初中英语中考总复习大全[下学期]

目　　录
TOC \o "1-3" \h \z 第一篇 词法 2
一、 名词 2
二、 冠词? 11
三、 代词? 17
四、 形容词、副词? 28
五、 连 词 46
六、 介 词 54
七、 数 词 69
八、 动 词 74
第二篇 句法 97
一、 主 要 句 式 97
二、 定 语 从 句 110
三、 常见习惯用语 115
四、 完形填空与阅读 129
附 录? 144
中学生英语学习常见错误一览表? 144
A? 144
B? 152
C 158
D? 164
E 168
F? 171
G? 176
H? 178
I 183
J? 185
Ｋ? 186
L 187
Ｍ? 192
Ｎ? 196
Ｏ? 199
Ｐ? 201
Ｒ 204
Ｓ 207
Ｔ? 212
Ｕ 215
Ｖ 217
Ｗ? 218
Ｙ? 221
第一篇 词法
一、 名词
(一) 知识概要
名词的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分类方法，但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们不妨把它分为两大类：专有名词与普通名词。顾名思义，专有名词是指：个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称，如，the Great Wall， America…它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名词，如pen, worker…它表示单一的个体人或事物；集体名词，如：family,class， team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体；物质名词，如：water,paper…它表示的是一种物质，原材料；而后一种是抽象名词，如:work, time…它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到，但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。见下表。
名词一览表
种类
专有名词
London, John, the Communist Party of China
普 通 名 词 类名词 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table
集体名词 class, family, army, police, team, people
物质名词 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand
抽象名词 happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest
功用
主语 My family is now in New York.
表语 His father is a scientist.
宾语 We love our great motherland.
宾语补足语 He made London the base for his work.
定语 The girls are making paper flowesrs.
状语 The car cost him 1000 dollars.
同位语 Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here.
名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数，即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算，所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等，如：English,air,water,cotton,work…可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词，所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两种。可数名词复数形式的构成规律是：
1. 一般情况加s,如：pen—pens, doctor—doctors,boy—boys,其读音规则是在清辅音后读［s］，在元音和浊辅音后读［z］。如:map—map ， boy—boys.
2. 在以s,sh,ch,x结尾的名词后面加es，如：bus—buses,class—classes,其读音为［iz］。
3. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s，其读音为［iz］。
4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，要将y变为i再加es，读作［z］，如：factory—factories,country—countries, family—families.但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如:boy—boys,day—days。
5. 以o结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加es，但如果o前面是元音字母或外来词，缩写词以o结尾的则只加s，如：tomato—tomatoes,hero—heroes;photo—photos,radio—radios,piano—pianos
6. 以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式要将f或fe变为v再加es，如：knife—knives, leaf—leaves, 但有些例外的词如roof的复数形式是roofs。
7. 不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的，它没有规律可循，如:man—men,woman—women, child—children, foot—feet,tooth—teeth, mouse—mice
8. 单复同形的名词有：fish, sheep,deer…
9. 单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。?名词还有格的变化，其主格可作主语，宾格可作宾语。还有所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加's其复数形式是s'，如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加's，如：a student's room, students' rooms, Children's Day.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家……名词的所有格要用's，如：a twenty minutes' walk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，如：the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers
(二) 正误辨析
［误］Please give me a paper.
［正］Please give me a piece of paper.
［析］不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词，这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了，所以造成了这样的错误，因paper在英语中是属于物质名词一类，是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时，要用与之相关的量词来表达，如：two pieces of paper.
［误］Please give me two letter papers.
［正］Please give me two pieces of letter paper.
［析］paper作为纸讲是不可数名词，而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt.
［误］My glasses is broken.
［正］My glasses are broken.
［误］I want to buy two shoes.
［正］I want to buy two pairs of shoes.
［析］英语中glasses—眼镜，shoes—鞋，trousers—裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用a pair of glasses而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如：This pair of glasses is very good.
［误］May I borrow two radioes
［正］May I borrow two radios
［析］以o结尾的名词大都是用加es来表示其复数形式，但如果o前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s就可以了。这样的词有zoo—zoos,piano—pianos.
［误］This is a Mary's dictionary.
［正］This is Mary's dictionary.
［析］如名词前有指示代词this, that, these those,及其他修饰词our,some, every, which, 或所有格时，则不要再加冠词。
［误］There are much people in the garden.
［正］There are many people in the garden.
［析］可数名词前应用many, few, a few, a lot of 来修饰，而people是可数名词，而且是复数名词，如：The people are planting trees here.
［误］I want a few water.
［正］I want a little water.
［析］不可数名词前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some来修饰，但不可用many,few来修饰。
［误］Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me.
［正］Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me.
［误］Tom's and Mary's family are waiting for us.
［正］Tom's and Mary's families are waiting for us.
［误］I'm sorry. I have to go. Tom's families are waiting for me.
［正］I'm sorry. I have to go. Tom's family are waiting for me.
［析］集合名词如果指某个集合的整体，则应视为单数，如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Tom's family were watching TV. 即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有：family class, team等。
［误］Don't eat too much meats.
［正］Don't eat too much meat.
［误］Food in that restaurant is very good.
［正］The food in that restaurant is very good.
［析］物质名词是不可数名词，在使用中不可以加s，即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词。如：I don't like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good.
［误］Please give me two waters.
［正］Please give me two glasses of water.
［正］Please give me two coffees.
［析］物质名词如要加计量时，一定要加量词，?如：two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf of bread,
a piece of bread,a box of sugar,
a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange,
a bag of earth
?例： I'll tell you a piece of good news.
但只有coffee可以用coffees来取代many cups of coffee.
［误］Can you give me the newspaper of today
［正］Can you give me today's newspaper
［析］加's构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如：Mary's hair，但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用's来构成而不用of结构。如：a five minutes' walk.
［误］Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.
［正］Please make room for the lady in the school bus.
［析］英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的，
如： room为可数名词时为“房间”，如：I live in Room 5.而room为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为“请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。”这样的词还有：glass 玻璃glasses 眼镜stone 石头a stone 一块石头time 时间two times 两次wood 木头woods 树林
［误］There is a flowers garden behind my house.
［正］There is a flower garden behind my house.
［析］名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外，还可以用来修饰另一个名词，这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式，如：shoe factory (鞋厂),post office(邮局),evening paper (晚报),night school (夜校),head master (校长),a law school (法律学院)。但也有例外，如:a goods train(货车),sports meeting (运动会)。
［误］My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.
［正］My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.
［析］英语中有些名词单复同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese (中国人), means (方法)。所以应讲one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. 如果讲There are five fishes in the pool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。
［误］Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.
［正］Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.
［析］英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如： thanks, greens， 而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes 为衣服，而cloth则是布， sand沙子，而sands是沙滩。
［误］I offered my son my congratulation on his success.
［正］I offered my son my congratulations on his success.
［析］英语中表示祝贺的词虽有单数形式，但一般要用其复数形式。如握手为shake hands.
［误］We have five German in this meeting.
［正］We have five Germans in this meeting.
［析］英国人Englishman的复数形式为Englishmen，而German 则要加s，因为它不是由国名与man的组合词。
［误］There are two As in this word.
［正］There are two A's in this word.
［析］在大写字母缩写形式的复数表达法中应加s，但如字母是A、I时，为了防止与As和Is相混，则要用's即A's，I's
［误］There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.
［正］There are three 6's and two 3's in my telephone number.
［析］在小写字母与数字的复数形式表达法中要用's
［误］We have many woman teachers in our school.
［正］We have many women teachers in our school.
［析］一般组合名词变为复数形式时只将词中心词变为复数如：?
half brother—half brothers(同父异母或同母异父的兄弟)daughter in law—daughtersin law,(儿媳)但要注意的是：man driver—men drivers(男司机) woman doctor—women doctors(女大夫)grown up—grown ups(成年人) 但是boy student—则变为boy students
［误］Physics are very difficult to learn.
［正］Physics is very difficult to learn.
［析］虽以s结尾但只能用作单数名词有：科学，学科名字：Physics. Mathematics politics游戏名称：bowls 专有名称：Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布) 其他名词：news(消息，新闻)
［误］There is a people in the room.
［正］There is a person in the room.
［正］There is a man in the room.
［析］people是复数名词，不可用作单数，如要用来讲一个人时应用a person, a man, a woman。同样的词有police.要讲一个警察时则要用a policeman, a policewoman。
［误］Where is my shoe
［正］Where are my shoes
［析］常常只用作复数形式的词有trousers, pants, shorts(短裤)，socks(袜子),shoes, gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一个则要指明，这时还是应用单数形式。如：Where's my left glove (我左手的手套在哪 )
［误］I paid five pennies for the sweet.
