(共16张PPT)
can与 could的用法
1.表示能力或可能性：
Eg. Everyone here can speak English. (表示能力)
Anybody can make mistakes.(表示可能，只用于现在时与过去时的肯定句中。）任何人都会犯错。（人无完人）
注意：can/could 表示能力，可能，只用于现在时和过去时（could）
Be able to 表示能力可以用于各种时态，且若表示过去的特定能力（即在过去特定场合做某事的能力），不能用could,而要用was/were able to do sth.
Eg. I’ll be able to speak French in another few months.(表示将来的能力)
His mother wasn’t at home, so he was able to go to see the film.(他能够而且的确去了，只能用was able to)他母亲不在家，因此，他可以看电影了。
2. 表示请求与许可
⑴ 对于现在或将来的“许可”
表示请求允许（即请求别人允许自己做某事），can 和could均可用，但用could语气更委婉。
Can(Could) I come in
此时也可用may 或might,其中might 和could 均不表示过去，只表委婉语气。
B. 表示给予允许（即自己允许别人做某事），一般只用can, 而不用could, 即could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中。
Eg. Could/Can I use your pen
--Yes, you can.(否定答语可用No, I’m afraid not.)
⑵ 对于过去的许可
表示过去一般性允许，用can 的过去式could.
表示过去特定的允许，不用could, 用was allowed to
3. can 表示惊讶，怀疑，不相信等态度，主要用在否定句中，疑问句或感叹句中。
Eg. Can this be an excuse for not giving them help
这难道能成为不帮助他们的理由？
This can’t be true. 这不可能是事实。
How can you be so careless!
你怎么这么粗心！
may 与might
⑴ 表示许可。在表示请求，允许时，might 比may 语气更委婉一些。在日常口语中，也常用can/could 换用。
Eg. May/Might/Can/Could I use your pen
其简略回答：Yes, you can/may.或 Yes, please.(表示肯定)；No, you mustn’t. 或Please don’t. 或No, you may not. (表示否定)
⑵ 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。
Eg. May you succeed!
will 与would 的用法
⑴ 表示“意志，意愿”，可用于多种人称。（would表示过去）
Eg. Who will go with me 谁乐意和我去？
They said that they would help us. 他们说愿意帮助我们。
⑵ 表示请求，建议。Would 的语气比will婉转。
Eg. Would you like me to carry it for you
⑶ 表示某种倾向或习惯性动作，“总是会，老是，就是，”否定结构意为“不肯，不能”。这种用法不指将来时间，不能与表示将来时间的状语连用。（would指过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向）
Eg. Boys will be boys. They are always naughty.
He told me the box wouldn’t open. 他告诉我盒子打不开了。
shall 与should 的用法
⑴ shall 用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意愿。
Eg. What shall we do this evening
⑵ shall 用于第一，三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。
Eg. Shall we sit here
Shall the boy wait outside (=Do you want the boy to wait outside )
⑶ shall 用于第二，三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令，警告，威胁，强制，允诺或决心等。
Eg. You should do as I say. 按我说的做。（命令）
You shall be sorry for what you have done. 对你的所作所为你会感到后悔的。（警告）
He shall be punished. 他回受到惩罚。（威胁）
⑷ should 表示劝告，建议，命令时也可用ought to. 但ought to 语气重，含有“按道理应该……”之意，用should时表示自己的主观看法，如要反映客观情况或涉及法律，义务和规定时一般用ought to.在疑问句中，通常用should 代替ought to.
Eg. You should go to class right away.
(5) should 用于征求意见主要用于第一人称的疑问句形式：
Eg. Should I open the window
该用法与Shall I (we)… 的用法相似。
(6) should 表示意外或惊讶。
Eg. It’s strange that he should come so late. 他竟然来这么迟真是奇怪。
must 的用法
表示“必须，一定要”。注意以下的用法：
⑴ 可用于肯定句，否定句或疑问句。用于否定句时，mustn’t 的意思是“严禁，一定不要”，而不是“不必”
Eg. You must finish it today. You mustn’t go.
⑵ 回答must 引出的问句时，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustn’t，而用needn’t 或don’t have to.
Eg. –Must we hand in our English exercise books
--Yes, you must.(No, you needn’t/don’t have to)
2. 表示“应该”。相当于should, ought to的意思。
Eg. You should/must say hello to her. 你应当跟她打招呼。
3. 表示“偏偏”。有时表示不巧，有时表示固执，通常都是指令人不快的事。
Eg. Must you make so much noise 你就非得弄出这么大的声音吗？
need 和dare的用法
Need 表示“需要，必需”。通常只用在于否定句或疑问句以及if或whether之后，一般不用于肯定句（情态动词）
Eg. He needn’t pay for it. 他不必支付它。
--Need you go now
--Yes, I must.(No, I needn’t.)
