●Self—assessment
I. 单项选择：
1. ___ is announced in today’s paper, they have succeeded in solving many problems in accordance with the new theory.
A. It B. That C. What D. As
2. The famous scientist was going out _____ he found himself surrounded by lots of young people.
A. when???? B. before?????? C. while???? D. after
3. They live on their small farm ____ the family with corn.
A. providing to?? B. provided?? C. providing?? D. provided to
4. I don’t know if he ____ us; if he ____, I’ll let you know.
A. will come and help; comes???? B. comes and helps; will come
C. will come and help; will come?? D. comes and helps; comes
5. – Let’s go skating, shall we?
--That’s not a good idea; the ice is too thin _____ your weight.
A. to bear??? B. bearing?? C. bore?? D. born
6. – Are you married?
--No, still______.
A. one??? B. single??? C. separate??? D. myself.
7. When _______ America and Britain, this famous writer said that the same language _____ the two people.
A. talking of; separates?? B. talked of; separated?
? C. talking; separates?? D. talks; separates
8. She tried _______, but failed; now she could do nothing but wait till her husband came.
A. to search the pockets her key?? B. searching her keys for her pockets
C. searching the pockets for her keys? D. to search her keys for the pockets
9. They all say TITANIC is a good movie which is worth ______second time.
A. seeing the??? B. seeing a?? C. to see a?? D. being seen the
10. They were walking around the town _______ a place for the party.
A. in search of??? B. to search?? C. searching?? D. searched for
11. I was about to leave the house ____the telephone rang.
A. before??? B. when???? C. while????? D. after
12. Thanks is a common _____ used in English. You can never use it too much.
A. word????? B. words? C. expression???? D. expressing
13. However much ______, it will be worth it.
A. does the watch cost??????? B. costs the watch
C. the watch will cost??????? D. the watch costs
14. – You were______ to give us a hand.
?? ---Sorry. I _______ delayed by the traffic.
A. hoped; was??????????? B. hoping ; have been
C. supposed; was????????? D. supposing; have been
15. – I had to pay ten dollars for this bowl.
?? ---It’s probably ________.
A. worth??? B. worth so???? C. worth them??? D. worth it
II. 根据对话内容及所给单词首字母写出单词的正确形式。
W: Hi. I’d like to know something about idiom. Could you please tell me?
M: With pleasure. An idiom is a group of words or an (1)e_________ whose meaning often cannot be understood by looking at the meanings of the (2)s_________ words in it. Its meaning can be completely different from the meanings of its (3)c_________ . It you can’t recognize when an idiom is being used, you can (4)m_________ what you read or hear spoken.
W: Then where do many idioms come from?
M: They mostly come from the Bible which was first written in Hebrew and then translated in to Greek. However, many idioms have either lost their (5)o_________ meanings or have only a vague or loose (6)c_________ to Hebrew or Greek idioms.
W: What meanings do Biblical idioms have?
M: Biblical idioms originally had (7)s_________ and clear meanings because they were often meant to (8)u_________ the moral of a story and to give audiences an image to help them to understand the story better. And there are also many idioms from the Bible that use animals to create an image. Another focus of Biblical idioms is often food or things (9)r_________ to food.
W: Should we master as many Biblical idioms as possible?
M: Of course. Idioms are an important part of language and are used in everything. Studying them can help improve you comprehension, and by learning enough important idioms, you can develop a high level of (10)c_________ in your communication skills.
W: Thanks for telling me so much about idioms.
M: You’re welcome.
III. 根据文章内容，用方框中所给词的正确形式填空：
The White Horse Temple is (1) in LuoYang, Henan province in the (2) east of China. There is a story about the temple.
The emperor Mingdi of the Eastern Han Dynasty dreamt of Buddha, so he (3) a group of officials to go on his behalf as agents to India to find more information about Buddha. The officials tralelled to central Asia and met two Indian monks, who were then invited to China to give lectures on Buddhism. The two monks travelled on a white horse to Luoyang, carrying their few (4) , some Buddihist readings and images of Buddha. The following year, the monks were given suites that were newly built in the Honglu Temple, which was then renamed the White Horse Temple because of the white horse the two monks travelled on.
The White Horse Temple is very (5) and varied in its (6). There is a 13-storey pagoda called the Qiyun Pagoda. It is said if you stand about 20 metres away from it and clap your hands, you will hear the sounds (7) and multiplied from the roof so that it sounds like frogs croaking.
The White Horse Temple is the oldest Buddhist temple in use in China. It has been through many changes because of war and (8). A new temple was built to represent the friendship between India and China because it was from India that Buddhism came to China.
The White Horse Temple is (9) to Chinese people and history. It is one of the most famous tourist (10) in Luoyang and will remain a popular sightseeing destination.
IV. 书面表达：
据报道，圣诞节这个原本是西方的传统节日在中国愈来愈受到青睐。为此，已有学者发出倡议，号召国人慎对圣诞，抵制西方文化扩张。请以“Do We Need to Fear the Popularity of Christmas?”为题，用英语写一篇120词左右的短文，要点如下：
1. 圣诞节已成为年轻人推崇的时尚。
2. 中国传统的节日正渐渐淡出年轻人的生活。
3. 你认为对待西方文化应持的态度。
Do We Need to Fear the Popularity of Christmas?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Keys:
I. 1-5 DACAA 6-10 BACBA 11-15 BCDCD
II. (1) expression (2) separate (3) components (4) misunderstand (5) original
(6) connection (7) straightforward (8) underline (9) related (10) competence
III. (1) located (2) central (3) instructed (4) possessions (5) interesting
(6) architecture (7) repeated (8) destruction (9) important (10) attractions
IV. Do We Need to Fear the Popularity of Christmas?
Nowadays Christmas Day is becoming more and more popular with Chinese youngsters. They celebrate and enjoy it in various ways. Meanwhile they don’t know and don’t care much about the traditional Chinese festivals. Some people are worrying that the increasing popularity of Christmas might, take people's attention from traditional festivals in China. As far as I’m concerned, there is no need to have fears over culture expansion. Youngsters are interested in new things, but it doesn't mean they are turning their backs on Chinese traditional culture.
However, we should stay cool while celebrating western festivals, We should bear in mind the cultural, value of celebrating our own traditional festivals, for if we let our traditions disappear, there will be a cultural gap, which Western values may fill. (128 words)
课件44张PPT。Unit4Grammar and usageComplicated sentencesLook at the following sentences.
Can you point out the subjects
and predicates of them?I’ll come back in three days.There are many students in our school.In the above sentences, the
subjects are I and many students,
and the predicates are will come
back and are. The two sentences
are both simple sentences.Can you analyse the following
sentences? How many simple
sentences are there in them?Aunt really enjoyed France and
so did I.Society has changed and the
people in it have changed too.There are two simple sentences in
each of the above sentences, and
the conjunction and is used to
connect the two sentences. This
kind of sentence is called a
compound sentence. Look at the following sentences:If it hadn’t been for their help, we
couldn’t have finished the work
on time.I wonder if your wife will
go to the ball. The two sentences are complex
sentences. The main clauses are
we couldn’t have finished the work
on time and I wonder, and the
subordinate clause are If it hadn’t
been for their help and if your wife
will go to the ball.Look at another sentence:He completed a masterpiece and
as this is the focus of the exhibition,
I would like you to find out about it.In this sentence, and links two
sentences. The sentence before
and is a simple sentence, while
the sentence after and is a
complex sentence. In the complex
sentence, the main clause is I would
like you to find out about it, and as
this is the focus of the exhibition is
used as an adverbial clause. This kind of sentence is called a
complex-compound sentence. The general structure of types of
sentences:1. the simple sentence:subject + predicate2. the compound sentence:subject + predicate + and/but/or/for
+ subject + predicate3. the complex sentence:main clause + subordinate clause4. the complex-compound sentence:the simple sentence + and/but/or
+ the complex sentence高考链接 See the flags on top of the building?
That was ___ we did this morning.
(2006全国I)A. when B. which C. where D. what2. ____ he has limited technical knowledge,
the old worker has a lot of experience.
(2006全国I)A. Since B. Unless C. As D. although3. Please remind me ___ he said he was
going, I may be in time to see him off.
(2006全国I)A. where B. when C. how D. what4. It was not until she got home ___
Jennifer realized she had lost her keys.
(2006全国II)A. when B. that C. where D. before5. We thought there were 35 students in
the dining hall, ___, in fact, there were 40.
(2006全国II)A. while B. whether C. what D. which ---What did your parents think about
your decision? (2006全国II)--- They always let me do ___ I think I
should.A. when B. that C. how D. what7. —Scientists say it may be five or six
years it is possible to test this
medicine on human patients. (2004福建)A．since B．after C．Before D．when Parents are taught to understand
______ important education is to their
children’s future. (2004广东)A. that B. how C. such D. so I work in a business _________ almost
everyone is waiting for a great chance.
(2004湖南)A. how B. which C. where D. that10. I think Father would like to know ____
I've been up to so far, so I decide to
send him a quick note. (2004湖南)A. which B. why C. what D. howConsolidationI. Multiple choice: Her sister has become a lawyer, she
wanted to be.A．who B．that C．What D．which2. We were told that we should follow the
main road we reached the central
railway station .A．whenever B．until
C．while D．wherever 3. The factory produces half a million
pairs of shoes every year , 80%
are sold abroad .A．of which B．which of
C．of them D．of that 4. The English play _______ my students
acted at the New Year's party was a
great success.for which B. at which
C. in which D. on which5. Roses need special care _____ they
can live through winter. because B. so that
C. even if D. as6. —Is that the small town you often refer to?—Right, just the one you know I
used to work for years.A．that B．which C．where D．what
7. There were dirty marks on her trousers
______ she had wiped her hands.A. where B. which C. when D. that8. _____you call me to say you' re not
coming, I'll see you at the theatre.Though B. Whether
C. Until D. Unless9. The journey around the world took the
old sailor nine months, _____ the sailing
time was 226 days.of which B. during which
C. from which D. for which10. I hope you don’t mind me asking,
_____ where did you buy those shoes?A. so B. and C. yet D. but11. I do every single bit of housework
_____ my husband Bob just does
the dishes now and then.A. since B. while C. when D. as12. —Did Jack come back early last night?—Yes. It was not yet eight o’clock
he arrived home.A．before B．when
C．that D．until13. The old lady’s hand shook frequently.
She explained to her doctor ______
this shaking had begun half a year before,
and _____, only because of this, she
had been forced to give up her job.when; how B. how; when
C. how; how D. why; why14. Mark was a student at this university
from 1999 to 2003, ____ , he studied
very hard and was made Chairman
of the Students' Union. during which time B. for which time
C. during whose time D. by that time15. After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling
the earth, _______ our astronauts desire
to do is walk in space. where B. what
C. that D. how 16. _____ modeling business is by no
means easy to get into, the good
model will always be in demand.A. While B. Since C. As D. If17. Anyway, that evening, ____ I’ll tell you
more about later, I ended up staying
at Rachel’s place.when B. where
C. what D. which18. Great changes have taken place in that
school. It is no longer ______ it was 20
years ago, ______ it was so poorly equipped.what; when B. that; which
C. what; which D. which; that19. You must keep on working in the
evening, ______ you are sure you can
finish the task in timeA. as B. if C. when D. unless20. That was really a splendid evening.
It’s years ______ I enjoyed myself
so much..when B. that
C. before D. sinceII. Translation:1. 有许多种运动,但我最喜欢的是游泳。There are many kinds of sports,
but my favorite is swimming .2. 你说每个人都是平等的，这是我不同意之处。You are saying that everyone should
be equal, and this is where I disagree.3. 他必须写一篇历史论文,可他找不到时间写。He had to write a history paper, but
he couldn't find time to do it.4. 我不能理解为什么他坚持骑摩托车去。 I can't understand why they insist
on going by motorbike.5. 几个星期过去了，我才意识到这幅画失踪了。Several weeks had gone by before I
realized the painting was missing.6. 无论什么时候你都可以在我的饭店免费吃饭。You can eat food free in my restaurant
whenever you like.Language points 1. burden: noun [C] <1> a heavy load that you carry: The little donkey struggled under its
heavy burden. 这头小驴在重担下挣扎着。<2> something difficult or unpleasant
that you have to deal with or worry about: My elderly mother worries that she's
a burden to me. 我年迈的母亲担心她是我的负担。burdensome ?adjective FORMAL causing difficulties or work: a burdensome task难于负担的工作burden ?? verb [T] I don't want to burden (= trouble)
you with my problems.我不想用我的问题来麻烦你。2. bear: verb [T]
bore, borne or US ALSO born <1> to hold or support something: The chair, too fragile to bear her weight,
collapsed.这把椅子太易坏了不能承受她的重量,
结果塌了。<2> to have or continue to have something: Their baby bears a strong resemblance
/an uncanny likeness to its grandfather 他们的孩子非常像它的祖父。Thank you for your advice, I'll bear it
in mind (= will remember and consider it).谢谢你的建议, 我将把它记在心里。<3> to accept, tolerate or endure especially something unpleasant: Tell me now! I can't bear the suspense! 现在就告诉我! 我不能忍受悬念。It's your decision - you must bear the
responsibility if things go wrong. 这是你的决定—如果出问题,你必须
承担责任。[+ to infinitive]
He couldn't bear to see the dog in pain. 他不能忍受看到狗痛苦。[+ ing form of verb]
I can't bear being bored. 我不能忍受有人烦我。bearable ?adjective If an unpleasant situation is bearable,
you can accept or deal with it: As far as she was concerned, only the
weekends made life bearable.就她而言, 只有周末才使生活可以忍受。 3. consult: verb <1> [T] to get information or advice from
a person, book, etc. with special knowledge
on a particular subject: If the symptoms get worse, consult
your doctor. 如果这些症状变得严重的话, 向医生请教。<2> [I or T] to discuss something with
someone before you make a decision: Why didn't you consult me about this? 关于这件事你为什么不和我协商?consultant ?noun [C] someone who advises people on a
particular subject: a management/financial/computer consultant 管理/金融/电脑顾问consultation noun [C] a meeting to discuss something or
to get advice: After consultations with our accountants,
we've decided how to cut costs within the
company. 在和我们的会计协商之后, 我们决定了
怎样在公司内部削减费用。4. sacrifice: (KILL) ?? verb [I or T] to give up something that is valuable
to you in order to help another person: Many women sacrifice their careers
for their family. 许多女性为她们的家庭牺牲事业。noun [C or U] We had to make sacrifices in order to
pay for our children's education. 我们必须作出牺牲为孩子们的教育负费。Thank you!课件27张PPT。Unit4ProjectReporting on a historic religious siteYou must know very well about
Journey to the West. This is a
story related to Buddhism. Now let’s
enjoy the most moving plot in it. Today we will read a passage about
a temple, which is also closely
related to Buddhism. Do you know any historic religious
sites in China?
Have you even visited any of these sites?Do you know which Buddhist temple
is the oldest in China?
Where is it located?
Have you ever heard any stories about it? The oldest Buddhist temple in China
is the White Horse Temple in
Luoyang, Henan Province. What will you write about if you want
to tell other people about a historic
religious site? The things that need to be covered
include, where the site is located,
when it was set up, why it was
set up, who set it up and its
importance in history. Read the article about
the oldest temple in China.
Skim the text and answer
the following questions: What is the name of the temple? Where is the temple located? The White Horse Temple. It is located in Luoyang, Henan
Province in the east central part
of China. Why is it called the White Horse Temple? To remind people of the white horse
that the Buddhist readings and images
had traveled on from India. Divide the article into several parts
and give the main idea for each part.Part 1 (Paragraph 1)
brief introduction of the
White Horse Temple Part 2 (Paragraphs 2-5) the story behind the templePart 3 (Paragraph 6)
the architecture of the
White Horse Temple Part 4 (Paragraphs 7-9)
the importance of
the White Horse TempleDiscussionDid you know about the White Horse
Temple before reading this article?
If yes, what did you know? If not,
what do you think of the temple now?Which historic religious site would
you choose to write about?How are you going to find information
out about the site?Language points1. interpret: verb [T] <1> to decide what the intended
meaning of something is: It's difficult to interpret these statistics
without knowing how they were obtained. 在不知道这些统计数字怎样获得的
情况下是难以解释的。interpretation ?noun [C or U] an explanation or opinion of what
something means: It is difficult for many people to accept
a literal interpretation of the Bible.对许多人来说接受圣经的字面解释
是很难的。interpreter ?noun [C] a noted interpreter 一个著名的口译者 2. instruct: verb [T + to infinitive] to order or tell
someone to do something, especially
in a formal way: The police have been instructed to
patrol the building and surrounding area. 警察被命令在这幢大楼和周围的地区巡逻。instruction ?? noun [C usually plural] The police who broke into the house
were only acting on/under instructions. 闯进这所房子的警察只是按指令行事。instructions ?? plural noun They need clear instructions on what
to do next.关于下一步做什么他们需要明确的说明。 3. behalf: noun on behalf of sb/on sb's behalf
representing; instead of: Please don't leave on my behalf
(= because of me).请不要因为我离开。4. centre: noun [C] <1> the middle point or part: the town centre 市中心centre UK, US center ?verb [T] to put something in the middle of an area: Centre all the headings in this document. 把所有的标题放在文件的中心。centre around/on sth phrasal verb to have something as the main subject
of discussion or interest: The discussion centred around reducing
waste.讨论集中在减少废物上。5. extension ?noun [C or U] We're building an extension to/on our house. 我们正在对房子进行扩建。extend (REACH) ?
verb [T; I usually + adverb or preposition] The Sahara Desert extends (= reaches)
for miles. 撒哈拉沙漠绵延好几英里。The pub has recently extended its opening
hours (= made them longer). 酒馆最近延长了营业时间。6. circumstance: noun <1> [C usually plural] a fact or event
that makes a situation the way it is: Under no circumstances should you
(= You must not) approach the man. 你在任何情况下决不能接近这个人。<2 > [U] FORMAL events that change
your life, over which you have no
control: They were victims of circumstance. 他们是命运的牺牲者。<3> circumstances how much money
someone has: By now she was alone and living in
reduced circumstances
(= with little money).到现在为止,她都是一个人生活在穷困中。Thank you!课件73张PPT。ReadingUnit4Biblical idioms in EnglishCan you guess the meanings of
the underlined words? A：Oh, my God! What happened? Why
are you black and blue?B：I got beaten by Peter’s brotherA：That’s a bad apple! Let’s think up a
way and teach him a lesson坏蛋 a bad apple:2. A：Give the skates to me!B：You shut up!A：If you don’t know how to skate, why
don’t you give the skates to me? Don’t
be a dog in the manger.a dog in the manger:占着茅坑不拉屎 3. A：There’s no point in losing temper on me.