［正］I paid five pence for the sweet.
［析］英语中便士有两个复数形式pence用来表达一定数量的钱。而pennies是指一个个的硬币，如：I want to change this note for pennies.我想把这纸币换成硬币。(即一便士一个的硬币)。
［误］There are many fruit in the shop.
［正］There are many fruits in the shop.
［析］物质名词为不可数名词，但是用来表示种类时则可以用作可数名词，这里应译为各种各样的水果。?
［误］There is a new car. It is Jone's and Mary's.
［正］There is a new car. It is Jone and Mary's.
［析］有生命名词的所有格，如果是单数名词则加's如：Mary's car.如果是以s结尾的复数名词则只在s后面加’如：teachers' offices.如果是复数名词但不是以s结尾，则只加’s，如：children's palace 组合名词的所有格是在最后一个词尾加's如：girl friend —girl friend's someone else—someone else's a week or three—a week or three's如名词后有同位语时，则应加在同位语的词尾上，如：It is my girl friend, Mary's car.要注意的是当两个名词并列时，如表示归两人共同所有，则在最后一个名词后面加's，如果表示分别所有则在两个名词后分别加's，如：This is Mary and Jone's home.即Mary与Jone是一家人。这是他们共同的家。而These are Mary's and Jone's homes.则应译为这里是Mary的家与Jone 的家。
［误］It is really beautiful. It is a work of nature.
［正］It is really beautiful. It is a Nature's work.
［析］无生命名词的所有格应用of结构。但是's形式的所有格可用于以下无生命的名词：表示时间的词：today's newspaper, a twenty minutes' walk, an hour's, rest 表示长度的词：three metres' distance, a boat's length， twenty miles' journey 表示重量的名词：two pounds' weight价格名词：two dollars'worth拟人化的名词：Nature's work, nature's lesson(大自然的教训)及国家、机关、团体、城市等机构性名词：the university's library
［误］He is an old friend of my father.
［正］He is an old friend of my father's.
［析］这是英语中的一种习惯用法而不要根据语法去推理。如：This pen is Tom's.
［误］My father is a good cooker.
［正］My father is a good cook.
［析］一般动词加上er后则转意为执行该动作的执行者，如:teach(教)—teacher(老师),think(想)—thinker(思想家),drive(开车)—driver(司机),sell(卖)—seller(卖物者)……但不能总是以此类推，比如cook是动词“做饭”。而cook也可作为名词“厨师”讲，而cooker则为厨具，餐具，即锅、碗、勺等做饭用具。
［误］The young is dancing there.
［正］The young are dancing there.
［析］英文中用定冠词加上形容词表示一类人时应按复数名词，如：the rich 富人，the poor(穷人),the wise 聪明人，但如果用定冠词加形容词来表示事物则要用作单数名词，如：The beautiful is still here.美丽的风景依旧。
［误］The stories of the book was written many years ago.
［正］The stories of the book were written many years ago.
［析］这句话的真正主语应是stories，所以应用复数谓语动词。
［误］This is one of the English?Chinese dictionary.
［正］This is one of the English?Chinese dictionaries.
［析］one of意为“……之一”，of后面的名词要用复数形式。
［误］Let's go to uncle Wang for supper.
［正］Let's go to uncle Wang's for supper.
［析］uncle Wang's 意为“王叔叔家”，doctor's意为“医院或私人诊所”。
［误］I think we will make a friend with each other.
［正］I think we will make friends with each other.
［析］make friends 为习惯用法，即交朋友。
［误］I want to tell you much pieces of good news.
［正］I want to tell you many pieces of good news.
［析］news为不可数名词，但加了量词之后则要用many来修饰量词，因量词是可数名词，或可以说I want to tell you some good news.因some 即可用在可数名词前，也可用在不可数名词前作形容词，如：I want to tell you some pieces of good news.
［误］The teacher with five students are coming here.
［正］The teacher with five students is coming here.
［析］要注意由with引出的介词短语不是本句的主语，这与连词and有很大的区别，如：The teacher and five students are coming here. 这里由介词引出的短语仅仅是teacher的修饰语。
［误］There are a lot of information here, but we don't need them.
［正］There is a lot of information here, but we don't need it.
［析］information为不可数名词，而用作代替它的词要用it而不能用them.
［误］Many a student make the same mistake in the exam.
［正］Many a student makes the same mistake in the exam.
［析］many a 加可数名词单数，作主语时其谓语动词应用单数形式，但其意为许多学生。
［误］The children wear very good cloth to go to school today.
［正］The children wear very good clothes to go to school today.
［析］英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之词：cloth是物质名词，意为“布”，没有复数形式，而clothing是指衣物的总称，也没有复数形式。clothes是指衣服，但没有单数形式，如：This clothing is needed in warm countries. Her clothes are made of fine cloth.英文中的dress则指较正规的服装，如：a school dress 校服，an evening dress晚礼服。
［误］I like to study the English.
［正］I like to study English.
［析］作为一种学科名词前不要用冠词，而作为某一特指学科则要加冠词，如：I like to study history. I like to study the history of America.
［误］The Browns is going to visit China.
［正］The Browns are going to visit China.
［析］定冠词加姓加s，则意为“Brown先生一家人”。所以应用复数谓语动词。此句应译为：Brown先生一家将要访问中国。
(三) 例题解析
1. Lucy and Lily＿＿＿in the same class.
A. am B. is C. are D. be
［答案］C.
［析］由and连接两个单数名词作主语时应按复数名词来搭配谓语动词。
2. Which is the ＿＿＿to the bus stop， please
A road B way C street D address
［答案］B.
［析］这是考察同意词辨析，road是指较宽阔的大道，意为“乡间公路”，而street意为道路两边的建筑物较高，可视为街道之意，而way则多为要到达某地所要经过的途径，还可引深为方式、方法。而address则为“地址”。如：There is a car running along the country road. I live at 105 Park street. Can you show me the way to the National Museum
3. Hurry up!There is＿＿＿ time left.
A little B a little C few D a few
［答案］A.
［析］因time作为时间讲为不可数名词，所以不可用few，a few来修饰。另外，英文的表达法与中文不同，中文讲，快点，时间不多了，而英文要讲，快点，没时间了。因此，要用little而不用a little.
4. How many ＿＿＿can you see in the picture
A tomatos B tomatoes C tomato D the tomato
［答案］B.
［析］用How many提问时，其名词要用复数形式，而tomato的复数要加es.
5. —　＿＿＿is the meat. Please
—　Ten yuan a kilo.
A How much B How many C How old D How long
［答案］A.
［析］由对话的答语可看出其问句问的是价格。钱数作为整体、价格讲时，不论其值是多少都是不可数名词，要用how much 提问。
6 The boy's name is James Allen Green. So his given name is＿＿＿.
A James Allen B Allen Green C James Green D Mr. Green
?［答案］A.
［析］英文的习惯与中文不同，中文是姓在前名字在后，而英文则是姓在最后，其第一个名字是由父母所起的，中间的名字可能是父母、教父所起的，但都可称作given name,而姓在英文中是family name.
7 Shanghai is one of the biggest＿＿＿in our country.
A city B city's C citys D cities
?［答案］D.
［析］复音字母以y结尾的单词的复数形式要把y变成i再加es。one of 加名词的结构中的名词应用复数。
8 Would you please pass me＿＿＿
A two paper 　　　B two papers
C two pieces of paper D two pieces of papers
?［答案］C.
［析］paper是不可数名词，如讲一张、两张纸时，要用量词piece.
9 September 10th is ＿＿＿Day.
A Teacher B Teachers C Teacher's D Teachers'
?［答案］D.
10 I only have＿＿＿ bread for lunch today.
A a bit B a bit of C little D few
［答案］B.
11 “What would you like, Ann ”“I'd like two＿＿＿.”
A glass of milk B glasses of milk
C glass of milks D glasses of milks
?［答案］B.
12 There isn't ＿＿＿ paper in the box. Will you go and get ＿＿＿ for me
A any, some B any, any C some, some D some, any
?［答案］A.
［析］any用于否定句与疑问句，但如果要表达说话者真心实意希望得到肯定答复时，问句中要用some而不要按一般语法规律用any.
13 June 1st is＿＿＿.
A Children's day B children's Day
C Children's Day D children's day?
［答案］C.
14 These foreign friends are＿＿＿.
A German B Germen C Germany D Germans
［答案］D.
15 All the students are busy, so＿＿＿ of them will go to the cinema.
A many B little C a few D few
?［答案］D.
