中考总复习之并列句和复合句专题[下学期]

中考总复习之并列句和复合句专题
课标要求及命题趋势
句子的基本结构有三个:简单句,并列句,复合句.简单句已在上一讲中讲过.本讲我们主要说后两者.由两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词and, but, for, so, or等或分号连在一起构成的句子,叫并列句.而由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子,叫复合句.句子是考试的热点.特别是复合句更是必考内容.所以在学习时,要注意区别与联系.
一网打尽
并列句及并列连词
知识点 复合句
主谓一致
指点迷津
一 并列句
由连词连接两个分句组成的句子叫并列句。这些分句平行并列，而且同等重要，能够独立成句。连接分句的有并列连词和主从连词。
并列连词：and, but, or, nor, for, whereas, while, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but(also).
主从连词：so, therefore, however, still, yet, then等。
并列句中的前后两句可以根据意思或分为四种关系。
（1）同等关系and/not only…but also/neither…nor,用连词and, not only…but also, neither…nor或者用逗号，有时也用分号连接两个简单句，构成并列句。
如：He could neither read nor write
He not only studies hard, but also likes sports.
（2）转折关系but, yet, still, while, when, 用连词but, yet, still, while, when连接两个句子时，前后两句为转折关系。
如：Tom was not there but his brother was (there).
There was no news, nevertheless, she went on hoping.
（3）选择关系or, either…or.
用连词or, either…or，连接两个句子时，前后两句为选择关系。
如：Either you didn’t understand this, or you were not careful enough
（4）因果关系for, so.
用连词for, so连接两个句子时，前后两句为因果关系。
如：He hurried, for it was getting dark.
He liked the book very much, so I gave it to him
二 复合句
复合句中包括两个或更多的分句，其中一个分句是主句，其余的分句是从句。从句就是一个分句在主句中充当一个成分，如主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。
从句在句子中作什么成分就叫什么从句。
1.主语从句
用作主语的从句叫作主语从句。主语从句一般都是作谓语动词的主语，偶尔也可以作分词的主语。
(1) 由what, whatever, whoever等代词引导主语从句。
如: What she likes is watching the children play
Whatever you have heard must be kept secret
Whoever fails to pass the exam will be dismissed
(2)that引导
It is tight that you told him the truth
(3) 由连接副词whether, when, how, where, why引导主语从句。
如：Why the fire broke out at night remains a mystery
Whether we can help you is a difficult question
When the meeting will be held has not been decided
（4）主语从句后移
主语从句虽然可以放在谓语的前面，但是当主语从句较长而谓语较短时，常用代词作形式主语，而把主语从句放到句子后边。
如：It is uncertain whether he wants to go or not
It turned out true that he had done nothing wrong
2. 表语从句
用作表语的从句叫作表语从句，通常由that, what, where, why, ho等连接词引导。
(1) if, whether, that引导表语从句，有时也用as, because, as if, as though, lest引导表语从句。
如：The question is that we must be good at learning from others.
It looks as if it’s going to rain
(2) what, which, who等连接代词。
如: That is what I want to tell you
The question is which of the classes we choose to be the excellent one
（3）how, when, where, why等连接副词。
如：The question is how we can help him
That is why he has been late
三 主谓一致
英语句子由主语谓语组成。谓语包括谓语动词、宾语、宾补、表语、定语、状语等成分。其中谓语动词是其核心，谓语动词在人称和数上要跟主语保持一致。主谓一致一般遵循以下三个原则：
(1) 语法一致原则，即谓语动词同主语在单复数形式上保持一致。
如：He is from Beijing
We are sure it will rain
(2) 概念上一致，即谓语动词的单复数取决于主语表达的概念。
如：His family are well
Both Father and Mother agree with me
(3) 邻近一致原则，即谓语动词的数与前面紧邻的词保持一致。
如：There is a pen and some pencils in the box.
