homework.7. He couldn’t explain why dinosaurs ___________ (消失).8. I’ll have my bike __________________(修理) tomorrow.5. Must the old people ____________(speak) to politely?10. The PRC was _________(成立) on October 1, 1949.were asked triedtakenwashesbe spokenwarneddisappearedmended／repairedstolenfoundedWriting:看图，写一篇以How to Plant a Tree?为题目的短文，要求内容齐全，上下文连贯,展开合理想象。词数：60—80。Writing:你们学校附近有一个大图书馆，馆内有各种各样的书，请你将这个图书馆的要求向你的同学作一介绍，以便他们去那儿看书时能遵守规则。不要把包带进图书馆。
2. 看书时保持安静。一次可借四本书，不能将书转借给别人，
4. 图书馆每天早晨8:00开门，必须在下午6:00前要按时还书。离开图书馆。要求：用英文写一篇60—80词左右的短文。课件22张PPT。Non-finite verbs1. The teacher asked us _______ so much noise.
(03年夏第21题)
A．don’t make B．not make
C．not making D．not to make DDo the following exercises.2. ____ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. (04年夏第29题)
A. To wait B. Have waited
C. Having waited D. To have waited C3. Prices of daily goods _____ through a computer can be lower than store prices. (02年春第24题)
A. are bought B. bought
C. been bought D. buying B4. ― How do you deal with the disagreement
between the company and the customers? ― The key __ the problem is to meet the demand
__ by the customers. (02年夏第34题)? A. to solving; making???? B. to solving; made? C. to solve; making????? D. to solve; made B5. My advisor encouraged _______ a summer course to improve my writing skills. (04年夏第23题)
A. for me taking
B. me taking
C. for me to take D. me to take D6. When asked by the police, he said that he remembered ___ at the party, but not ___. (05年夏第30题)
A. to arrive, leaving
B. to arrive, to leave
C. arriving, leaving
D. arriving, to leave CQ1: How many kinds of non-finite verbs? What
are they?第1题，第5题 第2题，第4题，第6题 第3题，第4题 Think of the functions of non-finite verbs and fill in the form. 第6题第1题第3题第4题第2题第4题第5题My advisor encouraged me to take a summer course to improve my writing skills. (04夏第23题) What verbs we have learnt have the same structure like “encourage”? Structure: S + V + O + OC (to do)ask/require, tell, invite, get, want, intend, expect, advise, persuade, allow/permit, remind, order, inspire, promise…A computer does only what thinking people have it do. (99年上海) What verbs share the same structure as “have” in this sentence?Structure: S + V + O + OC (do/doing) make, let, have
feel, hear, see, watch, notice, observe I heard him singing a song when I passed by his
room yesterday. e.g. I heard him sing a song just now.We agree to meet here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet. (95年全国卷) What verbs can be followed by “to do” as the object? Structure: S + V + O (to do) decide / determine, learn, want, expect / hope, refuse, manage, pretend, promise, choose, plan, agree…I really appreciate having time to relax with you on this nice island. (01年上海)What verbs can be only followed by “doing” as the object?Structure: S + V + O (doing) consider, suggest, admit, delay, imagine, avoid, miss, keep(on), practise, finish, enjoy, appreciate, can't help, mind…(The boy in the pictures is Tom. And his friend’s name is Jack) a new footballa. Tom likes/enjoys playing football very much.
b. Tom saw/noticed his mother washing clothes.c. Tom wanted/decided/intended to help his mother do housework.b. Tom refused to play with Jack, because he was
doing some washing.a. Jack asked Tom to play football with him.b. While he was doing some washing he wanted to
have a new football.a. Tom was helping his mother to wash the clothes.a. When Tom finished washing, his mother felt very happy.
