一轮复习专题(湖南省郴州市嘉禾县)
图片预览
文档简介
课件73张PPT。 非谓语动词
Non-restricted
Verbs2007届高考语法复习之八非谓语不定式（to do)分词动名词(-ing)过去分词(-ed)现在分词(-ing)- ing 分词-ed 分词一、非谓语动词和谓语动词的识别
顾名思义，非谓语动词就是在英语中不
能作句子谓语而具有其他语法功能的动词。近
年来高考命题常常通过改变熟悉的句型结构或
利用一些“ 貌合神离” 的手段，加大考生辨别
非谓语动词的难度。
一句话通常不能有两个或两个以上的谓
语动词， 除非动词是并列谓语或者分别出现
在主从复合或并列句中；一句话也不可能无谓
语动词（谓语省略的情况除外）。例① At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant
park with trees providing shade and _____
down to eat our picnic lunch. (2005上海）
A. sitting B. having sat
C. to sit D. sat
解析：
此题大家易受习惯心理影响选择分词，即
Ａ或Ｂ项，而and实际上作为并列连词并列的
是found及sat两个动作，而非并列providing与
sitting.
D例② Prices of daily goods _____ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought B. bought
C. have been bought D. buying
解析：此题学生最易错选的答案为Ａ或Ｃ。依据上面陈述，填入Ａ或Ｃ句子都有两个谓语动词，而此处两个动词并非并列谓语，也不是分别出现在主从句中，故答案有误。该题正确答案为Ｂ，bought through a computer为一过去分词短语作后置定语，句中只有一个谓语can be lower than。当然此题如改为Prices of daily goods which have been bought through…也是正确的，因为这一动作出现在从句中。B小试牛刀
1). If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better______ it— you’ve got some big bills coming.(2004广东）
A. forget B. forgot
C. forgetting D. to forget
2). Daddy didn’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, _______ fun.
A. had B. have C. to have D. having AD3) We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, ______ that all children like these things. ( 06全国II)
A. thinking B. think
C. to think D. thought
4). Five people won the “China’s Green
Figure” award, a title _____ to ordinary
people for their contributions to
environmental protection. (06山东)
A. being given B. is given
C. given D. was givenAC 二、考查非谓语动词作主语
能作主语的非谓语动词有不定式和动名词。二者的
区别是：表示某一具体的动作时，多用不定式；表示比
较抽象的一般行为倾向的，多用动名词。动名词作主语
时通常位于句首；不定式作主语时常置于句末，用it
作形式主语放在句首。
1) Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.
2) It is not very good for you to smoke so much.
3) Collecting information is very important to
business men.
4) Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.(抽象)
(具体)1). To make a plan first is a good idea. The Grammar Function of The Infinitive = It is a good idea to make a plan first. 2). It takes three hours to walk there. Note :
What a pleasure it is to work with them!
How relaxing it is to bathe in the sun on the sand!It is possible for him to master the art of speaking.
It was careless of him to break the coffee cup.= He was careless to break the coffee cup.2. 动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语，但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。It is/was no use/goodnot any use/goodof little use/gooduseless+doing sth.It is no use crying over spilt milk.
It is of little good staying up too late every day. 若主语和表语都是非谓语动词, 应保持形式
上的一致。
Seeing is believing.
To see is to believe. 1). It’s necessary to be prepared for a job
interview. ________the answers ready
will be of great help.
A. To have B. Having had
C. Have D. Having
2). In fact _____ is a hard job for the police
to keep order in an important match.
A. this B. that C. there D. it
DD三、考查非谓语动词作宾语
不定式和动名词都可作动词或介词的宾语。
1. 有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，如：
want, wish, hope, manage, demand, promise,
refuse, pretend, plan, offer, decide, agree,
expect等。
I don’t want ______ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair.
A. to sound B. to be sounded
C. sounding D. to have sounded A2. 有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语，如：admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forgive, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, suggest, deny...
1) I can’t stand ______ with Jane in the same
office. She just refuses _____ talking while
she works.
A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping
C. working; to stop D. to work; to stop
2) He got well-prepared for the job interview,
for he couldn’t risk ____ the good opportunity.
A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lostCB 3.有些动词如intend, start, continue后既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词作宾语，意义上无多大区别。
I intend to finish/ finishing the task this
morning.
但love, like, hate, prefer后接动名词表示经常性的行为；接不定式表示具体的行为。
1). I like __________ very much, but I don't
like _________ this afternoon.
A. swimming, swimming???
?B. to swim, to swim
C. swimming, to swim??
? ?D. to swim, swimming
C2). Little Jim should love __________ to the theatre this evening
A. to be taken? B. to take????
C. being taken? ?D. taking
但要注意: 如果like, love, prefer前有would/
should, 后面则应该接动词不定式。
I’d like to go swimming this weekend.
AA4. 既可接不定式又可接动名词作宾语,但不定
式用被动式的形式；动名词用主动式的形式。
句子的意思没有差别。但句子得主语一般是
一表物的名词或代词。这类动词主要有：
want、need、require等。1) Your watch needs repairing to be repaired.
2) The windows need painting again to be
painted again.5. 1). If you think treating a woman well means
always _____ her permission for things, think
again.
A. gets B. got C. to get D. getting
2). When asked by the police, he said that he
remembered _____ at the party, but not
______.
A. to arrive; leaving B. to arrive; to leave
C. arriving; leaving D. arriving; to leave
有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词作宾
语，但意义上有区别。如forget, remember, mean,
regret, stop, try, go on, can’t help等。
DC6. 1). I have no choice but to accept the fact.
2). Isn’t it time you got down to ______ the
papers?
A. mark B. be marked
C. being marked D. marking
3). Victor apologized for _____ to inform me
of the change in the plan.
A. his being not able B. him not to be able
C. his not being able D. him to be not able
介词后可接动名词或不定式作宾语。DCPractice
As the twentieth century came to a close, the raw materials for a great national literature were at hand, waiting ______.
A. to use B. to be used
C. to have used D. to be using
After he became conscious, he remembered ______ and _____ on the head with a rod.
A. to attack; hit
B. to be attacked; to be hit
C. attacking; be hit
D. having been attacked; hit BD四、考查非谓语动词作宾补和主补
Walking along the river, we heard someone __________ for help.
A. shouting? ?B. shout????
C. shouted?? D. having shouted
2) When she returned home, she found the
window open and something ________. ?A. to steal??? B. losing???
