课件88张PPT。情态动词 情态动词,在英文中主要用来表示说话人的看法、态度等。它很接近中文里的能愿动词。从用法上来说,它有这样几个特点:1)各个情态动词自身都有一定的词义。2)情态动词不能在句中独立担当谓语。3)情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s
4) 情态动词后接的不定式(除ought外)都不带to ,即接动词原形。
5) 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。英文中的情态动词主要有:can , could ; may , might ; must ; ought ; need ; dare , dared ,
另外,shall , will , should , would在一定的场合也可用作情态动词。
例如:He can speak five languages .
他会说五种语言。
She must have arrived home by now .
现在她准到家了。
We should study hard for our motherland .
我们应该为祖国而努力学习。考点点击:情态动词主要用来表示说话人的看法、态度等,它是英语动词中最难把握的一类,也是每年高考必考内容。
命题热点:
1.情态动词的基本用法辨析,
2.情态动词表示态度的用法辨析,
3.情态动词表示推测的用法辨析,
4.情态动词在虚拟语气中的运用。命题特点1. 常用情态动词的基本用法比较can 和be able to 1)can/could 表示能力;可能 (过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式(could)。
be able to可以用于各种时态。例如:They will be able to tell you the news soon.
他很快就能告诉你消息了。2)只用be able to的情况: ?? a. 位于助动词后。 ?? b. 情态动词后。 ?? c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。 ?? d. 用于句首表示条件。 ?? e. 表示成功地做了某事时,用was/were able to,不能用could。
例如: He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.他在战争爆发之前逃离欧洲。 注意:could有时不表示时态1)提出委婉的请求,(注意在回答中不可用could)。例如:--- Could I have the television on? 我能看电视吗? --- Yes, you can. / No, you can't. 可以/不可以。2)在否定句、疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。例如:He couldn't be a bad man. 他不大可能是坏人。 比较may和might 1) 表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may 放在句首,表示祝愿。例如:May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你!He might be at home. 他可能在家。注意:might 表示推测时,不表示时态,只是可能性比may 小。2) 成语:may/might as well,后面接不带to 的不定式,意为“不妨”。例如: If that is the case, we may as well try.如果情况确实如此,我们不妨试一试。
典型例题: ?Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn‘t very sure yet. ? A. must B. may
C. can D. will ?表可能性只能用may。此句意可从后半句推出。比较have to和must? 1) 两词都是‘必须’的意思,
have to 表示客观的需要,
must 表示说话人主观上的看法,既主观上的必要。
例如:My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. 弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来。
(客观上需要做这件事)He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事) 2) have to有人称、数、时态的变化,而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。例如:He had to look after his sister yesterday.
他昨晚只得照顾他姐姐。3) 否定结构中:don't have to表示"不必",mustn't表示"禁止"。例如:You don‘t have to tell him about it.
你不一定要把此事告诉他。You mustn‘t tell him about it.
你不得把这件事告诉他。
must表示推测 1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测,意为“一定”。 2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时,must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
例如: You have worked hard all day. You must be tired.
你辛苦干一整天,一定累了。
(对现在情况的推测判断)He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。
比较:
He must be staying there.
他现在肯定在那里。He must stay there. 他必须呆在那。3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时,must 要接完成式。
例如:I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我刚才没有听到电话,我想必是睡着了。4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测,must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。例如:---Why didn't you answer my phone call? 为何不接我的电话? ---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.唉,肯定在睡觉,所以没有听见。5) 否定推测用can't。例如: If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果汤姆五点才离开这儿,他此时一定还未到家。will和would 注意:1)would like;would like to do = want to 想要,为固定搭配。
例如:Would you like to go with me? 想和我一块去吗? ????? 2)Will you…? Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时,疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。
例如:Would you like some cake? 吃点蛋糕吧。3)否定结构中用will,一般不用would, won‘t you是一种委婉语气。
Won't you sit down? 你不坐下吗?情态动词的回答方式 问句? Need you…?
肯定回答? Yes, I must.
否定回答 No, I needn't ?.?
问句 Must you…??
肯定回答? Yes, I must.