b. Tom’s mother promised to buy a new football for him. The new planet is 30 times farther away than any planet ______ (discovered, discovering) by scientists before. It is in the Milky Way(银河) but it is not in our solar system(太阳系). The new planet moves around a star much like our sun, however. Scientists discovered the planet by using a new planet-searching method, ______ (calling, called) “transit technique.”Read the following passage and choose the correct answer.They were able to catch sight of the planet when it moved in front of its star, ______ (caused, causing) the star’s light to dim(变暗). Scientists compare the method to _______ (discover, discovering) the shadow of a bee ______ (flied, flying) in front of a searchlight 200 miles away. “We believe the door has been opened wide to go and discover planets like Earth,” says Sasselov. (03北京卷B) The “transit technique” can _____. (03北京59)
A. help dim the light of a star
B. help scientists with a searchlight
C. help discover a bee on a planet
D. help find a planet moving before its star √Where are non-finite verbs used in learning English? 课件10张PPT。非谓语结构非谓语形式包括 to + V，V-ing, V-ed,甚至没有动词。非谓语结构使用的几条原则：
看标点符号是否逗号，看是否有连词，看是否是非限制性定语从句。
非谓语结构前后主语保持一致才能被省略。非谓语结构选择依据：
1）首先判断是否选择 to + V：* 不定式一般表目的（* I have something to do/ need a room to live in. * He is always the first / last to arrive. * I got there only to find the train had gone.）其余的选择V-ing 或V-ed
2) 根据主动还是被动选择V-ing 还是V-ed。
3) 选择正确的时态。
4) 否定词放在非谓语结构前面。不定式
To do
To be doing
To have done将来正在过去V+ing
Doing
Having done强调非谓语动作比谓语动词先发生V+ed
To be done
Being done
Done1．Please speak slowly because you don't make yourself ______.
A．understood ??????????B．understand C．to understand ???????D．understanding
2．The dog ,______, will be made a good match dog.
A．to train properly ????B．training properly C．properly to train ????D．trained properly
3．Before ______ white, the door should be cleaned thoroughly.
A．painting ?????????? B．painted
C．being painted ??D．having been painted 4．______ from him for a long time, I had to write him a second letter.
A．Hearing not ??????? B．Not to hear C．Not being heard ???D．Not having heard
5．I don't like the lonely house ______ to Smith.
A．belonged ??????????? B．belongs C．belong ????????????? D．belonging
6．We're going to talk about the problem ______ at the last meeting.
A．was discussed B．discussing C．discussed D．having been discussed7．Does anyone ______ Jim lives here? A．call ??????? ??B．called C．calling ???????? D．to call
8．The girl ______ in a colorful skirt looks beautiful.
A．dressed ?????????? B．dressing C．dresses ???? D．dress
9. He reached the railway station, ______ and out of breath, ______ the train had left.
A．tiring, finding ???? B．tired, finding C．tiring, to find D．tired, found10. The thief followed her, with his eyes ______ on the wallet in her pocket.
A．fix ??? B．fixed C．fixing D．to fixed
11．Asked about his life in the past, ______.
A．nobody said nothing
B．they did not get an answer from him
C．nothing was said by him
D．John nodded his head and left the room12． ______ from what he said, he must be the thief who has stolen the car.
A. Judging ?B. Judged C. Judges ??D. Judge
13． ______ their bad news, he couldn't help from bursting into tears.
A．Heard ??? B．Having heard
C．Having been heard ??? D．Hearing
14．----What do you think of the man you saw last night?
----Generally ______ , he is not so good as expected.
A. speaking ??B. spoken C. speak D. spoke15．______ a longer time, I could have done it better than planned.
A．Given ?? B．Having given
C．Giving D．Having been given
16．He bought the car because of its ______ price. A. reduce ?B. reduced
C. reducing ?D. reduces
17．They came out to sweep off the ______ leaves, in spite of the cold ______ rain.
A．falling, falling ???????B．falling, fallen C．fallen, falling ????????D．fallen, fallen18．The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B. C., did not include women players until 1912.
A．first playing B．to be first played C．first played D．to be first playing
19．He could see everything in the room clearly, with a ______ lamp in his hand.