2. Dare 表示“敢”。通常用于否定句，疑问句和条件从句中。（情态动词）
Eg. Dare you tell her the truth
3. Need 和dare常用做实义动词，有时态，人称和数的变化，所不同的是，做实义动词时，在肯定句中，后通常接带to 的不定式。
Eg. He needs to finish it this evening.
I dare to swim across this river.
Must, can, could, may, might表示推测，判断的用法比较：
Must 表示推测非常肯定的推测，“一定，准是”，后跟动词原形表示对于现在的情况的肯定判断；“must+be+doing”表示“想必正在做某事”.
Eg. You must know Ann. (=I’m sure that you know Ann.)
must have done “一定做过”，表示对发生在过去的事情进行肯定推测。其否定形式为“can/could not have done”.
注意：
Must 表示推测时，其反意疑问句应根据动词的实际时态而变化。
Eg. He must be joking, isn’t he
It must have rained last night, didn’t it
You must have been to America, haven’t you/didn’t you
(陈述句中有过去的时间状语时，用didn’t + 主语来反问，否则用didn’t/haven’t + 主语都行)
2. can 与could 表示的可能性比must 小。（could 比can 的可能性要小）
⑴ 对现在或将来的推测，两者均可用，但can 通常只用于否定句(can’t do/be)或疑问句中，一般不用于肯定句，而could 则可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。
Eg. It can’t be true. 那不可能是真的。
What can they be doing 他们会在干什么呢？
We could go there this summer. 今年夏天我们可能要去那儿。（将来可能性）
⑵ 对过去的推测，必须在can, could之后接动词的完成式。但此时can 仍只用于否定句（can’t have done）或疑问句中，不用于肯定句；而could 则可用于各种句型.
Eg. He can’t [couldn’t] have seen her there. 他不可能在那儿见到了她。
He could have gone home. 他可能已经回家了。
注意：
can/could 表示推测时，其反意疑问句也是根据动词的实际时态加以变化。
Eg. You can’t be serious, are you
B. Could 后接动词的完成式，除表示对过去的推测外，还有以下用法（不用can）
① 表示过去没有实现的可能性（某事本来可以发生，却没有发生）。
Eg. He could have told her, but he didn’t choose to. 他本来可以告诉她的，但他却没有。
② 用来委婉地责备某人过去应该做某事而没有去做：
Eg. You could have helped him. 你本来应该来帮助他的。
may/might 可能性最小，表示说话人对某事没有把握。might 比may 语气更不确定。
⑴ 接动词原形，对现在或将来的推测。
Eg. He may/might tell his wife.
⑵ 接动词进行式，动作正在进行或将要发生。
Eg. He may/might be writing a letter.
⑶ 接动词完成式，对过去可能发生的事进行推测。
Eg. She may/might have read it in the paper.
注意：
① can 和may 均可表示推测，两者均可用于否定句，但是含义不同：cannot “不可能”，may not “可能不”。
Eg. It can’t be true. 这不可能是真的。
It may not be true. 这可能不是真的。
②might 后接动词完成式，除表示对过去的推测外，还有以下的用法（不用may）
表示过去某事可能发生而实际上却没有发生。
Eg. A lot of men died who might have been saved. 很多人本来可以获救的却死了。
B. 表示委婉的批评或责备。
Eg. You might have made greater progress. 你的进步本来可以更大一些的。
情态动词+不定式完成式
must have done: 表示对过去情况的推测或估计，“想必或肯定（已经）做了某事”
2. can’t/couldn’t have done:表示对过去情况的否定性推测，“不可能已经做了某事”
3. could have done: 表本来能够做却没有做某事的责备语气。
4. may/might have done: 表示对过去情况可能性推测，表示“可能/大概（已经）做了某事”
5. should/ought to have done: 表示过去该做某事而没有做的情况，表示说话人后悔，遗憾或责备的语气。
Eg. I should have studied hard, but it was too late.
6. shouldn’t/ought not to have done: 表示过去不该做某事却已经做了的情况，也表示说话人后悔或责备的语气。
Eg. I’m very sorry for the words I shouldn’t have said to you at that moment.
7. needn’t have done: 表示原来不必做某事却已经做了的情况。
Eg. Your home is not far from your school, so you needn’t have left in such a hurry then.
8. would rather have done: 表示本来想做某事却未做成的意思。
Eg. I would rather have come to help you with your English, but I was too busy at that time.(共15张PPT)
Exercises For Modal Verbs
1.Tom ought not to____ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A. have told B. tell
C. be telling D. having told
Key: A
2. Peter ____ come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet.
A. must B. may C. can D. will
Key: B
3. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ___ for her.