［析］student是可数名词，而few用于可数名词，意为：几乎没有学生去电影院。
16 There are three＿＿＿and seven＿＿＿in the picture.
A deers, sheeps B deers, sheep
C deer, sheep Ddeer, sheeps
?［答案］C.
［析］deer与sheep均是单复同形的名词。
?17 Whose room is this It's＿＿＿.
A my B Kike's and John's
C our D Kike and John's
［答案］D.
［析］因为room为单数，所以不可能是Kike的一间与John的一间，应为二者共用的一间房子。
二、 冠词?
(一) 知识概要
冠词在英语中只有3个词，分为两类：不定冠词a与an，定冠词the。 a用在以辅音开始的单数名词前，an用于以元音开始的单词前。不定冠词用来表示一类事物中泛指的某一事物，而定冠词则用于特指的某一个或某些事物，可用于不可数名词、可数名词单数及可数名词复数前。
(二) 正误辨析
［误］This building is an university.
［正］This building is a university.
［析］a用于以辅音音素开始的单词前，而an用于以元音音素开始的单词前，而不是元音字母开头的单词前。university的第一个音素是［j］，所以用a而不要用an。又如：There is a “n” in the word.是错句，应为：There is an “n”in the word.因字母n的发音的第一个音素是元音。要注意的还有hour因其第一个字母h不发音，所以应该用an hour。例如：
I need an hour to finish the work.
It is a useful dictionary.
It is a European country.
I bought a used car.
［误］I need a umbrella because it looks like raining.
［正］I need an umbrella because it looks like raining.
［析］因umbrella的第一个音素是元音，所以应用an.常用的情况有：an old man, an English teacher, an elephant, an idea, an hour ago, an honest boy…。
［误］“Can you help me” “Sorry, I'm in hurry.”
［正］“Can you help me” “Sorry. I'm in a hurry.”
［析］不定冠词的主要用法如下：?
1. 用来表示一类人或事物，如：She is a teacher.
2. 指某一类人或事物中的一个，如：An elephant is bigger than a horse.
3. 泛指某一人或事物，如：A man is waiting for you at the school gate.
4. 相当于“one”的概念，如：I just bought a new dictionary.
5. 其主要的难点是用在固定词组中：
如：have a walk/a rest /a look
又如：in a hurry 匆匆忙忙
make a face 作鬼脸
do somebody a favour 帮某人忙
a number of =many
又如：have a good time (玩得好)
have a cold (感冒)
have a headache (头痛)
have a break=have a rest
［误］I bought the dictionary yesterday. A dictionary is very good.
［正］I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is very good.
［析］在文章中第一次提到某物时用不定冠词，而第二次提到时用定冠词。?
［误］Please turn off lights before you leave.
［正］Please turn off the lights before you leave.
［析］虽然是第一次提到某物但说话双方均知其所指，也应用定冠词。?
［误］There are nine planets around a sun.
［正］There are nine planets around the sun.
［析］世上独一无二的天体等名词前应加定冠词，如：the earth, the moon, the sun, the sky, the sea.
［误］I live on a second floor of this building.
［正］I live on the second floor of this building.
［析］在序数词，形容词最高级前要用定冠词。如：He is the oldest in the family.
［误］I want to learn the second language this term.
［正］I want to learn a second language this term.
［析］在序数词的含意不是顺序中的第一第二，而其意在于再学一个，再来一个时，应用a，本句的意思应为：这学期我要学一门第二外语。
［误］Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world.
［正］The Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world.
［析］在河流名称前应加定冠词，如：the Yellow River(黄河)。
［误］Look, there are Alp.
［误］Look, there are the Alp.
［正］Look, there are the Alps.
［析］具体的某一座山不加定冠词，如：Mountain Tai.但在山名称前加定冠词后，其山名要加s，来表示山脉。the Alps即为阿尔卑斯山脉。如:The Alps are in the center of Europe.
［误］Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world.
［正］The Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world.
［析］报刊名称前应加定冠词。?
［误］Rich are not always happy.
［正］The rich are not always happy.
［析］在形容词前加定冠词表示一类人，而在姓的前面加定冠词，姓后加s表示某一家，如：The turners are going to move to New York.
［误］I like to eat bread for breakfast. Bread sells in this shop is very good.
［正］I like to eat bread for breakfast. The bread sells in this shop is very good.
［析］物质名词特指时也应加定冠词。?
［误］The sun rises in east.
［正］The sun rises in the east.
［析］在方向、方位前应用定冠词，如：in the east, in the west, in the north, in the south, in the direction 及in the past, in the future
［误］Do you know who invented telephone
［正］Do you know who invented the telephone
［析］在特定和专有事物或名称前要加定冠词，?
如：the English Channel 英吉利海峡
the Panama Canal 巴拿马运河
the Suez Canal 苏伊士运河
［误］Would you please buy some food for the supper
［正］Would you please buy some food for supper
［析］泛指一日三餐前无定冠词。?
［误］I like to climb the mountain in the autumn.
［正］I like to climb the mountain in autumn.
［析］一年四季前不用定冠词，如：Spring is the best season in a year.
［误］Sometimes my parents come to school to see me.
［正］Sometimes my parents come to the school to see me.
［析］有些名词被用作其本身原来所含目的时不加冠词，如：go to school上学，leave school(辍学)，after school(放学)，但如果当建筑物讲时应加冠词，如例句中其父母来校不是上学，而是看望孩子，则要加定冠词。又如，He was in hospital for two days.(他在医院住院两天了。)而：He went to the hospital to see his mother.他去医院看望他的母亲。
［误］I bought a same dictionary as she bought.
［正］I bought the same dictionary as she bought.
［析］在惯用法the same, the only, the very前的定冠词不可换为不定冠词。
［误］The police caught the thief by his arm.
［正］The police caught the thief by the arm.
［析］这是英文表达法与中文的明显不同之处，也是初学者极易忽视之处。在英语中的某些动词，如：catch(抓)，take(拿)，strike (打),pat(拍)，hit(击)，hold(握)，pull(拉)…动词后应加人，再加介词on, by, in, with…之后要加定冠词，再加人体的某一部位。这时的定冠词千万不要换作his, her, their, 等词。
［误］He was paid by hour.
［正］He was paid by the hour.
［析］by和计量单位之间要有定冠词。这句话应译为：他的工资是按小时计算的。
［误］I went to New York by his car.
［正］I went to New York by car.
［正］I went to New York in his car.
［析］by仅仅与交通工具相连表示应用某种工具，而加了别的修饰词后其前面的介词也应作相应的转换。如：by car (坐小汽车)by taxi (坐出租车)by bike (骑自行车)by water (乘船)by air (乘飞机)by sea (乘船)
［误］Mary began to learn how to play piano when she was three.
［正］Mary began to learn how to play the piano when she was three.
［析］在乐器前要加定冠词，而在球类游戏之前则不要加冠词，如：They like to play bridge when they are free. (他们空闲时爱打桥牌)
［误］The little boy wanted to go to cinema.
［正］The little boy wanted to go to the cinema.
［析］英语中虽有一些名词与go to连用时不加定冠词，以表示该名词的内涵，如：go to school (上学)，go to bed(睡觉)等，但去看电影则例外，要用go to the cinema.这也是语言的一个特点。
［误］I live at 105 the Lake street.
［正］I live at 105 Lake Street.
［析］街道名称前不用冠词。?
［误］Next summer holiday I will go to country to live on a farm.
［正］Next summer holiday I will go to the country to live on a farm.
［析］country既作国家讲也作乡村讲。作乡村讲时，一定要加定冠词，而且只有单数形式，作国家讲时则可有复数形式。如：Japan is a country .Japan, China, India are Asian countries.
［误］The picture looks better at the distance.
［正］The picture looks better at a distance.
［析］at a distance意为“离开一定距离”。而in the distance为“远方，远处”。这样常用的词组有：
as a rule (照例)
in a hurry (匆忙)
in the morning/afternoon (上/下午)
in the sun (在阳光下)
in the rain (雨中)
in the same way (同样)
in the shade (在阴凉处)
in the day time (白天)
in the end (最终)
on the other hand (换句话说)
on the contrary (相反)
［误］The little boy and girl walk along the street a hand in a hand.
［正］The little boy and girl walk along the street hand in hand.
［析］这是英语中的习惯用法，如：?
bit by bit (逐渐)
day after (by) day (一天又一天)
day and night (日日夜夜)
face to face (面对面)
from A to Z (自始至终)
from time to time (再三)
hand in hand (手拉手)
shoulder by shoulder (肩并肩)
(三) 例题解析
1 Mr Li is＿＿＿ old worker.
A a B an C some D /
［答案］B.