?C. missed?? ??D. stolen
3) My teacher told me _____ so careless.
A. not be B. don’t to be
C. not to be D. won’t be
ADC4) Children should be allowed ______ their own decisions.
A. making B. to make
C. make D. having made
能作宾语补足语和主语补足语的非谓语
动词有不定式，现在分词，过去分词，用哪
种非谓语动词形式往往取决于前面动词的句
型和不同的非谓语动词所表示的意义。
B My advisor encouraged _____ a summer
course to improve my writing skills.
A. for me taking B. me taking
C. for me to take D. me to take
1.能接带to的不定式作宾语补足语和主语补
足语的动词有： ask, advise, tell, force, get,
allow, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, intend,
expect, encourage, persuade, permit, request,
order, warn, cause等，表示宾语或主语执行
不定式的动作（具有“主动”的意义），而且不
定式的动作多发生在句子的谓语动作之后（具
有“ 将来”的意义）。D使役动词，感官动词能接不带to 的不定式作
宾语补足语和带to的不定式作主语补足语。
常见的使役动词有make, let, have等； 感官
动词有see, hear, watch, observe, notice, feel
以及look at, listen to等。
① Paul doesn’t have to be made _____. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
② 号召全世界的劳动人民团结起来。
The laboring people of the world are called on to unite.
B 3. 有些动词如consider, prove, think, know,
feel, suppose, discover, imagine, find 等也
可跟“宾语 + to be”的形式，使用中应注意。
① We found him (to be ) dishonest.
② We all know him to be dead.
③ We ______ Mr. Brown to be a fine writer.
A. accept B. receive C. think D. regardC4. 不定式和分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语表达的意义不同。
① I heard her ______( sing) an English song just now.
② I heard her ________ (sing) an English song when
I passed by her room yesterday.
③ I heard the English song ______( sing) many times.
接不定式时，表示动作发生的全过程；接现在分词
时，表示动作正在发生或进行，或正要做分词表示的
动作；接过去分词时，表被动或完成。
④ I looked down at my neck and found my
necklace gone.
⑤ I was surprised to find my hometown changed
so much.
singsingingsung（状态）（完成）Practise
① They should understand the traffic rule by
now. you’ve had it ______ often enough.
A. explaining B. to explain
C. explain D. explained.
② The missing boy were last seen _____ near
the river.
A. playing B. to be playing
C. play D. to play
DA③ In the dream Peter saw himself _____ by a
fierce wolf, and he woke suddenly with a
start. （06上海春）
A. chased B. to be chased
C. be chased D. having been chased
④There are hundreds of visitors _____ in front
of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van
Gogh’s paintings. （06上海春）
A. waited B. to wait
C. waiting D. wait
AC五. 考查非谓语动词作定语
不定式、动名词和分词都可以作定语，主要区别在于它们的时态意义和语态意义。
不定式作定语和被修饰的名词具有 “动宾关
系”, 即被修饰的名词是不定式的动作的承受
者; 如果不定式是不及物动词，就要在不定式
动词后加上相应的介词。
①Their decision to give up the experiment
surprised us.
②He was the last one to leave school yesterday.
③The Browns have a comfortable house to live
in. 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不
定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语
态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。
1). I’m going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything ___________(take) to your son?
2). Are you going to Beijing? Do you have anything __________(take) to your son?
to be takento take2. 现在分词作定语和被修饰的名词具有“主谓关系”，即现在分词用主动式时，被修饰的名词正在执行其动作；现在分词用被动式时，被修
饰的名词正在承受其动作(即与名词是动宾关系) ①Please tell the children playing outside not
to make so much noise.② The factory making (= that makes) such tools
is a small one run by Tom.
③They lived in a room facing (= that faced)
the south.
④ Barking dogs seldom bite.
⑤ The building being built will be completed
next year. （=…who are playing) 进去分词作定语与其修饰的名词有“动宾关系”，表
示一个被动或完成的动作，相当于一个被动的定语从句。
① Some of the experiments ____ in the book
are easy to perform.
A. describing B. to be described
C. described D. to describe
② It is said that Beijing University was the first
institute of higher learning_____ in China.
A. established B. being established
C. to be established D .having been established
CAPractise
1). The wild flower looked like a soft orange blanket _______ the desert.
A. coving B. covered
C. cover D. to cover.
2). There have been several new events _____
to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
A. add B. to add C. adding D. added
3). The disc, digitally ______ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording
C. to be recorded D. being recorded ADA4). Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _____ in your mind instead of before your eyes.
A. to form B. form
C. forming D. having formed
5)—The English exam is not difficult, is it? —_____. Even Tom _____ to the top students failed in it. A. Yes; belongs B. No; belonged
C. Yes; belonging D. No; belonging
CC6). The flowers ____ sweet in the botanic garden
attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. （04上海）
A. to smell B. smelling
C. smelt D. to be smelt
7). A man is being questioned in relation to the ________ murder last night. （04江苏）
A. advised B. attended
C. attempted D. admitted
该题的谓语动词是 attract，“闻起来很香”用来作定语
修饰主语 flowers。“谋杀”只能被预谋，故该用过去分词作定语表示被动。BC3.分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是：
现在分词表示主动、进行之意；过去分词表
示被动与完成；而不定式表示在谓语动词表
示的动作之后即将发生的动作。例如：
①The question __________ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday is of quite importance.
②The question _____________ (discuss) at the meeting now is of quite importance.
③The question ______________ (discuss) at the meeting tomorrow is of quite importance.discussedbeing discussedto be discussed4.只有单个动名词能做定语，放在所修饰的名词前表示所修饰的名词的用途。
There is a swimming pool in the back yard.
Only after repeated practice can we improve
our teaching method.
注：动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别：
现在分词作定语表示所修饰的名词的动作。
flying fish 飞鱼
a running dog 走狗
a falling tide 落潮
a crying boy 哭着的孩子(= a pool for swimming) (=a method for teaching)(=A boy is crying )六、考查非谓语动词作状语
能作状语的有不定式、现在分词和过去分词。作什么样的状语往往取决于它们的位置和在句中的意义。1、不定式做状语，只表示目的、结果或原因：
He?hurried?home?only?to?find?his?money?stolen.?
（结果状语）
To?make?himself?heard,?he?raised?his?voice.
（目的状语）
All?of?us?are?surprised?to?see?his?rapid?progress.