A. had to write it out B. must have written it out
C. should have written it out
D. ought to write it out
Key: C
4. –Shall I tell John about it
-- No, you ____. I’ve told him already.
A. needn’t B. wouldn’t C. mustn’t D. shouldn’t
Key: A
5. Michael___ be a policeman, for he is much too short.
A. needn’t B. can’t C. should D. may
Key: B
6.– There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
-- It ____ a comfortable journey.
A. can’t be B. shouldn’t be
C. mustn’t have been D. couldn’t have been
Key: D
7. It’s nearly seven o’clock. Jack ___ be here at any moment.
A. must B. need C. should D. can
Key: C
8. Susan___ written a report like this.
A. can have B. mustn’t have
C. can’t have D. ought to not have
Key: C
9. Oh, I’m not feeling well in the stomach, I___ so much fried chicken just now.
A. shouldn’t cut B. mustn’t have eaten
C. shouldn’t have eaten D. mustn’t eat
Key: C
10.Johnny, you ___ play with the knife, you ___ hurt yourself.
A. won’t; can’t B. mustn’t; may
C. shouldn’t; must D. can’t; should
Key: B
11. When he was there, he___ go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day.
A. would B.should C. had better D. might
Key: A
12. Sir, you___be sitting in this waiting room. It is for women and children only.
A. oughtn’t to B. can’t C. won’t D. needn’t
Key: A
13. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone___ get out.
A. had to B.would C.was able to D.could
Key: C
14. Jack ___ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me.
A.mustn’t have arrived B.shouldn’t have arrived C. can’t have arrived D. needn’t have arrived.
Key: C
15. --When can I come for the photos I need them tomorrow afternoon.
--They ___be ready by 12:00.
A. can B. should C. might D. need
Key: B
16.– I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
-- Oh, did you You___with Barbara.
A. could have stayed B.could stay
C. would stay D. must have stayed
Key: A
17.—Could I call you by the first name
--Yes, you___.
A. will B. could C. may D. might
Key: C
18.—Will you stay for lunch
--Sorry. I____. My brother is coming to see me.
A. mustn’t B.can’t C.needn’t D. won’t
Key: B
19.There was a lot of fun at yesterday’s party. You___come, but why didn’t you
A. must have B. should
C. need have D. ought to have
Key: D
20.—Are you coming to Jeff’s party
--I’m not sure. I ___go to the concert instead.
A. must B. would C. should D. might
Key: D
21.Sorry, I’m late. I ___ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.
A. might B. should C. can D. will
Key: A
22. My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he __ your lecture.
A. couldn’t have attended B. needn’t have attended C. mustn’t have attended D. shouldn’t have attended
Key: A
23.I was really anxious about you. You__ home without a word.
A. mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left
C. couldn’t have left D. needn’t leave
Key: B
24. – Write to me when you get home.
-- ________.
A. I must B. I should C. I will D. I can
Key: C
25. You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman ___ be so rude to a lady.
A. might B. need C. should D. would
Key: C
26. Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How ___ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony
A. can B. should C. may D. must
Key: A
27. – Is John coming by train
--He should, but he___ not. He likes driving his car.
A. must B. can C. need D. may
Key: D
28. – I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter.
--It ___ true because there was little snow there.
A. may not have B. won’t be
C. couldn’t be D. mustn’t be
Key: C
29. –I hear you’ve got a set of valuable Australian coins. ___ I have a look
-- Yes, certainly.
A. Do B. May C. Must D. Should
Key: B
30. It has been announced that candidates ___ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.
A. can B. will C. may D. shall
Key: D(共39张PPT)
语法讲义之
情态动词
modal verbs
1.--Is John coming by train
--He should, but he ____ not. He likes driving
his car. (2002高考题）
A. must B. can C. need D. may
2.It has been announced that candidates(候选人)
____ remain in their seats until all the papers
have been collected. (2002上海高考题）
A. can B.will C. may D. shall
3.--I heard they went skiing in the mountains last
winter. (2002北京高考题）
--It ____ true because there was little snow there.
A. may not be B. won’t be
C. couldn’t be D. mustn’t be
情态动词
表示推测
不表示推测
can could
may might
shall should
must
will would
ought to
have to
dare (daren’t)
need (needn’t)
used to
I daren’t ask her for a rise. 我不敢请求她加薪.
How did you dare to tell her that
I wonder whether he dare stand up in public.
I don’t know how she dares to wear that dress.
Do you need any help
I wonder whether he need send it immediately.
I need hardly tell you that the work is dangerous.
The garden doesn’t need watering at the moment.
You needn’t finish that work today.
可兼做行为动词的情态动词：need 、 dare
情态动词 (+动词原形)
行为动词
.
need
dare
1.无人称和数的变化;
2.尤其用于：
*否定句及疑问句中;
*在if/whether之后;
*或与hardly, never,
no one, nobody连用;
3.常以needn’t 和daren’t
的形式出现;
4.dare有其过去时dared.
