高中英语语法大全[下学期]

第二部分 句法
第18章 名词性从句
一.概念
名词性从句共有四种:主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句和同位语从句
二.相关知识点精讲
1． 主语从句：主语从句在整个句子中作主语。
(1)不同于其它的连词，它不充当句子的成分，只是单纯的连接词，通常不可以省略。分句置于句首时，that绝对不可以省略。
That the driver could not control his war was obvious.
It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.
(2)if 不能用在主语从句中，而是用whether
Whether he left (or not) is unknown
(3)当主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用第三人称单数，下面这个句型例外。
What we need is more time and money.
What we need are many more books.
2.表语从句：表语从句出现在系动词后，充当表语。
The trouble is that we are short of money.
Go and get your coat. It’s where you left it.
(1) 引导表语从句除了上述三类词外还有because, as if/ as though等等
The reason (why/for which…..) is that ……
It/This/That is because……
(2) 连系动词“appear, look, seem”的两个常用句型
It seems/appears that….
It looks/seems as if/as though……(与事实相符用陈述语气，与事实相反用虚拟语气)
(3) as 也可以引导表语从句
Things are not always as they seem to be
3. 宾语从句：及物动词，形容词和介词后加宾语从句作其宾语。
(1) 宾语从句时态与主句相呼应，但宾语从句表示的是客观真理或普遍现象除外
The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun
(2) 连词whether和 if可以互换，但注意下列情况
连词后紧跟or not时用whether
I want to know whether or not they will come.
作介词宾语是用whether引导宾语从句
He was interested in whether he saw her there.
连接词后直接加不定式，不能用if只能用whether
He doesn’t know whether to stay or not.
如果宾语从句是否定时，一般用if引导
I care if he will not attend the meeting.
(3) 当宾语从句后带宾补时，要用“主语+谓语+it +宾补+that-clause,that不可省略
I think it certain that she will do well in her exam.
(4) 当主语是I, we ，主句用think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine五个动词时，用否定转移
I don’t think he will win the game, will he
(5) that在宾语从句常可以省略，但由and或 but连接两个或多个宾语从句时，仅可以省略第一个连词that
He said (that) he had eaten nothing but that he wasn’t hungry.
(6) 注意区别if引导的宾语从句和条件状语从句
I don’t know if he will come.
If he comes, I’ll let you know.
4.同位语从句，在句中作某些名词的同位语，对前面的名词进一步说明。用在下列名词 fact,news,idea,hope,believe,hope,thought,doubt.truth,order,suggestion, word etc.
(1) There is no doubt that he will come.
There is doubt whether he will come.
Word came that Napoleon would come to inspect them.
There is no possibility that….
(2) that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
在同位语从句中：that不可以省略，不作成分;定语从句的关系代词that在定语从句作成分，作宾语时可以省略
We are interested in the news that some foreigners would visit our school.
We are interested in the news that he told us.
when, where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
在定语从句中，when, where前有分别表示时间、地点的先行词；而在同位语从句中无此对应关系
They have no idea at all where he has gone.(同位语从句)
Go and get your coat. It’s in the place where you left it.(定语从句)
5. 疑问词-ever既可以引导名词性从句，也可以引导让步状语从句，而no matter+疑问词只能引导让步状语从句
No matter where I go, my heart is towards China.
I believer whatever he says. Whatever he says, I will never believe him.
who与 whoever的区别
who是“谁”的意思，表示具有疑问，who相当于anyone who“无论谁”
Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
Can you tell me who that gentleman is
6．当名词性从句缺少主语、宾语或表语时，引导词通常用what，它相当于。另外，有时具有感叹意义all that, anything that或 the thing(s) that
What we can’t get seems better than what we have.
Tom thought what a beautiful girl Mary was.
7.注意区分it 作形式主语的主语从句与强调句
强调句句型It is/was+被强调部分+that, 去掉It is/was, that，句子仍然成立。
It is natural that they should have different views. 主语从句
It is only lately that he had had a family himself. 强调句
What was it that he wanted I don’t know what it was that he wanted.
It was in the hotel where he stayed that we discussed the serious problem
8.注意it 作形式主语的主语从句和as引导非限制性定语从句引导的不同
It is known to all that the earth is round.
As is known to all. the earth is round.
三.巩固练习
1．____he does has nothing to do with me.
A. whatever B. No matter what C. That D. If
2. The manager came over and asked the customer how____
A. did the quarrel came about B .the quarrel had come about
C. had the quarrel come about D. had the quarrel come about
3. Energy is ____makes thing work..
A. what B. something C. anything D. that
4. Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
5. This is ___the shenzhou V Spaceship landed.
A. there B. in which C. where D. when
6. They have no idea at all____.
A. where he has gone B. where did he go
C. which place has he gone D. where has he gone
7. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.
A. that B. which C. of which D. of that
8. The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.
A. that ;had to leave B. that; should leave
C. /; must leave D. when; should leave
9. ___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match.