(原因状语) 不定式短语放在句首多作目的状语，在句
末多作原因状语，结果状语。2、分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式：
?1). Given a chance, I can surprise the world.
? （条件状语）
?2). Coming?into?the?room,?he?found?his?father?angry.?
（时间状语）
?3). Being?tired,?they?went?on?working.?
?4). Having?been?hit?by?the?big?boy?on?the?nose,?the
? little?boy?began?to?cry.?
?5). He?put?a?finger?in?his?mouth,?tasted?it?and?smiled,?
looking?rather?pleased.?（让步状语）（原因状语）（伴随状语）Practise
1). When _______(heat) water will be changed into vapour.
While _______ (heat) water, we can change it into vapour.
2) ______(see) from the hill, the city looks beautiful.
_______ (see) from the hill, you will find the city beautiful.
3) Generally speaking, when ________(take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
If ________(take) the drug according to the directions, you will be better soon. heatedheatingSeenSeeing takentaking 3.分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题
分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致；如果不一致，需在分词前加一个逻辑主语，分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构或用状语从句。
1) Being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly.
2) He being an orphan, the nurse treated him
kindly.
3) As he was an orphan, the nurse treated him
kindly.
关于分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题，在试题中
可以看到各种不同的命题技巧。
FTT(True or false)The key______，she went through her handbag
carefully.
A. hadn’t been found B. having not been found
C. not having been found D. wasn’t found
试题分析：
选项A、D均为谓语形式，选择其中的任何一项
前半部分便成为一个分句，与后面的分句必须使用
连词。以表示前后分句的逻辑关系，因此全部排除。
选项B是现在分词的完成被动式，凡非谓语动词的否
定形式，not必须加在最前面，因此也应排除。not
having been found同其逻辑主语the key构成独立主
格结构，作原因状语。本试题中句子的主语 she不能
充当分词的逻辑主语。C______ you should have no trouble with the
difficult work.
A. Knowing this
B. If you are knowing this
C. From knowing this
D. If you have knowing this
试题分析：分词作状语时一般都可以转换为状语从句。本试题的选项B、D作为条件状语从句，时态不正确，应该排除。选项 A 的knowing this 的逻辑主语同句子的主语一致，符合要求，为正确答案。 AWritten in a hurry, ______________ . How can it be
satisfactory? (2001年广州市综合测试一)
A. they found many mistakes in the report
B. Sam made lots of mistakes in the report
C. there are plenty of mistakes in the report
D. the report is full of mistakes
试题分析：这时一道非常典型的试题。四个选项均为
完整的句子，初看起来似乎不容易领悟试题的意图。
其实，本题的意图仍然是考察分词作状语的知识。抓
住试题意图就容易产生正确的思路——哪个句子的主
语能够同过去分词written的逻辑主语一致。沿着这个
思路向前走，不难想到the report was written in a
hurry, 试题的答案不言自明。D1). --- Mum, why do you always make me eat an
egg every day?
--- _______ enough protein and nutrition as
you are growing up. (99 上海)
A. Get B. Getting
C. To get D. To be getting
2). In order to make our city green, ________.
(02 上海春季)
A. it is necessary to have planted more trees
B. many more trees need to plant
C. our city needs more trees
D. we must plant more trees
CD3). _____ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. (00 北京春季)
A. Given B. To give
C. Giving D. Having given
4). He sent me an E-mail, _____ to get further information. (00 上海)
A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope
given 作状语意为“考虑到”，意思相当于 considering。注意 hoping 为伴随状语而非目的状语，真正的目的是后面的 to get …。BA现在分词与不定式作结果状语时的区别
1). European football is played in 80 countries , _________ it the most popular sport in the world . (NMET 1998)
A. making B. makes C. make D. to make
2). He hurried to the station only ________ that the train had left . (2005广东)
A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found
现在分词作结果状语往往表示“正常出现的、自
然而然的或意料之中”的结果。不定式作结果状语
时通常表示“偶然的、出乎意料的”一种结果 AA过去分词做状语
Permitted, he would have succeeded in doing that.
讨论：此句为什么不用having been permitted?
本句的句意是“如果当时他被允许（做这件事）的话，他本会成
功的”
过去分词做状语可以表示条件，与if + done可以互换。
而现在分词中的完成被动式不可以，它只可以表示完成被动，
而且只有非谓语与谓语是很鲜明的先后关系时才可以用, 如：
Having been finished, his homework was sent to his
teacher to be corrected.
如果非谓语与谓语是一般的先后关系的话，直接用过去分词
即可。如：
Guided by the guide, he found the place easily.
Scolded by the teacher, he felt very depressed.1). _____ this cake, you’ll need 2 eggs, 175g
sugar and 175g flour.
A. Having made B. Make
C. To make D. Making
2). He hurried to the booking office only _____
that all the tickets had been sold out.
A. to be told B. to told C. told D. telling
3). The storm left, ______ a lot of damage to
this area.
A. caused B. to have caused
C. to cause D. having caused CAD4). ______ into use in April 2002, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
A. Put B. Putting
C. Having put D. Being put
5). _______ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any country in the world.
A. Being separated B. Having separated
C. Having been separated D. to be separated
AC七、考查非谓语动词作表语
能作表语的有不定式、动名词和分词。
1). It remains ______ whether Jim’ll be fit
enough to play in the finals. (2006浙江）
A. seen B. to be seen
C. seeing D. to see
2) Tom sounds very much ____ in the job, but
I’m not sure whether he can manage it.
A. interested B. interesting
C. interestingly D. interestedly
BA 3). The purpose of new technologies is to make
life easier, _____ it more difficult. (99 N)
A. not make B. not to make
C. not making D. do not make
B 动词不定式短语 to make life easier 及 not to
make it more difficult 都作 purpose 的表语。非谓
语动词作表语时要特别注意两个问题，一是并行结
构问题，二是时间问题。一般来说，不定式作表语
都表示该动作发生在将来，故在表示“目的、愿望、
梦想、需求”等名词作主语时其表语应该用不定式。
1. 动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释解或用来表示“身份、职业”等。这时主语与表语位置可以互换
① The main job of the ant queen is laying eggs.