多用于肯定句;
(sb.) need to do
dare to do
(sth.) need to be
done
(sth.) need doing
判断正误:
How dare you say such a thing
How dare you to say such a thing
He daren’t to speak English before such a
crowd, did he
He daren’t speak English before such a
crowd, dare he
Nobody need to be afraid of catching the disease.
Nobody need be afraid of catching the disease.
These dishes need be cleaned carefully.
These dishes need to be cleaned carefully.
These dishes need cleaning carefully.
注意对need问句的回答:
--Need I finish the work today
--Yes, ________________.
No, ________________.
No, ________________.
you must
you needn’t
you don’t have to
needn’t 对其它情态动词的回答:
--Shall I tell John about it
--No, you __________.
--Must we do it now
--No, you __________.
needn’t
(don’t have to)
needn’t
(don’t have to)
表示推测——情态动词的重要用法.
1. You must be Mr Smith----I was told to expect
you here.
2. He must have known what we wanted.
3. We may have read the same report.
4. He can’t have slept through all that noise.
5. There’s someone outside----who can it be
6. What can they be doing
7. These pills might help to cure your disease.
8. You could be right, I suppose.
表示推测——情态动词的重要用法.
肯定的推测
可能的推测
否定的推测
疑问的推测
must
对将来 对现在 对过去
情态动词
may, might
can’t,
couldn’t
can, could
+ V. + V. + have done
常见must be + be doing
+ V. + V. + have done
+ be doing
可以用not表示“可能不”
+V. + V. + have done
+ be doing
+ V. + V. + have done
+ be doing
1. I don't know where she is, she _______ be in
Wuhan.
2. At this moment, our teacher ________________
our exam papers.
这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。
3. The road is wet. It ________________ last night.
(rain)
4. Your mother ______________________ for you.
你妈妈一定一直在找你。
may
must be marking
must have rained
must have been looking
5. Philip ________________________ seriously in
the car accident. 菲利普可能在车祸中受了重伤.
6. ---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is
still here.
---She _____________________ (go) by bus.
7. Mike ________________ his car, for he came to
work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐
公共汽车来上班的。
may (might) have been hurt
may (might) have gone
can’t have found
高考考题:
1. I thought you _____like something to read, so
I have brought you some books.
A. may B. might C. would D. must
2. Where is my pen I ____it.
A. might lose B. would have lost
C. should have lost D. must have lost
3. I didn’t hear the phone. I ___asleep
A. must be B. must have been
C. should be D. should have been
B
D
B
4. ---There were already five people in the car,
but they managed to take me as well.
----It ____a comfortable journey
A. can’t be B. shouldn’t be
C. mustn’t have been D. couldn’t have been
5. It’s nearly seven o’clock . Jack ___be here at
any moment.
A. must B. need C. should D. could
D
D
请把下列词语组合成句:
1. ___________________________________,
( play, interesting, must, be, new, the )
for the director is so famous.
2. See how happy he is today! ___________
____________________________.
( failed, he, can’t, in, the, have, exam )
3. Peter isn’t in the classroom. __________
________________________________.
( may, playing, he, with, be, his, basketball,
friends )
The new play must be interesting
He can’t
have failed in the exam
He may be
playing basketball with his friends
不同的“肯定”程度可按下列层次排列：
He is at home. (事实)
He must be at home.（非常肯定的推断）
He could be at home.（很可能）
He ought to be at home.（很可能）
He may be at home.（仅仅可能而已）
He might be at home.（或许, 非常不确定）
He might not be at home.（也许不在家）
He may not be at home. （比might可能）
He couldn’t be at home.（很可能不在家）
He can’t be at home.（一定不在家）
He isn't at home.（事实）
在不表示推测的情态动词中, 我们要注意以下考点:
1. 表示能力、许可的情态动词的用法。
2. 表示否定的情态动词的用法。
3. shall 和 will 的多种意义的区别。
4. 情态动词短语的使用。
5. 虚拟语气中情态动词的使用。
表示能力: can, could, be able to
*be able to 能用于各种时态。
can / could 只能表示现在或过去的能力。
*was / were able to : “设法做成某事”
相当于 managed to do sth.
succeeded in doing sth.。
1. 表示能力、许可的情态动词的用法。
1. A computer ______ think for itself; it must
be told what to do.
A. can’t B. couldn’t
C. may not D. might not
2. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly
but everyone ______ get out.
A. had to B. would
C. could D. was able to
A
D
3. They will ______ run this machine on their
own in three months.
A. can B. could C. may D. be able to
4. That big cinema ______ seat 2,000 people.
A. can B. should C. ought to D. is able to
D
A
表示许可: may / might, can / could
* might, could 比较委婉, 一般多用于疑问句.