［析］an用于元音音素开始的单词前。
2 English is＿＿＿ useful language in ＿＿＿ world.
A an, the B a, the C the, / D /,the
［答案］B.
［析］因useful的第一个音素是［j］，它是辅音音素。
3 What ＿＿＿ interesting book it is
A a B an C the D /
［答案］B.
［析］这是感叹句，因为移到原一般句前面的强调部分中有可数名词book,所以应加冠词，而interesting的第一音素是元音所以要加an。
4 He will be back in ＿＿＿ hour.
A / B the C a D an?
［答案］D.
［析］因hour的首字母h不发音。
5 There is ＿＿＿ map in the classroom. ＿＿＿ map is on the wall.
A a, A B the, The C a, The D the ,A
［答案］C.
［析］在文章中首次提到某人或某物时用不定冠词，而第二次再提到该物或人时应用定冠词。
6 Look at＿＿＿ picture! There's＿＿＿ house in it.
A a ,a B the, the C a, the D the, a
?［答案］D.
［析］虽然是第一次提到，但在句中的语言是让对方看某一特定的图画，所以应选择D。
7 There is ＿＿＿ orange in the bottle.
A a B an C the D /
?［答案］D.
［析］这里的orange是指桔汁而不是一个个的桔子。
8 Beijing is ＿＿＿ capital of our country.
A the B an C / D a
?［答案］A.
［析］capital之后有of结构则要用定冠词。
9 If you work hard at English, you'll get ＿＿＿ “A” in the test.
A an B / C the D a
?［答案］A.
［析］因字母A的第一音素是元音。
10 He usually goes to school on ＿＿＿ foot.
A a B an C the D /
?［答案］D.
［析］on foot意为走路上学，是习惯用法。
三、 代词?
(一) 知识概要
英语中代词可以分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词。?人称代词主要有主格和宾格之别。请看下表
人称 我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他们　
主格 i you he she it we you they
宾格 me you him her it us you them
物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。请看下表
人称 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他们的
形容词性 my your his her its ours your they
名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
反身代词可见下表
人称 我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他们　
反身代词 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourself themselves
指示代词主要有this, that, these, those
疑问代词有：who, whom whose, what, which,
还有疑问副词when, how, where, why。
不定代词在初中课本中主要有some, any， many, much, each, neither, other, another, all, both, one, none, either…
(二) 正误辨析
［误］Tom's mother is taller than my.
［正］Tom's mother is taller than mine.
［析］形容词性物主代词可以作定语，也就是讲它可以作形容词，如：my book，而这句话的意思是：汤姆的妈妈比我的妈妈高。比较的对象是my mother,也就是mine。
［误］We have a lot of homework to do today. So we need two or three hours to finish them.
［正］We have a lot of homework to do today. So we need two or three hours to finish it.
［析］在应用代词时，要注意人称，格与数的一致性。这里it所代替的是不可数名词homework， 所以应用it。
［误］He and you should go to the library to return the books.
［正］You and he should go to the library to return the books.
［析］这主要是英语习惯上的用法。当两个以上的人称代词并列时其排列顺序一般为you, he, she, I,而复数时为we, you， they:如男女并列时，应先男后女，如：He and she …如果在表示不好意思，承担责任时，单数时用，I, he, she, you, 复数时用They, you， we, 如：Tom and I are good friends.
You, he and I must go to play the game for our team this afternoon.
We, you and they have been there before.
I, he and you have to pay for it.
［误］He or his brother is doing their homework.
［正］He or his brother is doing his homework.
［析］由either…or, neither…nor, or 连接两个主语时，如果两主语是单数时，用单数代词，如两主语是复数时，用复数代词，如：Either teachers or students want to do their best to help the old man.如是一单一复两名词时，一般将单数名词放在前，复数名词放在后，要用复数代词，如：The teacher or his students will clean their classroom together.
［误］His brother is taller than him.
［正］His brother is taller than he.
［析］than是连词，其后应视为省略句，than he is.所以要注意区分其主格与宾格的用法。
I like you as much as she.
［正］I like you as much as her.
［析］as…as 其后也应看作是省略句。应为as I like her.所以应用宾格。而第一句应译为我像她那样喜欢你。两句语法都是对的但含义不同。
［误］Myself did it yesterday.
［正］I myself did it yesterday.
［正］I did it myself yesterday.
［析］反身代词不可作主语，但可以用作主语的同位语。?
［误］Take care of ourselves.
［正］Take care of yourselves .(yourself)
［析］祈始句的主语应看作第二人称you.
［误］Please bring your daughter with yourself.
［正］Please bring your daughter with you.
［析］反身代词不能作介词宾语，除非是由不及物动词与介词组成的动词短语，如： The old woman spoke to herself.
［误］Make yourself home.
［正］Make yourself at home.
［析］这是英语中的习惯用法，意为“像在家里一样”。这样的用法还有：?
enjoy oneself 玩得开心make yourself at home 像在家中一样
help yourself to something 自己拿某物lost oneself 迷路
seat oneself 就坐dress oneself 穿衣
［误］—　Who's this speaking.—　That's Mary.
［正］—　Who's that speaking.—　This is Mary.
［析］在电话用语中，this指讲话人自己，而that指对方。
［误］The days in summer are longer than this in winter.
［正］The days in summer are longer than those in winter.
［析］在比较句中往往为了避免重复，可以用that或those取代前面提到的事物，如是单数时用that,复数时用those，如：The weather in Beijing is hotter than that in Chang Chun.
［误］It is so a good book that everyone likes to read.
［正］It is such a good book that everyone likes to read.
［正］It is so good a book that everyone likes to read.
［析］在可数名词单数时可用so+形容词+不定冠词+名词+that从句，也可用such+不定冠词+形容词+that从句。在不可数名词或可数名词复数时，只用such, 如：It is such good weather that I want to go swimming. They are such good books that I want to buy them all.在many, much, few, little这4个词前仅能用so,如： She has so much money that she can buy everything she wants.而在so与that之间仅存形容词时，则不能用such,如:She is so sweet that everyone likes her.
［误］I want to buy a same dictionary as yours.
［正］I want to buy the same dictionary as yours.
［析］same与定冠词the是固定搭配不可更改。这样的用法还有all the same(仍然)。
［误］—　I hope she might pass the exam.—　I don't hope so.
［正］—　I hope she might pass the exam.—　I hope not.
［析］在作肯定回答时，I think so. I hope so. I believe so.但作否定回答时为：I don't think so. I hope/believe not.
［误］—　He studied very hard this term.— So she did.
［正］— He studied very hard this term.— So did she.
［误］— English is difficult to learn.— So is it.
［正］— English is difficult to learn.— So it is.
［析］在对话中如果某一动作同时适用于两个主语，这时在答语中要用缩写且要用倒装句。如第一组句，即studied hard既适用于he,也适用于she.但答语仅仅是对前句的重复，即仅仅是第一句的缩写时则不要用倒装句。如第二组句子为：英语难学。答语为：是的，难学。这时缩写的答语不要用倒装句。
［误］Everyone should do one's best.
［正］Everyone should do his best.
［析］one作代词时，它的复数形式是ones,所有格形式是one's，反身代词为oneself.如果讲One should do one's best.则是对句。如果one与别的词组成其他词，如： someone, anyone, everyone或only one 则要用his/her，来作其所有格形式。
［误］— Who won the game — None.
［正］— Who won the game — No one.
［析］由who提问的句子的否定回答中的简略说法是no one,而由How many提问的句子的否定回答中的简略语是None.如：How many books are there None.
［误］There are many trees on either sides of the street.
［正］There are many trees on either side of the street.
［正］There are many trees on both sides of the street.
［析］either作代词时由两个含意，其一是两者中随便哪一个，如：You can take either.其二是两者中的每一个。但要注意的是either后要加单数名词，如果作主语则谓语动词也要用单数形式。
［误］Either you or I are right.
［正］Either you or I am right.
［析］在either…or,或neither…nor连接两个主语时，其谓语动词要与和其相近的那个主语相配。
［误］I have three sisters. Neither of them is a doctor.
［正］I have three sisters. None of them is a doctor.
［析］neither用于两者中无一是，而none则用于多于两者中的人或事物无一是。
［误］He doesn't like Beijing opera. I don't like too.
［正］He doesn't like Beijing opera, I don't like either.
［析］either作为“也”讲时，要用于否定句中，而too则用于肯定句中。
［误］We like both this little boy.