It’s unfair! B：What did you do to him? A：If I did something bad, I wouldn’t blame
him for getting angry with me. The point
is that I did nothing wrong. B：Maybe he thought you reported him to
the manager.no point:没理由 4. A：I think it was Jason who stole my
document. B：Fat chance! A：He’s the only one who left here late. B：I know him. He’ll never do that sort
of thing.Fat chance:微小的机会；极少的可能 5. A：Where’s Annie? B：In the house. A：In the house? Where is she? B：Search me, I don’t know where
she is now. Search me:(非正式)不知道 Fast reading Go through the passage as
quickly as possible and try
to find answers to the three
questions in part A on Page 50. 1. What is an idiom?An idiom is a group of words or an
expression whose meaning often can
not be understood by looking at the
meanings of the separate words in it.2. Which languages was the Bible first
written in?In Hebrew. 3. Which idiom is often used to describe
children? ‘Apple of their parents’ eye’.Detailed readingRead the passage a second time and
complete Part C1.
(1) Why does the Bible have a lot of idioms?Because the Bible was first written in
Hebrew and then translated into Greek,
and many idioms are used in both of
them. Because the Bible was translated
into English hundreds of years ago, many
Hebrew or Greek idioms have become
part of the English language.(2) What did ‘by and by’ originally mean
in the Bible? Immediately.(4) How many years ago was the Bible
translated into English?(3) What does ‘by and by’ mean today? Before long.Hundreds of years ago.(5) What does ‘feet of clay’ mean?There is a hidden weakness in somebody
whom we admire or respect.(6) Which animals are featured in the
idioms in the article? Bird and calf.(7) Which foods are included in the idioms
in the article? Apple and salt. You can improve your comprehension
and develop a high level of competence
in communication skills.(8) How is studying idioms useful in
language learning?2. Read the article again and
complete Part C2. Sarah’s grandmother adores her;
Sarah is _____________________the apple of her grandmother’s eye.(2) Wilson was disappointed when he learnt
that the coach had _____________________feet of clay(3) She knew it might take a long time for
her teammates to change their minds,
but she believed that the new plan would
work __________by and by(4) The people in my village are very
honest and hard-working; they are
__________________the salt of the earth(5) When my brother came back home
from his trip to Europe, we
________________ for him.killed and fatted calf(6) She would not say who told her about
the surprise party. She just said,
‘_________________.’A little bird told meDiscussionDo you know any other
English idioms and their
origins? What are they?Do you know the origins of
any Chinese idioms?
What are they????Do you think understanding
idioms is an important part
of language learning?
Why or why not?ConsolidationFill in the blanks with proper
words according to the reading
material.W: Hi. I’d like to know something about
idiom. Could you please tell me? M: With pleasure. An idiom is a group
of words or an (1)e_________ whose
meaning often cannot be understood
by looking at the meanings of the
(2)s_________ words in it. Its meaning
can be completely different from the
meanings of its (3)c_________ . It you
can’t recognize when an idiom is being
used, you can (4)m_________ what
you read or hear spoken.xpressioneparateomponentsisunderstand W: Then where do many idioms come
from?M: They mostly come from the Bible
which was first written in Hebrew
and then translated in to Greek.
However, many idioms have either
lost their (5)o_________ meanings
or have only a vague or loose
(6)c_________ to Hebrew or Greek
idioms.riginalonnection W: What meanings do Biblical idioms have?M: Biblical idioms originally had
(7)s_________ and clear meanings
because they were often meant to
(8)u_________ the moral of a story
and to give audiences an image to
help them to understand the story
better. And there are also many idioms
from the Bible that use animals to
create an image. Another focus of
Biblical idioms is often food or things
(9)r_________ to food.traightforwardnderlineelatedW: Should we master as many Biblical
idioms as possible?M: Of course. Idioms are an important
part of language and are used in
everything. Studying them can help
improve you comprehension, and by
learning enough important idioms, you
can develop a high level of
(10)c_________ in your communication
skills.ompetence Language points1. expression: noun [C] a word or group of words used in
a particular situation or by
particular people: He uses a lot of unusual expressions. 他用了许多不同寻常的表达。?noun <1> [C or U] when you say what you
think or show how you feel using
words or actions: He wrote her a poem as an
expression of his love. 他给她写了一首诗作为他的爱的表达。She plays the violin with great
expression (= feeling). 她带着强烈的感情拉小提琴。<2> [C] the look on someone's face,
showing what they feel or think: I could tell from her expression that
something serious had happened. 我从她的表情可以判断发生了严重的事情。express: verb [T] <1> to show a feeling, opinion or fact: I would like to express my thanks
for your kindness. 我很想表达对你好意的感激。<2> express yourself to communicate what you think
or feel, by speaking or writing,
or in some other way: I'm afraid I'm not expressing
myself very clearly. 我恐怕我并不在清楚地表达我的想法。 2. separate ?? adjective existing or happening independently
or in a different physical space: I try to keep meat separate from
other food in the fridge. 我尽力把肉和冰箱里的其它食物分隔开来。?verb <1> [I or T] to (cause to) divide into parts: The north and south of the country
are separated by a mountain range. 这个国家的北部和南部被一座山脉分隔开来。<2> [I or T] to make people move
apart or into different places,
or to move apart: Somehow, in the rush to get out of
the building, I got separated from my
mother. 不知怎么地,在匆忙出大楼的时候，我和
母亲失散了。<3 > [T] to consider two people or things
as different or not related: You can't separate morality from
politics. 你不能把道德和政治分开。separately ?adverb Detectives interviewed the men
separately over several days. 在几天里侦探们分别接见了这些人。separation ?noun <1> [U] when two or more people
or things are separated: During the war many couples had
to endure long periods of
separation (= not being together). 在战争期间,许多夫妇不得不忍受长期的分离。<2> [C or U] an arrangement, often
legal, by which two married
people stop living together as
husband and wife: Couples may agree to divorce each
other after a separation. 在分居后，夫妇可以同意离婚。3. vague: adjective <1> not clearly expressed, known,
described or decided: I do have a vague memory of
meeting her many years ago. 我确实有许多年前遇到过她的模糊的记忆。<2> not clear in shape, or not clearly
seen: Through the mist I could just make
out a vague figure. 透过薄雾,我只能辨认出一个模糊的人影。<3> describes someone who is not
able to think clearly, or who,
sometimes as a way of hiding
what they really think, does not
express their opinions clearly: My aunt is incredibly vague - she can
never remember where she's left things. 我阿姨非常糊涂,总是不记得把东西放在
什么地方。vaguely adverb I vaguely remembered having met
her before. 我隐约记得以前见过她。vagueness ??noun [U]4. connection: noun <1> [C or U] when something joins or
is joined to something else, or the
part or process that enables this: It's no wonder your shaver isn't working.
There's a loose connection
(= a connecting wire has become loose)
in the plug. 难怪你的电动剃须刀不管用呢，插头松了。noun [C] The connection between smoking
and heart disease is well known. 抽烟和心脏病之间的关系人所共知。connect (JOIN) ? verb [I or T] to join or be joined with something else: Can I connect my printer to your
computer? 我可以把打印机连到你的电脑上吗?verb [T] to consider or show a person or
thing to be related to someone or
something else: She's an actress I connect with the
theatre rather than films. 她是一个我把她和戏剧而不是和电影
联系的演员。connected ?adjective They're not blood relations,
- they're only connected by marriage. 他们没有血缘关系---他们只是姻亲关系。 5. straightforward: adjective <1> easy to understand or simple: This is a straightforward job.这是一份很简单的工作。 <2> (of a person) honest and not
tending to hide their opinions: He is straightforward and let's you
know what he's thinking. 他很坦率,让你知道他的想法.straightforwardly ?? adverb He explained quite straightforwardly
that there wasn't enough work for us all.他很直接地解释说没有足够的工作给我们
所有的人。 6. underline: verb [T] (ALSO underscore) <1> to draw a line under a word,
especially in order to show its
importance: All the technical words have been
underlined in red. 所有的技术词汇都用红颜色划出来了。<2> to emphasize: To underline their disgust, the crowd
started throwing bottles at the stage.为了突出他们的厌恶,人群开始向舞台上扔瓶子。 7. audience: group noun [C] the group of people gathered in one place
to watch or listen to a play, film, someone
speaking, etc., or the (number of) people
watching or listening to a particular
television or radio programme, or reading
a particular book: The audience was/were clearly
delighted with the performance. 观众们很显然对这次的演出大为 高兴。8. waste: noun [S or U] <1> an unnecessary or wrong use of
money, substances, time, energy,
abilities, etc: She's been unemployed for two years
and it's such a waste of her talents. 她失业两年了，这是她的才能的浪费。<2> waste ground/land an area of
ground in or near a city which is
not built on, cultivated or used
in any way: His body had been dumped in an
area of waste land just outside the city. 他的尸体被抛在城市外面的荒地上。waste ??verb [T] to use too much of something or
use something badly when there
is a limited amount of it: Don't waste your money on me. 别把钱浪费在我身上。You're ??????your time trying to
persuade him; he'll never join us.
(1995全国) spending? B. wasting????
C. losing????? D. missing高考链接 9. luxury: noun <1> [U] great comfort, especially
as provided by expensive and
beautiful things: to live in luxury 过奢侈的生活<2> [C] something expensive which is
pleasant to have but is not necessary: I like to buy myself little luxuries
from time to time. 我不时地喜欢给自己买一些小的奢侈品。<3> [S or U] something which gives
you a lot of pleasure but which
you cannot often do: A day off work is such a luxury. 一天不上班是很难得的。luxurious ?? adjective very comfortable and expensive: They have a very luxurious house. 他们有一所非常豪华的房子。luxuriously ?adverb10. mend: verb [T] MAINLY UK to repair something that is broken
or damaged: Could you mend this hole in my shirt? 你能不能补一下我衬衫上的洞?mend your ways: to begin to behave well having
until now behaved badly后来他改邪归正,回家了。Later he mended his ways and
came home.11. refer: refer to sb/sth (DESCRIBE) phrasal verb to talk or write about someone or
something, especially briefly: He always refers to the house as
his "refuge". 他总是把他的房子称为“难民营”。refer sb to sth (DIRECT) phrasal verb to direct someone or something to
a different place or person for
information, help or action, often
to a person or group with more
knowledge or power: My doctor referred me to a hospital
specialist. 我的医生让我向医院的专家求助。refer (sb) to sth (LOOK AT) phrasal verb to look at, or tell someone else to
look at, a book or similar record
in order to find information and help: He referred to a history book to find
out the dates of the French Revolution. 他参照了一本历史书来弄清楚法国革命
的日期。reference: ?noun [C or U] a mention of something: Knowing what had happened, I
avoided making any reference to
(= mentioning) weddings. 因为知道了所发生的事情，我避免提
到婚礼。Once a decision has been made ,
all of us should it.A．direct to B．stick to
C．lead to D．refer to典型题例12. preserve: verb [T] <1> to keep something as it is, especially
in order to prevent it from decaying
or being damaged or destroyed; to
conserve: to preserve the environment 保护环境<2> to treat food in a particular way so
that it can be kept for a long time
without going bad: preserved fruit 保鲜的水果preservation: noun [U] when you keep something the
same or prevent it from being
damaged: 保存得很好in a good state of preservation13. worth: noun [U] the amount of money which
something can be sold for; value: The estimated worth of the plastics is
about $6 million. 这些塑料的估计的价值大约６百万美圆。?adjective <1> having a particular value,
especially in money: Our house is worth about ￡200 000. 我们的房子大约值２０万英镑。<２> be worth sth： to be important or
interesting enough to receive a
particular action: I think this matter is worth our attention. 我认为这件事值得我们注意。<３> be worth having/doing sth to be
important or useful to have or do: There's nothing worth reading in
this newspaper. 这份报纸上没有什么值得读的东西。worthless ?? adjective having no value in money: He said the jewels were worthless fakes. 他说这些宝石是没有价值的伪造品。get/have your money's worth to receive good value from
something you have paid for: He's had his money's worth out of
that suit - he's been wearing it for years.他那件衬衫花的钱很划得来－他已经
穿了多年了。be worth it to be of reasonable or good value
for the price: Four days' car hire costs ￡150, which
is well worth it for the freedom it
gives you.四天的小汽车租用花费１５０英镑，这
是很值得的，因为它给了你自由。If it/a thing is worth doing, it's worth
doing well. SAYING A bird in the hand (is worth two in the
bush). SAYING 14. comprehension: noun <1> [U] the ability to understand
completely and be aware of a
situation, facts, etc: He has no comprehension of the
size of the problem. 他不能理解这个问题的大小。<2> [C or U] UK a test to find out how
well students understand written
or spoken language: a listening/reading comprehension听力／阅读理解15. competence: noun [U]
(ALSO competency) the ability to do something well: Her competence as a teacher is
unquestionable. 她作为一个老师的能力是毋庸置疑的。NOTE: The opposite is incompetence. competent ?? adjective able to do something well: I wouldn't say he was brilliant but he
is competent at his job. 我不会说他很优秀，但他在他的工作上
有能力。 15. thorough: adjective <1> complete, very great, very much: It was a thorough waste of time. 这完全是浪费时间。<2> detailed and careful: They did a thorough search of the
area but found nothing. 他们对这个地区进行了仔细的搜寻，
但什么也没找到。thoroughly ?adverb I thoroughly enjoyed the performance.我完全喜欢这场演出。Broadly speaking, I would agree
with Shirley, though not ______.
(2003上海春季)A．widely B．thoroughly
C．entirely D．extensively 高考链接16. appreciate: verb [T] <1> to recognize or understand that
something is valuable, important or
as described: We appreciate the need for
immediate action. 我们意识到立即行动的必要性。<2> I/We appreciate...
used when you are thanking someone or showing that you are grateful: I appreciate your making the effort
to come. 我们感激你的努力到来。<3> would appreciate used when you
are politely requesting something: I would appreciate it if you could let
me know (= Please let me know) in
advance whether or not you will be
coming. 如果你能让我提前知道你是否会来我
将感激不尽。Ｂye-bye课件36张PPT。TaskUnit4 Telling a story
about Father ChristmasSkills building 1: finding information
about a legendary
personWhat does the word legend mean? Legend refers to the traditional
story of a famous person or an
event. Some of the stories can
be true. However, most of the
stories are unreal, mythical or
even supernatural. Can you give an example of a legend? There are a lot of traditional Chinese
legendary stories, such as Pangu
cutting open heaven and earth or
Nuwa patching the sky with
five-colour stones. Who do you think are legendary
persons? The people in legendary stories,
such as Pangu, Nuwa, Father
Christmas, are legendary persons. Step 1taking notes about Father Christmas You will first listen to a TV programme
about Father Christmas and take
some notes about this legendary
person. Then you will read a web
page about St Nicholas to learn
more about Father Christmas.Finish Part A after you listen to the
first and second recordings.Father ChristmasWhat he looks likea happy, (1) __________ man with
long __________ hair and a long
white beard, dressed in a
(3) __________ with a (4) __________
belt and the same colour bootsfatwhitered suitblackWhere he livesnear the (5) __________ PoleNorthWho his friends areelves: help make (6) __________
reindeer: (7) __________ in number
help (8) __________ the presentstoys12deliverWhat he doesgoes down chimneys and places
(9) __________ in stockings, in
front of the Christmas (10) __________
by children’s (11) __________ or by
the fireplacepresentstreebedThe food he likes sweet mince (12) __________piesInteresting factswas usually drawn wearing
(13) __________ before a famous
advertisement used a picture of
him wearing red in (14) __________green1931Read the passage in Part B and then
answer the following questions:1. Where did St Nicholas come from?St Nicholas came from a village
called Myra in Turkey.2. Why is Father Christmas modelled
after him?Because he was very kind and
generous especially to young people.3. What is the origin of Father
Christmas coming down the chimney? St Nicholas threw small bags of
gold down the chimney to help
the three daughters in a poor
family get married.4. What does St Nicholas look like?One of his bags of gold fell into
a stocking hanging up to dry
over the fireplace.Skills building 2:
asking questions about
cultural differencesIs Father Christmas the same in
every Western country?What is Father Christmas called
in each country?Which custom about Christmas
is different in each country?How is Father Christmas different
in each country?Do people in Western countries all
send presents to other before or
on Christmas Day?What presents do they usually
send to each other?What do people usually eat on
Christmas?Step 2:
finding out about different
Christmas traditionsWork in pairs to talk about
different Christmas traditions
in different countries by using
some pictures of different
Father Christmas from different
countries.GermanyChristmas ManRussiaFather Frost or Grandfather FrostFranceFather ChristmasSwedenChristmas BrownieNetherlandsSanta ClausUKFather ChristmasUSASanta ClausSkills building 3:
writing a story about
a legendary figure Make some sentences to begin a
story by using the sentence
structures given here. The following
questions may help you. What can we say if we want to describe
the identity of a legendary figure? He is Father Christmas, who travels
from house to house and sends gifts
to children on Christmas Eve. What does he look like? He is an old man with white hair
and a long, white beard and
moustache. What are the different aspects
of his character? He is very kind and happy. He loves
children and helps their dreams
come true. What does he do? On Christmas Eve, he puts all the
presents onto his sled and flies
across the sky. He goes down
the chimney and places presents
in stockings for children. Who is Father Christmas based on? It is said that he is based on
St Nicholas, the bishop of a
village called Myra in Turkey
over 1,600 years ago. Is there anything else that is
interesting about Father Christmas? Yes. In Germany, people call him
Christmas Man, while in Sweden,
people call him Christmas Brownie,
and in the Netherlands and the USA,
people call him Santa Claus. Language points1. name: noun <1> [C] the word or words that a person,
thing or place is known by: What's the name of that mountain
in the distance? 远处那座山的山名是什么?<2> [C usually singular] the opinion or
reputation that someone or
something has: They're trying to restore the good name
of the manufacturer. 他们正在尽力恢复生产厂家的好名声。 verb [T] <1> to give someone or something a name: A man named Dennis answered the door. 一个名叫丹尼斯的男子应声开门。<2> to say what something or someone's
name is: In the first question you had to name
three types of monkey. 在第一个问题里, 你必须说出三类
猴子的名称。2. provide: verb [T] to give someone something that
they need: This booklet provides useful information
about local services. 这本小册子提供关于当地服务的有用的信息。The government provided food for
poor families.政府为贫穷的家庭提供了食物。They've _____ us ￡150,000 for the house.