* can, may 表达的语言比较随便.
* 在以could, might 表示征询对方意见
或表示请求时，回答应相应使用can, may.
5. — Could I borrow your dictionary
— Yes, of course you _______.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
6. — Might I watch TV after supper
— Yes, you ________.
A. may B. must C. might D. can
C
A
2. 表示否定的情态动词的用法:
部分情态动词的否定式是情态动词中的考点
之一。
mustn’t 不准, 禁止
needn’t 没必要 ( = don’t have to )
can’t 不能; 不可能
may not 不可以; 可能不
shouldn’t 不应该 ( = ought not to )
7. You ______ return the book now. You can
keep it till next week if you like.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. may not
8. Johnny, you ______ play with the knife, you
______ hurt yourself.
A. won’t ; can’t B. mustn’t ; may
C. shouldn’t ; must D. can’t ; shouldn’t
C
B
9. --Will you stay for lunch
--Sorry, _____. My brother is coming to see me.
A. I mustn’t B. I can’t
C. I needn’t D. I won’t
10. --May I pick a flower in the garden
-- ________.
A. No, you needn’t B. Not, please.
C. No, you mustn’t D. No, you won’t
B
C
情态动词：shall, will 的多种意义:
shall / will+ 动词原形:
* shall 可表示必须、允诺、命令、 警告或征询意见.
* will 可表示意愿、常出现的动作、在疑问句
中表示请求和建议.
* 均可表示将来。 过去时为 should, would.
3.
11. He ______ be punished if he disobeys.
如果他不服从, 就要受到惩罚.
12. We are not going to quarrel at all if you ____
only let me speak.
只要你让我说话, 我们根本就不会吵架.
13. --Sir, ____ he go or stay
--Let him go.
A. will B. shall C. might D. could
shall
will
B
14. The door _______ open.
这门经常打不开.
15. Ronald ______ stay in his small garden for
a long time every day in the past.
A. could B. might C. should D. would
16. You _____ have the book after I read it.
我看完以后一定把这本书给你.
won’t
D
shall
4. 情态动词短语的使用:
would like to do…
would rather do…
would rather + 从句
would prefer to do...
had better do...
改错:
1. Would you like having some tea
2. I’d prefer going to the lecture this evening.
3. I’d rather you to go to the meeting.
4. He would rather to die than to give in.
5. You’d better to have your hair cut today.
Would you like to have some tea
I’d prefer to go to ...
… you went to ...
He would rather die than give in.
You’d better have ...
5. 用于虚拟语气的情态动词:
should
might
could
would
needn’t
ought to
情态动词考题:
1. Put on more clothes. You be feeling cold
with only a shirt on. A. can B. could C. must D. would
2. "Must I drive to his house and pick up the
children "
"No, ." A. you shouldn't B. you might not
C. you needn't D. you mustn't
C
C
3. We didn't see Tom at the meeting yesterday.
He it. A. mustn't have attended
B. cannot have attended C. needn't have attended
D. would have not attended
4. We play chess than bridge. Some of us
don't know how to play bridge. A. had better B. would better
C. would rather D. had rather
B
A
5. There is someone knocking at the door.
it be Tom A. can B. must C. should D. ought to
6. Two year ago, my husband bought me a bicycle.
If you live in town, it is often faster than a car
and you worry about parking.
A. must not B. may not
C. should not D. don't have to
A
D
情态动词
表示推测
不表示推测
can could
may might
shall should
must
will would
ought to
have to
dare (daren’t)
need (needn’t)
used to
表示推测——情态动词的重要用法.
肯定的推测
可能的推测
否定的推测
疑问的推测
must
对将来 对现在 对过去
情态动词
may, might
can’t,
couldn’t
can, could
+ V. + V. + have done
常见must be + be doing
+ V. + V. + have done
+ be doing
可以用not表示“可能不”
+V. + V. + have done
+ be doing
+ V. + V. + have done
+ be doing
在不表示推测的情态动词中, 我们要注意以下考点:
1. 表示能力、许可的情态动词的用法。
2. 表示否定的情态动词的用法。
3. shall 和 will 的多种意义的区别。
4. 情态动词短语的使用。
5. 虚拟语气中情态动词的使用。
Good-bye!(共15张PPT)
Unit 1 Festivals around the world
Warming Up
Festivals are meant to celebrate important events.
此句改为主动语态为：People mean festivals to celebrate important events.