② Our work is serving the people．
2. 动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相
同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主
语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。
①His victory in the final was no more
convincing than I had expected． ② With?the?help?of?the?teacher,?the?students?are?
practising?the?idioms.?（ 现在进行时） 表示心理状态的动词如excite, interest等都是及物
动词，汉语注解不是“激动”、“高兴”，而是“使得激
动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、
“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高
兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡
是表示“感到 ……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人
对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...，
若人/物本身有趣时，就是sb./sth. is interesting。现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别delighting 令人高兴的——delighted 感到高兴的
disappointing 令人失望的——disappointed 感到
失望的
encouraging 令人鼓舞的——encouraged 感到鼓
舞的
pleasing 令人愉快的——pleased 感到愉快的
puzzling 令人费解的——puzzled 感到费解的
satisfying 令人满意的——satisfied 感到满意的
surprising 令人惊异的——surprised 感到惊异的
worrying 令人担心的——worried 感到担心的 八、考查连词之后加分词
分词短语常常可以用在某些连词如since,
when, while, whenever, no matter how, once,
until 等之后，可以看作是状语从句中的省略现
象。
1). No matter how frequently _____, the works of Beethoven will still attract people all over the world.
A. performed B. performing
C. to be performed D. being performingA2). When _____ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.
A. compared B. being compared
C. comparing D. having compared
3). The research is so designed that once ______ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins B. having begun
C. beginning D. begun
4) When ______, the museum will be open to the public next year.
A. completed C. completing
C. being completed D. to be completed CDA 非谓语动词时态形式的确定
弄清非谓语动词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作
之间的先后关系是解题的关键所在。一般来说，非谓
语动词的时态有以下三种形式。在谓语表示的动作之后与谓语表示的动作同时发生在谓语表示的动作之前to do doing 或 to be doing to have done 或having done1). --- Is Bob still performing?
--- I’m afraid not. He is said ______ the stage
already as he has become an official.
A. to have left B. to have
C. to have been left D. to be left
2). Aids is said ______ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years. (2006湖北)
A. that it is B. to be
C. that it has been D. to have been
( = It is said that Aids have been the biggest health challenge to both men and women in…)
AD3). The flu is believed ______ by viruses that
like to produce in the cells inside human nose and throat. (2004上海)
A. causing B. being caused
C. to be caused D. to have caused
4). You must make every effort to find the
person ______ the car.
A. who damaged B. damaging
C. damaged D. that damaging
AC讨论：此题为什么不能选B？
非谓语动词语态形式的确定
非谓语动词的被动语态通常有以下几种情况：动词不定式动名词现在分词过去分词to be doneto have been done being done having been donebeing done having been done及物动词的过去分词既表示被动又表
示动作已完成, 个别动词的过去分词只
表示完成(多数为不及物动词)
如果动词不定式的完成式用在表示“需要”，“希
望”，“打算”等意义的动词。如：hope, wish, expect,
intend, mean 后以及用在情态动词should, could,
ought (to), might和 be to的过去时后，则说明动作
没有实现。
We meant to have had a meeting to discuss this problem.
You should have switched off the light when you left the
classroom.
We were to have built a laboratory behind the lecture
building.The voices and tenses of the Infinitive
1).It is an honor for me ______________( ask) to give a lecture here.
2). The theory of relativity is hard _____________________( understand).
3). As we seem ______________( miss) the train today, we may as well go back to the hotel.
4). There are always one or two problems __________( think) about.
5).We thought it wrong for her ____________ ( punish).
to be asked to understand for usto have missed to think to be punished 6).The Olympic Games _____________( hold) in
Beijing in 2008 will be exciting.
7).Be quiet. They appear ___________ ( have )
an English lesson.
8). He is said to __________________(work) in
this factory for more than twenty years.
9). These goods are believed _________________
(ship) to the countryside yesterday.
10). Sorry _______________ ( not give ) you so
much help. to be held to be having to have been shipped not to have givenhave been working1). His works appears _________ into several languages already.
A. having been translated B. to be translated
C. to have been translated D. to translated
2). He considers it a pleasure ____ in the capital of our country.
A. to have been working B. working
C. to be worked D. to have working
3). Some people were reported ______ flying saucers that same evening.
A. to B. to have seen
C. to have been seen D. having seenCAB 4) We hope the building project _______ will be completed as soon as possible because a lot of citizens are complaining about the noises.
A. to be carried out B. carried out
C. being carried out D. carrying out
5) ______ for a long time, the instrument needs to
be repaired.
A. Having used B. Having been used
C. Using D. Being used
6) ______ different kinds of fertilizers, the
workers further improved their technique.
A. Having been produced B. Being produced
C. Having produced D. Producing
CBC 动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾
格、名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。
1) LiPing’s/ My helping her moved her deeply.
2) I appreciate your/you/LiPing’s/ LiPing coming
to see me.
3) Is there any hope of our team winning the
match?
4) What made me angry was that many students
failing in the exam.
(动名词结构作宾语, 其逻辑主语用宾格或所有格均可)(动名词结构作主语, 其逻辑主语用所有格)(逻辑主语是无生命名词时, 只用普通格)(以-s 结尾的名词, 只用普通格)1) I would appreciate _____ back this afternoon .
A. you to call B. you call
C. your calling D. you’re calling
2) ________ made her mother very angry.
A. Mary marrying Jim
B. Mary’s married Jim
C. Mary’s marrying Jim
D. Mary’s being married JimC C 3). The discovery of new evidence led to ______.
A. the thief having caught
B. catch the thief
C. the thief being caught
D. the thief to be caught
4).The noise of ____ could be heard out in the
street.
A. desks opening and closing
B. desks opened and closed
C. desks being opened and closed
D. desks’ being opened and closed
C C 非谓语动词的其他用法
疑问词+不定式结构
不定式的主动表被动
不定式符号 to 的保留问题
见 <<学海导航>> P99All flights_____ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train. A. were canceled B. had been canceled C. having canceled D. having been canceled
2. _____ for a long time, most of the crops in this area died from lacking water. A. Being no rain B. There was no rain C. To be no rain D. There being no rain