A. lighted ??B. light C. being lighted ?D. lit课件19张PPT。英语中常用的十种时态 Ⅰ.一般现在时
谓语构成：
be (am, is, are), have (have, has)其他动词第三人称单数做主语时，谓语动词词尾加-s或-es,其余人称作主语时，一律用动词原形。
(1).结尾是-s,-sh, -ch, -x或-o加-es. 如：discusses, finishes, reaches, fixes, goes
(2).结尾是辅音字母+y的，变y为i再加-es 如：fly– flies, study– studies
2. 一般现在时的使用
（1）表示经常发生的或习惯性的行为或状态。常与always, usually, often, sometimes, at times, every day, on Sundays, never 等。
（2）在时间状语、条件状语、让步状语从句中常用一般现在时表达将来时的概念，主句用将来时。
Exercises:
①学生们经常在物理实验室做实验。
②你吃了这药之后会感觉好一些的。
③只要明天不刮风我就去溜冰。
④即使明天下雨我也得走。2. After you take this medicine, you will feel better.3. As long as it is not windy tomorrow, I will go skating.1. The students often do experiments in the physics laboratory.4. Even if it rains tomorrow, I will leave .Ⅱ.一般过去时谓语构成: be (was were)， have (had),其他人称用过去式。
一般过去时的使用：
(1).表示在过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常与yesterday, last Sunday morning, last year, two hours ago, just now, the other day, once upon a time等表示过去的时间状语连用。
(2). 在复合句中全句描述过去将来的事，主句用过去将来时，时间状语、条件状语、让步状语从句用一般过去时。Exercises:
1.吃完早饭，他列了一个购物单，拿起购物筐就出去采购了。
2.他告诉我下次再来时送我礼物。
3. 他说即使第二天上午下雨，他也不再呆下去了。1. After breakfast, she wrote a shopping list, took the shopping bag and went out shopping.2. He told me that he would give me a gift when he came again.3. He said he would not stay on even though it rained the next morning. Ⅲ.一般将来时1. 谓语构成：shall (第一人称),will (三个人称) + 动词原形，(shan’t, won’t)
2. 一般将来时的使用：表示将来某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常与tomorrow， tomorrow afternoon, next Sunday morning, next month, next time, in a few days 等表示将来时间的状语连用。
Exercise：
(1).下星期日上午，如果作业不多的话，我会和我的朋友去滑冰。
(2).从现在起我会更加努力学习数学和英语。(1). Next Sunday morning I will go skating with my friends if there is not much homework.(2). From now on I will work harder at maths and English.※ 其他表示将来时的方式 be going to +动词原形, “打算、准备、计划、即将”. 常用来表示已经决定或安排妥要做的事，或用来表示根据某种情况判断，必然会或很可能发生的事。
(1). 今晚我不打算看电视了，因为今晚的电视节目不好。
(2). 天很阴，我肯定天会下雨的。2. be to+动词原形，表示预定的或安排好要进行的动作，或表示命令、要求等。
(1). 会议定于下星期一召开。
(2). 明天修理这辆汽车。(1). I’m not going to watch TV tonight, because tonight’s TV program is not good.(2). It’s very cloudy. I’m sure it is going to rain.(1). The meeting is to be held next Monday.(2). This car is to be repaired tomorrow.3. be about to +动词原形, “正要，就要” ，表示即将要进行或发生的动作。Exercise:
我朋友就要动身去加拿大了。My friend is about to leave for Canada. Ⅳ. 过去将来时谓语构成: would 或should+动词原形
过去将来时的使用：
表示就过去某一时间而言，将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态。过去将来时态常常有一般过去时态的动作陪衬。
(1). 我朋友告诉我，再过一个月他开始学习德语。
(2). 那天他说他当天不回家了。(1). My friend told me she would begin to study German the next month.(2). He said he would not come back home that day.其他表示过去将来时的方式：
was / were going to +动词原形 “过去打算”
was / were to +动词原形 “定于，即将”
was /were about to +动词原形 “正要，正准备”Ⅴ. 现在进行时1. 谓语构成：am / is / are + 动词的现在分词2. 现在进行时的使用：
(1). 表示说话时正在进行的动作。
(2). 表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作。
