Chapter-one教案[下学期]

Chapter one Encyclopaedia
Lesson Plan
Teaching aims and demands:
1. New words and expressions
2. Grasp the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs
Teaching Objectives:
　　Student should be able to use the comparatives and superlatives correctly and fluently, and complete the article.
Teaching aids: PPT Tape-recorder, Overhead projector
Periods needed: 10
Teaching procedures:
Period 1-2(new words and expressions)
Step 1 Lead-in
Step 2 Words and expressions
1. exist on live on
Dinosaurs existed on the earth much earlier than people.
= Dinosaurs lived on the earth much earlier than human being.
2. have wings with wings
Some dinosaurs had wings and could fly as quickly as birds today.
= Some dinosaurs with wings could fly quickly like birds today.
3. as small as chicken are small like chicken
Some dinosaurs were as small as chicken.
= Some dinosaurs were small, just like chicken.
4.die suddenly be dead all of a sudden
The dog died suddenly yesterday.
=The dog was dead all of a sudden.
5. created Mickey Mouse made Mickey Mouse
6. died 5 years ago has // have been dead for 5 years
Mr. Li died 5 years ago.= Mr. Li has been dead for 5 years.
7. more than over // much more …than
I have more 70 books. = I have over 70 books.
My money is more than Tom’s.= I have much more money than Tom does.
8. be harmful … be bad for…
Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.= It’s harmful for us to read in the sun.
9. be sensible be wise
If you are wise, you can get the chance.
10. be famous as be well -known as
Disney is well-known as the creator.
= Disney is famous as the creator.
11. finally lastly // in the end // at last
Finally he got a job. = In the end he found a job.
12. be harmless be no harm 无害
This medicine is no harm.
=This medicine is harmless.
13. be made up of consist of 由…组成
Our class consists of 56 students.
=Our class is made up of 56 students.
Period 3-5
(the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs)
Step 　　I. Revision
　　Revise the comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs.
　　Ask three tall students to stand up or show pictures like this.
　　Mr. Read is tall.
　　Mr. King is taller.
　　Mr. Green is the tallest of the three.
　　The bike is going fast.
　　The tractor is going faster.
　　The taxi is going the fastest.
　　Revise the comparative form –er/-est.
　　II. Leading-in
　　1. Call several pairs of students and make comparisons like:
　　A is tall. B is tall, too. →A is as tall as B. But A didn’t run as fast as B.
　　A studies as carefully as B.
　　A is as old as B.
　　A runs as fast as B.
　　A isn’t as/so hard-working as B.
　　2. Call three students to the front and say, "… works hard. … works harder than … … works harder than …. … works hardest of the three."
　　Say another group of sentences and get the students to repeat, "… gets up early. … gets up earlier than … ... gets up earliest of all."
Then students look at the picture and read after the tape.
　　III. Presentation Explain the language points.
The Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjectives 形容词的比较级和最高级
大多数形容词有三个等级：1）原级 = 原形 2）比较级表示“较……；更……”。 3）最高级表示“最……”的意思。
1、 形容词比较级和最高级的构成
（1） 规则变化
a.单音节词和少数双音节词的构成方法是：一般在词尾加-er , 读[ ]，或者加 –est读 [ ist ]。如：
原级 比较级 最高级
tall taller tallest
long longer longest
clever cleverer cleverest
b. 以字母 e 结尾的形容词加 –r 或者 –st
fine → finer →finest nice→nicer→nicest
c. 重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时，应先双写辅音字母，再加-er 或 –est
fat → fatter → fattest thin → thinner → thinnest
big → bigger → biggest wet →wetter → wettest
hot → hotter → hottest red →redder → reddest …
d. 以辅音字母 + y 结尾的双音节词先改 y 为 i ，再加 –er 或- est
heavy → heavier → heaviest easy → easier → easiest
happy → happier → happiest early → earlier →earliest
B. 多音节词和部分双音节词的构成方法是在其前加 more 或 most
popular → more popular → most popular
careful → more careful → most careful
beautiful →more beautiful → most beautiful
delicious →more delicious →most delicious
(2) 不规则变化
good , well → better → best bad , ill → worse → worst
many , much → more → most little → less → lest
far → farther , further → farthest , furthest
2. 形容词比较级和最高级的用法
1） 比较级的用法是表示两者（人或者物）的比较
句型结构为：sb + be + 形容词的比较级 + than + 其它
Mike is taller than Tom .
Kate has more books than Jim .
Dumpings are more delicious than noodles .