A. There; that B. It; that C. there; whether D. It; whether
10. The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.
A. that B. which C. whether D. if
11. Is _____he said really true
A. that B. what C. why D. whether
12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.
A. That B. Whether C. If D. Where
13. It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.
A. while B. if C. that D. for
14. _____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.
A. Whether B. This C. who D. If
15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.
A. What B. That C. Whether D. If
16. ____you don’t like him is none of my business.
A. What B. That C. Who D. How
17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.
A. What; what B. That; that C. what; that D. That ; what
18. ____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.
A. What B. It C. All that D. That
19. It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.
A. believed B. think C. say D. hoped
20. ____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. What B. That C. How D. Where
21. ____he always serves the people very well is known.
A. What B. That C. Which D. Who
22.____has passed the test will get a prize .
A. Whoever B. No mater who C. Whomever D. Who
23.Is____ true that the famous scientist will give us a lecture next week
A that B it C his D he
24.It has not been decided ___ they will leave for New York.
A. when B why C that D what
25. Obviously___ we do morning exercises every day ___ us good.
A. that do B. if; do C what; does D. that; dose
26 It is said____ ____ was all ___ he said.
A that; that; that B what; what; what C that; which; what D that; that; which
27___ gets home first is to cook the supper.
A. Who B Whom C. Those who D. Whoever
28___ moved us most was___ he liked after the old man for more than twenty years.
A. That; that B. What; that C What; what D. That; what
29.___ you did it is not known to all.
A. Who B. What C. How D. Which
30.___ you do should be well done.
A How B. That C. Whatever D Why
31. The reason I plan to go is___ she will be disappointed if I don’t.
A. because B. that C. thanks to D. what
32. What time do you think__
A. will Tom come back B. Tom will come back
C. is Tom coming back D. can Tom get here
33. The teacher said that light___ faster than sound.
A. Has traveled B. traveled C. had traveled D. travels
34..___ is still a question___ will win.
A. It; that B. It; who C. That; who D. This; that
35. If you know___ it was that write A Tale of Two Cities, raise your hand.
A. whom B. which C. who D. that
36. In some countries,___ are called “public schools” are not owned by the state.
A. that B. which C. as D. what
37. Thinking___ you know___ in fact you don’t is a terrible mistake.
A. that; that B. what; what C. that; what D. what that
38. Whether ways will be found to stop pollution or not is just___ worries the public.
A. why B. which C. that D. what
39. Why don’t you bring___ to his attention that you are too busy to do it
A. that B. what C. that D. it
40.___ David says sounds right to Helen. That’s why she has made up her mind to leave with him___ happens.
A. whatever; whatever B. No matter what; whatever
C. No matter what; No matter what D. Whatever; however
41. That is___ I was born and grew up.
A. There B. in which C. where D. the place
42.___ she was invited to the ball made her very happy.
A. What B. That C. When D. Because
43.___ we are doing has never been done before.
A. That B. What C. Which D. Whether
44.---Have you found your book yet
---No, I’m not sure___ I could have left it.
A. whether B. where C. when D. why
45. The doctor couldn’t answer the question___ the patient could survive that night.
A. if B. that C. whether D. what
46. I firmly believe___ he said at the meeting was right.
A. that B. which C. that what D. what that
47.---What were you trying to prove to the police
---___ I was last night.
A. That B. When C. Where D. What
48. I think, though I could be mistaken, __ he liked me.
A. who B. which C. that D. what
49. At the meeting, we discussed___ we should employ more workers.
A. if B. whether C. that D. /
50. After___ seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile.
A. which B. it C. what D. that
四.答案
1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA
21—25 BABAD 26—30 ADBCC 31—35 BBDBC 36—40 DCDDA
41—45 CBBBC 46—50 CCCBC
第19章 定语从句
一.概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句,称为定语从句,也叫形容词性从句
二.相关知识点精讲
1.关系代词引导的定语从句
　　关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
　 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：
　 Is he the man who/that wants to see you 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
　 He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2） whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。例如：
　 They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.　那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
　 Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green.　请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：
　　A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
　　The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that在句中作宾语）
2.关系副词引导的定语从句
　 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。例如：
　 There are occasions when （on which） one must yield.　任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
　 Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born.　北京是我的出生地。
　 Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer 　这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：
　 His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born.　他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
　 He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which） he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
3.判断关系代词与关系副词
　 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
　 This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。
　 I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。
　　习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
　 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
　　关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （ where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语） 。
4.限制性和非限制性定语从句
1） 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：
　　　This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
　　　The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2） 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：
　　　Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
　　　My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.　我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
　　　This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3） 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：
　　　He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
　　　Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
5.介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如：
　 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。
　 This is the house where I lived two years ago.