3. Everything _______ into consideration, they believed themselves more and returned to their positions.
A. to take B. taken C. to be taken D. takingDDB4. The boy lay on his back, his teeth _____ and his glaring eyes ___ straight upward. A. set; looked B. Set; looking
C. setting; looked D. setting; looking
5. _________, they stopped for a rest. A. The work finished B. The work was finished C. They had finished the work D. As the work being finished
BA 6. All the thing _____，his proposal is of greater value than yours. A. considered B. considering C. to consider D. consider
7. All the tickets _______ out, they went away disappointedly. A. being sold B. to have been sold C. having been sold D. having sold
8. The murder was brought in, with his hands ______ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied ACD
Non-restricted
Verbs2007届高考语法复习之八非谓语不定式（to do)分词动名词(-ing)过去分词(-ed)现在分词(-ing)- ing 分词-ed 分词一、非谓语动词和谓语动词的识别
顾名思义，非谓语动词就是在英语中不
能作句子谓语而具有其他语法功能的动词。近
年来高考命题常常通过改变熟悉的句型结构或
利用一些“ 貌合神离” 的手段，加大考生辨别
非谓语动词的难度。
一句话通常不能有两个或两个以上的谓
语动词， 除非动词是并列谓语或者分别出现
在主从复合或并列句中；一句话也不可能无谓
语动词（谓语省略的情况除外）。例① At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant
park with trees providing shade and _____
down to eat our picnic lunch. (2005上海）
A. sitting B. having sat
C. to sit D. sat
解析：
此题大家易受习惯心理影响选择分词，即
Ａ或Ｂ项，而and实际上作为并列连词并列的
是found及sat两个动作，而非并列providing与
sitting.
D例② Prices of daily goods _____ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought B. bought
C. have been bought D. buying
解析：此题学生最易错选的答案为Ａ或Ｃ。依据上面陈述，填入Ａ或Ｃ句子都有两个谓语动词，而此处两个动词并非并列谓语，也不是分别出现在主从句中，故答案有误。该题正确答案为Ｂ，bought through a computer为一过去分词短语作后置定语，句中只有一个谓语can be lower than。当然此题如改为Prices of daily goods which have been bought through…也是正确的，因为这一动作出现在从句中。B小试牛刀
1). If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better______ it— you’ve got some big bills coming.(2004广东）
A. forget B. forgot
C. forgetting D. to forget
2). Daddy didn’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, _______ fun.
A. had B. have C. to have D. having AD3) We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, ______ that all children like these things. ( 06全国II)
A. thinking B. think
C. to think D. thought
4). Five people won the “China’s Green
Figure” award, a title _____ to ordinary
people for their contributions to
environmental protection. (06山东)
A. being given B. is given
C. given D. was givenAC 二、考查非谓语动词作主语
能作主语的非谓语动词有不定式和动名词。二者的
区别是：表示某一具体的动作时，多用不定式；表示比
较抽象的一般行为倾向的，多用动名词。动名词作主语
时通常位于句首；不定式作主语时常置于句末，用it
作形式主语放在句首。
1) Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.
2) It is not very good for you to smoke so much.
3) Collecting information is very important to
business men.
4) Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.(抽象)
(具体)1). To make a plan first is a good idea. The Grammar Function of The Infinitive = It is a good idea to make a plan first. 2). It takes three hours to walk there. Note :
What a pleasure it is to work with them!
How relaxing it is to bathe in the sun on the sand!It is possible for him to master the art of speaking.
It was careless of him to break the coffee cup.= He was careless to break the coffee cup.2. 动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语，但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。It is/was no use/goodnot any use/goodof little use/gooduseless+doing sth.It is no use crying over spilt milk.
It is of little good staying up too late every day. 若主语和表语都是非谓语动词, 应保持形式
上的一致。
Seeing is believing.
To see is to believe. 1). It’s necessary to be prepared for a job
interview. ________the answers ready
will be of great help.
A. To have B. Having had
C. Have D. Having
2). In fact _____ is a hard job for the police
to keep order in an important match.
A. this B. that C. there D. it
DD三、考查非谓语动词作宾语
不定式和动名词都可作动词或介词的宾语。
1. 有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，如：
want, wish, hope, manage, demand, promise,
refuse, pretend, plan, offer, decide, agree,
expect等。
I don’t want ______ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair.
A. to sound B. to be sounded
C. sounding D. to have sounded A2. 有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语，如：admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forgive, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, suggest, deny...
1) I can’t stand ______ with Jane in the same
office. She just refuses _____ talking while
she works.
A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping
C. working; to stop D. to work; to stop
2) He got well-prepared for the job interview,
for he couldn’t risk ____ the good opportunity.
A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lostCB 3.有些动词如intend, start, continue后既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词作宾语，意义上无多大区别。
I intend to finish/ finishing the task this
morning.
但love, like, hate, prefer后接动名词表示经常性的行为；接不定式表示具体的行为。
1). I like __________ very much, but I don't
like _________ this afternoon.
A. swimming, swimming???
?B. to swim, to swim
C. swimming, to swim??
? ?D. to swim, swimming
C2). Little Jim should love __________ to the theatre this evening
A. to be taken? B. to take????
C. being taken? ?D. taking
但要注意: 如果like, love, prefer前有would/
should, 后面则应该接动词不定式。
I’d like to go swimming this weekend.
AA4. 既可接不定式又可接动名词作宾语,但不定
式用被动式的形式；动名词用主动式的形式。
句子的意思没有差别。但句子得主语一般是
一表物的名词或代词。这类动词主要有：
want、need、require等。1) Your watch needs repairing to be repaired.
2) The windows need painting again to be
painted again.5. 1). If you think treating a woman well means
always _____ her permission for things, think
again.
A. gets B. got C. to get D. getting
2). When asked by the police, he said that he
remembered _____ at the party, but not
______.
A. to arrive; leaving B. to arrive; to leave
C. arriving; leaving D. arriving; to leave
有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词作宾
语，但意义上有区别。如forget, remember, mean,
regret, stop, try, go on, can’t help等。
DC6. 1). I have no choice but to accept the fact.
2). Isn’t it time you got down to ______ the
papers?
A. mark B. be marked
C. being marked D. marking
3). Victor apologized for _____ to inform me
of the change in the plan.
A. his being not able B. him not to be able
C. his not being able D. him to be not able
介词后可接动名词或不定式作宾语。DCPractice
As the twentieth century came to a close, the raw materials for a great national literature were at hand, waiting ______.
A. to use B. to be used
C. to have used D. to be using
After he became conscious, he remembered ______ and _____ on the head with a rod.
A. to attack; hit
B. to be attacked; to be hit
C. attacking; be hit
D. having been attacked; hit BD四、考查非谓语动词作宾补和主补
Walking along the river, we heard someone __________ for help.
A. shouting? ?B. shout????
C. shouted?? D. having shouted
2) When she returned home, she found the
window open and something ________. ?A. to steal??? B. losing???
?C. missed?? ??D. stolen
3) My teacher told me _____ so careless.