—Which is faster , a car or a bile
— A car is faster than a bike .
2) 最高级的用法是表示三者或者三者以上人或者物的比较，其中有一个在某以方面超过其它几个。最高级的前面一般要加定冠词 the ， 后面可带 of , in 短语来说明比较的范围。其句型结构为：
sb + be + the + 形容词最高级 + of all …
sb + be + the + 形容词最高级 + in China …
Li Ming is the youngest (student) in his class .
Winter is the coldest season of the year .
This dress is the most beautiful of the three .
—Which do you like best , pork , beef or chicken
— I like chicken best of all .
v一、原级的用法
1.1表示双方程度相等，用
“ as… as ”
1.1.1基本句式
A. 主语 +谓语（系动词）+ as + 原级形容词 + as…
Your book is as new as mine.
B.主语 + 谓语（行为动词）+ as +原级副词 + as…
Tom speaks English as well as Mary.
1.2 表示双方程度不相等,用:
“ not as… as …”
“ not so… as …”
Note:
“不及…”，表示否定意义，为不等量的比较．两个as之间通常为表示数量，程度，性质的词，如，many, much, little, few, good, tall等
Your coffee is not so/as good as mine.
你的咖啡的质量不如我的好。
1.2.1基本句式
A. 主语 +谓语（系动词）+ not as +形容词原级 +as
B. 主语 + don’t / doesn’t + 行为动词 + as＋副词原级＋ as　
T or F
1) The poem was written as early as in the fifth century.
2) The poem was written as early as the fifth century.
1.2.3 副词quite常可用来修饰 as… as… 结构
The book is quite as interesting as you expect.
二、比较级的用法
2.1 表示二者的比较时用比较级。
2.1.1基本句式
Ａ.主语＋谓语（系动词）＋形容词比较级＋than＋对比成分
He is taller than I(am).
B.主语＋谓语（行为动词）＋副词比较级＋than＋对比成分
She writes more carefully than I.
2.1.2 Notes:
如果表示“甲不如乙”，用“less＋原级形容词／副词＋than”
1) She is less hardworking than her sister.
2.2 表示两者中的 “较…”，用“the + 比较级 + of+ the two”
1) He is the taller of the two boys.
2) The child chose the less expensive of the two toys.
2.3.有些副词如 no, far, any, even, much, ever, hardly, still, two times ,a lot, a bit, a little, a great deal, 等，可用来修饰比较级，表示程度。
1) The book is a little more difficult than that one.
这本书比那本书较难。
2) They made ten times more cars this year than they did last year.
他们今年的汽车产量是当年的十倍。
T or F
1) That is a great deal more difficult job.
2) That is a much difficult job.
2.4 Note: 英语里有一些形容词由于其词义而不能有比较等级形式。如：whole, excellent，wrong, final, perfect, entire, infinite, absolute, inevitable, sufficient, supreme, chief 等。
2.5 在比较从句中,我们通常用“that” ,”those” 来代替前面已经出现的名词。
1) The water in the well is cleaner than that in the river.
2) The watches made in Guangzhou are worse than those made in Shanghai.
2.6 表示“越来越…”，用“比较级+ and + 比较级”结构，或“more and more +原级”，这种结构不可后接 than 从句。
The weather is getting warmer and warmer.
天气越来越热。
2.7 表示“越…，就越…”，常用 “副词 the +比较级+副词 +比较级” 结构。前者是状语从句，后者是主句。
1) The more haste, the less speed.
欲速则不达。
2) The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
你们工作越努力，进步越大。
三、最高级的用法
3.1 表示“最…”时用最高级，是三个或三个以上人或事物的比较。
1) That was the busiest day of my life.
那是我一生中最忙得一天。
2) She is the tallest among the three sisters.
她是三姐妹中最高的。
3.2 最高级常用于“the +最高级+ 比较范围”结构，比较范围为短语或从句。
1) This is the best picture that he has ever painted.
这是他所画的画当中最好的一幅。
2) He sings the best in the class.
他在班里唱得最好。（the 在副词最高级中常可省去）
3.3 最高级可被序数词以及much, nearly, almost, by no means, by far等词语所修饰。
1) The Yellow River is the second longest in China.
黄河是中国的第二大河。
2) Of the three boys, Nick is by no means the cleverest.
这三个男孩中，Nick决不是最聪明的。
3.4 形容词的否定最高级也可用 the least.
She wants to know how to do it with the least amount of bother.