注意：mean to do something ; meaning doing something
辨析: celebrate congratulate
celebrate 表示“庆祝”时，宾语是事，celebrate sth. 其名词celebration 常构成词组have/hold a celebration(举行庆祝会)，
in celebration of(为了庆祝)。
congratulate “向某人表示祝贺，向某人道贺”，其宾语是受到祝贺的人，可构成短语congratulate sb on sth/doing…
名词congratulation 可构成短语
congratulations to sb on sth/doing…
2. Discuss when they take place.
take place “发生，举行”。常指经过安排的事情。
happen “发生，碰巧”，强调偶然性。
occur “发生”， 同happen, 但比happen 更正式。
break out “爆发，突然发生”。指战争，灾害，疾病等。
以上为不及物动词，不用于被动语态。
Reading
Ancient Festivals
The most ancient festivals would celebrate the end of the cold weather.
would 用在此处表示过去的习惯，习性，倾向等。意思是“过去常常……”常与often, frequently, sometimes等连用。
Eg. When I was a child, I would often go skiing.
will 可以表示现在或当前的习惯性，经常性，倾向性。表示“惯于，总是”。
Eg. Boys will be boys. 男孩子毕竟是男孩子。
2. They would starve if food was difficult to find.
a. starve(vt./vi.)
Eg. The lady is starving herself trying to loose weight.
They got lost in the desert and starved to death.
starve 可用于短语be starved of/ starve for 中，相当于long for,
be in great need of 渴望；急需，迫切需要。
Eg. The patients are starved of/ starving for medicine.
这些病人急需用药。
b. if food was difficult to find 是“主语+be+adj.+不定式”结构。其中 food 是find 的逻辑宾语。
英语中，有些形容词做表语或补语，后再接动词不定式时，不定式尽管表示被动意义，但需用主动形式。这种用法的形容词常见的有easy, hard, difficult, fit, unfit,bitter, heavy, light, sweet, nice, necessary等。
Eg. English is difficult to learn well in a short time.
The water in this well isn’t fit to drink.
3. They lit fires and make music because they thought these festivals would bring a year of plenty.
plenty (n./adv.)
[Un]富足，充裕，大量。可单独使用，在句中做主语，宾语，表语，或与of 搭配在肯定句中修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词。短语in plenty 意为“大量，许多”，可做后置定语或状语。
Eg. There is plenty of time.
There are plenty of apples in the home.
There is food and drink in plenty.
有许多食物和饮料。
注意：plenty of 前没有不定冠词a, 不能误记成
a plenty of;
plenty of 只用于肯定句中，在疑问句中一般用enough,
在否定句中用many 或much.
b. adv. (quite)十分，充分地
Eg. The room is plenty big enough.
Festivals of the dead
Some festivals are held to honor the dead, or satisfy and please the ancestors, who would return either or help or to do harm.
Honor
(vt) “尊敬，使感到荣幸”
Eg. He felt honored to be invited there.
被邀请去那他感到很荣幸。
（n）可数名词，常与不定冠词连用，“光荣的人或事”。
Eg. Liu Xiang is an honor to our country.
(n) 不可数名词，“荣誉，尊敬”
Eg. All of us should show honor to our parents.
短语：
add honor to…为……增添荣誉 do honor to… 向……表示敬意
in honor of… 为祝贺/纪念…… ， 为向……表示敬意
on one’s honor 以名誉担保
b. satisfy (vt) “满足，使满意”， 不用于进行时态。satisfaction (n)
satisfy one’s needs 满足某人的需要
be satisfied with sb/sth 对……感到满意
be satisfied to do sth sb乐意做……
注意： satisfied (adj.)（人）满足的，满意的
satisfying (adj.) (事物)令人满意的
Eg. The little girl gave a satisfied smile.
It’s a very satisfying feeling when you have done a good job.
当你做好一件工作时，会有一种愉快的满足感。
c. do harm to sb/ sth 对某人或某物有害。
2. In Japan, the festival is called Obon, when people should go to clean the graves and light incense in memory of their ancestors.
a. when 用作关系副词，引导定语从句修饰时间名词所作的先行词，when 在定语从句中作时间状语。
b. in memory of 纪念
Eg. He wrote a long moving poem in memory of his good friend.
3. They light lamps and play music because they think that this will lead the ancestors back to earth.
lead to
通向，引领。to 为介词。
Eg. This bridge leads to the island.
All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。（殊途同归）
b. 导致，招致
Eg. Careless driving led to this accident.