否定回答 No, I don't have to.典例精析:例1:“The interest ______be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides.” declared the judge. (2004重庆)
may B. should
C. must D. shall例2:— The room is so dirty. ______ we clean it?
— Of course. (2003北京春)
A. Will B. Shall C. Would D. Do分析:上述两题均考查 shall的非常用含义,当shall用于一、三人称疑问句中时,表示征求对方意见;用于二、三人称陈述句中,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁等。 例3:He’s strange -- he ____ sit for hours without saying anything.
A. shall B. will C. can D. must分析:will用来谈习惯和特性,尤其是不受时限必然发生的情况。本句意思为“他很怪,能一坐几个小时一句话也不说”。例4:John, look at the time. _______ you play the piano at such a late hour?(2005全国Ⅲ)
A. Must B. Can C. May D. Need
例5:Tom, you _____leave all your clothes on the floor like this!(2005全国II)
A. wouldn’t B. mustn’t
C. needn’t D. may not分析:must用于疑问句,表示责备、抱怨的感彩,意思为“偏要,硬要、干嘛”;而mustn’t则表示禁止、不允许,是说话人强有力的劝告。 例6:You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman _____ be so rude to a lady. (2001上海)
might B. need
C. should D. would分析:在某些名词性从句中,should 表示惊异、意外等情绪,常译为“竟然”。
如:It seems unfair that this should happen to me.
真不公平,这件事竟然发生在我身上。例7:_____it rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
Should B. Would
C. Could D. Must分析:在条件状语从句中,should 表示“万一”,即可表示不能实现的假设,又可表示可以实现的假设。该句意思为“万一明天下雨,会议就延期。”例8:A left-luggage office is a place where bags ____ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station. (2003全国卷)
A. should B. can C. must D. will
例9:The World Wide Web is sometimes jokingly called the World Wide Wait because it ______be very slow. (2005浙江)
A. should B. must C. will D. can分析:can 表示推测时常用于疑问和否定句中,用于肯定句中常常表示理论上的可能性,用来表达事件或情况可能发生(但并不牵涉到是否真的会发生)。 1)在表示"可能性"方面can 、should 、may 、might这四个词都可以用来表示"可能性"。但在表达的语气和程度方面有所不同:常用情态动词的用法比较can 和should表示以事实、理由为依据而存在的可能性;其中should的主观性较强,往往含有“应该会怎么样”的意思。总体上说,这两个词在这方面的语气较强、较肯定。
与之相比,may 和might这两个词在这方面的语气较弱些、没有那么肯定,表示主观意断的可能性,没有足够的客观依据。其中,might的语气更为委婉、更弱。 例如:You can't expect to be a top student without working hard at your study .
(这种可能性很大。因为,不努力学习怎么能成为尖子生呢?)This book should be found easily in the library .
(说话人认为,图书馆应该有很多这类书籍,所以应该很容易找到。)You may meet her at the party today.
(说话人认为,你今天或许有机会、有可能见到她。)You might mistake what I mean.
(说话人婉转地说明,大概、也许你误会我的意思了。)2)在表示"允诺"方面在表示"允诺"的can ,may, might三个情态动词中,以might最为客气、委婉;may为居中;而can是表达这方面意思的普通词。在这种情况下,要根据具体情况来选用这三个情态动词。例如: You can leave now .
(用于熟识的人之间;或是公事公办的情况。)May I trouble you with a question ?
(用于礼貌地提出请求。)Might I have another cup of coffee?
(用于陌生或正式的场合,非常委婉、得体地提出请求。) 3)在表示"应该"方面must ,ought to, should都能用来表示"出于某种职责、义务而应该怎么样"的意思。以must的语气最强烈;ought to 为居中;而should是表达这方面意思的普通词。例如: We must build our motherland into a strong country with four modernization .