(3). 用来代替一般将来时，表示不久将要发生的动作。主要用于come, go, leave, arrive, start 等动词。Exercise:(1). 迈克正在写感谢信。
(2). 中国在医学上正迅速发展。
(3). 明天他们就要乘飞机来了。(1). Mike is writing a letter of thanks. (2). China is making great advances in medicine.(3). They are coming by plane tomorrow. Ⅵ. 过去进行时 谓语构成：was / were +动词的现在分词
过去进行时的使用：
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作句中往往有过去的时间状语。句中的过去时间状语往往是 then, at that time, this time yesterday, the whole morning yesterday, at 10:00 last Sunday night等。昨天一上午他们都在开会。They were having a meeting the whole morning yesterday.Ⅶ. 现在完成时1. 谓语构成：have / has +动词的过去分词2. 现在完成时的使用：
表示到说话时为止已经做过的动作，或表示过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态。常与already, yet(用于疑问句或否定句), up to now= so far= by now= till now, just, ever, never, recently, in the last/ past few years, in recent years, since two years ago, for a few days 等连用。Exercises: (1).我还没做完作业呢。(2). 到现在为止她共获过
五次奖。I haven’t finished my homework yet.Up till now she has won five prizes.※ 现在完成时的谓语动词如果是点动词，在肯定句中不与表示一段时间的since短语和for短语连用。如: My brother has joined the army since 4 years ago. × My brother has been in the army since for years ago. √
My brother joined the army 4 years ago. √Ⅷ. 过去完成时　1.谓语构成：had+动词的过去分词2. 过去完成时的使用：
表示过去某一时刻之前或过去某一动作之前已经完成的动作。Exercises：
(1).直到上周末为止，我们还没有得到有关那件事的消息。
(2). 他来的时候我已经等了近半个小时了。(1). Up till last weekend we hadn’t got any information about that matter.(2). When he came, I had waited for nearly half an hour.Ⅸ. 现在完成进行时1. 谓语构成：have / has been +动词的现在分词2. 现在完成进行时的使用：
表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在还在进行的动作。你学习三个小时了，该休息了。You have been studying for three hours. You should stop to have a rest now.Ⅹ. 过去完成进行时谓语构成：had been + 动词的现在分词
过去完成进行时的使用：
表示从过去某一时间开始的动作，一直延续到过去另一时间而且还依然在进行。到上周末，史密斯夫妇已经在中国旅游了60天了。By the end of last week, the Smiths had been travelling in China for 60 days.课件14张PPT。高中英语语法 之IT 的 用 法1、it的基本用法
（1）用作人称代词，代替前文提到过的事物。
The train has arrived. It arrived half an hour ago. （2）用以代替提示代词this, that。
—What’s this? —It’s a knife.
—Whose watch is that? —It’s mine.
（3）起指示代词的作用，指一个人或事物。
—Who is knocking at the door? —It’s me.（4）指环境情况等。
It was very noisy (quiet) at the very moment.
（5）指时间、季节等。
—What time is it? —It’s eight o’clock.
It often rains in summer here.
（6）指距离。
It is a long way to the school.
（7）作形式主语。
It is not easy to finish the work in two days.
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
It is as pity that you didn’t read the book.（8）作形式宾语。
I think it no use arguing with him.
I found it very interesting to study English.
He made it clear that he was not interested in that subject.
（9）用于强调结构。
It was Xiaoming whom ( that )I met in the street last night.
It was in the street that I met Xiaoming last night.
It ws last night that I met Xiaoming in the street.
It was I who met Xiaoming in the street last night. 2、含有“It is …”的句型
（1）It is time (for sb.) to do sth.
It is (high) time that sb. did sth.(虚拟语气)
（2）It is + 形容词（+of / for sb.）+ to do sth.