她想知道如何干这件事麻烦最少
3.5 比较级+ than any other+ 名词
He is cleverer than any other student in the class.
他比这个班上的其他学生都聪明。
3.6 否定词＋ so(as) +原级+ as
No one is so blind as those who won’t see.
4.1 the +最高级 + of +复数名词
1) He is the wisest (king) of kings. 他是非常英明的国王。
2) He was born in the richest of families. 他出生于非常富有的家庭。
4.2 of + the +最高级，表示“非常，极为”
The flower is of the most beautiful. 这花非常美。
4.3 the +最高级 of +复数名词或表示复数意义的词，表示“非常，极为”
1) He is the honest of honest men.
他是极为诚实的人。
2) She is the luckiest of the lucky.
她是非常幸运的。
使用比较等级应注意的事项
1．注意错用比较等级的构成。
1）他比我走得慢。
误：He walks slowlier than I.
正：He walks more slowly than I.
有些双音节形容词（副词），可在词尾加-r(-er), -st(-est)构成比较级和最高级。如：happy, dirty, clever等。但以“ly”结尾的副词，除了early外多在其前加more, most构成比较级和最高级。
2）游泳是我最喜爱的运动。
误：Swimming is my most favourite.
正：Swimming is my favourite sport.
有些形容词，本身表示的程度就已达到“极限”，或者无法再比较，所以没有比较等级形式。再如：full, empty, whole, afraid, round, living, dead等。
2．注意比较对象前后的一致。
比较级中，比较的双方必须是同一类的人或事物，非同类的事物是不能进行比较的。如：
我的自行车比你的自行车便宜。
误：My bike is cheaper than you.
正：My bike is cheaper than yours
在比较级中，比较的双方虽属同类，但相比较的事物为了避免重复，than后面的比较对象常用that，one, those或ones代替前面出现的比较对象。如：
北京的冬天比上海冷。
误：In winter, the weather of Beijing is colder than it of Shanghai.
正：In winter, the weather of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai.
3．注意比较范围中的“包括”与“不包括”。
在同一范围内比较时，必须把主体排除在被比较的对象之外。如：
吉姆比班里的其他任何学生都高。
误：Jim is taller than any students in his class.
正：Jim is taller than any other student in his class.
4．注意比较级、最高级前定冠词the的使用。　　　　
形容词比较级前一般不用定冠词，但句中若有“of the two”结构，表示两者“较……的一个”时，要加定冠词the。如：He is the taller of the two. 他是两人中个子较高的一位。
5．注意比较等级前修饰词的使用。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
比较级前不可用very, quite, too等词来修饰，但可以用表示比较程度的much, a little, a bit, even, still等副词来修饰。如：
This book is much thicker than that one. 这本书比那本书厚得多。
Yesterday was a little colder than today. 昨天比今天有点冷。
另外，名词短语也可修饰比较级，说明程度。如：I’m three years other than he. 我比他大三岁。
．重、难点突破
1．比较级用于两者间的比较；有比较连词’than则要用比较级。在运用比较级时应注意以下几方面：1)a little，a bit，much，even，still可以修饰比较级；以加强语气，而very不能修饰比较级。2)进行比较时，要注意比较的对象、比较的范围是否一致。
2．最高级用于三者或三者以上的比较，一般有in...或of..．，among...之类的词。形容词最高级前应带the，而副词最高级前的the可省略。
3．最高级和比较级常进行转换。最常见的转换句式是：最高级转为比较级，即“...than any other..."结构。
【例2】Of all the shoes in your shop, is this pair ______ one
A. very good B. much better C. a cheaper D. the cheapest
分析 此题考查学生形容词比较等级的用法。因为句中有“Of all the shoes”这个表示最高级的范围的短语，所以答案应选D。
【例11】(广州市，2003)Now the air in our hometown is than it was before。Something must be done．
A. much better B．more worse C．more better D。much worse
思路分析 此题考查形容词比较级的用法，由more不能修饰比较级可以排除B、C，由"Something must be done"(必须采取措施)知，情况不好，故选D。
解后反思 能修饰比较级的常见词有：much，a little，a bit，even，still，any等。
26. Chongqing is bigger than ____ in China.
A. all the cities B. any cities C. any other city D. any city
27. Her brother is _____ than she.
A. more stronger B. much stronger C. much strong D. very stronger
几种比较等级的转换
1) At… than B ---- B + not so (as)…as A ---- B+…less…than A
如：This book is more difficult than that one．
---- That book is not so difficult as this one．
---- That book is less difficult than this one．
2)主语+最高级+范围
---- 主语+比较级than any other + 范围
如：．Jim is the shortest boy in my class．
Jim is shorter than any other boy in my class．
3) prefer A to B ---- like A better than B
The young man drives ______ than he did three months ago.