A. not be B. don’t to be
C. not to be D. won’t be
ADC4) Children should be allowed ______ their own decisions.
A. making B. to make
C. make D. having made
能作宾语补足语和主语补足语的非谓语
动词有不定式，现在分词，过去分词，用哪
种非谓语动词形式往往取决于前面动词的句
型和不同的非谓语动词所表示的意义。
B My advisor encouraged _____ a summer
course to improve my writing skills.
A. for me taking B. me taking
C. for me to take D. me to take
1.能接带to的不定式作宾语补足语和主语补
足语的动词有： ask, advise, tell, force, get,
allow, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, intend,
expect, encourage, persuade, permit, request,
order, warn, cause等，表示宾语或主语执行
不定式的动作（具有“主动”的意义），而且不
定式的动作多发生在句子的谓语动作之后（具
有“ 将来”的意义）。D使役动词，感官动词能接不带to 的不定式作
宾语补足语和带to的不定式作主语补足语。
常见的使役动词有make, let, have等； 感官
动词有see, hear, watch, observe, notice, feel
以及look at, listen to等。
① Paul doesn’t have to be made _____. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
② 号召全世界的劳动人民团结起来。
The laboring people of the world are called on to unite.
B 3. 有些动词如consider, prove, think, know,
feel, suppose, discover, imagine, find 等也
可跟“宾语 + to be”的形式，使用中应注意。
① We found him (to be ) dishonest.
② We all know him to be dead.
③ We ______ Mr. Brown to be a fine writer.
A. accept B. receive C. think D. regardC4. 不定式和分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语表达的意义不同。
① I heard her ______( sing) an English song just now.
② I heard her ________ (sing) an English song when
I passed by her room yesterday.
③ I heard the English song ______( sing) many times.
接不定式时，表示动作发生的全过程；接现在分词
时，表示动作正在发生或进行，或正要做分词表示的
动作；接过去分词时，表被动或完成。
④ I looked down at my neck and found my
necklace gone.
⑤ I was surprised to find my hometown changed
so much.
singsingingsung（状态）（完成）Practise
① They should understand the traffic rule by
now. you’ve had it ______ often enough.
A. explaining B. to explain
C. explain D. explained.
② The missing boy were last seen _____ near
the river.
A. playing B. to be playing
C. play D. to play
DA③ In the dream Peter saw himself _____ by a
fierce wolf, and he woke suddenly with a
start. （06上海春）
A. chased B. to be chased
C. be chased D. having been chased
④There are hundreds of visitors _____ in front
of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van
Gogh’s paintings. （06上海春）
A. waited B. to wait
C. waiting D. wait
AC五. 考查非谓语动词作定语
不定式、动名词和分词都可以作定语，主要区别在于它们的时态意义和语态意义。
不定式作定语和被修饰的名词具有 “动宾关
系”, 即被修饰的名词是不定式的动作的承受
者; 如果不定式是不及物动词，就要在不定式
动词后加上相应的介词。
①Their decision to give up the experiment
surprised us.
②He was the last one to leave school yesterday.
③The Browns have a comfortable house to live
in. 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不
定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语
态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。
1). I’m going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything ___________(take) to your son?
2). Are you going to Beijing? Do you have anything __________(take) to your son?
to be takento take2. 现在分词作定语和被修饰的名词具有“主谓关系”，即现在分词用主动式时，被修饰的名词正在执行其动作；现在分词用被动式时，被修
饰的名词正在承受其动作(即与名词是动宾关系) ①Please tell the children playing outside not
to make so much noise.② The factory making (= that makes) such tools
is a small one run by Tom.
③They lived in a room facing (= that faced)
the south.
④ Barking dogs seldom bite.
⑤ The building being built will be completed
next year. （=…who are playing) 进去分词作定语与其修饰的名词有“动宾关系”，表
示一个被动或完成的动作，相当于一个被动的定语从句。
① Some of the experiments ____ in the book
are easy to perform.
A. describing B. to be described
C. described D. to describe
② It is said that Beijing University was the first
institute of higher learning_____ in China.
A. established B. being established
C. to be established D .having been established
CAPractise
1). The wild flower looked like a soft orange blanket _______ the desert.
A. coving B. covered
C. cover D. to cover.
2). There have been several new events _____
to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
A. add B. to add C. adding D. added
3). The disc, digitally ______ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording
C. to be recorded D. being recorded ADA4). Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _____ in your mind instead of before your eyes.
A. to form B. form
C. forming D. having formed
5)—The English exam is not difficult, is it? —_____. Even Tom _____ to the top students failed in it. A. Yes; belongs B. No; belonged
C. Yes; belonging D. No; belonging
CC6). The flowers ____ sweet in the botanic garden
attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. （04上海）
A. to smell B. smelling
C. smelt D. to be smelt
7). A man is being questioned in relation to the ________ murder last night. （04江苏）
A. advised B. attended
C. attempted D. admitted
该题的谓语动词是 attract，“闻起来很香”用来作定语
修饰主语 flowers。“谋杀”只能被预谋，故该用过去分词作定语表示被动。BC3.分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是：
现在分词表示主动、进行之意；过去分词表
示被动与完成；而不定式表示在谓语动词表
示的动作之后即将发生的动作。例如：
①The question __________ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday is of quite importance.
②The question _____________ (discuss) at the meeting now is of quite importance.
③The question ______________ (discuss) at the meeting tomorrow is of quite importance.discussedbeing discussedto be discussed4.只有单个动名词能做定语，放在所修饰的名词前表示所修饰的名词的用途。
There is a swimming pool in the back yard.
Only after repeated practice can we improve
our teaching method.
注：动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别：
现在分词作定语表示所修饰的名词的动作。
flying fish 飞鱼
a running dog 走狗
a falling tide 落潮
a crying boy 哭着的孩子(= a pool for swimming) (=a method for teaching)(=A boy is crying )六、考查非谓语动词作状语
能作状语的有不定式、现在分词和过去分词。作什么样的状语往往取决于它们的位置和在句中的意义。1、不定式做状语，只表示目的、结果或原因：
He?hurried?home?only?to?find?his?money?stolen.?
（结果状语）
To?make?himself?heard,?he?raised?his?voice.
（目的状语）
All?of?us?are?surprised?to?see?his?rapid?progress.
(原因状语) 不定式短语放在句首多作目的状语，在句
末多作原因状语，结果状语。2、分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式：
?1). Given a chance, I can surprise the world.