通常用?of的词有brave、clever、careful、hopeless、kind、good、naughty、nice、silly、stupid、foolish、wise等。（3）It is + 形容词 + that + sb. + (should) do sth.（虚拟语气）
能用于这个句型的形容词有strange、wonderful、natural、good、proper、right、wrong、well、fortunate、important、necessary、useless、likely、probable、impossible等。有时可省去should而直接用动词原形。如：
It is important that we should pay close attention to grain.
It is natural that he（should）say so.（4）It is no use/ good + doing sth.
It is no use trying again = It is of no use to try again.
（5）It is + 被强调部分 + that/who + …
Was it in the street that you met her?
Who was it that called him “comrade”?
It was not until yesterday that I met my old friend.
It is in a small factory that my brother is going to work.（注意上述各句均为强调句型的“考点”）
比较：It is a small factory where my brother is going to work.（定语从句）（6）It is said/reported/announced/ (well) known … that…
（7）It is/was + 时间 + since … 从……已多久了。
It is three years since I met him in Beijing.
It was a long time since I (had) lived in that small mountain village with these farmers.（注意两句中的时态）
It is five months since I arrived in New York.我到纽约已经五个月了。
It is five months since I was in New York.我离开纽约已经五个月了。
（注意：终止性动词表示从动作发生时算起；如果是状态动词或持续性动词，则从动作或状态结束时算起。）（8）It is + 时间 + before …
这个句型和上面句型中时间都是时间段，如long、years、months、weeks、five days、three hours、twenty minutes等。不过主句的时态多用一般将来时或一般过去时。
It will be several years before we meet again.
我们要过好几年才能再见面。
It was not long before they set out for the front.
不久他们就出发去了前线。（9）It is /was/will be the first/second/third … time that …
It is the first time that I have been here.
It was the second time that he had seen the film.
（10）It is up to sb. to do sth … 应由某人做某事。
It is up to you to decide whether we start or not.二、精典名题导解 选择填空
1. _________ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.(NMET 1995)
A.There B.This C.That D.It
解析：答案为D。本题考查作形式主语的用法。that引导的从句是真正的主语。为避免头重脚轻而平衡句子结构，将it置于句首作形式主语。2. I hope there are enough glasse for each guest to have ________.(NMET 1995)
A.it B.those C.them D.one
解析：答案为D。本题考查替代词it和one的区别。it用于替代同类的、特定的、同一的事物；one替代同类的、泛指的人或物。根据题意“我希望有足够的杯子使每个客人有一个。”可知应用one泛指enough glasses中的一个。3. Was __________ that I saw last night at the concert?
A.it you B.not you C.you D.that yourself
解析：答案为A。本题考查强调句型的疑问式。只须将句序变为陈述句便不难得出答案。THANK YOU VERY MUCH课件69张PPT。动名词
Chen Tian- ming动名词是非谓动词的又一种形式。它在形式上与现在分词相同，都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中，这两种形式同视为"-ing形式"。 这两种形式的另一个相同之处是： 它们都是由动词变化而成的，它们都保留了动词的某些特征，它们都能带自己的宾语、状语，而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。例如： Speaking in the public , he will surely be very cheerful .（现在分词短语，作状语）他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。She hates speaking in the public.（动名词短语，作宾语）她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。 严格地说，动名词和现在分词还是有很多区别的： 首先，动名词表达的动作意义不如现在分词强，因为动名词已经将动作名词化了，它不再强调动作本身了，它已把某个动作视为某种活动或是某件事情了。 