Shall we take it? (2004湖南) A. provided B. Supplied
C. shown D. offered高考链接Thank you!课件36张PPT。Unit 4 Behind beliefsWelcome to the unitLet's enjoy a song. Do you believe
in any god or
do you believe
in the existence
of a god or gods? Do you know how many
different religious there
are in the world? Hinduism, Buddhism,
Judaism, Christianity,
Islam and so on. Have you been to any famous
religious sites in China?
What are they? The Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang,
Gansu Province and the White
Horse Temple in Luoyang, Henan
Province are the famous Buddhist
sites. Mount Wudang in Hubei
Province is famous for Taoism.
The Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet,
is the holy place for Tibetan
Buddhism. Are you familiar with the ancient
Chinese story Journey to the
West? What religion is it related to?Can you name some religious
festivals around the world? For Buddhists, there is Nirvana Day,
Buddha’s Day or Bodhi Day. For Christians,
there is Good Friday, Easter Day, All Saints’
Day, and of course Christmas Day. For
Muslims, there id Eid, the festival of sacrifice,
Muhammad’s Birthday or Forgiveness Day.
For Hindus, there is Great Shiva Night,
Humanity Day or the Festival of Lights.
For Jews, there is Passover, Day of
Atonement or Harvest Festival. What date is Christmas Day? On 25th December. What do you know about Christmas? Christmas Day is a Christian holiday.
It is regarded as the birthday of Jesus Christ. What do people do on Christmas Day? Although Christmas is a religious holiday,
many of the customs and celebrations are
not of a religious nature. Before Christmas
Day, people will go to shops to buy
Christmas decorations, Christmas cards
and presents together with wrapping paper
for friends or relatives. For food, people
will prepare lots of chocolates, nuts and
snacks. A roast turkey or goose is usually
served for Christmas dinner. On Christmas
Eve, family members get together or go to
church to enjoy the Christmas carols. Have you ever read this book?
What do you know about it?Journey to the Westa classic piece of Chinese literature; a
combination of myth, parable and comedy;
main characters include a Buddhist monk
who is also known as the Priest of Tang and
his three followers, Monkey King, Pigsy and
Friar Sand; a trip to India for the Buddhist
scriptures; the characters are magical or
heavenly beings in normal forms and have
some magical powers that can protect them
from the evil monsters and spirits There are 81 obstacles for the monk
and his three followers on the way
to the West. Why do you think they
face these obstacles?to give the monk and his three followers
an insight into their own characters and
show that people must often struggle to
succeed; to symbolize the difficulties
and challenges that people meet in the
course of doing what they believe in What is a mosque used for? A mosque is a place for
Muslims to worship. What are the architectural features
of a mosque? It is said that the first mosque was built
based on the structure of Muhammad’s
house in the city of Medina. Basically, a
mosque consists of a courtyard, a domed
hall and a fountain. Before prayer, people
need to wash themselves in the fountain
and then they can worship in the courtyard
or the hall facing Mecca is called qibla. It is
not allowed to draw human forms in the
mosque, so all the decorations appear as
shapes such as circles and squares. Do you know of any famous mosques
in China? There are many famous mosques in
China. One of them is the Id Kah
Mosque in Kashgar, Xinjiang. This
mosque was built in 1442 and is the
largest in China. Another famous one
is the Great Mosque in Xi’an, Shanxi
Province. It was built in the 18th century
with a traditional Chinese architectural style. What do you know about
Taoism? Taoism is one of the major religions in
China. It was founded by Lao-tzu in
about the 6th century BC. The most
important text of Taoism is Tao-te-Ching.
In the 5th century AD, Taoism developed
as a religious system. What is the belief behind Taoism? Taoism is also a system of thought. The
central concept of Taoism is Tao, which
refers to the ways the universe functions.
Taoism believes in ‘wuwei’, which means
that everything must follow its course
and happen naturally. What does ‘yinyang’ mean? Taoism believes that ‘yin’ and ‘yang’ are
two fundamental forces in the universe.
‘Yin’ is the passive or negative force,
referring to dark, wet or feminine aspects,
while ‘yang’ represents active and positive
things, such as the bright, dry and
masculine aspects. According to Taoism,
wise people will achieve a balance between
the interactions of these two forces. Discussion Although there are so many beliefs
or religions, do you think that they
have something in common????different from superstition, which has
no central beliefsencourage people to do goodhave a power to call on people to
devote themselves to that religionsometimes restrictive or judgemental
of people’s liveshelp people live their lives in a
positive waymotivate people to be compassionate,
kind and loving Since religions are very important
in many aspects, do you think
everyone should have a belief
/religion? Why?Language points1. belief: noun [C or S or U] the feeling of certainty that
something exists or is true: It is my (firm) belief that nuclear
weapons are immoral. 我坚信核武器是不道德的。His belief in God gave him hope
during difficult times. 在艰难时期他对上帝的信仰给了他以希望。2. search: verb He searched (in/through) his pockets
for some change. [I or T] to look somewhere carefully
in order to find something: noun [C] when you try to find someone
or something: After a long search, they eventually
found the missing papers. 在长时间的搜寻之后,他们终于找到了
失踪的文件。(2) [S] when you try to find an answer
to a problem: the search for happiness对快乐的寻找in search of sth: trying to find something: She was shot by a sniper when
she went out in search of firewood.当她出去寻找木柴的时候被阻击手
击中了。 Homework: Collect more information
about religions.2. Prepare the Reading part.Thank you!课件28张PPT。Word powerUnit4What are the most popular
religions in the world?What do we call the people who
believe in a religion?Who do people believe in
each religion?What religious books do people use?What place do people worship in?Do you know any important
religious figures or famous
religious architecture?Do you know any religious words
that are used in our daily life now?
Have the meanings of these words
changed? Can you tell me words or
expressions related to religion?Sarah felt that an
angel from heaven
was helping her. To my uncle, my
cousin was a little
angel.In religious books, an angel refers to
a messenger and servant of God,
usually represented as a person with
wings and dressed in white.While in our daily speaking, it can
refer to a person who is very kind
or you are very grateful to. When
it is used to describe a child, it
means the child behaves well.The Bible talks about
the devil as the source
of evil in the world. I was a naughty child
---a real little devil!In the religious term, it means the
most powerful evil spirit.While in our daily conversation,
it refers to a person who behaves
badly.Christians believe
that doing good
things will save
their souls. Listening to beautiful
music is good for the
soul.In the religious term, it means the
spirit inside one’s body, or the part
of a person that is not the body.
The soul is believed not to die
even if the body is dead.While in our daily conversation, it
refers to a kind of human feeling
which helps us recognize, create
and enjoy the work of art.Fill in the blanks with the above
words: (angel, devil, soul)The (1) __________ is the spirit inside
someone’s body. It can suffer if it is
in a bad person, but we also use it
to talk about our mood and feelings
in general. The word (2) __________
means a messenger or helper from
God, but it is also used to describe
a sweet or very good person. The
(3) __________ is the opposite of
goodness and represents evil. We
can also use the word to describe
a naughty child.soulangeldevilLanguage points1. worship: verb -pp- or US ALSO -p- <1> [T] to have or show a strong feeling
of respect and admiration for God or a god: In the various regions of India, Hindus
worship different gods and observe
different religious festivals. 在印度的不同地区, 印度教徒信仰不
同的神, 遵守不同的宗教节日。<2> to love, respect and admire someone
or something greatly, often without being
aware of their bad qualities: As a child, I worshipped my older brother. 当我还是个孩子的时候, 我崇拜我的哥哥。2. soul: noun [C] <1> the spiritual part of a person which
some people believe continues to exist in
some form after their body has died, or
the part of a person which is not physical
and experiences deep feelings and emotions: She suffered greatly while she was alive,
so let us hope her soul is now at peace.她活着的时候遭受巨大的痛苦, 因此让
我们希望她的灵魂现在得到安宁。<2> the quality of a person or work of art
which shows or produces deep good feelings: For me her paintings somehow lack soul.对我来说, 她的画不知怎么的缺少灵性。not a soul: no one By the time I arrived there wasn't a
soul there.到我到那儿的时候,那儿一个人也没有。heart and soul LITERARY completely: She loves those children heart and soul.她一心一意地爱着那些孩子。put your heart and soul into sth to make a lot of effort to do something: She's one of those people who puts their
heart and soul into their work.她是全身心地投入工作的那些人之一。3. opposite: adjective <1> completely different: You'd never know they're sisters—they're
completely opposite to each other in every
way. 你将不会知道她们是姐妹—她们在各方 面都完全相反。<2> being in a position on the other side;
facing: They sat at opposite ends of the table
(to/from each other), refusing to talk. 他们坐在桌子的两头,拒绝谈话。preposition in a position facing someone or
something but on the other side: They sat opposite each other. 他们坐在彼此对过。adverb The people who live opposite (= on the
other side of the road) are always making
a lot of noise.住在对过的人们总是发出很大的声音。?noun [C often singular] My father is a very calm person, but
my mother is just the opposite. 我父亲是个非常冷静的人，而我母亲正相反。 4. represent: verb [T] <1> to speak, act or be present officially
for another person or people: They chose a famous barrister to
represent them in court. 他们选择了一个律师代表他们出庭。<2> to show or describe something or
someone: This new report represents the current
situation in our schools. 这份新报道描述了我们学校当前的形势。representation ?noun [U] representative noun [C] The firm has two representatives in
every European city. 这家公司在每个欧洲城市有两个代表。Bye-bye●Grammar and usage
Step 1: General introduction
The grammar item in this unit focuses on how to analyze complicated sentences. You will learn what simple sentences, compound sentences, complex sentences and complex-compound sentences are. This will help you better understand the meaning of long and complicated sentences. You are expected to apply what you have learnt by finishing two exercises.
Step2: Explanation:
1. Look at the following sentences. Can you point out the subjects and predicates of them?
I’ll come back in three days
There are many students in our school.
In the above sentences, the subjects are I and many students, and the predicates are will come back and are. The two sentences are both simple sentences.
2. Can you analyse the following sentences? How many simple sentences are there in them?
Aunt really enjoyed France and so did I.
Society has changed and the people in it have changed too.
There are two simple sentences in each of the above sentences, and the conjunction and is used to connect the two sentences. This kind of sentence is called a compound sentence.
3. Look at the following sentences:
If it hadn’t been for their help, we couldn’t have finished the work on time.
I wonder if your wife will go to the ball.
The two sentences are complex sentences. The main clauses are we couldn’t have finished the work on time and I wonder, and the subordinate clauses are If it hadn’t been for their help and if your wife will go to the ball.
4. Look at another sentence:
He completed a masterpiece and as this is the focus of the exhibition, I would like you to find out about it.
In this sentence, and links two sentences. The sentence before and is a simple sentence, while the sentence after and is a complex sentence. In the complex sentence, the main clause is I would like you to find out about it, and as this is the focus of the exhibition is used as an adverbial clause.
This kind of sentence is called a complex-compound sentence.
5. The general structure of types of sentences:
the simple sentence:
subject + predicate
the compound sentence:
subject + predicate + and/but/or/for + subject + predicate
the complex sentence:
main clause + subordinate clause
the complex-compound sentence:
the simple sentence + and/but/or + the complex sentence
6. Finish Part A on page 57.
Answers:
A 1c 2a 3d 4c 5c 6c 7b
7. Finish Part B.
Answers:
B 1. One English proverb is ‘ the early bird catches the worm’, which is frequently used to talk about hard work being the key to success.
2. The proverb ‘great minds think alike, but fools seldom differ’ is very famous although it is usually shortened to ‘great minds think alike’.
3. The proverb ‘don’t count your chickens until they are hatched’ means ‘don’t count on something going well until it happens’, and this proverb is very popular.
4. The proverb ‘make hay while the sun shines’ is very old, and it comes from the old days when people all worked on farms.
For reference:
一、句子的定义
句子的定义:句子是包含主语和谓语部分的一组词。它有一定的语法结构和语调，用以表达一个比较完整的独立的概念。句子开头的第一个字母要大写，句子末尾要有句号、问号或感叹号。如: (1) The foundation of democracy is the will of the people to preserve liberty. 民主的基础就是人民维护自由的意愿。(2) What motives governed his actions? 是什么动机支配他的行动的？(3) This story is great! 这则故事太棒了！
二、句子的种类和类型
句子按其用途可分为四个种类:
1、陈述句(declarative sentence), 用以陈述事实。如:
(1) The daisy is a common flower in English fields.雏菊在英格兰大地上是一种常见的花。
(2) I don’t care what she thinks.我不在乎她想什么。
2、疑问句(interrogative sentences), 用以提出问题。如:
(1) Your friend is a doctor, isn’t he?你朋友是个医生，对吗？
(2) When do we meet again? 我们什么时候再见面？
3、祈使句(imperative sentences), 用以表示命令、请求等。如:
(1) Have a good sleep and think it over.好好睡一觉，再仔细考虑一下。
(2) Let the meat cook slowly. 把肉用文火煮。
4、感叹句(exclamatory sentences), 用以表示各种强烈的感情。如:
(1) What a delicious hamburger (it is!)! How delicious a hamburger (it is)! How delicious the hamburger is! 多美味的汉堡！
(2) The noise will deafen us all! 该噪音会使我们大家耳聋的！
句子按其结构可分为四种型式:
1、简单句(simple sentences),由一个主语部分和一个谓语部分组成。如:
(1) The cause of the fire was a cigarette-end.这次火灾是由一根烟头造成的。
(2) He asked to see the chief of the tribe.他求见这个部落的酋长。
2、并列句(compound sentences)，由两个或两个以上的分句组成。如:
(1) Cotton is falling in price, and buyers hold off.棉花正在落价，可买主仍犹豫不决。
(2) Henry prefers strawberry pie, but his wife always bakes apple pie.
亨利喜欢吃草莓馅饼，可他的妻子经常烤苹果馅饼。
3、复合句(complex sentences)，由主句和其他从句组成。如:
(1) I have to hurry to deposit this money before the bank closes.
我得赶在银行关门前把这笔钱存起来。
(2) He was an old man who wore thick glasses. 他年纪大了，戴着很深的眼镜。
4、并列复合句(compound complex sentences)， 即含有复合句的并列句。如:
(1) The ad said that the coat was on sale for $20, but it was actually $22.
广告说这件外衣卖20美元，可它实际上是22美元。
(2) I asked a man who has a wife and three children who did the cooking in his house and he replied that whoever came home from work first did it. 我问一个有妻子和三个孩子的人，他家谁做饭; 他回答说，谁先下班回来，谁就做饭。
三、句子的成分
句子由各个组成部分构成，这些组成部分叫做句子的成分(members of the sentences)。总的来说，句子皆由两大部分组成。一是主语部分(subject group), 一是谓语部分(predicate group). 如:
1、The People’s Republic of China was born in 1949.中华人民共和国成立于1949年。
句中的the People’s Republic of China即是主语部分，was born in 1949即是谓语部分。但句子的成分要比句子的两大部分更加明确具体，可分为主语、谓语(或谓语动词)、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、独立成分等。如:
2、The weather was quite nice.天气相当好。(weather 是主语，nice 是表语，quite 是状语)
3、I need a quite room to study in.
我需要一间安静的屋子进行学习。(need是谓语或谓语动词，room是宾语，quite是定语)
4、In a fierce shootout five criminals were shot dead.
在一次猛烈交火中，五个罪犯被打死。(dead是主语补语)
5、Unfortunately, he had his watch stolen.
很不幸，他的表被偷了。(unfortunately是独立成分，stolen是宾语补语)
词类与句子的成分不同。前者纯指单词的分类，后者则指词类、短词、从句等在句子中的功能。词类中也只有具有实义的词类，如名词、代词、数词、动词、形容词和副词等，才可用作句子的成分。其他无实义的虚词，如冠词、连词和介词，则不可用作句子的成分。
四、基本句式
句子用词准确、合乎语法规范是一篇文章最起码的要求。英语句子虽然千变万化，但就一个简单句来说，其基本结构不外乎以下五种：1、主语 + 系动词 + 表语
Our city is at the crossing of some important railways.
主语 系动词 表语
The city will become rich.
主语 系动词 表语
在这类结构中最常用的系动词是be, look（看起来），sound（听起来），smell（闻起来），taste（尝起来），feel（摸起来，感到），seem（似乎，好像），appear（显得，好像），remain（仍是），keep（保持），become（变得，成为），turn（变得，成为），get（变得），go（变得）等表示状态和变化的词，而充当表语的词语则有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语和非谓语动词等。2、主语 + 谓语
Building has started.
主语 谓语
The train leaves at 7:40.
主语 谓语
该句型中的谓语为不及物动词，其后不带宾语，但可以根据实际需要带上一个合适的状语，状语的位置可放在句首、句中或句尾，一般以句尾为多见。谓语动词的前面根据需要还可加上适当的情态动词或助动词。如果多个谓语动词并列，可用and, but等并列连词将它们连接起来。在英语中，主语是动作的执行者，充当主语的词和结构有：名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式和从句等。充当谓语的词只能是动词。谓语动词在人称和数上须与主语保持一致。
3、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语
The boss employed five more workers.
主语 谓语 宾语
Few students like taking exams.
主语 谓语 宾语
动词后接宾语时应该用及物动词，若动词不及物则须在动词后再加上合适的介词，如What are you looking for? 在这类结构中，宾语是动作的承受者。常见的充当宾语的词语和结构有；名词、代词、非谓语动词和从句等。
4、主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语/主语 + 谓语 + 直接宾语 + 间接宾语
He has fetched us some new textbooks.
主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
A car factory will bring the province more jobs.
主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
此句型中的及物动词须跟两个宾语，间接宾语一般指人，直接宾语一般指物。间接宾语可以放在直接宾语的前面，也可放在直接宾语的后面，但间接宾语放在后面时需在其前面加上适当的介词。例：A car factory will bring more jobs to the province.
可接双宾语的常见动词有：ask, answer, give, offer, send, bring, pass, tell, show, teach, promise等。
5、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
The villagers didn’t allow them to do this.
主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
I will keep the box in the shade.
主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
该句型中的“宾语 + 宾语补足语”又叫做“复合宾语”，其特点是宾语与其补语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，宾语相当于汉语里的兼语式，它既充当前面谓语的宾语，又兼作其后宾语补足语的逻辑主语。
充当宾语补足语的词语和结构有：名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等。
当主语、宾语、宾语补足语是由名词充当时，根据需要还可在其前面加上名词、数词、形容词，或在其后面加上副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等定语成分来修饰相关名词。
可接复合宾语的常见动词有：ask, tell, find, help, like, allow, take, make, let, have（使得）, force（强迫）, call, advise, persuade（劝服）, watch, see, hear, feel（认为，觉得）, consider（认为）, choose, elect（选）等。
上面句型中只列出了句子的主要成分，事实上，句子中还常常有定语、状语和同位语等修饰语，有时还有不充当句子成分的插入语等。例：
Professor Wang bought a new computer at a high price.