［正］We both like this little boy.
［析］both作同位语时，它在句中的位置有：在be动词之后，如：We are both students.在实意动词之前，如：The parents both want to go to the cinema.用于第一助动词之后，如：We have both read these English novels.使用时要注意以下句子的实际含意：Both of us are not right.应译为：我们俩不都对。Neither of us is right.才应译为：我俩都不对。又如：I can't give you both of the books.意为：两本书我不能全给你，而I can't give you either of the books.才为：两本书我全不能给你。
［误］We each has a ticket for the concert.
［正］We each have a ticket for the concert.
［析］each作句子主语时其谓语动词要用单数形式，如：Each of us wants to learn English well，但each作同位语时，则应以原名词的数为准。
［误］Every of us has to pass the exam.
［正］Each of us has to pass the exam.
［析］every只可作形容词，不可作代词，而each既可作形容词，又可作代词，在作形容词时each侧重强调个体，而every 则侧重于全体。
［误］Everyone of us should do housework two hours a day.
［正］Every one of us should do housework two hours a day.
［析］everyone不可与of结构相连接使用，而every one则可以这样用。
［误］I should read English everyday.
［正］I should read English every day.
［析］要注意的是every day是“每天”，而everyday则是形容词为“日常的”。如：everyday English日常英语，everyday life日常生活。
［误］There are trees on every sides of the street.
［正］There are trees on each side of the street.
［析］every用于三者或三者以上的每一个，而each用于二者或二者以上的每一个。因为街道只有两侧，所以只能用each而不能用every.
［误］All my parents are engineers.
［正］Both my parents are engineers.
［析］all用于三者或三者以上的全部，而both 则用于两者的全部。
［误］All of students might make some mistakes.
［正］All of the students might make some mistakes.
［正］All students might make some mistakes.
［析］非特指的名词前可用all但不可用all of结构，也就是讲all of结构后面的名词前一定要有定冠词。其他与all有关的习惯用法还有：
all the year round, all week, all day, all winter
［误］The all village was flooded.
［正］All the village was flooded.
［析］all作修饰语时要用在所有修饰词之前。
［误］The post office is on other side of the street.
［正］The post office is on the other side of the street.
［析］单数可数名词如在泛指某一个时用another,而特指时则要用the other,因街道只有两边，而不在这边必定是在另一边，所以要用特指。请参考下表的用法以便于记忆。
　 单数 复数
泛指 another形容词 作定语 作名词
another代词 other others
特指 the other形容词
the other代词
the other the others
［误］There are ten students here Where are the others students
［正］There are ten students here.Where are the others
［正］There are ten students here Where are the other students
［析］the others=the other students.
［误］The old man has two sons. One is a teacher, another is a doctor.
［正］The old man has two sons. One is a teacher, the other is a doctor.
［析］another用于泛指，如：Is it far from here to the station I'm sorry. I have no idea. One may say it is quite near; another may say it is far from here.但在特指时则要用the other.它可以用作定语，the other one,也可以用作代词the other,但the other用作代词时它的含意一定是单数。如果指三者或者三者以上的情况时，则要用one…another…the other.或者one…a second…the third…
［误］Some people like sports. The others like reading.
［正］Some people like sports. Others like reading.
［析］在泛指的复数名词前用some…others…others…来表示某些人……某些人……某些人……。
［误］Please remember to water the flowers each other day.
［正］Please remember to water the flowers every other day.
［析］every other day为每隔一天。是习惯用法，不要随意改动。又如：on the other hand另一方面。
［误］Many know him， but few likes him.
［正］Many know him, but few like him.
［析］few用于可数名词，意为几乎没有，但few作主语时谓语动词则要用复数形式，而a few为有一些。
［误］You have few friends, haven't you
［正］You have few friends, have you
［析］little与few用于句中时，均要按否定句看待。
［误］Much of what you said are true.
［正］Much of what you said is true.
［析］much用于不可数名词，作主语时用单数谓语动词。而many用于可数名词，它作主语时用复数形式的谓语动词。
［误］This room is enough large for the students to live in.
［正］This room is large enough for the students to live in.
［析］enough 可以用作代词，如：There is enough of the food. 又如：Enough has been done for the work，但enough 还可以作形容词来修饰名词，这时enough可以放在名词之前，也可放在名词之后，如：money enough 与enough money都是对的。但当enough作副词修饰形容词时，则只能置于形容词之后了。
［误］I want any books to read. Do you have any
［正］I want some books to read. Do you have any
［析］按照语法any用于疑问句和否定句，而some用于肯定句。
［误］Would you like any thing to drink
［正］Would you like something to drink
［析］在由would you like发出的问句中，表达了说话者真心实意要为对方提供些饮料，或在说话者想得到对方的肯定答复时，在疑问句中要用some而不用any。
［误］Someone want to meet you.
［正］Someone wants to meet you.
［析］不定代词应被看作单数，即使用and连接两个不定代词，也要看作单数，如：?Anyone and everyone has the right. 任何人，每一个人都有这样的权力。
［误］New York is much colder in winter than before.
［正］It is much colder in New York in winter than before.
［析］it常常用在英文的句子中来代表时间、距离、天气、自然现象，或用在句中作形式主语或宾语，如：
It is ten o'clock now. (代时间)
It is far from here to the airport. (代距离)
It is very hot.(代天气)
It is very difficult to learn English well. (作形式主语)
We found it very difficult to answer the question. (作形式宾语)
［误］Be careful. Don't drink too many.
［正］Be careful. Don't drink too much.
［析］这里much所代的应是饮料或水，所以应为不可数名词。
(三) 例题解析
1 These are ＿＿＿books. Yours are over there.
A I B my C me D mine?
［答案］B.
［析］这里应用形容词性物主代词。?
2 —＿＿＿ is she
— She is a teacher.
A What B How C Who D Where?
［答案］A.
［析］这里的四个疑问词放在问句中全都成立，但其意义不同。What is she 应译为“她的工作是什么 ”或“她是做什么的 ”而How is she 应译为“她身体如何 ”而Who is she 应译为“她是谁 ”其答语应为“她叫什么名字。”而Where is she 应为“她在什么地方 ”由答语决定了这道题的选择。
3＿＿＿ is wrong with my watch. It has stopped＿＿＿.
A Something, working B Something, to work
C Any thing, working D Anything, to work?
［答案］A.
［析］因为是肯定句所以应用Something,其后由于表停止工作了，则stop后要用动名词。
4 Mary, help ＿＿＿to the bananas, please.
A you B your C yourself D yourselves?
［答案］C.
［析］help oneself to something为“自己拿某物”。yourself为“你一个人”，而yourselves为“你们”。
5 —＿＿＿ do you go to school every day
— By bus.
A How B Why C When D Where?
［答案］A.
［析］这题的答案是由问句决定的。?
6 My skirt is＿＿＿ popular than＿＿＿.
A much, her B much, hers C more, her D more, hers?
［答案］D.
［析］因句中有than,所以应选用比较级，而than后要选用名词性物主代词。
7 — Can you speak English
— Yes, but only＿＿＿.
A few B a few C little D a little
［答案］D.
［析］因会讲某种语言的多少要用a little,把它看作不可数名词对待，此答语为：是的，但仅仅会讲一点。
8 Mr.　Smith is an old friend of＿＿＿.
A I B me C my D mine?
［答案］D.
［析］这里应选名词性物主代词，这也是英语的一种习惯用法，而不要选择my。
9 “ ＿＿＿do you hear from your parents ”
“About once a month.”
A How long B How many
C How often D How much?
［答案］C.
［析］How often问的是某一动作发生的频率，即在单位时间内发生多少次。
10 Mr Green wouldn't say ＿＿＿at the meeting.
A everything B nothing C anything D something?
［答案］C.
［析］在否定句中应用anything
11 “Mum, Ann's coming tonight. Let's give her ＿＿＿to eat.”
“Good idea!”
A anything nice B nice anything
C something nice D nice something?
［答案］C.
［析］肯定句中用something而不用anything,不定代词的修饰词应放其后而不要放在其前面。
12 — When shall we meet, this evening or tomorrow evening
— I don't mind. ＿＿＿time is OK.
A Some B Neither C Either D Both?
［答案］C.
［析］因如选用both则名词要用复数名词，也要用复数谓语动词，由于答语前有I don't mind 则决定不能选择neither.
13 This is not her kite,　but＿＿＿.
A he's B him C he D his?
［答案］D.
［析］要注意“他的”名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词是同形的。?