　 Do you remember the day on which you joined our club 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？
　 Do you remember the day when you joined our club
6.as, which 非限定性定语从句
　　由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：
　　As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
　　The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
（1）as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
（2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
7.先行词和关系词二合一
　1） Whoever spits in public will be punished here. （Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替）
　2） The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.（what 可以用all that代替）
8. what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever
1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything。例如：
　　　What you want has been sent here. 你要的动词都送来了。
　　　Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。
2） who= the person that　 whoever= anyone who。例如：
3） that 和 what　
　　当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。例如：
　　I think（that）you will like the stamps. 我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。
　　What we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的实践。
9.关系代词that 的用法
1）不用that的情况
　　 a） 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：
　　　 （错）The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
　　 b） 介词后不能用。例如：
　　　　 We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。
　　　　 We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2） 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
　　 a）　在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
　　 b）　在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
　　 c）　先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。　
　　 d）　先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
　　 e）　先行词既有人，又有物时。例如：
　 All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。
　 　 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
三.巩固练习
1. His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ______ family was poor.
A. of whom　 B. whom　 C. of whose　 D. whose　
2. She heard a terrible noise, _______ brought her heart into her mouth.
A. it　　 B. which　 C. this D. that　　
3. In the dark street , there wasn’t a single person _____ she could turn for help.
A. that　　 B. who　 C. from whom　D. to whom　
4. The weather turned out to be very good , ____ was more than we could expect.
A. what　 B. which　　 C. that　 D. it　
5.After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child.　
A. which　 B. where C. that　 D. when　　
6．Carol said the work would be done by October, ＿＿＿＿＿personally I doubt very much.　
A. it　 B. that　 C. when D. which　
7．Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________,of course , made the others unhappy.
A．who 　 B．which　 C．this　 D．what 　
8. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase , _____ was very reasonable.
A. which price　 B. the price of which　 C. its price　D. the price of whose
9._____ has already been pointed out , grammar is not a set of dead rules.
A. As　　　 B. It　　　 C. That　 D. Which
10. He lived in London for 3 months , during ____ time he learned some English.
A. this　　 B. which　 C. that　　 D. same
11. Oh the wall hung a picture, _____ color is blue.
A. whose　 B. of which　 C. which　 D. its
12.Whenever I met him , ____ was fairly often, I like his sweet and hopeful smile.　
A. what　 B. which　 C. that D. when
13. The visitor asked the guide to take his picture _____ stands the famous tower.
A. that　 B. where　　 C. which　 D. there
14.The boss ____ department Ms King worked ten years ago look down upon women.　
A. in which　 B. in that　 C. in whose D. whose
15. I don’t like _____ you speak to her.
A. the way B. the way in that　 C. the way which　　 D. the way of which
16.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella ._______ I got wet through .
A. It’s the reason　 B. That’s why　 C. There’s why　 D. It’s how
17. He made another wonderful discovery , ____ of great importance to science.
A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it　 D.I think which is
18.He was very rude to the customs officer, ____ of course made things even worse.
A. who　 B. whom　 C. what　　 D. which
19. a) He is an interesting speaker, and, _______ is more important, he knows his subject thoroughly.
b) He went to the meeting, and, _______ was worse, insisted on speaking.
A. what　 B. which　 C. that D. when
20. The farmer uses wood to build a house ________ to store grain.
A. in which B. where C. which D. with which
21. I will invite _______ my daughter loves.
A. whoever B. whomever C. whichever D. whatever
22.You can buy as many copies of this book ________ you wants.
A. that B. which C. as D. for which
23. Tom ate more food _______ was good for his health.
A. that B. as C. than D. which
24. He was hiding behind the door _________ he could see what was happening.
A. which B. from where C from which D. where
25. She wore, _______ was very uncommon in the country, a red garment.
A. what B. that C. which D. it
=She wore a red garment , _______ was very uncommon in the country.
26. The English play ____ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success.
A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which
27. ______ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
28. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _____ the sailing time was 226 days.
A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which
29. I work in a business almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.
A. how B. which C. where D. that
30. There were dirty marks on her trousers ______ she had wiped her hands.
A. where B. which C. when D. that
31. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others , , of course , made the others envy him .
A. who B. that C. what D. which
32. ________ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.
A. Which B. When C. What D. As
33. Anyway, that evening, ____ I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel’s place.
A. when B. where C. what D. which
34. A story goes ______ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more that being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.
A. when B. where C. what D. that
35. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year , 80% are sold abroad .
A．of which B．which of C．of them D．of that
36.There was time I hated to go to school .
A．a; that B．a; when C．the; that D．the ; when
37. There are two buildings , stands nearly a hundred feet high .
A．the larger B．the larger of them C．the larger one that D．the larger of which
38. What surprised me was not what he said but he said it .
A．the way B．in the way that C．in the way D．the way which
39. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _____ they can talk frequently.