? （条件状语）
?2). Coming?into?the?room,?he?found?his?father?angry.?
（时间状语）
?3). Being?tired,?they?went?on?working.?
?4). Having?been?hit?by?the?big?boy?on?the?nose,?the
? little?boy?began?to?cry.?
?5). He?put?a?finger?in?his?mouth,?tasted?it?and?smiled,?
looking?rather?pleased.?（让步状语）（原因状语）（伴随状语）Practise
1). When _______(heat) water will be changed into vapour.
While _______ (heat) water, we can change it into vapour.
2) ______(see) from the hill, the city looks beautiful.
_______ (see) from the hill, you will find the city beautiful.
3) Generally speaking, when ________(take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
If ________(take) the drug according to the directions, you will be better soon. heatedheatingSeenSeeing takentaking 3.分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题
分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致；如果不一致，需在分词前加一个逻辑主语，分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构或用状语从句。
1) Being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly.
2) He being an orphan, the nurse treated him
kindly.
3) As he was an orphan, the nurse treated him
kindly.
关于分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题，在试题中
可以看到各种不同的命题技巧。
FTT(True or false)The key______，she went through her handbag
carefully.
A. hadn’t been found B. having not been found
C. not having been found D. wasn’t found
试题分析：
选项A、D均为谓语形式，选择其中的任何一项
前半部分便成为一个分句，与后面的分句必须使用
连词。以表示前后分句的逻辑关系，因此全部排除。
选项B是现在分词的完成被动式，凡非谓语动词的否
定形式，not必须加在最前面，因此也应排除。not
having been found同其逻辑主语the key构成独立主
格结构，作原因状语。本试题中句子的主语 she不能
充当分词的逻辑主语。C______ you should have no trouble with the
difficult work.
A. Knowing this
B. If you are knowing this
C. From knowing this
D. If you have knowing this
试题分析：分词作状语时一般都可以转换为状语从句。本试题的选项B、D作为条件状语从句，时态不正确，应该排除。选项 A 的knowing this 的逻辑主语同句子的主语一致，符合要求，为正确答案。 AWritten in a hurry, ______________ . How can it be
satisfactory? (2001年广州市综合测试一)
A. they found many mistakes in the report
B. Sam made lots of mistakes in the report
C. there are plenty of mistakes in the report
D. the report is full of mistakes
试题分析：这时一道非常典型的试题。四个选项均为
完整的句子，初看起来似乎不容易领悟试题的意图。
其实，本题的意图仍然是考察分词作状语的知识。抓
住试题意图就容易产生正确的思路——哪个句子的主
语能够同过去分词written的逻辑主语一致。沿着这个
思路向前走，不难想到the report was written in a
hurry, 试题的答案不言自明。D1). --- Mum, why do you always make me eat an
egg every day?
--- _______ enough protein and nutrition as
you are growing up. (99 上海)
A. Get B. Getting
C. To get D. To be getting
2). In order to make our city green, ________.
(02 上海春季)
A. it is necessary to have planted more trees
B. many more trees need to plant
C. our city needs more trees
D. we must plant more trees
CD3). _____ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. (00 北京春季)
A. Given B. To give
C. Giving D. Having given
4). He sent me an E-mail, _____ to get further information. (00 上海)
A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope
given 作状语意为“考虑到”，意思相当于 considering。注意 hoping 为伴随状语而非目的状语，真正的目的是后面的 to get …。BA现在分词与不定式作结果状语时的区别
1). European football is played in 80 countries , _________ it the most popular sport in the world . (NMET 1998)
A. making B. makes C. make D. to make
2). He hurried to the station only ________ that the train had left . (2005广东)
A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found
现在分词作结果状语往往表示“正常出现的、自
然而然的或意料之中”的结果。不定式作结果状语
时通常表示“偶然的、出乎意料的”一种结果 AA过去分词做状语
Permitted, he would have succeeded in doing that.
讨论：此句为什么不用having been permitted?
本句的句意是“如果当时他被允许（做这件事）的话，他本会成
功的”
过去分词做状语可以表示条件，与if + done可以互换。
而现在分词中的完成被动式不可以，它只可以表示完成被动，
而且只有非谓语与谓语是很鲜明的先后关系时才可以用, 如：
Having been finished, his homework was sent to his
teacher to be corrected.
如果非谓语与谓语是一般的先后关系的话，直接用过去分词
即可。如：
Guided by the guide, he found the place easily.
Scolded by the teacher, he felt very depressed.1). _____ this cake, you’ll need 2 eggs, 175g
sugar and 175g flour.
A. Having made B. Make
C. To make D. Making
2). He hurried to the booking office only _____
that all the tickets had been sold out.
A. to be told B. to told C. told D. telling
3). The storm left, ______ a lot of damage to
this area.
A. caused B. to have caused
C. to cause D. having caused CAD4). ______ into use in April 2002, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
A. Put B. Putting
C. Having put D. Being put
5). _______ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any country in the world.
A. Being separated B. Having separated
C. Having been separated D. to be separated
AC七、考查非谓语动词作表语
能作表语的有不定式、动名词和分词。
1). It remains ______ whether Jim’ll be fit
enough to play in the finals. (2006浙江）
A. seen B. to be seen
C. seeing D. to see
2) Tom sounds very much ____ in the job, but
I’m not sure whether he can manage it.
A. interested B. interesting
C. interestingly D. interestedly
BA 3). The purpose of new technologies is to make
life easier, _____ it more difficult. (99 N)
A. not make B. not to make
C. not making D. do not make
B 动词不定式短语 to make life easier 及 not to
make it more difficult 都作 purpose 的表语。非谓
语动词作表语时要特别注意两个问题，一是并行结
构问题，二是时间问题。一般来说，不定式作表语
都表示该动作发生在将来，故在表示“目的、愿望、
梦想、需求”等名词作主语时其表语应该用不定式。
1. 动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释解或用来表示“身份、职业”等。这时主语与表语位置可以互换
① The main job of the ant queen is laying eggs.