A. much carefully B. much more careful
C. mach careful D. much more carefully
分析 此题从两个方面考查学生：一是多音节词的比较级；二是形容词与副词如何使用。句中有than提醒学生该用比较级，而句中drives是动词，修饰动词应该用副词。故B、C两答案不行。而多音节词的比较级在词前加上more，再要加上much是修饰程度，“小心得多了”，此题答案应为D。
【例2】1) China is one of ______in the world.
A. the oldest country B. the oldest countries
C. much older country D .much older countries
2) — How great Dalian Radio and TV centre looks!
—Yes. That s one of the greatest _________ in Dalian.
A. building B. build C. buildings D. builds
分析 one of表示“……的一个”是整体的一部分。整体部分要用复数形式，1）题中A、C两答案不行。句中的“in the world”是表示最高级的范围，故D答案也不行，所以B答案才对。2）题中A、B不行：D答案的builds不是名词的复数形式，故答案为C。
Ⅲ. 单项填空
1. Of all the pictures this one is ________ .
A. beautiful B. more beautiful C. beautifuller D. the most beautiful
2. Beef is ________delicious than pork .
A. many more B. much more C. very much D. more more
3. There are ________students in this class than in that one .
A. many more B. much more C. a lot of D. very more
在下列空白处填上适当形容词或副词的比较级或最高级。
　　1. A tortoise is ________ than a duck.
　　2. The Changjiang River is ________ than the Yellow River.
　　3. Hares ran _________ than cats.
　　4. The farmer are ________ in autumn than in winter.
　　5. It is ________ in winter in Harbin than in Beijing.
　　6. Mary's handwriting is _________ in her school.
　　7. When spring comes, the weather gets ________ and ________.
　　8. Jenny usually gets up ________ than her sister.
　　9. The Mount Qomolangma is ________ mountain in the world.
　　10. Which is _________,the sun, the moon or the earth
　　Keys: 1.slower 2.longer 3.faster 4.busier 5.colder 6.the best 7.warmer, warmer 8.earlier 9.the highest 10.the biggest
　Ⅳ. Practise
Ask the students to make sentences, using the comparative and superlative degree forms of adverbs.
　Which do you like better, A or B I like A better than B.
　　Which do you like best, A, B or C I like A best.
　　　Whose ball is the biggest
　　Whose ball is the most beautiful
　　Which one do you like best
　　Ⅴ Exercises in class
　　单项选择
　　1. Who can jump _________, you or he
　　A. high　　B. tallest　　C. higher　　D. taller
　　2. The Changjiang River is one of________ rivers in the world.
　　A. long　　B. the longer　　C. the longest　　D. the long
　　3. They ________ the game yesterday, didn’t they
　　A. won　　B .gave　　C .took　　D. got
　　4. Jane is ________ of the three. She can’t go to school by herself.
　　A. young　　B. younger　　C. youngest　　D. the youngest
　　5. History is as _________ as geography, you see.
　　A. important　　　　　B .more important
　　C. such important　　　D. so important
　
Step Ⅳ：Summarize the usage of the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs.
A：Ask the students to answer the following questions in groups and then sum up．
（1）形容词的两者比较句型是什么？
（2）形容词的同级比较句型是什么？
（3）常用于三者（或三者以上）比较的句型有哪些？
（4）“越来越……”和“越……，就越……”如何表示？
（5）比较时，为避免重复可用哪些词代替，其规律如何？
（6）能修饰比较级的词和短语有哪些？
（7）比较范围中的“包括”与“不包括”指的是什么？
B：Do some exercises to test the ability of the students to use and understand these questions．
Step 4：Game
Get the students to answer five questions within the limited time．Encourage the students to take part in the game．
Step Ⅴ：Oral composition
Get the students to watch the computer and do an oral composition．It can further improve the students'ability of using and understanding adjectives．
Step Ⅵ：Homework
Revise the grammar of adverbs designed on the blackboard．
Adjectives
I．The functions of adjectives．
II．The forms of comparison of adjectives．
III．The uses of comparison of adjectives．
Feedback: Some students can’t grasp the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs. They can must the basic sentence pattern about the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs, but they can’t use some knowledge to solve some problem.