A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom
40. George Orwell, _______ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays.
A. the real name B. what his real name C. his real name D. whose real name
四.答案
1-5DBDBB 6-10DBBAB 11-15ABBCA 16-20BADAA 21-25 BCCBC 26-30CBACA
31-35DDDDA 36-40BDADD
第20章 状语从句
一.概念
状语从句修饰主句中的动词,形容词,副词等,在复合句中作状语.引导状语从句的关联词是从属连词.状语从句用陈述句语序,一般位于复合句的句首或句末.当从句在句首时,从句后常用逗号和主句相隔.状语从句根据其在句中的不同作用分别表示时间,地点,原因,目的,结果,条件,比较,让步,行为方式等.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.地点状语从句
　　地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。例如：
　　Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。
　　Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
2.方式状语从句
　　方式状语从句通常由as, （just） as…so…, as if, as though引导。
1）as, （just） as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在（just） as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体。例如：
　 Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
　　As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
　Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
　 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
2）as if, as though
　 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"。例如：
　 They completely ignore these facts as if （as though） they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
　　He looks as if （as though） he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
　 It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
　 说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。例如：
　 He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。
　He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
　The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒
3.原因状语从句
比较because, since, as和for：
1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。例如：
　 I didn't go, because I was afraid. 我不去是因为我怕。
　 Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 天气那么糟，旅行推迟了。
2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。例如：
　 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 他今天缺席，因为他病了。
　 He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，所以今天缺席。
4.目的状语从句
　 表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导。例如：
　 You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 你必须大点声，别人就能听见了。
　 He wrote the name down for fear that（lest） he should forget it. 他写下了这个名字以免以后忘记。
　 Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 最好多穿点衣服，以防天发冷。
5.结果状语从句
　结果状语从句常由so…that 或 such…that引导。so…that与such…that之间可以转换。例如：
　　 The boy is so young that he can't go to school. 这男孩年龄太小，不能上学。
　 He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
6. 条件状语从句
　连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
　 unless = if not.　 例如：
　 Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired. 如果不太累，我们去散散步。
　 If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.
典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.　
A. unless　 B. until　 C. if　　D. or
　 答案A。句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late。B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.
7. 让步状语从句
1）though, although引导的让步状语从句，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。例如：
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.　虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
　　 He is very old, but he still works very hard. 虽然他很老了，但仍然努力地工作。
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. 伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。（谚语）
2） as, though 引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。例如：
　　　Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. 虽然是个小孩，该做什么不做什么，他全知道。
3） ever if, even though　即使。例如：
　　 We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好，我们也要去远足。
4） whether…or…　不管……都。例如：
　　 Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 信不信由你，这确实是真的。
5）　"no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever" 。例如：
　　 No matter what happened, he would not mind. =Whatever happened, he would not mind. 不管发生什么，他不在意。
　　　替换：no matter what = whatever
　　　　 no matter who = whoever
　　　　 no matter when = whenever
　　　　 no matter where = wherever
　　　　 no matter which = whichever
　　　　 no matter how = however
　 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
8. 比较while, when, as
1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。例如：
　　　 Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me. 我一刹车，有一个人向我走来。
2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。例如：
　　　 When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 赶完活后，你可以休息一下。
3）从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as，不用when 或while。例如：
　　　 As the day went on, the weather got worse.　日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。
9.比较until和till
　　此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。肯定句：I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
　　Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。（在肯定句中可用before代替。例如 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.）
　 否定句：She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. 她直到6点才到。
　 Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。
I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后，我才会做。
区别：1）until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。例如：
　　 Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。
　　 2）until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。例如：
　 ---Until when are you staying 　你呆到什么时候？
--- Until next Monday.　呆到下周一。　
注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。
1）Not until…在句首，主句用倒装。例如：
　Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热为何物。
　Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到工作，才认识到我已蹉跎了几多岁月。
2）It is not until… that… 。例如：
It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted.
10.表示"一…就…"的结构
　 hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than　和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思。例如：
　 I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain. 刚回家，就下起雨来了。
　 I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
　 As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
　 注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构。例如：
　 Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
　 No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
三.巩固练习
1.These photographs will show you _____.
A. what does our village look like
B. what our village looks like
C. how does our village look like
D. how our village looks like
2.Can you make sure ______ the gold ring
A. where Alice had put B. where did Alice put
C. where Alice has put D. where has Alice put
3.No one can be sure _____ in a million years.
A. what man will look like B. what will man look like
C. man will look like what D. what look will man like
4.—-We haven’t heard from Jane a long time.
--What do you suppose _____ to her
A. was happening B. has happened
C. to happen D. having happened
5.Go and get your coat. It’s _____you left it.
A. there B. where C. there where D. where there 6._____ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.
A. Whenever B. If C. Whether D. That
7._____ he said at the meeting astionished everyone present.
A. What B. That C. That fact D. The matter 8.—-Do you remember _____ he came
--Yes, I do . He came by car.
A .how B. when C. that D.it 9._____ we can’t get seems better than ______ we have.
A. What , what B. What , that C. That , that D. That , what 10.After the war, a new school building was put up ________there had once been a theatre.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
11.Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.
A. However late is he B. However he is late
C. However is he late D. However late he is
12.Dr,Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge,I can't remember _____.
A. where B. there C. which D. t hat
13.Why do you want a new job _____you've got such a good one already
A.t hat B. where C. which D. when
14. －－I’m going to the post office.
　 －－＿＿＿＿＿you're there. can you get me some stamps
　　A. As　　B. While　　　　　C. Because 　　　　D. If
15. ＿＿＿＿＿you've got a chance. you might as well make full use of it.