14 Don't worry, Mum! ＿＿＿ news is good news. I'm sure daddy will come back soon.
A No B Many C Those D Two
?［答案］A.
［析］这是一条谚语，即没有消息就是好消息。?
15 Mary has six apples. Her brother has three. She has ＿＿＿apples than he.
A few B many C more D fewer?
［答案］C.
［析］由于是比较级，根据题意应选“多于”而不是“少于”。?
16 There isn't ＿＿＿in today's newspaper.
A anything interesting
B something interesting
C nothing interesting
D interesting anything
［答案］A.
［析］由于句子是否定句，应选择anything，而且不定代词的修饰语应放在其后面。
17 September 10th is＿＿＿ Day
A Teacher B Teachers C Teacher's D Teachers'
［答案］D.
［析］教师节Teachers' Day,儿童节 Children's Day, 妇女节 Women's Day
18 — In England, people eat a lot of “takeaway” food. What about people in your country
—＿＿＿
A So we do. B We do so. C So do we. D We so do.?
［答案］C.
［析］在答语中用简略方式表达上文的一个动作同样适用于另一个主语时，则要采用倒装句，但如果仅仅是对上句的重复则不要倒装。?
19 — Shall we go into that shop and have a look
— Sorry. I won't. I have ＿＿＿to do there.
A everything B anything C something D nothing?
［答案］D.
［析］这个答案的选择应由上下两句对话内容作出决定。?
20— Oh, dear! Who broke the glass
—＿＿＿ Sam ＿＿＿Bruce. It was the cat.
A Both, and B Not, but C Neither, nor D Either, or?
［答案］C.
［析］neither…nor意为既不……也不……
21 The students are having a good time in the park. Some are drawing by the lake.＿＿＿are climbing the hill.
A Others B Other C Another D The other
?
［答案］A.
［析］这里因为是代替复数名词，所以应用名词性的复数代名词。?
22 She is not a nurse. I'm not＿＿＿.
A also B either C neither D too?
［答案］B.
［析］在否定句中该用either,而不用too和also.
23 I have two pencils. One is red,＿＿＿ is blue.
A the other B another C others D the others?
［答案］A.
［析］两者中的另一个应为特指。而且应为单数形式的代名词。而another是泛指单数代名词。others是泛指复数代名词，而the others是特指复数代名词。
24 Sorry, I can't answer your question.
I know ＿＿＿about the subject.
A little B a little C few D a few?
［答案］A.
［析］中文讲我对此知道的不多，而英文中要用little。其含意为否定句。
25 My sister doesn't like skating＿＿＿.
A So do I B So I don't
C Neither I don't D Neither do I?
［答案］D.
［析］这是表达上面否定句中的动作，也同样不适合
于第二个人。所以要用neither,并要采用倒装句。
26 Yesterday morning there were only three boys in our room,＿＿＿.
A you, he and I B I, you and he
C he, I and you D you, I and he?
［答案］A.
［析］这是若干人称代词并列时的顺序问题。请参看辨析中的例子。?
27 All the students are busy, so＿＿＿of them will go to the concert.
A many B little C a few D few?
［答案］D.
［析］student为可数名词。
28 The teacher gave ＿＿＿student a new book.
A nobody B both C each D any?
［答案］C.
［析］both其后的名词应为复数，而any用于疑问句和否定句中只有each可以修饰单数可数名词。
29 Black is neither a teacher ＿＿＿a worker.
A or B either C nor D and?
［答案］C.
［析］neither…nor为“既不……也不……”的固定搭配。
30 Our teacher gave us＿＿＿on studying.
A many advices B some advices
C an advice D some advice?
［答案］D.
［析］advice为不可数名词。some可用于可数或不可数名词之前。
31 There are two foreign friends in the park. One ＿＿＿is from Japan, is from America.
A other B others C the other D the others?
［答案］C.
［析］因为是两者中的一个，所以另一个应用单数特指代词。?
32 Are there ＿＿＿on the table
A some cups B any cup C some cup D any cups?
［答案］D.
［析］此句是疑问句，应用any cups, 因提问时的be动词用的是are。
33 I've just bought five stamps. One is a German stamp, ＿＿＿are American stamps.
A the other B the others C other D others?
［答案］B.
［析］此空应填入主语。又因其范围已定，所以应选特指的代名词。the other只能用作单数，而others是泛指复数代名词，故只能选B。
34 It was＿＿＿ fine day that they went to the park.
A a so B so a C such a D a such?
［答案］C.
［析］在单数可数名词前可以有两种表达法，即such+不定冠词+形容词+可数名词单数形式，如：such a good day，或者用so加形容词+不定冠词+可数名词单数，如：so good a day.
35 At that time the train was slow and noisy. So＿＿＿people liked taking trains.
A little B a little C few D a few?
［答案］C.
［析］这是英文的表达法与中文不同之处。中文讲只有少数人喜欢坐火车，英文要选用“few”。
36 We must help and understand each＿＿＿.
A other B another C others D the other?
［答案］A.
［析］each other意为“互相”，是习惯用语。
37 ＿＿＿is difficult to walk on the moon.
A Man B One C That D It?
［答案］D.
［析］这里的真正主语应为不定式to walk on the moon.而形式主语只能用it.
38 Jane has sent several letters, but ＿＿＿of them have been answered.
A all B both C either D none?
［答案］D.
［析］several letters意为“若干信件”，应看作多于两者，则在A、D中作选择，仅D符合句意。
39 I don't know ＿＿＿about the new headmaster.
A something B everything C nothing D anything?
［答案］D.
［析］否定句中应用anything.
40＿＿＿ of the students in the whole class could do this physics question.
A No B None C Not D Neither?
［答案］B.
四、 形容词、副词?
(一) 知识概要?
形容词的用法很活跃，在英语中用处也很多，但英语中修饰可数名词和不可数名词的修饰语和词组有时不同，要特别加以注意。下面将初中学习阶段中遇到的修饰可数名词的词和词组归纳如下：many, no, several, some, a few, a lot, lots, plenty, plenty of, a lot of, a large number of, enough。而修饰不可数名词的词或词组如下：much, no, some, a lot, a great deal, lots, plenty, a lot of, plenty of。?其中some, no, a lot of, plenty of既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词。?英语中形容词与副词有原级、比较级、最高级之分，其规则如下：?
构词法 原 级 比较级 最高级 加er，或est Tall
young taller
younger
tallest
youngest
只加r或st nice
large
nicer
larger
nicest
largest
重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音 字母时双写该字母加er、est big
fat
hot
bigger
fatter
hotter
biggest
fattest
hottest
不规则变化的形容词或副词：
原 级 比较级 最高级
good better best
Well better best
bad worse worst
badly worse worst
many more most
most more most
little less lest
far farther
further
farthest
furthest
old older
elder
oldest
eldest
要注意的是许多形容词同时又是副词，如：back, all, alone, either, far, high, slow等。而有些形容词则要经过一定变化才能转为副词，其规律如下：
构词法 形容词 副 词
一般加ly Careful
kind
carefully
kindly
尾是y时将y变成i加ly Happy
busy
easy
Happily
busily
easily
其 他 true
terrible
full
possible
shy
whole
truly
terribly
fully
possibly
shyly
wholly
在学习过程中要注意其变化。?
此外并不是所有副词都可以修饰比较级和最高级形容词。能修饰比较级的有：much, yet, far, still, a great deal, even 和a little. 能修饰最高级的有：the very, much the, far等。?
(二) 正误辨析?
［误］ The young likes playing football very much.?
［正］ The young like playing football very much.?
［析］ 定冠词加形容词表示一类人，应作复数看待。而定冠词加形容词表示抽象事物时则要看作单数，如：The beautiful is not always kindness.美丽并不总代表善良。?
［误］ The danger has gone, so the worst are over.?
［正］ The danger has gone, so the worst is over.?
［析］ 意为："危险已经过去，最困难的状况已结束。"用定冠词加最高级形容词作主语时应看作单数形式。?
［误］ It is the gold age of the young.?
［正］ It is the golden age of the young.?
［析］ golden在英语中多用于比喻，如：golden hair金发，gulden voice金嗓子。而gold多用于表达金质的，如：a gold bar金条，a gold coin金币，但gold fish 金鱼例外。
［误］ She is a warm heart woman.?
［正］ She is a warm?hearted woman.?
［析］ 英语形容词的构词法很多，其中之一是由形容词，或数词，加名词加ed构成，如：?warm?hoarted 热心肠的，white?haired 白毛的?
［误］ There is an alive fish in the pool.?
［正］ There is a living fish in the pool.?