Neither he nor I am here
1)人称、数的一致。如：
I am a student
You ate a student/students
He is Sack
2)主语是抽象概念，不可数名词，由some, any, no, every, one, body, thing等组成的不定代词（复合代词），表示计算等时，动词用单数。如：
Milk is white
Nobody is going there
Everything is ready
3)people, police其谓语动词用复数。如：
There are many people in the park
The police are on duty
4)集体名词 family, class, team, group等看作整体时，谓语动词用单数；看作每一个成员时，谓语动词则用复数。如：
My family is a big one
5)与and连接的并列主语表示不同的人和物时，谓语动词用复数，表示一个概念则用单数。如
Lucy and Lily are twins
Both he and I are workers
6)用and连接的并列单数主语有 every, each, no等修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：
Every girl and every boy is hero
Each girl and each boy has got a new book
No man and no woman knows him
7)主语是单数，后跟with, as well as, but, except等组成的短语时，其谓语动词用单数。如：
He as well as I is a teacher
The woman with a baby is my mother
8)none作代词有单数之意，也有复数之意。故谓语动词根据主语之意定。如：
None of us has got a computer
None of us have heard of it
9)金钱、距离、时间、重量、长度等复数名词作主语，通常当作整体看，谓语动词用单数。如：
Three yuan is enough to pay for the pen
10)trousers, shoes, glasses等作主语，谓语动词用复数。如：
A pair of trousers costs20 yuan
Some pairs of shoes have been sent to me
11) most of, half of, some of, part of, a lot of 修饰名（代）词作主语，谓语动词与后的名词、代词的数保持一致。如：
Most of the people don’t speak Chinese in England
Half of the news is true
Some of the boys come to school late
Part of the work was done by me
12) news, maths, physics等词貌似复数，实为单数，其谓语动词用单数。如：
The news is good
13) many a (man)(许多人),more than one(person)（不止一人）作主语，意思是复数，因后跟名词是单数，故动词也用单数。如：
Many a man has caught a cold
14) either...or, neither...,not only...but also...作主语，谓语动词与离它最近的名词或代词在人称和数方面保持一致。如：
Either he or I am wrong
Neither you nor he is right
15) There be句型中谓语动词也与离它最近的名词或代词在人称和数方面保持一致。如：
There is a pen and some books on the desk
There are some books and a pen on the desk
16) 单复数相同的词如：Chinese, deer, sheep等作主语，其谓语动词要具体情况决定用单数或复数。如：
There is a sheep on the hill
Many sheep are eating grass now
17) 书刊名词（复数），组织名称，国家名称，格言等作主语，谓语动词用单数或复数。如：
Dickens’ American Notes was published in 1842
18) 不定式、动我词、从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。
Seeing is believing
Who did the work is unknown
To do it is not easy for us
讲解面对面
例1． The doctors tried their best to save the patient’s life, ______ failed.
(2005, 上海)
A. or B. so C. but D. because
思维导航：此题考查连词的使用.
解答：根据句意“医生们尽力挽救…失败了”,前后应该是表示转折,所以选C.
拓展延伸：应区分开不同连词之间的意思.
例2． ---What do you think of the book about Harry Potter (2005, 武汉)
---I like it very much. It’s ______ interesting ______ exciting.
A. neither nor B. not but
C. not only but also D. either, or
思维导航：此题考查词组的使用.
解答：根据句意 “我喜欢”,应该是表示肯定的, A项表否定, “既不…也不”,B项”不是…而是”, C项 “不但…而且”,D项 “不是…就是”.所以选C.
拓展延伸：应区分开不同词组之间的意思.
例3． Tigers and bears are very dangerous. That’s ______ they have to stay in cages in the zoo. (2005, 福建宁德)
A． why B. where C. how D. what
思维导航：此题考查表语从句。
解答：根据句意 “老虎和熊非常危险。这就是它们为什么得呆在笼子里的原因”，可知答案应该是A。
拓展延伸：一些从句是固定搭配，应在学习中注意积累与运用。
例4． We can’t go there together. _____ you _____I can go.(2005, 海南)
A. Both, and B. Either, or
C. Neither, nor D. Between, and
思维导航：此题考查词组的使用.
解答：根据句意 “我们不能一起去.要么你去要么我去”.A项 “两者都”,B项 “不是…就是”,C项 “既不…也不”, D项 “在…之间”.所以选B.
拓展延伸：应区分开不同词组之间的意思.
大展身手
( ) 1.All the students except Lin Tao ______ here.
A. are B. is C. be D. am
( ) 2. Tom with his friends ______ shopping on Sundays.
A. go B. goes C. went D. gone
( ) 3. Hurry up, ______ we are late.
A. and B. but C. so D. or
( ) 4. He likes singing, ______ his sister doesn’t.
A. because B. so C. and D. but
( ) 5. Not only my parents bus also I ______ interested in the book.
A. are B. is C. am D. were
( ) 6. Two hundred dollars ______ enough for the TV.
A. are B. is C. am D. will
( ) 7. The old _____ taken good care of in our country.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
( ) 8. Ten and two ______ twelve.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
( ) 9. Take exercise every day, _______ you will become stronger and healthier.
A. or B. and C. but D. while
( )10. Never give up, ______ you will make it.
A. and B. but C. or D. yet