　A. Now that　　B. After　　　　 C. Although　　D. AS soon as
16． －－I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
　　－－Is that ＿＿＿＿＿ you had a few days off
　A. why　　　B. when　　　　 C. what　　　D. where
17. You should make it a rule to leave things＿＿＿＿＿you can find them again
　　A. when 　　B. where 　　　 C. then 　　　　D. there
18. We'll have to finish the job.＿＿＿＿＿.
　 A. long it takes however 　　　　B. it takes however long
C. long however it takes 　　　 D. however long it takes
19.______she couldn’t understand was _______ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lesson.
A. What , why B. That , what C. What , because D. Why , that
20.Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see ___________.
A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is
四.答案
1-5 BCABB 6-10CAAAB 11-15 DCDBA 16-20 ABDAD
第21章 句子的种类概说
1.按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1）陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如：
　 Light travels faster than sound.　光比声传播速度快。（说明事实）
　 The film is rather boring.　这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）
2）疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种：
　 a. 一般疑问句（General Questions）：
　　　 Can you finish the work in time 你能按时完成工作吗？
　 b. 特殊疑问句（Wh-Questions）：
　　　 Where do you live 　你住那儿？
　 c. 选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：
　　　 Do you want tea or coffee 你是要茶还是要咖啡？
　 d. 反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：
　　　 He doesn't know her, does he 他不认识她，对不对？
　3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令。例如：
　　 Don't be nervous!　别紧张！
4）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如：
　　 What good news it is!　多好的消息啊！
2.句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：
1）简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如：
She is fond of collecting stamps.　 她喜欢集邮。
2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如：
　 The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。
　3）复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。例如：
　 The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。
3.基本句型：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：
1）主 + 动（SV）例如：I work.　我工作。
　 2）主 + 动 + 表（SVP）例如：John is busy.　约翰忙。
3）主 + 动 + 宾（SVO）例如：She studies English.　她学英语。
4）主 + 动 + 宾 + 补（SVOC）例如：Time would prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。
5）主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾（SVOiOd）例如：My mother made me a new dress.　我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。
第22章 简单句和并列句
一.概念
(一)简单句?
由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)所构成的句子叫简单句，其结构是主语+ 谓语。
?(二)并列句?
由并列连词把两个或两个以上的互相关连而又互相独立的独句(即简单句)连在一起而构成的句子叫并列句。其结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句
常用的连词有and,but,or not only...but also,neither...nor,either...or
二.相关知识点精讲
(一)简单句?
1.主语、谓语在人称与数上的一致性。?
and连接两个并列主语时为复数，谓语动词也相应地使用复数形式，但：
(1)如果and连接的两个名词是不可数名词且前面都没有冠词，若两个词表示一个事物或一个概念，谓语动词要用单数；如果两个词表示的是两个事物或两个概念，谓语动词则要用复数。?
(2)如果and连接的是两个可数单数名词，前一个有冠词，后一个没有冠词，意味着一个人或 事物，谓语动词要用单数。
(3)当and连接的两个名词前都有each，every，many a，no等单数概念的限定词修饰时(第二个名词前的修饰词有时可以省略)，谓语动词要用单数。
2.陈述句与疑问句的转换。
3.选择疑问句。?
4.反意疑问句。?
(1)陈述句+省略问句?
(2)祈使句+附加疑问句?
(3) 反意疑问句的回答
(二)并列句
并列句分为:联合并列句,转折并列句,选择并列句和因果并列句
1. 联合并列句常由并列词and, not only…but also…..等连接
如: Use your hand, and you’ll find a way.
2. 转折并列句常由并列连词but, while, yet, whereas, nevertheless等连接
如:I would love to have gone to the
注:2,3,4点内容不在这里介绍,讲参阅相关章节
party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
3. 选择疑问句常由并列连词or, otherwise, either…or…,等连接
如:Either you leave this house or I’ll call the police
4. 因果并列句由并列连词so, for, therefore 等连接.
如: it was late, so we went home.
5. 在”祈使句+and/or+陈述句”结构中,当前后两部分间为承接关系时,用and;前后意思为相反关系时,用or.可将前面的祈使句转换成由if引导的条件状语从句,但必须将and 或or 去掉.
如: Hurry up, and we’ll be there in time.= If we hurry up, we’ll be there in time.
6. because和so; although, though和but 不能连用
三.巩固练习
1. I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer,＿＿＿
A. do I B. don’t I C. will they D. won’t they
2. ＿＿＿help if you can,and our country will improve
more quickly and better.
A. Giving B. Give C. Given D. To give
3. —— Lucy,you wash the dishes,＿＿＿
—— Mom,can’t Lily do it It’s her turn to do it.
A. don’t you B. can you C. shall you D. will you
4. —— I will not take an umbrella with me today.
— ＿＿＿＿＿it rains later on in the day
A. How B. What C. How about D. What if
5. —— You ought to stay up late tonight,＿＿＿＿ you
—— Yes. I’ve got too much homework.