定语 状语
在句子中，不同的句子成分对词性有不同的要求。主语、宾语和同位语一般由名词、代词、动名词和动词不定式充当；谓语一般由动词充当；表语、宾语补足语、定语、状语和插入语一般由动词以外的词或短语充当。
一般来讲，一个句子至少具有一个主语和一个谓语（或系表结构），但在上下文中有时可能会有省略现象。省略后的句子可能会缺少包括主语、谓语在内的一些句子成分。祈使句中的主语按要求也是应该舍去的。例：
“Do give her my regards.” “Of course I will.”
第一句是祈使句，动作执行人you已经舍去。第二句是省略句，根据上句I will后省略了give her your regards。
以上主要介绍的是简单句的基本句型，除简单句外，还有并列复合句和主从复合句等句式，但这些复合句实际上是由若干个简单句通过连词连接起来的，因此，写作复合句时仍可遵循简单句的结构形式。
例：My sister likes skating, but I don’t. (并列复合句)
I like to take a walk after I have my supper. (主从复合句)
练习：用括号内所提示的基本句型将下列句子译成英语，需要的话可加上适当的修饰语或插入语。
1、你的故事听起来很有趣。（主语 + 系动词 + 表语）
_____________________________________________________________________________
2、我感到有一点累。（主语 + 系动词 + 表语）
_____________________________________________________________________________
3、我妹妹是在农村长大的。（主语 + 谓语）
_____________________________________________________________________________
4、这家医院创建于1950年。（主语 + 谓语）
_____________________________________________________________________________
5、他因为车子开得太快而违反了交通规则。（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语）
_____________________________________________________________________________
6、他拿出一瓶啤酒，很快将其喝光。（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语）
_____________________________________________________________________________
7、顺便问一下，她把钱付给你了吗？（主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语）
_____________________________________________________________________________
8、下学期谁教你们生物？（主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语）
_____________________________________________________________________________
9、他总是把他的卧室收拾得干干净净。（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语）
_____________________________________________________________________________
10、什么促使你这样想的？（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语）
_____________________________________________________________________________
参考答案：
1. Your story sounds very interesting.
2. I felt a bit tired.
3. My younger sister grew up in the country.
4. This hospital was set up in 1950.
5. He broke the traffic rule because he drove his car too fast.
6. He brought out a bottle of beer and drank it up quickly.
7. By the way, has she paid you the money?
8. Who will teach you biology next term?
9. He always keeps his bedroom clean.
10. What made you think so?
For reference:
Relative items in college entrance examinations:
1. See the flags on top of the building? That was ___ we did this morning. (2006全国I)
A. when B. which C. where D. what
2. ____ he has limited technical knowledge, the old worker has a lot of experience. (2006全国I)
A. Since B. Unless C. As D. although
3. Please remind me ___ he said he was going, I may be in time to see him off. (2006全国I)
A. where B. when C. how D. what
4. It was not until she got home ___ Jennifer realized she had lost her keys. (2006全国II)
A. when B. that C. where D. before
5. We thought there were 35 students in the dining hall, ___, in fact, there were 40. (2006全国II)
A. while B. whether C. what D. which
6. ---What did your parents think about your decision? (2006全国II)
--- They always let me do ___ I think I should.
A. when B. that C. how D. what
7. —Scientists say it may be five or six years it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. (2004福建)
A. since B. after C. before D. when
8. Parents are taught to understand ______ important education is to their children’s future. (2004广东)
A. that B. how C. such D. so
9. I work in a business _________ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance. (2004湖南)
A. how B. which C. where D. that
10. I think Father would like to know ____ I've been up to so far, so I decide to send him a quick note. (2004湖南)
A. which B. why C. what D. how
11. Having checked the doors were closed , and _________ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom. （2007湖南）
A. why B. that C. when D. where
12. _______ I really don’t like art, I find his work impressive. (2007山东)
A. As B. Since C. If D. While
13. ---Where did you get to know her?
---It was on the farm_______ we worked. (2007山东)
A. that B. there C. which D. where
14. ---Where’s that report?
---I brought it to you ____you were in Mr. Black’s office yesterday. (2007北京)
A. if B. when C. because D. before
15. I won’t call you, ________ something unexpected happens. (2007全国I)
A. unless B. whether C. because D. while
16. The village has developed a lot we learned farming two years ago. （2007福建）
A. when B. which C. that D. where
17. After graduation she reached a point in her career she headed to decide what to do.
A. that B. what C. which D. where
18. Most birds find it safe to sleep in the trees, but ________ they have eggs or young chicks, they don’t use a nest.
A. why B. how C. unless D. where
19. _______ parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children.
A. That B. Which C. What D. As
20. Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases beginners of English fail to use the language properly. （2007陕西）
A. which B. as C. why D. where
21. It is none of your business other people think about you. Believe yourself. （2007福建）
A. how B. what C. which D. when
22. The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time _____ we meet them again. （2007安徽）
A. after B. before C. since D. when
23. My parents live in a small village. They always keep candles in the house _____ there is a power out. （2007重庆）
A. if B. unless C. in case D. so that
24. Chan's restaurant on Baker Street, ___used to be poorly run, is now a successful business. (2007浙江)
A. that B. which C. who D. where
25. Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice, _____ they knew it to be valuable. (2007浙江)
A. as if B. now that C. even though D. so that
26. Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? That's __ the best jobs are. (2007浙江)
A. where B. what C. when D. why
27. Some pre-school children go to a day care center, __________ they learn simple games and songs. （2007辽宁）
A. then B. there C. while D. where
28. I'd like to study law at university ________ my cousin prefers geography. (2007四川)
A. though B. as C. while D. for
29. Choosing the right dictionary depends on you want to use it for. (2007江苏)
A. what B. why C. how D. whether
30. He was educated at the local high school, he went on to Beijing University. (2007江苏)
A. after which B. after that C. in which D. in that
31. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ______ they can be controlled on purpose. (2007重庆)
A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which
32. The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make ____ it is . （2007天津）
A. what B. which C. how D. where
33. Last week, only two people came to look at the house, _______ wanted to buy it. (2007安徽)
A. none of them B. both of them C. none of whom D. neither of whom
34. You can only be sure of ____you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _____ you
might get in the future. (2007安徽)
A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that
35. He was told that it would be at least three more months he could recover and return to work. （2007江西）
A. when B. before C. since D. that
KEY: 1-5 DDBBA 6-10 DCBCC 11-15 BDDBA 16-20 DDCCD
21-25 BBCBC 26-30 ADCAA 31-35 BADBB
Step 3 Consolidation:
I. Multiple choice:
1. Her sister has become a lawyer, she wanted to be.
A. who B. that C. what D. which
2. We were told that we should follow the main road we reached the central railway station.
A. whenever B. until C. while D. wherever
3. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year , 80% are sold abroad .
A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that
4. The English play _______ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success.
A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which
5. Roses need special care _____ they can live through winter.
A. because B. so that C. even if D. as
6. —Is that the small town you often refer to?
—Right, just the one you know I used to work for years.
A. that B. which C. where D. what
7. There were dirty marks on her trousers ______ she had wiped her hands.
A. where B. which C. when D. that
8. _____you call me to say you' re not coming, I'll see you at the theatre.
A. Though B. Whether C. Until D. Unless
9. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _____ the sailing time was 226 days.
A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which
10. I hope you don’t mind me asking, _____ where did you buy those shoes?
A. so B. and C. yet D. but
11. I do every single bit of housework _____ my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then.
A. since B. while C. when D. as
12. —Did Jack come back early last night?
—Yes. It was not yet eight o’clock he arrived home.
A. before B. when C. that D. until
13. The old lady’s hand shook frequently. She explained to her doctor ______ this shaking had begun half a year before, and _____, only because of this, she had been forced to give up her job.
A. when; how B. how; when C. how; how D. why; why
14. Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, ____, he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students' Union.
A. during which time B. for which time
C. during whose time D. by that time
15. After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth, _______ our astronauts desire to do is walk in space.
A. where B. what C. that D. how
16. _____ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand.
A. While B. Since C. As D. If
17. Anyway, that evening, ____ I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel’s place.
A. when B. where C. what D. which
18. Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer ______ it was 20 years ago, poorly equipped.
A. what; when B. that; which C. what; which D. which; that
19. You must keep on working in the evening, ______ you are sure you can finish the task in time
A. as B. if C. when D. unless
20. That was really a splendid evening. It’s years ______ I enjoyed myself so much.
A. when B. that C. before D. since
II. Translation:
1. 有许多种运动,但我最喜欢的是游泳.
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. 你说每个人都是平等的，这是我不同意之处.
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. 他必须写一篇历史论文,可他找不到时间写.
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. 我不能理解为什么他坚持骑摩托车去。
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. 几个星期过去了，我才意识到这幅画失踪了.
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. 无论什么时候你都可以在我的饭店免费吃饭.
_______________________________________________________________________________
Keys :
I. 1-5 DBACB 6-10 CADAD 11-15 BBCAB 16-20 ADADD
II. 1. There are many kinds of sports , but my favorite is swimming .
2. You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is where I disagree.
3. He had to write a history paper, but he couldn't find time to do it.
4. I can't understand why they insist on going by motorbike.
5. Several weeks had gone by before I realized the painting was missing.
6. You can eat food free in my restaurant whenever you like.
Project Reporting on a historic religious site
This section is designed to give you a chance to practise your English by completing a project. You will first read an article about a historic religious site, the White Horse Temple. You are expected to learn how to write a report about a historic religious site by reading the article. You will choose a historic religious site and research it, and write a report about the historic religious site. The purpose of this section is to encourage you to use what you have learnt to finish a project by working together. During the course of the project, you will discuss what should be included in your report and how to organize the facts you have found. In order to finish the project, you will need to cooperate and to complete each part of the project together.
Reading
Part A
1. Please answer the following questions:
Do you know any historic religious sites in China? Have you even visited any of these sites?
Do you know which Buddhist temple is the oldest in China? Where is it located? Have you ever heard any stories about it? (The oldest Buddhist temple in China is the White Horse Temple in Luoyang, Henan Province.)
What will you write about if you want to tell other people about a historic religious site? (The things that need to be covered include: where the site is located, when it was set up, why it was set up, who set it up and its importance in history.)
2. You are going to read an article from a history book, which is about the oldest temple in China. First read the instructions and then the article. Take notes while you are reading. Compare your notes to decide who has got the most important information about the historic site. You may express your opinions freely.
3. Read the article again and work in pairs by asking each other questions about the White Horse Temple by referring to the article. You may answer the following questions:
What is the name of the temple? (The White Horse Temple.)
Where is the temple located? (It is located in Luoyang, Henan Province in the east central part of China.)
Why is it called the White Horse Temple? ( To remind people of the white horse that the Buddhist readings and images had traveled on from India.)
4. Divide the article into several parts and give the main idea for each part.
Part 1 (Paragraph1) brief introduction of the White Horse Temple
Part 2 (Paragraphs 2-5) the story behind the temple
Part 3 (Paragraph 6) the architecture of the White Horse Temple
Part 4 (Paragraphs 7-9) the importance of the White Horse Temple
5. Do Parts B1 and B2 on page 127 in Workbook so you can be more familiar with the usages of some useful words and expressions learnt in this section.
6. Do Part D1 and D2 on page 129 in Workbook to practise using the words, phrases and patterns learnt in this unit.
Part B
1. Discuss the questions in Part B in groups of four. One student in each group should write down the answers to questions 2 to 8. You should first choose which historic religious site you are going to write about.
2. Present your report to the whole class.
3. Read the dialogue in Part A on page 130 and the newspaper article in Part B on page 131 in Workbook so you will know more about this subject.
Reading Biblical idioms in English
Step1: Lead-in
As we all know, there are many idioms in English, and most of them come from the Bible. First let’s look at the following dialogues. Can you guess the meanings of the underlined words?
1. A：Oh, my God! What happened? Why are you black and blue?
B：I got beaten by Peter’s brother
A：That’s a bad apple! Let’s think up a way and teach him a lesson
2. A：Give the skates to me!
B：You shut up!
A：If you don’t know how to skate, why don’t you give the skates to me? Don’t be a dog in the manger.
1. 甲：噢，天哪！怎么啦？你身上怎么青一块紫一块的？
乙：彼得的弟弟把我给打了。
甲：这坏蛋，咱们来想个法来教训教训他。
2. 甲：把冰鞋给我！
乙：你闭嘴！
甲：你若不知道怎么滑冰，干吗不把冰鞋给我？别占着茅坑不拉屎了！
Boys and girls, from the above examples, we know that idioms play an important part in learning a language and can enrich the language we use. Now read the following sentences and guess what each idiom means.
1. A：There’s no point in losing temper on me. It’s unfair! (没理由) B：What did you do to him? A：If I did something bad, I wouldn’t blame him for getting angry with me. The point is that I did nothing wrong. B：Maybe he thought you reported him to the manager.
2. A：I think it was Jason who stole my document. B：Fat chance! (微小的机会；极少的可能) A：He’s the only one who left here late. B：I know him. He’ll never do that sort of thing.
3. A：Where’s Annie? B：In the house. A：In the house? Where is she? B：Search me, I don’t know where she is now. [(非正式)不知道]
Step 2: Fast reading for general ideas
Go through the passage as quickly as possible and try to find answers to the three questions in part A on Page 50. Pay attention to the most important information.
Answers:
1. An idiom is a group of words or an expression whose meaning often can not be understood by looking at the meanings of the separate words in it.
2. In Hebrew.
3. ‘Apple of their parents’ eye’.
Step 3: Detailed reading for important information
1. Read the passage a second time and complete Part C1.
Answers:
C1 1. Because the Bible was first written in Hebrew and then translated into Greek, and many idioms are used in both of them. Because the Bible was translated into English hundreds of years ago, many Hebrew or Greek idioms have become part of the English language.
2. Immediately.
3. Before long.
4. Hundreds of years ago.
5. There is a hidden weakness in somebody whom we admire or respect.
6. Bird and calf.
7. Apple and salt.
8. You can improve your comprehension and develop a high level of competence in communication skills.
2. Read the article again and complete Part C2.
Answers:
C2 1. the apple of her grandmother’s eye
2. feet of clay
3. by and by
4. the salt of the earth
5. killed and fatted calf
6. A little bird told me
Step 4:Practice:
Complete Part D. You may refer to the reading passage on pages 50 and 51 for some help.
Answers:
D 1j 2b 3a 4c 5e 6d 7f 8h 9g 10i
2. Part E is a short passage about idioms from the bible. Read and fill in the blanks.
Answers:
E (1) group (2) idioms (3) translated (4) Greek (5) before long
(6) underline (7) concept (8) weakness (9) bird (10) hidden
3. Try to infer the meanings of the following idioms by analyzing the hidden clues and then use them in certain situations.
at the top of a hat (immediately)
know the ropes (to know how to do sth.---this idiom refers to the fact that a sailor knows how to make ropes for sailing)
child’s play (an easy job)
see eye to eye (to have the same opinion as someone else)
a feather in (my) cap (something that you can be proud of ---this idiom came from the native American Indians who usually gave a feather to someone who was brave in a battle)
on a shoestring (having very little money)
(1) My sister and I agree about everything from fashion to politics. We ______ on almost anything. (see eye to eye)
(2) Alex had very little money when he started his first business. In fact he only had a few hundred pounds. He started his business ______, but he was very successful. (on a shoestring)
(3) When her friends call, Megan will drop everything to go and meet them. She will leave ______. (at the top of a hat)
(4) If you have any questions, ask Ian. He has worked here for 25 years, so he really ______. No one knows more about his company than Ian. (knows the ropes)
(5) He is very experienced in this kind of problem. Helping you solve the problem will be ______ to him. (child’s play)
(6) Herbert won a scholarship to Duke University. Over 500 students applied for the scholarship. It was ______ when he won. (a feather in his cap)
Step 5: Post-reading activities
1. First role-play the dialogue in Part F and then forms groups of four to discuss the three questions that follow.
2. Look at the following idioms. Do you know the origin of them? Try to make sentences with the idioms.
propose a toast ( In the past, people liked to dip a piece of toast into their wine or beer. This would make the toast tastier. Now this idiom refers to wishing someone will have a happy or successful life by raising a glass and drinking.)
pull the wool over someone’s eye ( At the time when people wore wigs made out of wool, if people pulled the wigs down to cover their eyes, they would not be able to see. Now this idiom means to hide the truth from somebody.)
kill the goose that lays the golden eggs ( In an ancient Greek legend, there was a farmer and he had a goose that could lay golden eggs. The farmer thought that he could be richer by killing the goose to get all the golden eggs inside. However, the farmer ended up with nothing. Now this idiom refers to destroying something that would bring about something more valuable.)
3. Find the origin of more idioms and report your findings.
Step 5: Language points:
vocabulary
words
Expression, translate, vague, loose, straightforward, underline, swift, passage, passage, impure, frequently, oral, comprehension, competence, communication, interpreter, thorough, apparent, polish, sharpen,
useful expressions
be translated into, have a connection to, by and by, be meant to do, kill the fatted calf, mend one’s ways, in honour of, for instance, be referred to as, be proud of, have a good understanding of, from now on
sentence patterns
1. Unless you recognize when an idiom is being used,…
2. This means that since the Bible was translated into English centuries ago,…
Step6: Homework
1. Read the text again and again. Try to memorize the language points.
2. Parts A1 and A2 on page114 in Workbook.
●Task Telling a story about Father Christmas
Skills building 1: finding information about a legendary person
This part teaches you to find out which information is real, impossible or does not exist about a legendary person.
1. I’d like to ask you some questions:
What does the word legend mean? (Legend refers to the traditional story of a famous person or an event. Some of the stories can be true. However, most of the stories are unreal, mythical or even supernatural.)
Can you give an example of a legend? (There are a lot of traditional Chinese legendary stories, such as Pangu cutting open heaven and earth or Nuwa patching the sky with five-colour stones.)
Who do you think are legendary persons? (The people in legendary stories, such as Pangu, Nuwa, Father Christmas, are legendary persons.)
2. Read the guidelines on page 58. Make some sentences with the expressions given.
Step 1: taking notes about Father Christmas
In this part you will first listen to a TV programme about Father Christmas and take some notes about this legendary person. Then you will read a web page about St Nicholas to learn more about Father Christmas.
1. Read the guidelines in Part A to understand what you will do first. Then go over the note sheet to get ideas about what you should pay attention to and write down while you are listening to the recording. Fill in the answers you already know or predict the answers for some blanks before listening.
2. Finish Part A on page 58 after you hear the recording. If necessary, I’ll play the recording several times for you to write down your answers.