比如说，动名词常在句中作主语、直接宾语；我们都知道，在句中作主语、直接宾语的词只有是名词、代词，因此从某种意义上说，动名词就相当于名词、代词了。例如： Climbing up the mountain will make you exhausted. 爬上这座山会使你筋疲力尽。Stop talking please. 请不要讲话。 其次，正由于动名词在某种意义上相当于名词、代词，所以它前面也可有名词的"所有格形式"或是物主代词的所有格作修饰语。例如： Would you mind my smoking here 您介意我在这儿吸烟吗？We extended a warm welcome to Mr. Rieder's coming to our party. 我们对里德先生来参加聚会表示热烈的欢迎。 从动名词在句子里的作用来看，它类似于名词；可以作主语、定语、表语和宾语。下面让我们分别看看动名词在句中作不同成分的具体情况。 1. 作主语 动名词作主语与不定式作主语在语序位置方面较相似，但在表达意思上有差异。动名词作主语时，它已经将动作名词化了，已把某个动作视为某种活动或是某件事情了，动作意义很弱，比较抽象。 而不定式作主语的动作意义较强，多指"要是去做某事"，这种动作往往是"要发生的一次性动作",比较具体。例如： Breathing became difficult at that altitude. 在那个海拔高度呼吸变得很困难。Reading English aloud in the morning will do you a lot of good .早晨朗读英文会给你带来许多好处。Cheating on an exam ruins one's character . 考试作弊毁坏人的性格。It takes me ten minutes to get home from my office .我从办公室回家要花十分钟。It needs time to make three copies of it .把它复制三份需要时间。 动名词作主语时，也常用"It is …"和"There is …"两种句型。 "It is …"的句型常用于说明"某种活动或是某件事情是如何，如何"。强调事物的性质、特征等。常用于It is后面的词有：no good , no use , useless , a waste, worthwhile , dangerous等等。句型"There is …"往往用于说明"不允许、禁止某种活动或是某件事情发生或存在"。类似一种建议、命令等。例如： It is no use waiting for him any longer .等他是没有用的。It is no good learning without practice .学而不实践是没好处的。 t is dangerous using this method to measure the speed of light . 用这种方法去测量光速是危险的。It is worthwhile consulting your tutor about it again .很值得再向你的指导老师咨询一下这个问题。There is no joking about such matters .这种事开不得玩笑。 There is no denying the fact that China has made a rapid progress in every aspect since it was founded .不容抵赖这个事实，中国自它成立以来已在各个方面都取得了飞速的发展。There is no littering about . 不许乱扔杂物。2. 作定语 动名词作定语的情况并不是很普遍，因为多数情况仅限于单个的动名词作定语。这种情况与单个的现在分词作定语有较大的区别：单个的动名词作定语主要是说明被修饰词的作用、意义等； 而单个的现在分词作定语则主要是表示被修饰词正在做什么。请看下面的比较：动名词作定语swimming pool 游泳池( the pool for swimming) reading material 阅读材料walking stick 手杖opening speech 开幕词listening aid 助听器waiting room 候车室现在分词作定语working people 劳动人民( the people who are working)sleeping child 熟睡孩子floating needle 浮针 oppressing class压迫阶级developing countries 发展中国家running water 自来水 3. 作表语 动名词作表语主要说明"主语是做什么的、或是怎么回事"， 动作意义弱，较抽象；而现在分词作表语则主要是表示"主语的性质、特征等"；不定式作表语却主要说明或解释"主语（要去）做什么事"，它比动名词更为具体，动作意义更强。例如： His part-time job is promoting new products for the company. （动名词） 他的业余工作是为那家公司推销新产品。 Reading is for sure learning, but applying is also learning to a greater extent .（动名词）读书当然是学习，然而运用在很大程度上更是学习。Their task is exploring oil mines in the west . （动名词） 他们的任务是在西部探查油矿。 The situation is very much encouraging .（现在分词） 形势非常令人鼓舞。His present job is not that stimulating as he expected. （现在分词） 他现在的工作并不是那么有刺激性。 Their plan is to build another dormitory for their staff this year . （不定式）他们的计划是今年再为员工们建一栋宿舍楼。His wish is to become a pilot. （不定式） 他的愿望是当飞行员。 4. 