A. can’t B. shouldn’t C. mustn’t D. won’t
6. Nothing can stop us from serving the people heart and soul,＿＿＿＿
A. can it B. can’t it C. can they D. can’t they
7. There used to be a church in the small town,＿＿＿＿＿
A. used there B. usedn’t there
C. used it D. usedn’t it
8. —— She isn’t your neighbour, is she
—— ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.
A. Yes,she isn’t B. No,she is
C. Yes,she is D. No,isn’t she
9. —— ＿＿＿＿＿＿ to be a PLA soldier when I was young.
—— And now you are.
A. How I wanted B. How did I want
C. What I wanted D. What did I want
10. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,＿＿＿＿was very reasonable.
A. which price B. the price of which
C. its price D. the price of that
11. After ten years,she changed a lot and looked different from＿＿＿she used to be.
A. that B. whom C. what D. who
12. ＿＿＿＿is known to everyone,the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
13. He’s got himself into a dangerous situation＿＿＿he is likely to lose control over the plane.
A. where B. which C. while D. why
14. Information has been put forward＿＿＿more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
15. What the doctors really doubt is＿＿＿＿my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
A. when B. how C. whether D. what
16. The students of the music school study ＿＿＿＿.
A. music but also some other subjects
B. some other subjects as well as music
C. music as well as some other subjects
D. some other subjects and music
17. ＿＿＿air is to man,so is water to fish.
A. Since B. Just C. Like D. As
18. There is plenty of rain in the south ＿＿ there is little in the north.
A. while B. as C. when D. so
19. ＿＿＿several times about it,but he could not give the correct answer.
A. Being asked B. Having been asked
C. He would ask D. He had been asked
20. —— I don’t like chicken ＿＿＿ fish.
—— I don’t like chicken,＿＿＿I like fish very much.
A. and； and B. and； but C. or； but D. or； and
21. ＿＿＿the days went on,the situation there got worse.
A. With B. Since C. While D. As
22. ＿＿＿everybody is here,let’s set out right away.
A. Now that B. Because C. For D. After
23. The science of medicine,＿＿＿progress has been very rapid lately, is perhaps the most important of all the sciences.
A. to which B. in which C. which D. with which
24. We must do the experiment carefully ＿＿＿Miss Liu told us.
A. what B. since C. as D. while
25. Tony will never forget these days ＿＿＿she lived in China with her mother,＿＿＿has a great effect on her life.
A. that； which B. when； which
C. which； that D. when； that
26. ＿＿＿I know,they will go to Beijing to watch the Olympic Games in 2008.
A. Since B. So far as C. In case D. As if
27. Who do you think the doctor will have＿＿＿first,John or Kate
A. examine B. to examine
C. examining D. examined
28. —— What are you anxious about
—— ＿＿＿＿＿.
A. Whether we can succeed B. If we succeed
C. Do we succeed D. That we can succeed
29. You should put the dictionary ＿＿＿you can find it easily.
A. where B. the place
C. the place on which D. what
30. She said to me,“I’ll tell you the result of the test＿＿＿I know it. ”
A. because B. the moment C. after D. though
31. Grandpa used to tell us something about the “Cultural Revolution” ＿＿＿he had time to spare.
A. as soon as B. as C. so that D. whenever
32. Li Fang is very busy,＿＿＿she’s always helping others with their lessons.
A. but B. although C. so D. for
33. Getting a right job can be difficult ＿＿＿the students＿＿＿ prepared to deal with the job interview.
A. if；won’t B. unless；will
C. unless；are D. if；are
34. Everything depends on＿＿they will support you about it.
A. if B. which C. whether D. that
35. She won the first prize in the speech contest and＿＿＿ surprized us.
A. which B. it C. as D. who
36. The Oscar is one of the film prizes ＿＿offered to any Chinese actor or actress so far.
A. which is not B. that have not been
C. that has not D. that has not been
37. He made another wonderful discovery,＿＿＿ of great importance to science.
A. which I think is B. which I think it is
C. which I think it D. I think is
38. It’s really very dangerous. One more step,＿＿＿the baby will fall into the well.
A. or B. so C. but D. and
39. She is American,＿＿＿ she knows little about American history.
A. so B. yet C. and D. therefore
40. Information technology is taught in most schools,＿＿＿we have entered the information society.
A. so B. while C. still D. for
41. —— Helen must obey her parents.
—— Oh,she must,＿＿
A. must she B. mustn’t she
C. shouldn’t she D. should she
42. John must be in the chemistry lab,＿＿＿
A. mustn’t he B. needn’t he
C. isn’t he D. shouldn’t he
43. It was quite a long time＿＿＿ I made it out what had happened.
A. after B. before C. when D. since
44. ＿＿the text a second time,the meaning will become clearer to you.
A. Read B. Reading
C. If reading D. When you read
45. ＿＿＿does he do his work well,＿＿＿ he helps others with their work.
A. Not only；but also B. Neither；nor
C. Either；or D. Both；and
46. ＿＿,so he didn’t come to school last week.