Tapescript
Host: Good morning. Today, I am going to interview someone who knows a lot about Father Christmas. Steve Smith is the owner of a toy shop. Now, Steve, I wonder if you could quickly summarize who Father Christmas is and what he does.
Steve: Well, the character Father Christmas has been around for hundreds of years, and he is known to many children around the world as the person who brings them Christmas presents. He is often described as a happy, fat man with long white hair and a long white beard and moustache, dressed in a red suit with a black belt and black boots. However, he hasn’t always dressed like that. A famous advertisement used a picture of him wearing red in nineteen thirty-one, but before that, he was usually drawn wearing green.
Host: Father Christmas comes to visit us at Christmas time, but where does he spend the rest of the year?
Steve: Well, he is said to live near the North Pole with his wife and lots of little creatures called elves. The elves are his friends. They help make toys. He also has twelve reindeer that help him deliver the presents on Christmas Eve.
Answers:
A (1) fat (2) white (3) red suit (4) black (5) North (6) toys (7) 12
(8) deliver (13) green (14) 1931
3. Listen to the second half of the recording to fill in all the blanks.
Tapescript
Host: When I was a child, I used to write to Father Christmas, so that he would know what I wanted.
Steve: Many children do that several months before Christmas. They write to tell him what presents they would like for Christmas. One of the traditions in the UK is for children to take the list of presents they want and put it in the chimney.
Host: What happens after that, on Christmas Eve?
Steve: According to stories, on Christmas Eve, Father Christmas puts all of the presents onto his sled and flies across the sky with his twelve reindeer. Once Father Christmas arrives at a house, he goes down the chimney and places presents for the children in stockings or in front of the family Christmas tree. Some people hang the stockings by their beds, but most people hang them by the fireplace. Many people say that Father Christmas likes to eat mince pies, so they always leave some out for him to eat. Many people also leave a carrot out for the reindeer.
Host: I didn’t know that! I’ll have to remember that in the future. Now we have time for one more question. Do you know where the idea for Father Christmas came from?
Steve: There is a question between Father Christmas and St Nicholas, who was a saint from hundreds of years ago. You can find more about St Nicholas on the Internet.
Host: Steve, thanks for talking to us today. I suggest that anyone who wants to find out more about Father Christmas should look on the Internet. There are many sites and there is much information about him.
Answers:
A (9) presents (10) tree (11) bed (12) pies
5. Read the guidelines in Part B so that you will know what you will do here. Read the web page and the questions that follow. Make sure you understand the whole passage and know how to answer these questions.
Answers:
B 1. St Nicholas came from a village called Myra in Turkey.
2. Because he was very kind and generous especially to young people.
3. St Nicholas threw small bags of gold down the chimney to help the three daughters in a poor family get married.
4. One of his bags of gold fell into a stocking hanging up to dry over the fireplace.
Skills building 2: asking questions about cultural differences
This part tells you how to ask questions about cultural differences, so you can use the questions presented in this part to find some information you need to know. Read the guidelines and the question structures in this part. Make sentences by using these questions. For example:
Is Father Christmas the same in every Western country?
What is Father Christmas called in each country?
Which custom about Christmas is different in each country?
How is Father Christmas different in each country?
Do people in Western countries all send presents to other before or on Christmas Day?
What presents do they usually send to each other?
What do people usually eat on Christmas?
Step 2: finding out about different Christmas traditions
In this part you will work in pairs to talk about different Christmas traditions in different countries by using some pictures of different Father Christmas from different countries.
1. Look at the pictures and read the captions. Think about what information you can get from these pictures. You are expected to know that in different countries people use different names for Father Christmas. Describe the Father Christmas in these pictures, including the similarities and differences among them.
2. Read the guidelines of this part to know what you are going to do with the information given in the pictures. Work impairs to ask and answer questions about the pictures. Then switch roles after finish your dialogue.
Sample answers
S1: Christmas is a very important holiday in some Western countries, and Father Christmas is liked by all. I am going to write a report about Father Christmas. Can you tell me something about this legendary figure?
S2: Sure. What do you want to know?
S1: Is Father Christmas the same in different countries?
S2: Certainly not. Father Christmas has many names in different countries.
S1: Really? What is he called everywhere?
S2: For example, in the UK and France, people call him Father Christmas, but in Germany, he is called Christmas Man.
S1: That is interesting. I once read a book, in which Father Christmas uses a name Santa Claus. In which country is he called Santa Claus?
S2: That is in the Netherlands and the USA. In Sweden, Father Christmas is called Christmas Brownie. Do you know what peoples in Russia call him?
S1: I have no idea. What do they call him?
S2: They call him Father Frost or Grandfather Frost.
S1: Does Father Christmas look the same in each different country?
S2: Almost the same. They are all fat old men with long white hair and long white beards and moustaches. Father Christmas in Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands, the UK and the USA is dressed in a red suit with a black belt and blacks shoots.
S1: What about the in France and Russia?
S2: In those two countries, he wears a long red robe.
S1: When is Father Christmas supposed to deliver presents in each country? Is the date the same everywhere?
S2: No. As there are differences in the names, the dates to deliver presents are different as well.
S1: How are the dates different?
S2: In countries throughout Europe, St Nicholas gives gifts to children on 6 December, the eve of his festival day. In the UK and USA, the gifts come on Christmas Eve, 24 December.
Skills building 3: writing a story about a legendary figure
In this part you will read about how to write a story about a legendary figure. You will learn what sentence structures you can use to begin the story and how you will describe the legendary figure.
1. Read the guidelines of this part. Make some sentences to begin a story by using the sentence structures given here. Answer the following questions:
What can we say if we want to describe the identity of a legendary figure? (He is Father Christmas, who travels from house to house and sends gifts to children on Christmas Eve.)
What does he look like? (He is an old man with white hair and a long, white beard and moustache.)
What are the different aspects of his character? (He is very kind and happy. He loves children and helps their dreams come true.)
What does he do? (On Christmas Eve, he puts all the presents onto his sled and flies across the sky. He goes down the chimney and places presents in stockings for children.)
Who is Father Christmas based on? (It is said that he is based on St Nicholas, the bishop of a village called Myra in Turkey over 1,600 years ago.)
Is there anything else that is interesting about Father Christmas? (Yes. In Germany, people call him Christmas Man, while in Sweden, people call him Christmas Brownie, and in the Netherlands and the USA, people call him Santa Claus.)
2. Discuss Father Christmas in pairs. Use the information and sentence structures learnt.
Possible example:
Father Christmas
Opening sentence I’m going to tell you a story about a legendary figure.
Identity He is known as Father Christmas.
Appearance He is a fat old man with white hair and a long, white beard and moustache. He is always dressed in a red suit with a black belt and black boots. He carries a bag in which there are all kinds of presents.
Personality He is a very kind and happy person. He loves children and helps their dreams come true.
Occupation On Christmas Eve, he puts all the presents onto his sled and flies across the sky. When he arrives at a house, he goes down the chimney and places presents in stockings for children.
Origin The story of Father Christmas is based on St Nicholas, the bishop of a village called Myra in Turkey over 1,600 years ago. He was made into a saint and later became one of the most popular figures in Christianity.
Other interesting facts He has different names in different countries. In Germany, people call him Christmas Man, WHILE IN Sweden, people call him Christmas Brownie, and in the Netherlands and the USA, people call him Santa Claus. He is shown as wearing a long red robe in France and Russia.
3. Read the passage in Part A on page 133 in Workbook, them finish the written work in Part B as your homework.
4. Finish Part A and Part C on page 132 in workbook after listening to the recordings in Part A and Part B.
Unit4 Behind beliefs
Part One Teaching Design
第一部分 教学设计
Aims and requirements
read an article about Biblical idioms in English and an article about a historic religious site
listen for information about a special person
talk about idioms and ask questions to find out about differences between cultures
write a story to tell at a Christmas party
report on a historic religious site
Procedures
● Welcome to the unit
Step 1 Brainstorming
Boys and girls, have you ever heard the song? Beautiful and attractive?
What can you think of after you listen to it? What religion do you think it is related to? Now, in this part we’ll deal with religions that you may be interested in but not familiar with.
As we all know, different people have different religions or beliefs or faiths. People who practice a religion believe in the existence of a god or gods and do activities to praise or worship them. Many religious people even believe that the religion gives answers which explain humankind’s relationship with the world and the universe. Therefore, religions are very important to many people. In addition, religions are closely associated with the culture, history, tradition and lifestyle of a country, so we cannot learn a language of a foreign country without knowing something about the religion of that country. For us, we should know something about religions of English-speaking countries.
Do you believe in any god or do you believe in the existence of a god or gods?
Do you know how many different religious there are in the world? (Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam and so on.)
Have you been to any famous religious sites in China? What are they? (The Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, Gansu Province and the White Horse Temple in Luoyang, Henan Province are the famous Buddhist sites. Mount Wudang in Hubei Province is famous for Taoism. The Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet, is the holy place for Tibetan Buddhism.)
Are you familiar with the ancient Chinese story Journey to the West? What religion is it related to?
Can you name some religious festivals around the world? (For Buddhists, there is Nirvana Day, Buddha’s Day or Bodhi Day. For Christians, there is Good Friday, Easter Day, All Saints’ Day, and of course Christmas Day. For Muslims, there id Eid, the festival of sacrifice, Muhammad’s Birthday or Forgiveness Day. For Hindus, there is Great Shiva Night, Humanity Day or the Festival of Lights. For Jews, there is Passover, Day of Atonement or Harvest Festival.)
Step 2 Sharing information
Look at the following pictures and discuss them.
Picture1:
What date is Christmas Day? (On 25th December.)
What do you know about Christmas? (Christmas Day is a Christian holiday. It is regarded as the birthday of Jesus Christ.)
What do people do on Christmas Day? (Although Christmas is a religious holiday, many of the customs and celebrations are not of a religious nature. Before Christmas Day, people will go to shops to buy Christmas decorations, Christmas cards and presents together with wrapping paper for friends or relatives. For food, people will prepare lots of chocolates, nuts and snacks. A roast turkey or goose is usually served for Christmas dinner. On Christmas Eve, family members get together or go to church to enjoy the Christmas carols.)
Picture2
Have you ever read this book? What do you know about it?
(a classic piece of Chinese literature; a combination of myth, parable and comedy; main characters include a Buddhist monk who is also known as the Priest of Tang and his three followers, Monkey King, Pigsy and Friar Sand; a trip to India for the Buddhist scriptures; the characters are magical or heavenly beings in normal forms and have some magical powers that can protect them from the evil monsters and spirits)
There are 81 obstacles for the monk and his three followers on the way to the West. Why do you think they face these obstacles?
(to give the monk and his three followers an insight into their own characters and show that people must often struggle to succeed; to symbolize the difficulties and challenges that people meet in the course of doing what they believe in)
Picture3
What is a mosque used for?( A mosque is a place for Muslims to worship.)
What are the architectural features of a mosque? ( It is said that the first mosque was built based on the structure of Muhammad’s house in the city of Medina. Basically, a mosque consists of a courtyard, a domed hall and a fountain. Before prayer, people need to wash themselves in the fountain and then they can worship in the courtyard or the hall facing Mecca is called qibla. It is not allowed to draw human forms in the mosque, so all the decorations appear as shapes such as circles and squares.)
Do you know of any famous mosques in China?(There are many famous mosques in China. One of them is the Id Kah Mosque in Kashgar, Xinjiang. This mosque was built in 1442 and is the largest in China. Another famous one is the Great Mosque in Xi’an, Shanxi Province. It was built in the 18th century with a traditional Chinese architectural style.)
Picture4
What do you know about Taoism?(Taoism is one of the major religions in China. It was founded by Lao-tzu in about the 6th century BC. The most important text of Taoism is Tao-te-Ching. In the 5th century AD, Taoism developed as a religious system.)
What is the belief behind Taoism?(Taoism is also a system of thought. The central concept of Taoism is Tao, which refers to the ways the universe functions. Taoism believes in ‘wuwei’, which means that everything must follow its course and happen naturally.)
What does ‘yinyang’ mean? (Taoism believes that ‘yin’ and ‘yang’ are two fundamental forces in the universe. ‘Yin’ is the passive or negative force, referring to dark, wet or feminine aspects, while ‘yang’ represents active and positive things, such as the bright, dry and masculine aspects. According to Taoism, wise people will achieve a balance between the interactions of these two forces.)
Step3: Discussion:
1. Although there are so many beliefs or religions, do you think that they have something in common?
different from superstition, which has no central beliefs
encourage people to do good
have a power to call on people to devote themselves to that religion
sometimes restrictive or judgemental of people’s lives
help people live their lives in a positive way
motivate people to be compassionate, kind and loving
2. Since religions are very important in many aspects, do you think everyone should have a belief/religion? Why?
Step4: Homework:
Collect more information about religions.
Prepare the Reading part.
●Word power
Step1: Brainstorming
1. Surf the Internet or refer to some relevant resources about different religions.
In this section, we will learn some expressions related to religions. Maybe you would like to know the following information.
What are the most popular religions in the world?
What do we call the people who believe in a religion?
Who do people believe in each religion?
What religious books do people use?
What place do people worship in?
Do you know any important religious figures or famous religious architecture?
Do you know any religious words that are used in our daily life now? Have the meanings of these words changed?
2. Present the information you collected about different religions to the class.
Step 2: Vocabulary learning
1. Read the article in Part A on page 54. Explain the following words with your own words.
What religions are mentioned in this article? (Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam.)
What information have you got about these religions from the article?
2. Read the passage again and fill in the following table:
People who believe in it
Who/What they believe in
The religious book they read
Place they worship in
Hinduism
Hindus
several different gods
Vedas
temple
Buddhism
Buddhists
The teachings of Buddha
Buddhist scriptures
temple
Judaism
Judaist
God
Torah
synagogue
Christianity
Christians
God and Jesus---the son of the God
Bible
church
Islam
Muslim
Allah
Koran
mosque
Step3: Vocabulary extension
1. Can you tell me words or expressions related to religion?
( priest, bishop, nun, worship, angel, devil, soul)
2. Look at the following pictures and the sentences below. Can you explain the religious words in your own language? What are the differences between the religious meanings and the meanings that are now used in Daily English?
Sarah felt that an angel from heaven was helping her. To my uncle, my cousin was a little angel.
The Bible talks about the devil as
the source of evil in the world. I was a naughty child---a real little devil!
Christians believe that doing good Listening to beautiful music is good for the soul.
things will save their souls.
angel:
In religious books, an angel refers to a messenger and servant of God, usually represented as a person with wings and dressed in white.
While in our daily speaking, it can refer to a person who is very kind or you are very grateful to. When it is used to describe a child, it means the child behaves well.
devil:
In the religious term, it means the most powerful evil spirit.
While in our daily conversation, it refers to a person who behaves badly.
soul:
In the religious term, it means the spirit inside one’s body, or the part of a person that is not the body. The soul is believed not to die even if the body is dead.
While in our daily conversation, it refers to a kind of human feeling which helps us recognize, create and enjoy the work of art.
3. Use the above highlighted words to fill in the blanks in Part B.
Answers:
B (1) soul (2) angel (3) devil
Step4 Homework:
Complete the related exercises in Workbook.
Section 2 Background information
I. More English idioms:
1. English idioms are more common in spoken English. They can be difficult to remember, so here's a guide to some common English idioms to do with parts of your body.
Heart
to break someone's heart = to upset someone a great deal "She broke his heart when she left him".
to learn something by heart = to learn something until you know it perfectly "I've learnt the Highway Code by heart - they can ask me any question they like in the exam - I'm bound to pass!"
you're all heart! = when you tell someone sarcastically how kind they are "Thanks for giving me all this extra work - you're all heart!"
hand on heart = to promise with sincerity "Hand on heart, it's the honest truth."
have the heart = to be able to break bad news to someone "I didn't have the heart to tell him he'd failed his exam." a heart of gold = to be a very kind person "She'll do anything to help - she has a heart of gold."
Hand
hand over = pass on something "Before I leave the company, I have to hand over all the responsibilities to my successor."
to get out of hand = to become impossible to manage "You'll have to deal with this problem before it gets out of hand."
to know something like the back of your hand = to know something extremely well "He knows London like the back of his hand"
to know something like the back of your hand = to know something extremely well "He knows London like the back of his hand"
have your hands full = to be very busy "I can't do anything about it now - my hands are full."
in hand = under control "The company report is in hand - you'll have it next week."
live hand to mouth = to only earn enough money for food "After he lost his job, he had to live hand to mouth for a couple of months."
give someone a hand = to help someone "Can you give me a hand with the housework, please?"
to have someone in the palm of your hand = to have a lot of influence over someone "He's got her in the palm of his hand - he can make her do anything he wants!"
to be caught red-handed = to be caught doing something bad "The children were caught red-handed picking the neighbor's flowers."
Fingers
to have green fingers = to be good at gardening "My father can grow anything in his garden - he's got green fingers"
to have sticky fingers = to have a tendency to steal "Don't trust him near your money - he's got sticky fingers."
butter fingers = to be clumsy so that you always drop things "You've dropped my vase! Butter fingers!"
keep your fingers crossed = to wish something for someone "Keep your fingers crossed for me tomorrow - it's my job interview."
under your thumb = to control someone "She's got him under her thumb - he won't do anything without asking her first."
Arm
twist someone's arm = to persuade someone "I didn't really want to go out, but he twisted my arm."
cost an arm and a leg = to cost a fortune "This car cost an arm and a leg - it'll take them ages to pay back the loan."
Feet
put your foot in it = say or do something you shouldn't. "The party was supposed to be a surprise - you've really put your foot in it by telling her."
to have itchy feet = not able to settle down in one place "She's going off travelling again - she's got really itchy feet."
to keep someone on their toes = to keep someone alert "Our new teacher likes to keep people on their toes - we never know what she will ask us to do next."
stand on your own two feet = be independent "I don't need your help - I can stand on my own two feet."
to have two left feet = be clumsy with your body "He's a terrible dancer - he's got two left feet!"
walk on eggshells = to be careful about what you say or do "She's in a terrible mood today - you'll have to walk on eggshells around her."
foot the bill = pay the bill "He had to foot the bill for the whole party - no one else paid anything towards it."
all talk no trousers = someone who says what they are going to do, but never does it "Don't listen to him - he's all talk no trousers!"
Back
to go behind someone's back = to do something secretly "She went behind my back and told my boss I wanted a new job."
to have your back to the wall = to be in a difficult situation "It's difficult to see how he's going to survive this recession - he's got his back to the wall and I don't think there's any option for him now." to back off = to stop trying to force someone to do something "Will you just back off and let me decide what I should do!" to back down = to accept defeat in an argument "He finally backed down and let me buy a pet rabbit."
to back someone up = to support someone "He backed me up in the meeting and said that my idea was good." put your back into something = to work extremely hard at something "To get results you must put your back into it!"
stab someone in the back = to betray someone "Be careful of him - he likes stabbing people in the back, and he'll do anything to get what he wants."