［析］ 在初中范围内所学到的以a字母开头的形容词一般不能作定语，只能作表语。如：The fish is alive.(鱼还活着)这样的形容词有：alive, alike, alone, asleep, afraid, awake等。?
［误］ The ill man nearly died.?
［正］ The sick man nearly died.?
［析］ ill一般不作定语来形容某人有病，而要用sick，但作表语时则都可以。如：He is ill sick, ill作定语时则另有他意，如：ill luck (厄运)，ill nature(天性恶劣),ill temper(心绪不好)?
［误］ I have important something to tell you.?
［正］ I have something important to tell you.?
［析］ 不定代词something, anyone, somebody…在用形容词修饰时，形容词应放其后。但要注意thing则不是不定代词，不符合上述规律。如：I have an important thing to tell you.?
［误］ I'll be free on next Sunday.?
［正］ I'll be free next Sunday.?
［析］ 在表达将来时的时候：next Sunday, next week, next year或last Sunday last week, last year前都不加介词。?
［误］ The girl is two?year old.?
［正］ The girl is two years old.?
［正］ She is a two?year?old girl??
［析］ 由连字符连接若干名词、数词……组成的形容词，在学习时要记住两点，其一是这些词中的名词都不要用复数形式，如：two?thousand?word report(两千字的报告)；其二是这样构成的形容词只能作定语，即用于名词之前，而不能作表语。?
［误］ The foreigners like those little beautiful Chinese paintings.?
［正］ The foreigners like those beautiful little Chinese paintings.?
［析］ 在名词前若有几个形容词作修饰语时，其顺序如下。?
1. 指示代词，定冠词 2. 数量词 3. 性质词 4. 大小? 5. 形状 6. 老少，新旧 7. 颜色 8. 材料?
但要注意的是英语的习惯是一个名词前的形容词一般不要多于三个。?
如： What a pretty little white horse!
Those first few short English stories were not difficult to understand. ?
［误］ The best way to learn English good is to speak with Englishman every day.
［正］ The best way to learn English well is to speak with Englishman every day.
［析］ good是形容词，这里是修饰动词speak的，所以应用副词well，但well作形容词讲时只作身体好。如：He is well.(他身体很好)。He is good.(他是个好人)。?
［误］ The children play on the grass nappyly.?
［正］ The children play on the grass happily??
［析］ 多音节y结尾的形容词变为副词时应将y变为i再加ly.?
［误］ The teacher looked angry at the students.?
［正］ The teacher looked angrily at the students.?
［析］ 英语中感观动词后面要接形容词，这时它是修饰主语的，如：The food smells good.食物闻起来很香。The teacher looked angry 老师看起来很生气。? 而此句的意思为："老师生气地看着学生"，所以应用副词形式。?
［误］ He worked with me friendly.?
［正］ He was friendly to me.?
［析］ 不是所有结尾是ly的词都是副词，但friendly是形容词，这样的词还有lovely, lonely, costly, lively…monthly weekly…。但其中有些词既是副词，又是形容词，如：early, hourly, monthly…?
［误］ You can speak free in front of your friends.?
［正］ You can speak freely in front of your friends.?
［析］ free作为形容词意为"自由的，有空闲的，免费的"。作为副词讲则是"免费"之意。而freely作为副词则是"自由的，随便的"。这些要注意的词还有：?hard 努力，艰苦 hardly 几乎不 late 迟，晚?lately 最近的，最新的 near 近 nearly 几乎?like 像 likely 几乎?
［误］ They must have arrived till now.?
［正］ They must have arrived by now.?
［析］ by now是用于表达到目前为止某一动作已经发生，所以应用瞬间动词。而till now是强调某一动作一直持续到现在，所以一定要用持续性动词。?must have+过去分词是对过去某一事情所作的肯定推测。?
［误］ Someone called you right now.?
［正］ Someone called you just now.?
［析］ just now有两个意思，其一是"刚才"，其二是"现在"，而right now只能用于现在的状态。just则用于完成时态，如： I have just finished my homework.?
［误］ My father will be back from America at present.?
［正］ My father will be back from America presently.?
［析］ presently有两个意思：其一是最近，不久，其二在美语中是现在之意，与at present相同。而for the present为暂时，如： I teach English in the school for the present.
［误］ I'll be back at the moment.?
［正］ I'll be back in a moment.?
［析］ at the moment 其意为"现在，当时"，而in a moment意为"马上过一会"，与in a minute意思相近。?
［误］ The train from Shanghai will arrive here in time.?
［正］ The train from Shanghai will arrive here on time.?
［析］ on time为"准时"，而in time有两个含意。其一是"及时"，如：The doctor arrived in time。其二是"将来，终究"。?
［误］ I met an old friend sometimes last month.?
［正］ I met an old friend sometime last month.?
［析］ Sometime 过去，或者将来某时。?Sometimes 有时?
如： Sometimes I go to school by bus. Some time 一些时间 ?
如： I need sometime to do my homework. Some times 几次 ?
如： I went to Shanghai sometimes this month.
at times 有时，偶尔
at all times 经常
some other time 改天 ?
［误］ I had met an old friend three days ago.?
［正］ I had met an old friend three days before.?
［正］ I met an old friend three days ago.?
* ago 用在时间状语中时，主句中谓语动词一般用过去时，而before用于时间状语时则主句的谓语动词宜用完成时态。?
［误］ He studied very hard. and at the end he passed the exam.?
［正］ He studied very hard, and in the end he passed the exam.?
［析］ in the end＝at last 意为"最终，终于"，表达经过若干努力而达到的结果。而at the end是在某事的结束时如何如何，如：At the end of class, the teacher gave us some story books。?
［误］ I will come here to help you each three days.?
［正］ I will come here to help you every three days.?
［析］ every three days 为"每三天"，即每隔二天，而every other day为每隔一天。
［误］ He didn't go to the cinema yesterday. and I didn't go, too.?
［正］ He didn't go to the cinema yesterday and I didn't go either.?
［析］ 英语中表示"也"，有4个字，also, as well, too, either，但either用于否定句中，而前3个用于肯定句中。在肯定句中too与as well一般要用在句尾，而also则可用于句中。如：She went to the party and her boy friend went there too. 又如： I've also read her other novels.?
［误］ We should help the poor girl in anyway.?
［正］ We should help the poor girl in any way.?
［析］ anyway为"不管怎么"讲，"无论如何"，如：What a terrible accident, anyway no one was hurt.?
any way 为"任何方式"。这种常见的错误还发生在以下几组词中，如：?
everyday 日常的 every day 每天?
faraway 遥远的 far away 远离?
altogether 总计 all together 一块，大家一起?
already 已经 all ready 全准备好了?
［误］ You can come to the doctor's at anytime.?
［正］ You can come to the doctor's at any time.?
［析］ anytime 是副词 而any time中的time是名词。?
［误］ She said nearly nothing.?
［正］ She said almost nothing.?
［析］ nearly 与 almost的含意相近，在很多场合可以互换，但在否定词前用almost。
［误］ There are too much mistakes in your homework.?
［正］ There are too many mistakes in your homework.?
［析］ too much 后接不可数名词，如：There is too much water for the flowers. 而too many 后加可数名词，much too 后面加形容词，如：It is much too difficult to learn English well.?
［误］ It is late enough that we can go home now.?
［正］ It is late enough for us to go home now.?
［析］ 要注意的是enough后面一般不接从句而接不定式，或不定式的复合结构：for somebody to do something。?
［误］ The twins are very alike.?
［正］ The twins are much alike.?
［析］ 用a为首字母的形容词不能用very修饰，一般要用much来修饰。?
［误］ - How long does he write to his parents
- Once a week. ?
［正］ - How often does he write to his parents
- Once a week. ?
［析］ 英文与中文表达法不同，隔多长时间办一次某事，实际上问的是该事发生的频率，所以要用how often。?
［误］ As soon as I arrive in New York, I'll call up you.?
［正］ As soon as I arrive in New York, I'll call you up.?
［析］ 当动词词组的宾语是人称代词时则一定要放于动词之后，如果是名词则可以放在词组其后。?如：I want to watch TV. Please turn on the TV. 也可以讲： Please turn the TV on.?
［误］ He drove quickly his new car.?
［正］ He drove his new car quickly.?
［析］ 副词在句中的位置很活，但主要有以下几种用法：①实意动词之前，如：He quickly give me the answer. ② 在be动词之后，如：The little boy is often late for class. ③ 第一助动词之后，如：This book has almost been finished. ④ 在单独使用的be动词和助动词之前，如： Can you help me this afternoon ?I certainly can.?但是无论如何也不能将副词置于动词与宾语之间，如果是宾语从句或是很长的名词
词组作宾语则才可以这样用：?