A. Though he was ill B. Being ill
C. Having been ill D. He was ill
47. She tried every way ＿＿＿ she could find to solve the problem.
A. how B. in which C. that D. which
48. Lily has some idea ＿＿＿ she’s going to be when she grows up.
A. what B. that C. as D. which
49. To play fair is as important as ＿＿＿＿,I think.
A. to play well B. play well
C. we play well D. playing well
50. ＿＿＿you go,you should bear the motherland in mind.
A. Where B. Whenever
C. However D. Wherever
四.答案
1-10CBDDBABCAB 11-20CBABCBDADC
21-30DABCBBDAAB 31-40DACCBBADBD 41-50ACBDADCAAD
第23章 祈使句
一.概念
祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。
二.相关知识点精讲
1.祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加do （但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子）。例如：
　　　 Take this seat. 坐这儿。
　　　 Do be careful. 务必小心。
　 否定结构：例如：
　　　 Don't move. 不准动。
　　　 Don't be late. 不要迟到。
2.以let开头的祈使句
　　 Let 的反意疑问句：
　 a. Let's 包括说话者。例如：　
　　 Let's have another try, shall we / shan't we = Shall we have another try 我们再试一次，如何？
　 　 b. Let us 不包括说话者。例如：
　　 Let us have another try，will you / won't you = Will you please let us have another try 你让我们再试一次，好吗？
　 否定结构：例如：
　 Let's not talk of that matter. 不要谈这件事。
　 Let us not talk of that matter. 你不要让我们谈这件事。
第24章 感叹句
一.概念
感叹句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情
二. 相关知识点精讲
1.How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序。例如：How clever a boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子！
2.How+形容词或副词+陈述语序。例如：How lovely the baby is! 小毛头真可爱！
3.What +名词+陈述语序。例如：What noise they are making! 他们真吵！
4.What +a+形容词+名词+陈述语序。例如：What a clever boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子！
5.What+ 形容词+复数名词+陈述语序。例如：What wonderful ideas （we have）! 我们的主意真棒！
6.What+ 形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序。例如：What cold weather it is! 多冷的天！
7.What a clever boy he is!的省略形式为：What a clever boy!
第25章 否定句
一.概念
否定句指否定陈述句的句子.
二.相关知识点精讲
1. 用not构成的否定句：主语+助动词/ be+not+…
例句：
He is not back yet.
It is not true.
We haven’t forgotten you.
You shouldn’t be so silly.
We haven’t been invited yet.
He won’t go, but they will.
Money could not buy happiness.
I like the salad, but I don’t like this soup.
He wants a girl friend, but he doesn’t want to get married.
You didn’t understand what I said, did you
You needn’t try to explain.
I didn’t use to like opera, but now I’m getting interested.
2. I usedn’t to like opera, but now I’m getting interested.
3. 祈使句的否定句：Don’t+动词原形…。
例句：
Don’t worry. I’ll look after you.
Don’t believe a word he says.
Don’t be so rude.
3. 非谓语动词（不定式，分词，动名词）的否定式：把not放在to do; doing; 的前面。
It’s important not to worry.
He said he deeply regretted not being able to help.
Not knowing what to do, Shelly asked advice of her friend.
He reproached me for not having told it to him.
4. not与除谓语以外的其他句子成分连用：
Come early, but not before six.
It’s working, but not properly.
I believe he will succeed, though not without some difficulty.
not用在I hope; I believe; I’m afraid; I guess; I suppose; I expect之后，构成省略句。
—Will it snow today
—I hope not.
5. 用no构成否定句：no+名词（单，复数，不可数）相当于not+ a +名词/ not + any +名词
No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated.
The nations of Europe and America have found that no country can produce all its needs without trading.
Take that towel, I have no other.
I can walk no farther.
There is no knowing what will happen.
6. 某些否定副词或代词：seldom; never; hardly; rarely; little; few; none; nowhere; neither等在句中构成否定句：
I can seldom find time for reading.
Mirror tells only the facts, never the poetry.
The rumor came from nowhere.
None but fools have ever believed it.
7. 否定转移：当think; believe; suppose; imagine等动词引导否定意义的宾语从句时，把从句中的not提到主句这些动词前面，是主句变成否定句：
I don’t think she’s at home, but I’ll go and see.
I don’t imagine that he’ll enjoy it.
8. 否定式疑问句：
Doesn’t she understand
Haven’t you booked your holiday yet
部分否定：
注意部分否定的结构：
Not all…=All…not…
Not both…=Both…not…
Not every…=Every…not…
I don’t remember all the names.
All is not gold that glitters.
It is not found everywhere.
Not everyone likes this film.
9. 用否定形式表示肯定的意义：
注意这些句型：
cannot…too.. / cannot… more: 越…就越好；再…不过了。
You cannot be too careful.
A man can never have too many friends.
三.巩固练习
1. —Such a sudden turn in the road is too difficult for the new driver, isn’t it
—_____. He’s dealt with all kinds of troublesome situations before.