II. Part of The Story of the Bible
The Creation of the World Genesis
In the beginning of creation, when God made heaven and earth, the earth was without form and void, with darkness over the face of the abyss, and a mighty wind that swept over the surface of the waters. God said, ‘Let there be light’, and there was light; and God saw that the light was good, and he separated light from darkness. He called the light day, and the darkness night. So evening came, and morning came, the first day. God said, ‘Let there be a vault between the waters, to separate water from water. ’So God made the vault, and separated the water under the vault from the water above it, and so it was; and God called the vault heaven. Evening came, and morning came, a second day. God said, ‘Let the waters under heaven be gathered into one place, so that dry land may appear’; and so it was. God called the dry land earth, and the gathering of the waters he called seas; and God saw that it was good. Then God said, ‘Let the earth produce fresh growth, let there be on the earth plants bearing seed, fruit-trees bearing fruit each with seed according to its kind. ’So it was; the earth yielded fresh growth, plants bearing seed according to their kind and trees bearing fruit each with seed according to its king; and God saw that it was good. Evening came, and morning came, a third day. God said, ‘Let there be lights in the vault of heaven to separate day from night, and let them serve as signs both for festivals and for seasons and years. Let them also shine in the vault of heaven to give light on earth. ’So it was ; God made the two great lights, the greater to govern the day and the lesser to govern the night; and with them he made the stars. God put these lights in the vault of heaven to give light on earth, to govern day and night, and to separate light from darkness; and God saw that it was good. Evening came, and morning came, a fourth day. God, said, ‘Let the waters teem with countless living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth across the vault of heaven. ’god then created the great sea-monsters and all living creatures that move and swarm in the waters, according to their kind, and every kind of bird; and God saw that it was good. So he blessed them and said, ‘Be fruitful and increase, fill the waters of the seas; and let the birds increase on land. ’Evening came, and morning came, a fifth day. God said, ‘Let the earth bring forth living creatures, according to their kind:cattle, reptiles, and wild animals, all according to their kind. ’So it was; God made wild animals, cattle, and all reptiles, each according to its kind; and he saw that it was good. Then God said, ‘Let us make man it our image and likeness to rule the fish in the sea , the birds of heaven, the cattle, all wild animals on earth, and all reptiles that crawl upon the earth. ’So God created man in his own image; in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them. God blessed them and said to them, ‘Be fruitful and increase, fill the earth and subdue it, rule over the fish in the sea, the birds of heaven, and every living thing that moves upon the earth. ’god also said, ‘I give you all plants that bear seed everywhere on earth, and every tree bearing fruit which yields seed:they shall be yours for food. All green plants I give for food to the wild animals, to all the birds of heaven, and to all reptiles on earth, every living creature. ’So it was; and God saw all that he had made, and it was very good. Evening came, and morning came, a sixth day. Thus heaven and earth were completed with al their mighty throng. On the sixth day God completed all the work he had been doing, and on the seventh day he ceased from al his work. God blessed the seventh day and made it holy, because on that day he ceased from all the work he had set himself to do. This is the story of the making of heaven and earth when they were created.
创世记
太初，上帝始创天地时，大地混沌一片，是个无边无际的黑暗深渊，强风于水面刮掠。上帝说：“要有光！”立刻就有光。上帝见有光很好，就把光明与黑暗分开，称光明为昼，黑暗为夜。于是黑夜临，晨光现，是为第一天。 上帝说：“要有一穹窿将水上下分隔！”于是他就造穹窿，将水分开，有水于穹窿之上，亦有水于穹窿之下。上帝称穹窿为天空。黑夜再临，晨光再现，是为第二天。 上帝说：“天下之水要汇于一处，使干涸土地显露！”于是就出现土地。上帝称土地为陆，称汇集之水为海。上帝见如此很好。又说：“要大地生机蓬勃，地上要有能结实之树木，果子要各有其籽实！”于是大地生机蓬勃，出现无数瓜果树木，籽实累累。上帝见如此很好。黑夜又临，晨光再现，是为第三天。 上帝说：“天穹中要有光体以区分昼夜，要使光体为节令与年月季候之标志，并使于天穹中发出光辉，照亮大地！”于是，上帝造两个巨大光体，较大之日司昼，较小之月掌夜，并造了星辰。上帝把日月星辰置于天穹之中以照亮大地，司昼夜、分明暗。上帝见如此很好。黑夜临，晨光现，是为第四天。 上帝说：“水中要有万种游鱼，地上要有无数飞鸟”于是上帝创造出种类繁多的大小鱼类及飞鸟。上帝见如此很好。于是赐福与他们，说：“让海中游鱼，天上飞鸟滋生繁衍！”黑夜临 ，晨光现，是为第五天。 上帝说：“地上要有爬虫走兽，大小牲畜，各从其类！”上帝就创造走兽，牲畜和爬行动物，各从其类。上帝见如此很。他说：“要按我形象造人以治理海中游鱼、空中飞鸟以及地上各种爬虫走兽。”于是，上帝按自己形象造出人类，造出男与女。上帝祝福他们说：“你们要生育繁衍，散布及开拓全世界，要做海中鱼、空中鸟与地上爬虫走兽之主宰！”上帝还说：“我要使地上到处生长瓜果，结满籽实，赐与你们为食。我要把青草绿树全赐飞禽走兽、游鱼爬虫、以及一切生物为食。”话语间一切均成现实。上帝见到所造之一切，他十分满意。黑夜临，晨光现，是为第六日。 天地万物已造齐。到第六日，上帝造物工作全部完毕。第七天，他停止工作。上帝赐福于第七天，称之为圣日，因那天他要做的一切都已完成，无须工作了。 这就是上帝开天辟地的故事。 The Beginnings of History Genesis
When the Lord God made earth and heaven,?? there was neither shrub nor plant growing wild upon the earth, ?? because the Lord God had sent no rain on the earth; nor was there any man to till the ground. A flood used to rise out of the earth and water al the surface of the ground. Then the Lord God formed a man１ from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life. Thus the man became a living creature. Then the Lord God planted a garden in Eden away to the east,?and there he put the man whom he had formed. the Lord God made trees spring from the ground, al trees pleasant to look at and good for food; and in the middle of the garden he set the tree of life and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. There was a river flowing from Eden to water the garden,?? and when it left the garden it branched into four streams. The name of the first is Pishon,?that is the river which encircles all the land of Havilah,?where the gold is. The gold of that land is good; bdellium and cornelians are also to be found there. The name of the second river is Gihon; this is the one which encircles all the land of Cush. The name of the third is Tigris; this is the river which runs east of Asshur. The fourth river is the Euphrates. The Lord God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to till it and care for it . He told the man, ‘You may eat from every tree in the garden,??but not from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil; for on the day that you eat from it, you will certainly die. ’then the Lord God said, ‘It is not good for the man to be alone. I will provide a partner for him. ’So God formed out of the ground all the wild animals and all the birds of heaven. He brought them to the man to see what he would call them,?? and whatever the man called each living creature,?? that was its name. Thus the man gave names to all cattle,?? to the birds of heaven,?? and to every wild animal; but for the man himself no partner had yet been found. And so the Lord God put the man into a trance,?? and while he slept,?? he took one of his ribs and closed the flesh over the place. The Lord God then built up the rib, ?? which he had taken out of the man,?? into a woman. He brought her to the man,?? and the man said: ‘Now this,?at last - bone from my bones, ?? flesh from my flesh!- this shall be called woman,?? for from man was this taken. ’ That is why a man leaves his father and mother and is united to his wife,?? and the two become one flesh. Now they were both naked,?? the man and his wife,?? but they had no feeling of shame towards one another.
人世之始
创世记
上帝造天地时，地上全无野生草丛树木，因为天主上帝没有降雨到大地，亦无人耕耘土地，只靠地上涌出水流灌溉土地表层。后来，天主上帝以泥土造一男人，朝他鼻孔吹一口生气，他才有了生命。然后天主上帝在东边之伊甸建造一座花园，他把他造的男人安置在伊甸园中。上帝使地面长出各种树木，这些树木不但秀美悦目，而且又有果实可供食用。在花园正中，他种下一株生命之树和一株能辨善恶的知识之树。
伊甸园中流过一条河，河水可作灌溉之用。这河流出伊甸后分为四股。第一股名比逊河，它曲折流经哈腓拉全境，此地盛产高成色黄金，还有琥珀及红玛瑙。第二股名基训河，它环绕流经古实全境。第三股名希底结河，亦即流经亚述之东那条河。第四股名伯拉河。
天主上帝把他造的男人带去伊甸园，让他在园中耕耘管理。他嘱咐这人说：“你可以随意采食园中任何树上之果实，惟独那能辨善恶之知识树果子你不能吃。你吃它之时，你就会死去！”天主上帝又说；“一人独居不好，我要为他找个伴。”于是上帝以泥土塑造出各种飞禽走兽，带它们到这人的面前，看他如何称呼它们。那人对每种动物的称呼就成了这种动物的名称。这样，人就给所有的牲畜、飞禽和走兽定了名，但是这男人自己仍然没有伴侣。于是，天主上帝使他昏睡，在他昏睡时，取他的一条肋骨，然后使伤口愈合。上帝以这人身上取出的肋骨造了一个女人，并领她到这人面前，这人说：“如今，终于有了这生灵，骨取自我骨，肉取自我肉，就称之为女人。”
这就是为何男人要离开父母，与自妻子结合成为夫妇的缘故。此时，他们两人，男人和他的妻子都赤身露体，但他们彼此相对，并不难为情。
III. Something about religion:
宗教一词的来历 中国文化认为：有一个创始人、有崇拜对象为“宗”；有一群追随者，有一定的祭祀仪式为“教”；西方文化的宗教religion是从拉丁词“re”和“legere”演变来的，意思是“再”和“聚集”，就是一群人为了一个目的聚集在一起的意思，发展到有同一信仰，同一信念，为了这一信仰而到了不畏生死的地步。 值得注意的是，在中文中，宗教这个词，与英文的religous beliefs的含义本来并不对等。本来在中文中的宗教，是佛教的术语，并不是现在的内涵和外延。比如历史上，中国的道教，即不用这个名词来称呼。宗教这个词用来泛指所有宗教信仰乃是由翻译造成的词义变化。宗教这个词作为佛教专门术语的含义，即自证为宗、化他名教反而被忘却了。 宗教的起源 早在原始社会宗教就已经存在，它产生的根源和基础在于生产力发展水平低下，以及原始人对自然斗争力量的软弱。那时，宗教规范往往成为人们共同遵守的社会规范。 ? ? 在最原始时代，在阶级分化发生之前，人类就开始了各种宗教活动。这一点在许多考古发现和历史记载中都可以知道。人是自然界最复杂的生物，特别在思想和精神方面比自然界其它生物都要复杂；而且人的行动是受思想支配的。为什么人的思想活动，人对自然力的敬畏，对自然界种种现象的思考等精神活动会变成宗教这种社会性的活动呢？从原始宗教的产生来看，在管理人的集体活动的组织，如国家机器，还没有产生，科学和教育还十分不发达的时代，宗教是限制人的自然属性，保证和培养人的社会性的唯一有效的手段。从考古和民间传说我们了解到，原始宗教祭拜的是他们身边的东西，如猎人祭拜的是各种动物、山神；渔民祭拜的是河神、水神；采集人祭拜的可能是各种植物，树神、花神。这些祭拜对象既不是抽象的心灵之神，也不是唯一的主宰天地的神，而是与人类活动密切相关的自然之物。而且，祭拜活动都是全体部落成员参加，由部落首领或者由所谓可以和神灵交流的祭师主持。所以，祭拜活动，不仅是一种仪式，而且是作为增强全体人员的集体意识的一种活动。可能后者才是祭拜活动的真正目的。至于，精神寄托、心灵安慰等祭拜和宗教的高级作用只是后来宗教的发展和在社会活动中普及以后带来的次要作用，而不是宗教成为一种非常主要的社会活动的根本原因。随着社会的发展，集体活动规模越来越大。特别是随着国家这种高级组织形式的出现，宗教祭拜也越来越抽象，死人、鬼魅、幽灵等进入祭拜对象，宗教祭拜仪式越来越恐怖，甚至要用人来做祭拜奉物。这些行为如果说是精神寄托、心灵安慰就不大合理了，而解释为压制人的自然特性，支持加强人的社会性到是更加合理些。特别宗教的强调服从性，维护社会秩序的作用是宗教得以存在和发展的主要原因。所以，历代都有统治者特别热中于宗教仪式，有些时候他们还会利用手中掌握的国家机器来推行他们看中的某个宗教，甚至于一些统治者把某个宗教定为国教与国家法令一致，国家的最高统治者往往也是宗教的最高领袖。也就是为了充分利用宗教所具有的保证和培养人的社会性的作用. 宗教与信仰 宗教的基础是信仰，也有人认为是蒙昧主义。宗教只要求人们相信，不要求人们问为什么。 有些观点认为，某个民族只信仰某个宗教。而从考古学的发现上得出的结论是，信仰不是天生的，是可以改变的。民族、宗教和文化既有联系，又有区别。 宗教的影响力量 宗教在世界上各个国家和民族中都存在。到目前为止，还没有发现哪个国家没有宗教。 宗教与政治 宗教与政治的关系很复杂，宗教信仰会影响法律。宗教也是一种社会意识形态，是上层建筑的一部分。在历史上，宗教常常被统治阶层用来作为统治人民的精神工具。另一方面，宗教也常常被反抗者用来作为反抗压迫的工具。 现代在许多国家, 公民都有宗教信仰自由，它是公民的基本权利之一。中世纪时，世界上几乎所有国家都采取政教合一的制度，国家政权与宗教合而为一，宗教首领就是国家首脑，直接掌握国家政权；设立单一的宗教成为国教，教规就是国法，公民必须信奉和遵守，公民没有信仰其他宗教或不信仰宗教的自由，否则会被认为是“异教徒”而遭到迫害。但在古代中国，由于儒家思想的影响，允许公民有信仰其他宗教的自由，但各种其他宗教必须纳入儒家伦理的框架中。 马克思主义的观点认为，当社会发展到共产主义，宗教将会消失。 世界主要宗教 一、犹太教 二、基督宗教，包括 基督教（新教）天主教 东正教 基督教马龙派（涅斯多流派、涅斯托利派、景教） 摩门教 三、佛教 （一）小乘佛教（二）大乘佛教，包括1. 显宗，包括<1> 空门，包括 禅宗 律宗 法相宗（三论宗）法性宗（瑜伽宗）华严宗 天台宗 <2> 净土宗和净土东宗 2. 密宗，即藏传佛教 四、伊斯兰教，包括 逊尼派 什叶派 苏菲派 中国伊斯兰教 (伊朗)巴哈教?? 五、印度教(亦称为兴都教) 佛教兴起前称婆罗门教；佛教在印度衰落时期，经过印度教改革，改称印度教。 六、儒教 七、(中国)道教，包括 正一道（天师道）全真道 太乙道 大道道 以及(台湾)一贯道 (朝鲜、韩国)天道教 越南道教 八、(日本)神道教 九、（西藏）本教 十、(印度)锡克教 十一、琐罗亚斯德教(拜火教) 十二、摩尼教(波斯明教) 十三、耆那教 十四、威卡教派 十五、新兴宗教
IV. The translation of reading
英语中的圣经习语
习语是词组或者一种表达方式，其意义无法从孤立的单词意思中获得。换言之，其含义与组成单词的意思可能完全不同。习语有很多特点，其中之一是它往往用许多词代表单一的事物、人物或概念，除非你能识辨出习语的使用，否则你很容易误解所读到的或听到的内容。
英语中存在大量的习语，其中相当一部分来源与《圣经》。《圣经》最初是用希伯来文写成的，后被译为希腊语，这两种语言都使用很多习语。这意味着自数百年前《圣经》被翻译成英文以来，许多希伯来习语和希腊习语已成为英语的一部分了。但今天许多习语原意荡然无存，或只与原意有含糊或松散的联系。例如，“by and by”现在的意思是“不久”，但在《圣经》中它被用来表示“立刻，马上”。
圣经习语原本都有着直白、清晰的意义，因为它们通常意在强调某一故事的寓意，给听众或读者一个意象以帮他们更好的理解故事。一个有名的例子就是“feet of clay”。这个习语来自于圣经中的一个故事。有一位国王梦见一尊塑像。塑像的头是金的，胸臂是银的，两腿是铁的，脚是半铁半泥的。他梦见一块石头落在了半铁半泥的脚上，一下子就把整个塑像砸碎了。今天这个习语的意思是，那些为人敬重的人物也有着不为人知的弱点。
也有许多源于《圣经》的习语用动物来创造形象。一个人所共知的例子就是“a little bird told me”。当人们想说他们知道某件事情，但不想说是谁向他们提供这个消息的时候，就可以用这个习语。这个习语来自于《圣经》中的这样一段话：“空中的鸟，必传扬这声音；有翅膀的，必述说这件事。”使用动物的另一个习语是“kill the fatted calf”，意指举行大的庆典。这个习语来自于《圣经》中关于一个儿子离家很久后回到家的故事。这个儿子离开家，虚度光阴、挥霍金钱，过着奢华的生活。但后来他改过自新，迷途知返。为庆祝他回家，家人宰杀了一头小肥羊，举办了盛宴。
圣经习语的另一个重点常常是食物或与食物有关的东西。例如，孩子们常常被说成是“apple of their parents’ eye”，意思是他们的父母非常爱他们，以他们为荣。这个习语来自于《圣经》中大卫王写的一段文字，他请求上帝记着要象照顾孩童一样照顾他。另一个与相关的习语说某人是“the salt of the earth”，意思是这个人很善良、很诚实。在创作《圣经》的那个年代，盐是非常珍贵的，因为它常被用来保存东西。纯净的盐不会失去味道，但不纯的盐则会。一旦盐失去了味道，就不能再用来保存东西，应该扔掉。换言之，如果你不诚实，那么你就一文不值。
习语是语言的重要组成部分，广泛使用于文学作品、电影和报纸中。这个网页上所列出的例子在英语口语和书面语中使用频繁。学习它们可帮助你提高理解能力，还有，通过学习足够数量的重要习语，你能将交际技巧提升到较高水平。如果你希望成为英语口译或笔译者，学习习语会对你有所裨益。透彻了解英语习语及其起源，你可以更好地理解和欣赏英语国家的历史和文化，因为习语是历史和文化的载体。
V. The translation of The White Horse Temple
白马寺
白马寺在中国中东部的河南省洛阳市, 它是中国第一座佛教寺庙, 迄今为止, 它仍然是全中国最重要的寺庙之一.