Hard work leads to success, while laziness leads to failure.
lead sb to +n 带领……通往/到……
Eg. This street leads you to the station.
lead sb to do sth 使……做……
Eg. What led you to believe it
短语：
lead a …life 过……的生活
lead sb in doing 带领某人做……
lead the way 带路 lead away 引……入歧途
动词+介词to 构成的常用短语有
look forward to 向往…… turn to 求助于；转向；翻到……
pay attention to 注意…… stick to 坚持
get down to 开始认真干…… object to 反对
belong to 属于 refer to 谈到，涉及，参阅
point to 指向 see to 处理，料理
come to 共计，苏醒 reply to 答复
add to 增加
devote… to… 贡献……给……
compare… to… 把……比作……
4. in the shape of…以……的形式或形状
Eg. Help came in the shape of a $10000 loan from his parents. 他父母提供帮助的形式为10000美元的贷款。
out of shape 有错误的形状；走形
5. They offer food, flowers and gifts to the dead.
offer
(vt)（对神）供奉，奉献
Eg. They offered a lamb as a sacrifice to the idol. 他们以羔羊当祭品拜神像
b. (vt)提供；提出（给某人，以供接受或拒绝）
Eg. He offered me his pencil.
offer sth to sb.= offer sb sth.
c. offer to do sth 表示愿意（做某事）
Eg. He offered to help me with my English. 他表示愿意帮我学英语。
d. offer oneself “出现，出席”（be present）
Eg. My lost pen offered itself at last. 我丢失的钢笔终于找到了。
e. 出价；拿……出售（vt）
Eg. I offered him $1000 for the house.
我出价1000美元买那所房子。
f. (n) 提供；提出
Eg. Thank you for your offer to help.
谢谢你提供帮助。
He promised to make an offer of support. 他答应给予支持。
6. The festival of Halloween had its origin as an event in memory of the dead.
①had its origin as an event 起源于某事
have your /its origin=begin 开始
Eg: Many of the problem had their origin in post-
war Europe.
许多问题都起源于战后欧洲。
②origin [u]起源，开端
Eg; Some Japanese words are of Chinese origin.
[c]血统，来历，出身，可用复数表示单数意义
Eg: She is a woman of noble origin(s).
③original adj 最初的，原始的
originally adv 本来，原来
originality n 独创性，创造性
Festivals to Honor People
1. In memory of the arrival of Christopher Columbus in America.
arrival [u]到达 the arrival of the train
[c]到达人或物
Eg. There are three new arrivals in our class.
短语： on (one’s) arrival （某人）一到达就……
arrival at a conclusion 得出结论
a new arrival 新生儿，新到者
2.In India there is a national festival on October.
①national (adj) nation (n)
nationalism n 民族主义，民族自尊心
②gain (vt) 得到，获得
Eg: She gained high grades in English and Math.
gain (n) 利润
No pains no gains 不劳无获
Harvest Festivals
1.gather experience gather wealth
gather breath 喘气 gather flesh 长肉
gather one’s senses 聚精会神
gather up 收集，鼓起精神
2. award
[C]奖，奖赏，奖品
Eg. This year the awards for best actor and actress went to two Americans. 今年的最佳男演员和最佳女演员奖项由两位美国人获得。
b. [Vt]授予，给予，奖给，判给
Eg. He was awarded the first prize for being the best singer.
他作为最佳歌手被授予一等奖。
Spring Festivals
1. clothing, clothes, cloth
①clothing 衣服的总称，包括衣服，鞋帽，被子。
是集体名词，不可数。
但可以说a piece of clothing/ an article of clothing.
谓语动词用单数
pieces/articles of clothing 谓语动词用复数
Eg: Our clothing protects us from the cold.
②clothes 指具体的衣服，包括上衣，下装，内衣，
外衣，只有复数形式，不能和数词连用,不能
说a clothes, five clothes。
但可用a suit/piece of clothes, two pieces of clothes,
many clothes, these clothes.
Eg: Most of her clothes were made by herself.
③cloth 布，布料（不可数）但特殊用途的布可数,复数形式是cloths.
a table cloth a piece of cloth
2. Daily
(adj.) everyday 每日的
(adv.)every day 每日地
（n） China Daily 日报
注意： dairy (n) 牛奶场
diary (n) 日记(共10张PPT)
A sad love story
Para 1
But she didn’t turn up.
turn up
① “露出，出现”
Eg. He finally turned up, but he was several hours late.
② “发现，找到，被发现”
Eg. The missing pen turned up.
③ 向上翻/翘
Eg. His nose turned up slightly. 他的鼻子略有点向上翘。
④ 挖掘
Eg. The ancient tomb was turned up. 那座古墓被挖了。
⑤ 旋大灯火/煤气等，开大收音机
Eg. Turn up the radio so that I can hear it better.
短语：
turn against 背叛，反抗 turn back 原路返回，折回
turn down 翻下，关小 turn on 打开，转开
turn off 改变方向，关掉 turn in 上交；向内弯
turn out 结果；证明是 turn over 翻身；移交
2. He thought she would keep her word.
Word 的用法
① [U] 诺言，保证。只用做单数形式，前面需用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格修饰。
Eg. He kept his word and returned all the money.