(语气很强烈。表示我们应该把自己的祖国建设成一个具有四个现代化的强国,而且我们非得这样做不可。)
我们一定要将我们的祖国建成为一个具有四个现代化的强国。Students ought to study hard .(这种用法较有针对性,较具体,作为学生要努力学习是责无旁贷的。)
学生应当努力学习。Students should study hard .(这种用法可理解为一般的提法、号召。)学生应该努力学习。4)在表示"猜测"方面在情态动词中can 、should 、may 、might 、must都可以用于表示"猜测"。实际上, "猜测"与"可能性"在逻辑上是有必然联系的。如果认为没有某种可能性,人们就不会作出某些猜测。因此,这里讨论的五个情态动词之间的区别与他们各自在表示"可能性"方面的差异是相关的。-- 在五个情态动词中must的语气最为强烈,它是以事实为依据而进行的逻辑上的推理,因此它所指的动作发生的可能性最大。--can 和should表示以事实、理由为依据而进行猜测,它们所指的动作有发生的可能性,但语气没有must那么肯定。其中should的主观性较强,往往表示说话人猜想"应该会怎么样"的意思。--may 和might这两个词在这方面的语气较弱、没有那么肯定,表示说话人根据自己的主观意断而进行的猜测,一般地说没有足够的客观依据。其中,might的语气更弱一些。例如: As a football fan, he must have watched the football match on TV last night --Brazil vs. France .(说话人料定自己的推测不会有错:哪有足球迷不看巴西队与法国队比赛的道理。)
作为一个足球迷,他昨晚肯定看了那场巴西对法国的比赛。He can‘t be out I just saw him a moment ago .(他不可能出去,因为我刚刚还见过他。)
他不可能出去,因为我刚才一会儿还见过他。
It‘s 2:30 .I think she should be in her office .(现在两点半是上班时间,她应该在办公室。)
现在两点半钟。她应该在她的办公室。Brown may come back in ten minutes or so .(布朗或许一会儿回来,也许不回。)布朗或许十分钟左右就会回来的。I thought although she was clever she might have difficulty learning a foreign language .(尽管她很聪明,但也许在学习语言方面会有困难。)
我认为,尽管她很聪明但也许在学习语言方面还是会有困难的 1、对现在或客观事实的推测
对现在或客观事实的肯定推测一般用must, will, should, may (might)或could,语气依次递减。
例10:Helen _____go on the trip with us but she isn’t quite sure yet. (2005安徽)
A. shall B. must C. may D. can例11:—I’ve taken someone else’s green sweater by mistake.
—It ___ Harry’s. He always wears green. (2005广东)
has to be B. will be
C. mustn’t be D. could be
例12:That, I think, ____ be all that I want to say.
can B. could
C. will D. ought to分析:must的语气最强,译为“肯定”、“准是”、“想必是”;should的语气次之,译为“很可能”、“应该”,指按常理推测;may (might)译为“也许、大概”,表示把握不大的推断,后面常跟but。
could的语气最弱,译为“也许”、“可能”。 对现在或客观事实的否定推测:常用
cannot译为“根本不可能”、“想必不会”,表示推测的语气非常肯定,
may not, might not或could not译为“可能不”、“也许不”,表示推测的语气不很肯定。
例13:You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers ______ not like the design of the furniture.(2004上海春)
must B. shall
C. may D. need分析:might just as well表示“最好……,还是……为好”,说明喜欢的可能性不大,故用may not。例14:--Isn’t that Ann’s husband over there?
--No, it _______ be him ---I’m sure he doesn’t wear glasses. (2004全国Ⅰ)
can’t B. must not
C. won’t D. may not
分析:根据后面的I’m sure可以看出,推测的语气较强,故用can’t译为“根本不可能”、“想必不会”,表示惊异、怀疑的感彩,常用于否定语气较强时。 对现在或客观事实的疑问推测,往往用can或could,而不用may/might。
例15:Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How ______ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony?(2001上海春)
A. can B. should C. may D. must典例精析:分析:对现在或客观事实的疑问推测,往往用can或could,表示惊异、怀疑、困惑、失望等感彩。2、对过去事实的推测
对过去已发生事情的肯定推测常用
must/may/might +have + v-ed
must+ have + v-ed
意思为“想必、准是、一定是”,语气非常肯定且只能用于肯定句,“may/might+ have + v-ed” 意思为“也许、或许”表示推测的把握不大,只能用于肯定或否定句,不用于疑问句;
对过去的否定推测常用 “can/could /may/ might not + have + v-ed”,意思为“不可能/可能没做过……”;对过去的疑问推测只用“can/could + have + v-ed”,意思为“可能已经……”。例16:He _______ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by seaside. (2005北京)
should B. must
C. wouldn’t D. can’t分析:根据后一分句判断,前一分句应该表示肯定完成了工作,故用“must+ have + v-ed”意思为“想必、准是、一定是”,语气非常肯定且只能用于肯定句。例17:My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he _____ your lecture.(2000上海)
couldn’t have attended
B. needn’t have attended
C. mustn’t have attended
D. shouldn’t have attended分析:
must表推测时,不用于否定,needn’t have +v-ed 表示“本来没有必要”,
shouldn’t have +v-ed表示“本来不应该”,
“can/could not + have + v-ed” 意思为“不可能做过……”。例18:--Do you know where David is? I couldn’t find him anywhere.