关于白马寺的故事是这样的: 公元64年的一天晚上, 东汉(公元25年---220年) 明帝梦见一个金人飞行于宫殿之上. 金人身长一丈有余, 头放强光, 照亮了整个宫殿. 当皇帝醒来时, 他让大臣们为他解梦, 告诉他梦的含义. 有位大臣说皇上梦见了佛祖---天竺的神. 于是, 皇帝下令派遣一批大臣作为使臣, 前往印度了解更多关于佛的情况.
这群大臣西行至中亚到达了印度次大陆, 也就是今天的阿富汗一带. 在那里他们遇到了两位云游宣教的印度佛教高僧. 大臣们邀请他们到印度宣讲佛法. 公元67年, 大臣带着高僧回到洛阳. 他们用一匹白马驮着他们的物品, 佛经和佛像.
当他们抵达洛阳时, 洛阳和中国任何其他地方都没有佛教寺庙, 因此皇帝邀请僧人住在胪寺, 这里是皇帝招待外国使臣的客舍. 第二年, 僧人们获赐鸿胪寺的新建房屋. 鸿胪寺也被改名为白马寺, 以纪念曾经驮负佛经和佛像的白马.
在改名时, 中国语言发生了一点变化, 在此之前“寺”的意思是“官舍，官署”, 而白马寺则赋予“寺”以“寺庙”这个意思. 现在, “寺”不再用来表示“官舍，官署”的意思， 而只指“寺庙”.
白马寺非常有趣, 建筑形式多样, 尤其是其房屋高度和风格. 今日整座寺庙以一个朝南的长方形庭院为中心. 庭院两侧有许多供祈祷, 颂经和接待香客的殿堂, 还有僧人就寝的地方. 在全寺东南角是一座十三层的宝塔, 或说是印度式的佛教庙宇, 是在鸿胪寺改名后建造的. 该塔名为齐云塔, 是中国的第一座佛塔. 齐云塔里面保存有最初随明帝大臣来华的两位印度僧人的墓. 据说如果站在离塔20米远的地方击掌, 可以听到屋顶传来放大的声声回荡, 类似蛙鸣.
白马寺最迷人的地方之一就是它不仅是中国最古老的佛教寺庙, 也是最古老的仍在使用的寺庙. 僧人们在此学习佛经, 佛教徒们来此拜佛. 佛教从白马寺传到了中国和亚洲的其他地方, 因此该寺很重要, 如今仍是重要的佛教圣地.
白马寺历史悠久. 它曾屡经修复, 变化很多. 过去白马寺的修复与扩建通常是在战争和毁坏之后, 但近期的修复工作则不然. 2005年4月, 印度和中国计划共同合作, 在白马寺西边建一座新的印度式宝塔. 这座新塔代表了两国人民之间的友谊, 并提醒人们2000多年前佛教是从印度传到了中国.
对于中国人民和中国历史来说, 白马寺意义重大, 正因为如此, 它被政府列入第一批国家级文物保护单位. 它也是洛阳最著名的旅游胜地之一, 向来很受欢迎, 以后也将如此.
Grammar and usage
1. They believe that the spirits must all be given presents of food because if they are hungry, there will be great suffering and burdens for people to bear. (P57)他们相信必须给这些神灵以食物, 因为如果他们饿了, 对人们来说就会承受巨大的灾难和艰难险阻了.
(1) burden: noun [C] <1> a heavy load that you carry: The little donkey struggled under its heavy burden. <2> something difficult or unpleasant that you have to deal with or worry about: the burden of responsibility My elderly mother worries that she's a burden to me. Buying a house often places a large financial burden on young couples. burden ?? verb [T] I don't want to burden (= trouble) you with my problems.
burdensome ?adjective FORMAL causing difficulties or work: a burdensome task
(2) bear: verb [T] bore, borne or US ALSO born <1> to hold or support something: The chair, too fragile to bear her weight, collapsed.
<2> to have or continue to have something: Their baby bears a strong resemblance/an uncanny likeness to its grandfather. The stone plaque bearing his name was smashed to pieces. On display were boxing gloves which bore Rocky Marciano's signature. [+ two objects] I don't bear them any ill feeling (= I do not continue to be angry with or dislike them). Thank you for your advice, I'll bear it in mind (= will remember and consider it).
<3> to accept, tolerate or endure especially something unpleasant: The strain must have been enormous but she bore it well. Tell me now! I can't bear the suspense! It's your decision - you must bear the responsibility if things go wrong. [+ to infinitive] He couldn't bear to see the dog in pain. [+ ing form of verb] I can't bear being bored. bearable ?adjective <1> If an unpleasant situation is bearable, you can accept or deal with it: As far as she was concerned, only the weekends made life bearable.
<2> to give birth to young, or (of a tree or plant) to give or produce especially fruit or flowers: She had borne six children by the time she was thirty. [+ two objects] When his wife bore him a child he could not hide his delight. Most animals bear their young in the spring. The pear tree they planted has never borne fruit .
2. The most important person in a Karen village is the priest and he is consulted regularly about sacrifices and other ceremonies.(P57) 在卡伦村最重要的人是牧师, 关于献祭和其他的仪式人们通常向他请教.
(1) consult: verb <1> [T] to get information or advice from a person, book, etc. with special knowledge on a particular subject: If the symptoms get worse, consult your doctor. I'm not quite sure how to get there - I'd better consult a map. <2> [I or T] to discuss something with someone before you make a decision: Why didn't you consult me about this? This afternoon the Prime Minister was consulting with his advisors and we are expecting an announcement shortly.
consultant ?noun [C] <1> someone who advises people on a particular subject: a management/financial/computer consultant a firm of public relations consultants <2> UK a specialist (= doctor with special training and knowledge in a particular area of medicine) consultation noun <1> [C] a meeting to discuss something or to get advice: After consultations with our accountants, we've decided how to cut costs within the company. <2> [U] when you discuss something with someone in order to get their advice or opinion about it: He chose his study course in consultation with his parents and teachers.
(2) sacrifice: (KILL) ?? verb [I or T] <1> to kill an animal or a person and offer them to a god or gods <2> to give up something that is valuable to you in order to help another person: Many women sacrifice interesting careers for their family. sacrifice ?? noun [C or U] the act of killing an animal or person and offering them to a god or gods, or the animal, etc. that is offered: The people offered a lamb on the altar as a sacrifice for their sins.
noun [C or U] We had to make sacrifices in order to pay for our children's education. They cared for their disabled son for 27 years, at great personal sacrifice.
●Project
1. When the emperor woke up, he asked his officials to interpret his dream and tell him what it meant. (P62) 当皇帝醒来时, 他让大臣们为他解梦, 告诉他梦的含义.
interpret: verb [T] <1> to decide what the intended meaning of something is: It's difficult to interpret these statistics without knowing how they were obtained. A jury should not interpret the silence of a defendant as a sign of guilt. <2> to express your own ideas about the intended meaning of a play or a piece of music when performing it: If Shakespeare's plays are to reach a large audience they need to be interpreted in a modern style. interpretation ?noun [C or U] an explanation or opinion of what something means: The dispute is based on two widely differing interpretations of the law. The rules are vague and open to interpretation. It is difficult for many people to accept a literal interpretation of the Bible.
interpreter ?noun [C] He's a noted interpreter of traditional Irish music.
2. Then the emperor instructed a group of officials to go on his behalf as agents to India to find more information about Buddha. (P62) 于是, 皇帝下令派遣一批大臣作为使臣, 前往印度了解更多关于佛的情况.
(1) instruct: verb <1> [T + to infinitive] to order or tell someone to do something, especially in a formal way: The police have been instructed to patrol the building and surrounding area. <2> [T] UK to employ a lawyer to represent you in court <3> [T] When a judge instructs a jury, they tell it what the law means and how to use it. <4> [T]to teach someone how to do something: He works in a sports centre instructing people in the use of the gym equipment. instruction ?? noun [C usually plural] The police who broke into the house were only acting on/under instructions. [+ to infinitive] He gave me strict instructions to get there by eight o'clock.
noun [U]
The video provides instruction on how to operate the computer. The course gives you basic instruction in car maintenance. Have you seen the instruction manual for the washing machine?
instructions ?? plural noun advice and information about how to do or use something, often written in a small book or on the side of a container: The cooking instructions say bake it for half an hour. You obviously didn't read the instructions properly. They need clear instructions on what to do next.
(2) behalf: noun on behalf of sb/on sb's behalf representing; instead of: On behalf of the entire company, I would like to thank you for all your work. Unfortunately, George cannot be with us today so I am pleased to accept this award on his behalf. Please don't leave on my behalf (= because of me).
3. The temple complex today is centred around a southern-facing courtyard that is shaped like a rectangle. (P63) 今日整座寺庙以一个朝南的长方形庭院为中心.
centre: noun [C] <1> the middle point or part: There was a large table in the centre of the room. the town centre <2> a place or building, especially one where a particular activity happens: a sports/leisure/health centre a garden/shopping centre Grants will be given to establish centres of excellence (= places where a particular activity is done extremely well) in this field of research. centre UK, US center ?verb [T] to put something in the middle of an area: Centre (= Put at equal distances from the left and right sides of the page) all the headings in this document.
centre around/on sth phrasal verb to have something as the main subject of discussion or interest: The discussion centred around reducing waste.
4. In the past, these repairs and extensions generally followed times of war and destruction though recent restoration has not been a result of such terrible circumstances.(P63) 过去白马寺的修复与扩建通常是在战争和毁坏之后, 但近期的修复工作则不然.
(1) extension ?noun [C or U] Martin Luther King, Jr, campaigned for the extension of civil rights to (= for them to include) black people. The extension (= increasing) of police powers in the province has been heavily criticized. His report contained serious criticisms of the finance director, and, by extension (= therefore), of the entire board of management. The article is an extension of (= takes further) the ideas Professor Fox developed in an earlier book. We're building an extension (= adding a new room or rooms) to/on our house. I've applied for an extension to my visa (= asked for it to last longer). They are hoping to get an extension of their loan (= to be given a longer period of time in which to pay it back).
extend (REACH) ? verb [T; I usually + adverb or preposition] to (cause something to) reach, stretch or continue; to add to something in order to make it bigger or longer: The Sahara Desert extends (= reaches) for miles. The path extends (= continues) beyond the end of the road. Rain is expected to extend to (= reach) all parts of the country by this evening. The effects of this legislation will extend (= reach) further than the government intends. Parking restrictions do not extend to (= include) disabled people. We've extended a washing line (= made it reach) between two trees in the garden. We're planning to extend our publishing of children's books (= increase it). He extended his hand as a greeting (= held out his hand for someone to shake it). The government has produced a series of leaflets designed to extend (= increase) public awareness of the dangers of AIDS. We have plans to extend our house (= to make it bigger). The pub has recently extended its opening hours (= made them longer). I need to extend my visa (= make it last longer). extended ?adjective [before noun] long or longer than usual: They're going on an extended holiday to Australia. There was an extended news bulletin because of the plane crash.
(2) circumstance: noun <1> [C usually plural] a fact or event that makes a situation the way it is: I think she coped very well under the circumstances. Obviously we can't deal with the problem until we know all the circumstances. She died in suspicious circumstances. We oppose capital punishment in/under any circumstances. Under no circumstances should you (= You must not) approach the man. The meeting has been cancelled due to circumstances beyond our control. <2 >[U] FORMAL events that change your life, over which you have no control: They were victims of circumstance. We were obliged to go by force of circumstance. <3> circumstances how much money someone has: Grants are available depending on your circumstances. By now she was alone and living in reduced circumstances (= with little money).
●Reading Biblical idioms in English
1. An idiom is a group of words or an expression whose meaning often cannot be understood by looking at the meanings of the separate words in it. (P50) 习语是词组或者一种表达方式, 其意义无法从孤立的单词意思中获得.
(1) expression: noun [C] a word or group of words used in a particular situation or by particular people: He uses a lot of unusual expressions. 'A can of worms' is an expression which means 'a difficult situation'.
?noun <1> [C or U] when you say what you think or show how you feel using words or actions: He wrote her a poem as an expression of his love. We've received a lot of expressions of support for our campaign. Freedom of expression is a basic human right. It's better to give expression to (= show) your anger, rather than hiding it. FORMAL His sadness at the death of his wife found expression (= was shown) in his music. She plays the violin with great expression (= feeling). <2> [C] the look on someone's face, showing what they feel or think: I could tell from her expression that something serious had happened. Mark always has such a miserable expression on his face.
express: verb [T] <1> to show a feeling, opinion or fact: Her eyes expressed deep sadness. I would like to express my thanks for your kindness. Words can't express how happy I am. These figures are expressed as a percentage of the total. <2> express yourself to communicate what you think or feel, by speaking or writing, or in some other way: I'm afraid I'm not expressing myself very clearly. Children often express themselves in painting. (2) separate ?? adjective existing or happening independently or in a different physical space: The art department and the main college are in two separate buildings. I try to keep meat separate from other food in the fridge. I have my public life and my private life, and as far as possible I try to keep them separate. Three youths have been shot and killed in separate incidents this month. ?verb <1> [I or T] to (cause to) divide into parts: The north and south of the country are separated by a mountain range. You can get a special device for separating egg whites from yolks. The top and bottom sections are quite difficult to separate. <2> [I or T] to make people move apart or into different places, or to move apart: At school they always tried to separate Jane and me because we were troublemakers. Somehow, in the rush to get out of the building, I got separated from my mother. Perhaps we should separate now and meet up later. <3 >[T] to consider two people or things as different or not related: You can't separate morality from politics. <4> [I] If a liquid separates it becomes two different liquids. <5> [I] to start to live in a different place from your husband or wife because the relationship has ended: My parents separated when I was six and divorced a couple of years later. separable ?adjective SLIGHTLY FORMAL able to be separated from each other separately ?adverb not together: Detectives interviewed the men separately over several days. I tend to wear the jacket and skirt separately rather than as a suit. I think we'd better deal with these two points separately. separation ?noun <1> [U] when two or more people or things are separated: During the war many couples had to endure long periods of separation (= not being together). After many years the government finally abandoned its apartheid system of racial separation. <2> [C or U] an arrangement, often legal, by which two married people stop living together as husband and wife: Couples may agree to divorce each other after a separation. They're considering separation as an option.
2. However, many idioms have either lost their original meanings or have only a vague or loose connection to them now. (P50) 但今天许多习语原意荡然无存, 或只与原意有含糊或松散的联系.
(1) vague: adjective <1> not clearly expressed, known, described or decided: I do have a vague memory of meeting her many years ago. The patient had complained of vague pains and backache. <2> not clear in shape, or not clearly seen: Through the mist I could just make out a vague figure. <3> describes someone who is not able to think clearly, or who, sometimes as a way of hiding what they really think, does not express their opinions clearly: My aunt is incredibly vague - she can never remember where she's left things. Their report is studiously vague (= intentionally not exact) on future economic prospects. vaguely adverb I vaguely remembered having met her before. vagueness ??noun [U]
(2) connection: noun <1> [C or U] when something joins or is joined to something else, or the part or process that enables this: The electricity company guarantees connection within 24 hours. It's no wonder your shaver isn't working. There's a loose connection (= a connecting wire has become loose) in the plug. <2> [C] when people or things are joined or connected in some way
noun [C] The connection between smoking and heart disease is well known. They're sisters, are they? I knew their surname was the same, but I never made (= thought of) the connection.
connect (JOIN) ? verb [I or T] to join or be joined with something else: Can I connect my printer to your computer? Where does the cooker connect (up) to the electricity? Has the telephone/electricity/gas been connected (= switched on or joined to the main supply) in your new place yet? verb [T] to consider or show a person or thing to be related to someone or something else: She's an actress I connect with the theatre rather than films. Police are connecting the break-in with other recent thefts in the area. connected ?adjective joined together: The TV won't work if the aerial's not connected. adjective They're not blood relations, - they're only connected by marriage. He was connected in some way with that fraud scandal a couple of years back. connecting ?adjective joining or being joined: There's a connecting corridor between the buildings. connecting rooms
in connection with on the subject of: They want to talk to you in connection with an unpaid tax bill.
3. Biblical idioms originally had straightforward and clear meanings because they were often meant to underline the moral story of a story and to give audiences an image to help them to understand the story better. (P50) 圣经习语原本都有着直白,清晰的意义, 因为她们通常意在强调某一故事的寓意, 给听众或读者一个意象以帮他们更好地理解故事.
(1) straightforward: adjective <1> easy to understand or simple: Just follow the signs to Bradford - it's very straightforward.
<2> (of a person) honest and not tending to hide their opinions: Roz is straightforward and let's you know what she's thinking. straightforwardly ?? adverb He explained quite straightforwardly that there wasn't enough work for us all.
(2) underline: verb [T] (ALSO underscore) <1> to draw a line under a word, especially in order to show its importance: All the technical words have been underlined in red. <2> to emphasize: She put the figures up on the board to underline the seriousness of the situation. To underline their disgust, the crowd started throwing bottles at the stage.
(3) audience: group noun [C] the group of people gathered in one place to watch or listen to a play, film, someone speaking, etc., or the (number of) people watching or listening to a particular television or radio programme, or reading a particular book: She lectures to audiences all over the world. The secret to public speaking is to get the audience on your side. The audience was/were clearly delighted with the performance. The magic show had a lot of audience participation, with people shouting things to the performers and going up on stage. The television company has lost a large part of its audience (= the group of people who watch its programmes) since it changed its programming. Her latest book should appeal to a large audience (= many people will want to read it).
4. The son had left home to waste his time and money leading a life of luxury, but later mended his ways and came home.(P51) 这个儿子离开家, 虚度光阴, 挥霍金钱, 过着奢华的生活. 但后来他改过自新, 迷途知返.
(1) waste: noun [S or U] <1> an unnecessary or wrong use of money, substances, time, energy, abilities, etc: That meeting achieved absolutely nothing - it was a complete waste of time. She's been unemployed for two years and it's such a waste of her talents. My mother couldn't bear waste - she always made us eat everything on our plates. <2>waste ground/land an area of ground in or near a city which is not built on, cultivated or used in any way: His body had been dumped in an area of waste land just outside the city. waste ??verb [T] to use too much of something or use something badly when there is a limited amount of it: You waste a lot of water by having a bath instead of a shower. Come on, let's get started - we've wasted enough time already. Don't waste your money on me, love, keep it for yourself.
If you'd got on with your work instead of wasting time chatting, you'd be finished by now.