② [C]词，单词，话
Eg. What’s the English word for this 这个词用英语怎么说？
③ [U]音讯，消息，后常接that从句，解释word的内容。
Eg. My friend sent word that he was still alive and well.
短语：
keep one’s word 信守诺言 in other words 换句话说
have words with sb 与某人吵嘴 in a/one word 总而言之
3. Well, he was not going to hold his breath for her to apologize.
① hold one’s breath “屏住呼吸，……提心吊胆”
Eg. The girl held her breath at the sight of the snake.
We held our breath while Mr Brown read the exam away.
短语：
get one’s breath 喘过气来，恢复正常
out of breath 喘不过气来的/地
take breath 呼吸
take one’s breath away 使某人大吃一惊
② apologize(Vi) apology(n) apologetic(adj).
apologize to sb for sth/doing sth 因某事向某人道歉
Eg. Bill was apologizing to his friend for having kept her waiting for a long time.
b. apologize for sth/doing sth 因（做了）某事而道歉
Eg. I must apologize for calling you so late.
实在抱歉，这么晚给您打电话。
c. apologize for oneself 为自己辩解或辩护
拓展：make/offer an apology (to sb for sth) 表示道歉
accept (refuse) an apology 接受（拒绝）道歉
Eg. He made an apology for his child.
4. He would drown his sadness in coffee.
drown (drowned, drowned) Vt/vi
短语：
drown one’s sorrow 借酒浇愁
drown one’s cares in wine 以酒解忧
a face drowned in tears 泪流满面
Para 2
It was obvious that the manager of the coffee shop was waiting for Li fang to leave.
It 为形式主语，真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句。
obvious(adj) （more obvious; most obvious）
obviousness (n) 明显 obviously (adj) 明显地
2. He wiped the table.
wipe(vt)
wipe off 抹掉；偿消 wipe down 用湿抹布擦
wipe the floor with sb 把某人骂得狗血喷头，哑口无言。
Para 3
While she was on earth she met the herd boy Niu lang and they fell in love.
fall in love with sb= begin to be in love with sb
辨析：
be in love with sb = have love and desire for sb 与某人相爱（恋爱），延续性动词短语
fall in love with sb 爱上某人（终止性动词短语）
Eg. They fell in love with one another years ago.
They have been in love with one another for years.
他们相爱已经好多年了。
短语：
Love is blind.情人眼里出西施。
one-sided love 单相思。
for the love of… 看在……的份上
2. Her mother finally decided to let the couple cross the Milky Way to meet once a year.
① couple “一对男女；夫妇”，作主语时，谓语动词多用单数，若强调个体，有时也视为复数。
Eg. The young couple seems (seem) to be happy.
② a couple of （一对，两个；几个，数个)
Eg. They keep a couple of dogs.
I will have a couple of drinks and I will come home. 我先喝上几杯酒，然后回家去。
③ 辨析couple 与 pair
两者皆可指“一双，一对”。但pair指由两个一样的东西组成的“一双，一对，一副”，缺一不可。（如鞋子，裤子，眼镜等）
couple指在一起或互有关系的两个人或物，不一定成双成对，即可分可合。
B. 两者皆可指“夫妻”，但couple 侧重指表面的结合，而pair侧重指实际的匹配。
Eg. Not every couple is a pair. 天下夫妇多，珠联璧合少。
Para 4
As Li Fang set off for home.
set off 的用法
① “动身，启程”，常接介词for 表示目的地。
Eg. Mr Brown set off for Pairs yesterday.
② “引爆，燃放（爆竹等）”
Eg. The children gathered in the garden to set the fireworks off.
③ “引起，造成”
Eg. Don’t set her off crying again, whatever you do.
词组：
set about 着手，开始 set down 放下，记下
set out 动身，出发 set up 竖起，搭起
2. I don’t want them to remind me of her.
remind sb of sth 让某人想起某事
Eg. This reminded me of the days when I was in the countryside.
remind sb to do sth 提醒某人做某事
Eg. He reminded me not to forget my promise.
remind sb that 提醒某人做某事
Eg. She reminded me that I hadn’t wanted the flowers.
Para 5
As he sadly passed the tea shop on the corner on his way home.
on the corner 在物体表面的角上
at the corner 在物体外面的角上
in the corner 在物体内部的角上
cut off a corner = cut corners = cut a corner 抄近路，走捷径
2. There was Hu Jin waving at him and calling
wave at /to sb 向某人挥手
Eg. She waved her hand to say good-bye. 她挥手告别。
wave (n)波浪，（挥手）示意
Para 6
She would never forgive him.
forgive( forgave; forgiven)
forgive sb for sth/doing sth 原谅某人某事/做某事
Eg. He forgave me for losing his bike.
短语：
forgive and forget 不念旧恶，不记仇
Pray forgive me! 请原谅我吧！