-- Well. He ______ have gone far----his coat’s still here.(2005湖北)
shouldn’t B. mustn’t
C. can’t D. wouldn’t分析:can’t have gone far 在此表示现在对过去所发生事情的否定推测,意思为“现在不可能走远了”;三、考查情态动词的虚拟用法例19:—I’ll tell Mary about her new job tomorrow.
--You________ her last week. (2004福建)
ought to tell
B. would have told
C. must tell
D. should have told分析:对过去发生事情的责备或遗憾应用“情态动词+have + v-ed”,据此可排除答案A、C,而would+have +v-ed常用于过去的虚拟语气中,should (ought to)+ have + v-ed”表示本应该做某事而实际上没有做,含有责备的含义。其否定式表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。 例20:He paid for a seat, when he ______ have entered free. (2005山东)
could B. would
C. must D. need分析:“could+ have + v-ed” 用于肯定句中,表示本来能够做成某事的但结果没能做成,含有遗憾的意味,侧重有能力而没能做成。该句意思为:“他花钱买了座位,而他本来可以免费进去的”。例22:—Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.
—Thanks. You ______ it. I could manage it myself. (2005福建)
needn’t do
B. needn’t have done
C. mustn’t do
D. shouldn’t have done分析:“needn’t+ have + v-ed” 表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事,无批评责备之意,只是惋惜而已。
如:
You needn’t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.你本不需要浇花的,因为天就要下雨了。巩固练习情态动词考点透视 1. Has it been warned that all the children in this area ____ stay at their homes until the Bird Flu has been controlled?
A. can B. willl C. may D. shall2. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ____ for her.
had to write it out
B. must have written it out
C. should have written it out
D. ought to write it out3. Jack _____ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me.
mustn’t have arrived
B. shouldn’t have arrived
C. can’t have arrived
D. needn’t have arrived4. Sir, you ______be sitting in this waiting room. It is for women and children only.
mustn’t B. can’t
C. won’t D. needn’t
5. The driver has drunk too much wine and dangerous things _____ happen at any time.
A. should B. can C. must D. need6. — Is John coming by train?
— He should, but he _____ not. He likes driving his car.
A. must B. can C. need D. may
7. It has been announced that candidates _______ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.
A. can B. will C. may D. shall8. Why did you throw the bottle out of the window? You ____ somebody.
might hurt B. could have hurt
C. would hurt D. must have hurt
9. —Don’t forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
—_______.
I don’t B. I won’t
C. I can’t D. I haven’t10. I didn’t see her in the meeting-room this morning. She ______ at the meeting.
mustn’t have spoken
B. shouldn’t have spoken
C. needn’t have spoken
D. couldn’t have spoken11.—Summer Holiday is drawing near. Are you going home for the holiday?
—I haven’t decided yet. I ______ go home, but it depends on the weather.
A. must B. need C. may D. will12. This couple had been separated twenty years, you _____imagine how happy they were when they met again.
A. might B. will C. can D. must13. We ______last night, but we went to the concert instead.
must have studied
B. might study
C. should have studied
D. would study
14. She _____ listen to records, alone in her room for hours. We just won’t interrupt her, for we know this is her usual way to stay in peace.
A. might B. must
C. will D. should15. -–Well done, Tom!
-- Thanks, but given me more time, I ___ it much better.
shouldn’t have done
B. should have done
C. might not do
D. could have done备考建议 掌握情态动词的基本词义及其用法是把握情态动词的关键,同时要认真比较每个情态动词的用法,注意其细微差别,如
shall, can, must, should, will的用法差异;2.熟悉每个情态动词的适用场合,根据语境及说话人的语气选择恰当的情态动词,如用于推测时,must只用于肯定句中,can一般不能用于肯定句中。may/might不能用于疑问句中;
3.牢记情态动词表示推测的用法,尤其是对过去发生情况的推测;
4.积累虚拟语气的用法,尤其是一些句势和特殊情况。