作宾语 A）常见的用动名词作宾语的及物动词：avoid (避免) , cease (停止) , can't help (忍不住) , consider (考虑) , deny (抵赖) , delay (拖延) , enjoy (喜欢) , endure (忍受) , escape (逃离) , excuse (原谅) , finish (完成) , give up (放弃) , imagine (想象) , keep on (继续) , leave off (结束、省去) , mind (介意、反对) , miss (错过) , need (需要) , postpone (推迟) , practice (练习) , put off (推迟) , require (需要) , risk (冒险) , stop (停止) , sugg 例如： He managed to escape suffering from the disease .他设法避免患那种疾病。After hearing the funny story , all of us couldn't help laughing ear to ear. 听完了那个滑稽故事，我们忍不住大笑了。 Excuse my interrupting you for a while .请原谅我打扰你一会儿。Prof. Smith considered giving his students a reading list before they started the next chapter.史密斯教授考虑在学生们学习下一章之前给他们一份读书清单。 When he came back home from his night shift , Jason tried to avoid wakening his family .当杰逊下夜班回到家时，他尽力不弄醒他的家人。The suspect denied turning on the computer in the office that night.犯罪嫌疑人否认他那晚开过办公室的电脑。B）有些及物动词后既可用动名词作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语，两种结构在意义上差别不大。 常见的有：attempt (打算) , begin (开始) , can't afford (花不起) , can't bear (无法容忍) , continue (继续) , deserve (值得) forget (忘记) , hate (不喜欢) , intend (打算) , like（喜欢） , love (爱) , neglect (忽略) , need (需要) , prefer (宁愿) , propose (提议) , want (需要)等。 例如： Do you prefer strolling outside or staying inside ( to stroll outside or to stay inside ) ? 你是想在外面散步，还是想呆在室内 ？I can't afford watching ( to watch ) the game through to the end because I should be at work in thirty minutes . 这场比赛我是看不完了，因为半小时后我要上班。I like playing ( to play ) chess with you , but not today .我喜欢和你下棋，但不是今天。When did you begin learning ( to learn ) English ?你什么时候开始学英文的？ Maria intended visiting ( to visit ) her parents last weekend , but she caught by something else . 上周末，玛莉娅曾打算去看她的父母亲，但却因其他的事而脱不开身。`注意：当need , want表示"需要"意义时，后面所接的动名词具有被动意义，例如：The office needs cleaning thoroughly . ( = … to be cleaned thoroughly .) 这间办公室需要彻底打扫。The roses in your garden want watering .( = … to be watered . ) 你花园里的玫瑰需要浇水。 C）有些及物动词后也是既可用动名词作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语，但是两种结构在意义上存在一定的差别： 在like , love , hate , prefer等词后，若表示强调"某种爱好、一般性的倾向"，需用动名词作宾语；如指某次将发生的具体行为，则多用不定式作宾语。例如： She likes dancing more than singing .她喜欢跳舞胜过唱歌。She likes to go dancing with her colleagues this weekend.这个周末她想和同事一块儿去跳舞。Men often hate going window-shopping .男人通常不爱逛商店。 Davis hates to talk about that topic at next meeting .戴维斯不想在下次会议上谈那个话题。She prefers swimming to running . 她喜欢游泳而不喜欢跑步。。She prefers to go swimming this afternoon .今天下午她要去游泳。在remember, regret后面，接动名词表示"已发生过的动作"；接不定式表示"现在发生或将要发生的动作" 。例如：I remember having posted the letter today .我记得今天把那封信发出去了。I'll remember to post the letter for you .我会记得帮你将信发出去的。 I regret not telling her the truth before she left .我后悔在她离开前告诉她实情。I regret to say I am not prepared well enough for the new post .很遗憾地说，我还没有为新的职位作好充分的准备。在begin , start , 和cease之后，接动名词表示"强调有意识地开始或停止某动作"；不定式则表示"自然、突然地发生的动作"。