相关高考题:
You're ________ trying to persuade him; he'll never join us. (1995全国)
A. spending? B. wasting???? C. losing????? D. missing
答案: B
(2) luxury: noun <1> [U] great comfort, especially as provided by expensive and beautiful things: to live in luxury a luxury cruise a luxury hotel <2> [C] something expensive which is pleasant to have but is not necessary: luxuries, such as champagne and chocolate I like to buy myself little luxuries from time to time. <3> [S or U] something which gives you a lot of pleasure but which you cannot often do: A day off work is such a luxury. luxurious ?? adjective <1> very comfortable and expensive: They have a very luxurious house. We spent a luxurious weekend at a country hotel. <2> giving great pleasure: The cat gave a long, luxurious stretch. luxuriously ?adverb
(3) mend: verb [T] MAINLY UK to repair something that is broken or damaged: Could you mend this hole in my shirt? I've left my watch at the jeweller's to be mended. The plumber came to mend the burst pipe. The country's president is seeking to mend relations with the United States.
mend your ways: to begin to behave well having until now behaved badly
5. For instance, children are often referred to as the ‘apple of their parents’ eye’, meaning that their parents love them very much and are very proud of them. (P51) 例如, 孩子们常常被说成是“apple of their parents’ eye”, 意思是他们的父母非常爱他们, 以他们为荣.
refer:
refer to sb/sth (DESCRIBE) phrasal verb <1> to talk or write about someone or something, especially briefly: In her autobiography she occasionally refers to her unhappy schooldays. He always refers to the house as his "refuge". <2> If writing or information refers to someone or something, it relates to that person or thing: The new salary scale only refers to company managers and directors. refer sb to sth (DIRECT) phrasal verb to direct someone or something to a different place or person for information, help or action, often to a person or group with more knowledge or power: My doctor referred me to a hospital specialist. The High Court has referred the case to the Court of Appeal. refer (sb) to sth (LOOK AT) phrasal verb to look at, or tell someone else to look at, a book or similar record in order to find information and help: She spoke for an hour without once referring to her notes. He referred to a history book to find out the dates of the French Revolution. The reader is constantly referred back to the introduction.
reference: ?noun [C or U] a mention of something: Knowing what had happened, I avoided making any reference to (= mentioning) weddings. FORMAL I am writing with/in reference to (= in connection with) your letter of 15 March.
noun [C] <1> a writer or a book, article, etc. that is mentioned in a piece of writing, showing you where the author found their information <2> (ABBREVIATION ref) in a business letter, a number that tells you who to speak to or where to look for more information: In all future letters on this subject, please use/quote our reference JW/155/C/1991.
相关高考题:
Once a decision has been made, all of us should ________.
A. direct to B. stick to C. lead to D. refer to
答案： B
6. Salt was very precious when the Bible was written because it was often used to preserve things. (P51) 盐是非常珍贵的, 因为它常被用来保存东西.
preserve: verb [T] <1> to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from decaying or being damaged or destroyed; to conserve: to preserve the environment We want to preserve the character of the town while improving the facilities. The agreement preserved our right to limit trade in endangered species. Putting varnish on wood is a way of preserving it. I need to get out of the house from time to time just to preserve (= prevent me from losing) my sanity. <2> to treat food in a particular way so that it can be kept for a long time without going bad: preserved fruit oranges preserved in brandy preservation: noun [U] when you keep something the same or prevent it from being damaged: building preservation wood preservation There is great public concern about some of the chemicals used in food preservation. The cathedral is in a poor state of preservation (= has not been kept in good condition). The prime minister has said that the government is committed to the preservation (= protection) of the country's national interests. She belongs to the Association for the Preservation of Civil War Sites.
7. In other words, if you are not honest, then you are worth nothing.(P51) 换言之, 如果你不诚实, 那么你就一文不值.
worth: noun [U] <1> the amount of money which something can be sold for; value: The estimated worth of the plastics and petrochemical industry is about $640 billion. <2> ￡20/$100, etc. worth of sth the amount of something that you could buy for ￡20/$100, etc: $4 million worth of souvenirs and gift items have been produced for the event. ??adjective <1> having a particular value, especially in money: Our house is worth about ￡200 000. Heroin worth about $5 million was seized. <2> INFORMAL possessing a particular amount of money: She must be worth at least half a million. <3> be worth sth to be important or interesting enough to receive a particular action: I think this matter is worth our attention. When you're in Reykjavik, the National Museum is worth a visit. <4> be worth having/doing sth to be important or useful to have or do: There's nothing worth reading in this newspaper. If you are a young, inexperienced driver, it is worth having comprehensive insurance. It's worth remembering that prices go up on February 1st. worthless ?? adjective having no value in money: The company's shares are now virtually worthless shares. He said the jewels were worthless fakes.
get/have your money's worth to receive good value from something you have paid for: He's had his money's worth out of that suit - he's been wearing it for years.
be worth it to be of reasonable or good value for the price: Four days' car hire costs ￡150, which is well worth it for the freedom it gives you.
worth it enjoyable or beneficial enough to make the necessary effort, risk, pain, etc. seem acceptable: It was a long climb to the top of the hill, but it was worth it for the view from the top. Don't tire yourself out Geri, it's really not worth it. After the plastic surgery I had two black eyes and was very swollen. But I knew it would be worth it. Forget him, love, - he's just not worth it.
If it/a thing is worth doing, it's worth doing well. SAYING used to emphasize that if you are going to spend time doing a piece of work, you should do it as well as possible
A bird in the hand (is worth two in the bush). SAYING said when you recognise that you should not risk losing something you already have by trying to get something you think might be better
8. Studying them can help improve your comprehension, and by learning enough important idioms, you can develop a high level of competence in your communication skills. (P51) 学习她们可帮助你提高理解能力, 还有， 通过学习足够数量的重要习语, 你能将交际技巧提升到较高水平.
(1) comprehension: noun <1> [U] the ability to understand completely and be aware of a situation, facts, etc: He has no comprehension of the size of the problem. How she manages to fit so much into a working day is beyond my comprehension (= I cannot understand it). <2> [C or U] UK a test to find out how well students understand written or spoken language: a listening/reading comprehension
comprehend ?? verb [I or T; not continuous] SLIGHTLY FORMAL to understand something completely: I fail to comprehend their attitude. He doesn't seem to comprehend the scale of the problem [+ question word] I'll never comprehend why she did what she did. [+ that] I don't think he fully comprehends that she won't be here to help him. comprehensible ?adjective able to be understood: It's written in clear, comprehensible English. Her writing is barely comprehensible to me. NOTE: The opposite is incomprehensible.
(2) competence: noun [U] (ALSO competency) the ability to do something well: Her competence as a teacher is unquestionable. He reached a reasonable level of competence in his English. NOTE: The opposite is incompetence. competent ?? adjective able to do something well: a competent secretary/horse-rider/cook I wouldn't say he was brilliant but he is competent at his job. NOTE: The opposite is incompetent.
(3) communication: noun <1> [U] the act of communicating with people: Television is an increasingly important means of communication. We are in direct communication with Moscow. With an hour's walk to the nearest telephone, communication is difficult. There's very little communication between mother and daughter (= they do not have a good relationship). a course on communication skills <2> [C] FORMAL a message or a letter: We received your communication of 11th March and are sorry to inform you that we won't be attending the conference.
communicate ?? verb <1> [I or T] to share information with others by speaking, writing, moving your body or using other signals: We can now communicate instantly with people on the other side of the world. Unable to speak a word of the language, he communicated with (= using) his hands. Has the news been communicated to the staff yet? As an actor he could communicate a whole range of emotions. <2> [I] to talk about your thoughts and feelings, and help other people to understand them: I find I just can't communicate with her. <3> [T] SPECIALIZED to pass a disease from one person or animal to another <4> [I] FORMAL If one room communicates with another, it connects with it through a door: The bedroom communicates with both toilet and hall. communicating rooms
9. When you have a thorough understanding of English idioms and their origins, you can better understand and appreciate the history and cultures of English-speaking countries because idioms are carriers of history and culture. (P51) 透彻了解英语习语及其起源, 你可以更好地理解和欣赏英语国家的历史和文化, 因为习语是历史和文化的载体.
(1) thorough: adjective <1> complete, very great, very much: It was a thorough waste of time. <2> detailed and careful: a thorough revision of the manuscript They did a thorough search of the area but found nothing. thoroughly ?adverb I thoroughly enjoyed the performance.
We went through the report thoroughly but the information we wanted wasn't given anywhere.
相关高考题:
Broadly speaking, I would agree with Shirley, though not ______. (2003上海春季)
A. widely B. thoroughly C. entirely D. extensively
答案: C
(2) appreciate: verb [T] <1> to recognize or understand that something is valuable, important or as described: There's no point buying him expensive wines - he doesn't appreciate them. We appreciate the need for immediate action. [+ that] I appreciate that it's a difficult decision for you to make. [+ question word] I don't think you appreciate how much time I spent preparing this meal. <2> I/We appreciate... used when you are thanking someone or showing that you are grateful: We really appreciate all the help you gave us last weekend. [+ ing form of verb] I appreciate your making the effort to come. <3> would appreciate used when you are politely requesting something: I would appreciate it if you could let me know (= Please let me know) in advance whether or not you will be coming. appreciation ?noun [U] when you recognize or understand that something is valuable, important or as described: Max has no appreciation of the finer things in life. The crowd cheered in appreciation. Children rarely show any appreciation of/for what their parents do for them. These flowers are a token of my appreciation of/for all your help.
●Task
1. He has more churches named after him than any other saint and has become one of the best known figures in the world. (P61) 他比任何其他的圣徒有更多的以他的名字命名的教堂,并且成为了世界上最著名的人之一.
name: noun <1> [C] the word or words that a person, thing or place is known by: "Hi, what's your name?" "My name's Diane." Please write your full (= complete) name and address on the form. What's the name of that mountain in the distance? We finally agreed on the name Luca for our son. The students were listed by name and by country of origin. <2> [C usually singular] the opinion or reputation that someone or something has: She went to court to clear her name (= prove that the bad things said about her were not true). Their actions gave British football a bad name in Europe at that time. They're trying to restore the good name of the manufacturer. <3> [C] someone who is famous or has a good reputation: It seemed like all the big names in football were there. name ?? verb [T] <1> to give someone or something a name: [+ two objects] We named our dogs 'Shandy' and 'Belle'. A man named Dennis answered the door. <2> to say what something or someone's name is: In the first question you had to name three types of monkey. He couldn't name his attacker. <3> to choose someone or something: Just name the time and I'll be there on the dot. Name your conditions/terms/price. Ms Martinez has been named (as) (= she will be) the new Democratic candidate.
2. He did the same thing the following two nights, providing enough gold for all the three girls to get married.(P61) 在接下来的两个晚上他做了同样的事情,提供这三个女子足够的金子让她们结婚.
provide: verb [T] to give someone something that they need: This booklet provides useful information about local services. All meals are provided throughout the course. The author provides no documentary references to support her assertions. We have concerns about whether the government will be able to provide viable social services for poorer families/provide poorer families with viable social services. Putting more police on patrol doesn't provide a real solution to the problem of increasing violence.
相关高考题:
They've _____ us ￡150,000 for the house. Shall we take it?
A. provided B. supplied C. shown D. offered
答案: D
Part Two Teaching Resources
第二部分 教学资源
Section 1: A text structure analysis of Biblical idioms in English
I. Summary of Biblical idioms in English
Main idea of the passage
The meanings of Biblical idioms and their importance to learning English
Main idea of Part 1 (paragraph 1)
The definition of an idiom
Main idea of Part 2 (paragraph2-5)
The source of idioms and their different meanings
Main idea of Part 3 (paragraphs 6)
The importance of idioms
II. A tree diagram of the text:
III.A retold version of Biblical idioms in English
An idiom is a group of words or an expression. Its meaning can be completely different from the meanings of its components. In order not to misunderstand what you read or hear, you should know when an idiom is being used. Many idioms come from the Bible. And they have either lost their original meanings or have only a vague or loose connection to them now. Biblical idioms were often meant to underline the moral of a story and to give audiences an image to help them understand the story better. There are also many idioms from the Bible that use animals to create an image. There are many examples. Another focus of biblical idioms is often food or things related to food. Idioms are an important part of language and are used in everything. Studying them can help you improve your English.
●Section 3: Words and expressions
●Welcome to the unit
1. Many people in different parts of the world have different beliefs or religions. (P49) 世界上不同地区的许多人有不同的宗教信仰.
belief: noun [C or S or U] the feeling of certainty that something exists or is true: All non-violent religious and political beliefs should be respected equally. [+ that] It is my (firm) belief that nuclear weapons are immoral. His belief in God gave him hope during difficult times. Recent revelations about corruption have shaken many people's belief in (= caused people to have doubts about) the police. The brutality of the murders was beyond belief (= too difficult to be imagined). He called at her house in the belief that (= confident that) she would lend him the money.
self-belief: ?noun [U] trust in your own abilities
2. Journey to the West is an ancient Chinese story about a search for Buddhism. (P49) 西游记是一部古代中国关于取经的故事.
search: verb (1) [I or T] to look somewhere carefully in order to find something: The police searched the woods for the missing boy. She searched his face for some sign of forgiveness, but it remained expressionless. He searched (in/through) his pockets for some change. I've searched high and low (= everywhere), but I can't find my birth certificate. The detectives searched the house from top to bottom (= all over it), but they found no sign of the stolen goods. FIGURATIVE She searched her mind/memory for the man's name, but she couldn't remember it. FIGURATIVE People who are searching after inner peace sometimes turn to religion. (2) [I] to try to find the answer to a problem: Philosophers have searched for millennia but they haven't found the meaning of life. (3) [T] A police officer who searches you or your possessions looks for something you might be hiding: The men were searched for drugs and then released. ?noun (1) [C] when you try to find someone or something: After a long search, they eventually found the missing papers. We're doing a computer search for all words beginning with 'high'. The police carried out/conducted/made a thorough/exhaustive search of the premises, but they failed to find any drugs. (2) [S] when you try to find an answer to a problem: the search for happiness
in search of sth trying to find something: She was shot by a sniper when she went out in search of firewood.
●Word power
1. Hindus worship many different gods. (P54) 印度教的信仰者崇拜不同的神.
worship: verb -pp- or US ALSO -p- <1> [T] to have or show a strong feeling of respect and admiration for God or a god: In the various regions of India, Hindus worship different gods and observe different religious festivals. <2> [I] to go to a religious ceremony: They work for the same company, socialise together and worship in the same mosque. The poll showed that over 40% of Americans worship on a weekly basis. <3> to love, respect and admire someone or something greatly, often without being aware of their bad qualities: Her parents worship her. As a child, I worshipped my older brother. worship ?? noun [U] when you worship God or a god, often through praying or singing: daily acts of worship Christian/Sikh/Muslim worship For Jews, the synagogue is the centre for community worship and study. Local people have complained about improperly dressed tourists entering places of worship (= buildings for religious ceremonies or private prayer). worshipper, US USUALLY worshiper ?noun [C] <1> someone who goes to a religious ceremony to worship God: At 11am on Sunday morning, worshippers began to stream out of the cathedral. <2> someone who worships and performs religious ceremonies to a particular god or object: devil/idol worshippers
2. Christians believe that doing good things will save their souls.(P55) 基督教徒相信做好事会拯救他们的灵魂.
soul: noun [C] <1> the spiritual part of a person which some people believe continues to exist in some form after their body has died, or the part of a person which is not physical and experiences deep feelings and emotions: She suffered greatly while she was alive, so let us hope her soul is now at peace.
<2> the quality of a person or work of art which shows or produces deep good feelings: If you can't enjoy this music you've got no soul. For me her paintings somehow lack soul.
not a soul no one: By the time I arrived there wasn't a soul there.
heart and soul LITERARY completely: She loves those children heart and soul.
put your heart and soul into sth to make a lot of effort to do something: She's one of those people who puts their heart and soul into their work.
keep body and soul together to be able to pay for your food, clothing and somewhere to live: His wages are barely enough to keep body and soul together.
bless my soul! (ALSO bless me! or well I'm blessed!) OLD-FASHIONED an expression of surprise
3. The devil is the opposite of goodness and represents evil. (P55) 恶魔和善对立, 代表着邪恶.
(1) opposite: adjective <1> completely different: You'd never know they're sisters - they're completely opposite to each other in every way. Police attempts to calm the violence had the opposite effect. <2> being in a position on the other side; facing: My brother and I live on opposite sides of London. The map on the opposite page shows where these birds commonly breed. They sat at opposite ends of the table (to/from each other), refusing to talk. <3> facing the speaker or stated person or thing: If you want to buy tickets, you need to go to the counter opposite. Who owns that shop opposite (= on the other side of the road)? preposition <1> in a position facing someone or something but on the other side: They sat opposite each other. Put a tick opposite (= next to) the answer that you think is correct. <2> act/play/star opposite sb to act a part in a film or play with someone as a partner: Katharine Hepburn played opposite Henry Fonda in many films. adverb in a position facing someone or something but on the other side: She asked the man sitting opposite whether he'd mind if she opened the window. The people who live opposite (= on the other side of the road) are always making a lot of noise.
?noun [C often singular] something or someone that is completely different from another person or thing: My father is a very calm person, but my mother is just the opposite. She's turned out to be the exact opposite of what everyone expected. The opposite of 'fast' is 'slow'. They always say opposites attract. opposed ?? adjective completely different: Two opposed interpretations of the facts have been presented. His view of the situation is diametrically (= very strongly) opposed to mine.
(2) represent: verb [T] <1> to speak, act or be present officially for another person or people: They chose a famous barrister to represent them in court. Union officials representing the teachers met the government today. Women were well/poorly represented at the conference (= there were many/few present). <2> to be the Member of Parliament, or of Congress, etc. for a particular area: Mr Smythe represents Barnet. <3> FORMAL to express or complain about something, to a person in authority: We represented our grievances/demands to the boss. verb [T] <4> to show or describe something or someone: [+ ing form of verb] The statue represents St George killing the dragon. This new report represents the current situation in our schools. He represents himself as an expert, but he knows nothing. <5> to be a sign or symbol of something: In this dictionary the word 'noun' is represented by the letter n. To many people the Queen represents the former glory of Britain.
<6> to be the result of something, or to be something: This book represents ten years of thought and research. The new offer represented an increase of 10% on the previous one. representation ?noun [U] Can he afford legal representation? This statue is a representation of Hercules. He gave a talk on the representation of women in 19th-century art. representative noun [C] <1> someone who speaks or does something officially for another person or group of people: The firm has two representatives in every European city. <2> US someone who has been elected to the US House of Representatives