He heard clearly what the teacher said.?
［误］ The children came late yesterday to the cinema.?
［正］ The children came late to the cinema yesterday.?
［析］ 表示一定长度的时间的副词不应放于句中，可放于句尾。如果表示强调则可放于句首。
［误］ You have few new books, haven't you ?
［正］ you have few new books, have you ?
［析］ 英语中的数量形容词有两组。修饰可数名词的有few(很少，几乎没有)，a few(有一些，几个)；修饰不可数名词的有little (很少，几乎没有)，a little(有一点，有一些)。要注意的是当few和little用于句中时应看作否定句，而 a few 和a little 用于句中时则应看作是肯定句。
［误］ He spent quite little money on his food.?
［正］ He spent quite a little money on his food.?
［析］ quite a 为一固定用法，其意为"十分，相当，所以"。 quite a few＝many, quite a little＝much 而only a little＝little, only a few=few.?
［误］ Do you want to have many bread ?
［正］ Do you want to have some bread ?
［析］ some与any都可以用作形容词、副词或代词，在一般情况下，some用于肯定句，any用于疑问句和否定句，但在希望得到肯定答复时，应用some。 其次是some 可以用来修饰可数名词和不可数名词。?
［误］ Please tell me where the shoes shop is ?
［正］ Please tell me where the shoe shop is.?
［析］ 在用名词作修饰词来修饰另一名词时，这个作修饰词的名词应用单数形式，如：?
a shoe shop 鞋店
a fruit shop 水果店
a book shop 书店?
a post office 邮局
a police station 警察局
a bus stop 汽车站?
［误］ He is weak at physics.?
［正］ He is weak in physics.?
［析］ 在表达擅长于作某事时用be good at something, 而其反意词为be bad at something， 但be weak in something。?
［误］ This dictionary is worth to buy.?
［正］ This dictionary is worth buying.?
［析］ be worth 后可接动、名词表达值得作某事，又可接价格、金钱表示值多少钱。?
［误］ Don't afraid of that.?
［正］ Don't be afraid of that.?
［析］ afraid 在英文中是形容词而不是动词。这样的词组还有：?
be afraid of 害怕 be careful of 小心?
be certain of 有把握，确定 be sure of 确信?
be glad of 高兴 be sick of 厌恶?
be fond of 喜欢?
［误］ The work has already been done well.?
［正］ The work has already been well done.?
［析］ well 与badly作副词时，表示好坏，如果句子是被动语态，则应放在过去分词之前，如：This machine has been badly damaged. 如果句子是主动语态，则应放于句末，如：I did my homework well.?
［误］ We are yet in the classroom now.?
［正］ We are already in the classroom now.?
［析］ already主要用于肯定句，而yet多用于否定句和疑问句中，如：
Did you finish it No. not yet.?
［误］ Look. Here comes he!?
［正］ Look! Here he comes!?
［误］ Look! Here the bus comes!?
［正］ Look! Here comes the bus!?
［析］ 在句子开头用Here时，如主语是人称代词则不要用倒装语序，如果主语是名词则要用倒装语序。?
［误］ She is my older sister.?
［正］ She is my elder sister.?
［析］ elder 和eldest是用来指家庭中兄弟姐妹的长幼关系，而older, oldest 则是指岁数大多少，如：She is three years older than I.?
［误］ I'm tired. I can't go further.?
［正］ I'm tired. I can't go farther.?
［析］ far有两个比较级 farther 较远的，further 进一步的，如：Do you need any further explanation 你需要进一步的解释吗 当然它也有两个最高级。farthest和furthest.?
［误］ I went to Beijing University five years before.?
［正］ I went to Beijing University five years ago.?
［析］ ago常与过去时连用，而before则多与完成时连用。?
［误］ - Have you finished your homework
- No, not already. ?
［正］ - Have you finished your homework
- No, not yet. ?
［析］ 仍然有三个英文字可以表达它们是already， yet 与 still。 要注意的是 already经常用于肯定句中，如The bus has already gone。 而yet 多用于疑问句和否定句中，如：Have you finished your homework yet 而still则常用于主语与谓语动词之间，如：We still can't decide what to do. 但也有时用于be 动词之后，如：He is still here.?
［误］ He is very higher than I am.?
［正］ He is much higher than I am.?
［析］ much可以用来修饰比较级，而very则用来修饰形容词原级，如：I'm very tired.
［误］ - Can I walk to the station - You'd better not. It is very far. ?
［正］ - Can I walk to the station
- You'd better not, It is a long way. ?
［析］ for一般用在疑问句与否定句中，如：How far is it from here to the station 又如：It isn't far.?
［误］ I've ever been to America.?
［正］ I've been to America once.?
［析］ once 多用于肯定句，而ever则用于疑问句，否定句，及条件状语从句中，如：Have you ever been to London ?
［误］ - Could you pass the exam this time
- No, I am not afraid so. ?
［正］ - Could you pass the exam this time
- No, I'm afraid not. ?
［析］ 在肯定的答语中我们可以用so来代替上句所讲的事件，如：Do you think she is a good student Yes I think so, /I hope so, /I believe so/ I'm afraid so.但在否定的答语中，英语口语的习惯用法则有所不同，如，I don't think so 而在hope, belive 与 afraid后则常用not， 如：I hope not.?
［误］ She didn't work enough hard, so she couldn't pass the exam.?
［正］ She didn't work hard enough, so she couldn't pass the exam.?
［析］ enough 可以作名词用，如：Enough has been said for how to learn English well. (对于如何学好英语已经讲的足够多了。)?另外它可以作为形容词，如：I have enough money (or money enough) to buy this dictionary. 注意 enough作为形容词时即可放于名词前又可放于名词后，在初中范围的考题中多用于名词之前。如果enough 作为副词用，那么它一定要放在被修饰的形容词或副词之后。?
［误］ You can't be very careful.?
［正］ You can't be too careful.?
［析］ 此句话的含意是你如何小心也不过分。too…to的用法是"太……以至于不能作某事"。但在实际应用时也常常将后面的to省去，如：It is too expensive for me.那对我来讲是太贵了。?
［误］ He is good past fifty.?
［正］ He is well past fifty.?
［析］ well 作为副词用时除用于"好"之外还有"大大地、远远地"，等意。往往有人对下面两句的对或错有争议；?
He is well.?
He is good.?
其实这两句都是正确的表达法，只不过其含意不同。He is well是"他身体不错"，而He is good 则为"他是个好人"。?
［误］ She is not as half clever as her brother.?
［正］ She is not half as clever as her brother.?
［析］ 在as…as结构中要将修饰形容词的数量词倍数及nearly, almost, exactly… 等置?于第一?个as之前。?
［误］ He is same age as Tom.?
［正］ He is the same age as Tom.?
［析］ the same…as是固定的用法，其中定冠词the是不可省也不能换成别的词的。?
［误］ Mother and her daughter are exactly like.?
［正］ Mother and her daughter are exactly alike.?
* like 作为介词，其意为"像"，应用于 look like, be like, sound like, 其后要加宾语。而 ?alike? 是形容词，或副词，如: You and I think alike. The twins are dressed alike。 但 alike 仅作表语而不能用于名词前作定语。?
［误］ Who is taller of the two ?
［正］ Who is the taller of the two ?
［析］ 两者的比较级之前要加定冠词。?
［误］ I have less books than Tom.?
［正］ I have fewer books than Tom.?
［析］ less 是 little的比较级，而fewer是few的比较级。less后应加不可数名词而fewer后是可数名词。?
［误］ There are three girls in my group. The cleverer is Mary.?
［正］ There are three girls in my group. The cleverest is Mary.?
［析］ 在两者之间应用比较级，在三者之间或三者以上的范围内应用最高级。?
［误］ The boy sat there as quiet as his sister.?
［正］ The boy sat there as quietly as his sister.?
［析］ as…as的用法要注意的是：①在其中间应加形容词或副词的原级，而不可加比较级，也有的语法书中称为同级比较。②要根据句意决定是加形容词还是副词，这要看它具体是修饰动词还是名词而定，如：He is as good as his friend.?
［误］ The harder you study, and you can learn more.?
［正］ The harder you study, the more you can learn.?
［析］ 英文中如果要表达越来越怎样，在初中范围有两种表达法：①比较级+and+比较级。②定冠词+比较级……，如：The nights are getting longer and longer。 要注意的是多音节形容词的比较级前要加more，这样的用法是：more and more 加形容词，如：The girl is growin