② Our work is serving the people．
2. 动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相
同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主
语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。
①His victory in the final was no more
convincing than I had expected． ② With?the?help?of?the?teacher,?the?students?are?
practising?the?idioms.?（ 现在进行时） 表示心理状态的动词如excite, interest等都是及物
动词，汉语注解不是“激动”、“高兴”，而是“使得激
动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、
“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高
兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡
是表示“感到 ……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人
对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...，
若人/物本身有趣时，就是sb./sth. is interesting。现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别delighting 令人高兴的——delighted 感到高兴的
disappointing 令人失望的——disappointed 感到
失望的
encouraging 令人鼓舞的——encouraged 感到鼓
舞的
pleasing 令人愉快的——pleased 感到愉快的
puzzling 令人费解的——puzzled 感到费解的
satisfying 令人满意的——satisfied 感到满意的
surprising 令人惊异的——surprised 感到惊异的
worrying 令人担心的——worried 感到担心的 八、考查连词之后加分词
分词短语常常可以用在某些连词如since,
when, while, whenever, no matter how, once,
until 等之后，可以看作是状语从句中的省略现
象。
1). No matter how frequently _____, the works of Beethoven will still attract people all over the world.
A. performed B. performing
C. to be performed D. being performingA2). When _____ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.
A. compared B. being compared
C. comparing D. having compared
3). The research is so designed that once ______ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins B. having begun
C. beginning D. begun
4) When ______, the museum will be open to the public next year.
A. completed C. completing
C. being completed D. to be completed CDA 非谓语动词时态形式的确定
弄清非谓语动词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作
之间的先后关系是解题的关键所在。一般来说，非谓
语动词的时态有以下三种形式。在谓语表示的动作之后与谓语表示的动作同时发生在谓语表示的动作之前to do doing 或 to be doing to have done 或having done1). --- Is Bob still performing?
--- I’m afraid not. He is said ______ the stage
already as he has become an official.
A. to have left B. to have
C. to have been left D. to be left
2). Aids is said ______ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years. (2006湖北)
A. that it is B. to be
C. that it has been D. to have been
( = It is said that Aids have been the biggest health challenge to both men and women in…)
AD3). The flu is believed ______ by viruses that
like to produce in the cells inside human nose and throat. (2004上海)
A. causing B. being caused
C. to be caused D. to have caused
4). You must make every effort to find the
person ______ the car.
A. who damaged B. damaging
C. damaged D. that damaging
AC讨论：此题为什么不能选B？
非谓语动词语态形式的确定
非谓语动词的被动语态通常有以下几种情况：动词不定式动名词现在分词过去分词to be doneto have been done being done having been donebeing done having been done及物动词的过去分词既表示被动又表
示动作已完成, 个别动词的过去分词只
表示完成(多数为不及物动词)
如果动词不定式的完成式用在表示“需要”，“希
望”，“打算”等意义的动词。如：hope, wish, expect,
intend, mean 后以及用在情态动词should, could,
ought (to), might和 be to的过去时后，则说明动作
没有实现。
We meant to have had a meeting to discuss this problem.
You should have switched off the light when you left the
classroom.
We were to have built a laboratory behind the lecture
building.The voices and tenses of the Infinitive
1).It is an honor for me ______________( ask) to give a lecture here.
2). The theory of relativity is hard _____________________( understand).
3). As we seem ______________( miss) the train today, we may as well go back to the hotel.
4). There are always one or two problems __________( think) about.
5).We thought it wrong for her ____________ ( punish).
to be asked to understand for usto have missed to think to be punished 6).The Olympic Games _____________( hold) in
Beijing in 2008 will be exciting.
7).Be quiet. They appear ___________ ( have )
an English lesson.
8). He is said to __________________(work) in
this factory for more than twenty years.
9). These goods are believed _________________
(ship) to the countryside yesterday.
10). Sorry _______________ ( not give ) you so
much help. to be held to be having to have been shipped not to have givenhave been working1). His works appears _________ into several languages already.
A. having been translated B. to be translated
C. to have been translated D. to translated
2). He considers it a pleasure ____ in the capital of our country.
A. to have been working B. working
C. to be worked D. to have working
3). Some people were reported ______ flying saucers that same evening.
A. to B. to have seen
C. to have been seen D. having seenCAB 4) We hope the building project _______ will be completed as soon as possible because a lot of citizens are complaining about the noises.
A. to be carried out B. carried out
C. being carried out D. carrying out
5) ______ for a long time, the instrument needs to
be repaired.
A. Having used B. Having been used
C. Using D. Being used
6) ______ different kinds of fertilizers, the
workers further improved their technique.
A. Having been produced B. Being produced
C. Having produced D. Producing
CBC 动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾
格、名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。
1) LiPing’s/ My helping her moved her deeply.
2) I appreciate your/you/LiPing’s/ LiPing coming
to see me.
3) Is there any hope of our team winning the
match?
4) What made me angry was that many students
failing in the exam.
(动名词结构作宾语, 其逻辑主语用宾格或所有格均可)(动名词结构作主语, 其逻辑主语用所有格)(逻辑主语是无生命名词时, 只用普通格)(以-s 结尾的名词, 只用普通格)1) I would appreciate _____ back this afternoon .
A. you to call B. you call
C. your calling D. you’re calling
2) ________ made her mother very angry.
A. Mary marrying Jim
B. Mary’s married Jim
C. Mary’s marrying Jim
D. Mary’s being married JimC C 3). The discovery of new evidence led to ______.
A. the thief having caught
B. catch the thief
C. the thief being caught
D. the thief to be caught
4).The noise of ____ could be heard out in the
street.
A. desks opening and closing
B. desks opened and closed
C. desks being opened and closed
D. desks’ being opened and closed
C C 非谓语动词的其他用法
疑问词+不定式结构
不定式的主动表被动
不定式符号 to 的保留问题
见 <<学海导航>> P99All flights_____ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train. A. were canceled B. had been canceled C. having canceled D. having been canceled
2. _____ for a long time, most of the crops in this area died from lacking water. A. Being no rain B. There was no rain C. To be no rain D. There being no rain
3. Everything _______ into consideration, they believed themselves more and returned to their positions.
A. to take B. taken C. to be taken D. takingDDB4. The boy lay on his back, his teeth _____ and his glaring eyes ___ straight upward. A. set; looked B. Set; looking
C. setting; looked D. setting; looking
5. _________, they stopped for a rest. A. The work finished B. The work was finished C. They had finished the work D. As the work being finished
BA 6. All the thing _____，his proposal is of greater value than yours. A. considered B. considering C. to consider D. consider
7. All the tickets _______ out, they went away disappointedly. A. being sold B. to have been sold C. having been sold D. having sold
8. The murder was brought in, with his hands ______ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied ACD