例如：She began learning to cook before her marriage .她是婚前开始学烧饭的。 It began to snow yesterday .昨天开始下雪了。They started developing the new product in 1999 .1999年他们开始研制那种新产品。 No sooner had we arrived home than it started to rain heavily. 我们刚一到家就下起大雨来了。 He ceased smoking when he got something wrong with his lung .当他的肺部出了毛病时，他停止吸烟了。Electronic games ceased to interested him after he began to work .他参加工作以后，电子游戏不再使他感兴趣了。- stop后接动名词表示"要开始动名词表示的动作"，而后接不定式则表示"终止不式表示的动作" ；try后接动名词表示"试着干某事"，而后接不定式则表示"尽力干某事" 。例如：Stop talking please . (终止"讲话"的动作)请不要讲话了。 Let's stop to take a break . （开始"休息"的动作）让我们停下来休息一会儿。The boy tried installing his computer and succeed at last . （试着"安装" ）那个男孩试着安装他的电脑，最后成功了。I'll try to finish the composition of the book by October .（尽力"完成" ）我要尽力在十月以前完成这本书的写作。 D）动名词作介词的宾语，并与介词一起构成介短语在句子里担当定语、状语、表语，如： I'm looking forward to your coming next time . （作状语） 我期待着您下一次的到来。On hearing our delegation in Sydney had won 28 gold medals , all the Chinese people cheered up with great joy and showed their great respects to our athletes . （作状语） 当听到我国在悉尼的奥运代表团获得了28块金牌时，全 中国人民都高兴地欢呼起来，并向我们的运动健儿们表示崇高的敬意。The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad .（作定语）最简单的广告是分类广告。 They are against using so many animals in experiments .（作表语）他们反对用如此多的动物去做试验。 另外，在说明"动名词的动作状态"方面，我们有一般式和完成式。当我们要强调说明"动名词动作"发生于"谓语动作"之前时，多用动名词的完成式；如果无意具体说明"动名词动作"发生于什么时候，或是"动名词动作"与"谓语动作"是同时发生时，就只用动名词的一般 He is fond of watching sports-games .（一般式）他喜欢观看体育竞赛。She likes making herself busy all the day .（一般式）她喜欢使自己终日忙忙碌碌的。 The secretary was scolded for not having finished typing the report in time .（完成式）那位秘书因没有按时将报告打印出来而受责备。I regret having said some rude words to my brother .（完成式）我后悔对我弟弟说了些粗话。 当然，上面所将的也并不是绝对的。有些动词后（或成语中），我们也可用动名词的一般式表示发生于"谓语动作"之前的"动名词动作"。例如： I don't remember ever seeing her any time .我不记得曾几何时见过她。He apologized for interrupting us .他因打断了我们的谈话而向我们道歉。 Thank you for offering me so much help .感谢你们给我提供了这么多的帮助。 当动名词在句子中的逻辑主语在意义上是动名词动作的宾语时，我们应当用动名词的被动形式。 "being + 过去分词"是动名词被动式的一般形式；"having + been + " 是动名词被动式的完成形式。例如： People hate being praised for nothing .人们不喜欢无缘无故的赞扬。The problem is far from being solved .这问题远没得到解决。His being elected our chairman made us think of a lot .他当选为我们的主席使我们想起了许多许多。 She didn't mind being left alone at home .她不介意被一人留在家里。After having been treated in the special way, he could deal with everything around him smoothly .他接受了特殊化的训练后，能顺利地对付他周围的一切。He can't remember having been scolded by his boss for that matter . 他不记得老板曾为那件事责备过他。 但是在很多情况下，我们常用动名词的一般被动形式；避免使用动名词被动式的完成形式，因为它会使句子显得累赘。最后，还有一点值得我们注意：want（需要）, need（需要）, deserve（值得）, require（需要）等词后，我们用动名词的主动形式表达被动意思。例如： Your car needs filling . 你这车要充气了。This city deserves visiting . 这座城市值得光顾一下。The problem requires studying carefully .这个问题需要认真研究。The trees want watering .这些树需要浇水了。