A. No, it isn’t B. Yes, it is C. No, he isn’t D. Yes, he is
2. —Aren’t you feeling tired
—______, I am rather.
A. Yes B. No C. Not at all D. Never
3. —She isn’t a dancing teacher, is she
—______.
A. Yes, she isn’t B. No, she is
C. Yes, she wasn’t D. No, but she was.
4. —Will you go shopping with us this afternoon
—_____but I’ve got quite a lot of homework to do.
A. of course B. I’d like to C. That’s all right D. No, I won’t
5. —If our parents would listen more to us, they would understand us better.
—_____. They just expect us to listen.
A. I believe not B. No problem C. Good idea D. I can’t agree more
6. —Did you enjoy the trip
—I’m afraid not. And _____.
A. my classmates can’t either. B. my classmates don’t too.
C. neither do my classmates D. neither did my classmates
7. Try to retell the story in your own words. ______ afraid to make mistakes.
A. Not to be B. Don’t C. No be D. Don’t be
四.答案
AADBD DD
第26章 反意疑问句
一.概念
反意疑问句是附加在陈述句之后,对陈述句所表示的事实或观点提出疑问的句子.附加疑问实际上是一种简略的一般疑问句.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.反意疑问句的结构：陈述句（主语+谓语……），+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语（代词形式）？
说明：陈述句部分如果是肯定句，反意疑问句，疑问句部分的助动词/情态动词/be动词+not （否定提问）；如果陈述句部分是否定句，反意疑问句，疑问句部分用肯定式提问。
例句：
He is your teacher, isn’t he
People shouldn’t drop litter on the pavements, should they
You found the key in the bedroom, didn’t you
They have a house in town, haven’t they /don’t they
The boy has to clean his room, doesn’t he
I am right, aren’t I
They’d rather go by bus, wouldn’t they
You’d better change your wet skirt, hadn’t you
He’d like to join our discussion, wouldn’t he
She ought to see a doctor at once, shouldn’t she / oughtn’t she
I wish to say a few words, may I
That’s nice, isn’t it
This is the place, isn’t it
Everybody knows the answer, don’t they
Nothing is serious, isn’t it
There wasn’t enough time at that moment, was there
There used to a tower here, usedn’t there / didn’t there
What you need is more practice, isn’t it
2.某些特殊句型的反意疑问句：
1)祈使句的反意疑问句：
表示肯定意义的祈使句，即表示“请求，提示”它的反意疑问句用will you 表达：有时也可以用won’t you 表示。
Go home now, will you
Close the window, please, will you
否定祈使句：以Don’t开始的祈使句：表示“不要……”，用will you 提问：
Don’t be late again, will you
Don’t forget to pay your income tax, will you
Let’s引导的祈使句表示“建议”，反意疑问句部分是：shall we
Let’s go for a walk, shall we
Let’s have a rest now, shall we
Let me 或 Let us引导的祈使句表示“请求”，反意疑问句部分为will you：
Let me have a try, will you
Let us help, will you
2) 感叹句的反意疑问句：一律用否定式提问。
What a clever boy, isn’t he
What a lovely day, isn’t it
3) 陈述句含有情态动词must有两种情况：
must表示“必须”，反意疑问句部分为mustn’t… / needn’t…
He must study hard at English, mustn’t he / needn’t he
You must go home now, needn’t you / mustn’t you
We mustn’t be late, must we
Must表示推测：“一定，肯定” 反意疑问句部分与must后面的动词呼应
You must be joking, aren’t you
He must be ill, isn’t he
注意：用must对过去的动作推测时，反意疑问句部分的助动词用did或have, 而对过去的状态推测，反意疑问句部分的be动词用was:
She must have finished her work, hasn’t she / didn’t she
Jack must have arrived here yesterday, didn’t he
He must have been a policeman, wasn’t he
4) 陈述句中有否定副词：hardly; never; seldom; little; few; nowhere; nothing等词，反意疑问句部分用肯定提问：
Frank hardly goes to parties, does he
He has few friends, has he
5)复合句的反意疑问句：大多数复合句的反意疑问句都对主句提问：
He was punished because he violated the regulation, wasn’t he
You never told me that you had been ill, did you
注意：I don’t think/suppose/believe/imagine 引导的宾语从句，这种宾语从句的反意疑问句应与从句的主语，谓语部分一致，而且用肯定式的提问。
I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer, will they
I don’t believe she has done it, has she
I think he will come. won’t he
三.巩固练习
1. It’s a fine day, Let’s go fishing, _____
A. won’t we B. will we C. don’t we D. shall we
2. Frank is working late again. This is the first time this week he’s had to study late, ____
A. isn’t he B. hasn’t it C. hasn’t he D. isn’t it
3. —Daddy’s forgot to post the letter again, ____
—I’m afraid he ___.
A. has; has B. isn’t; is C. hasn’t; has D. has; hasn’t
4. —Sorry, I’m not feeling well and I don’t think I can finish.
—Don’t worry. Let us do it for you , ____
A. will you B. shall we C. shan’t we D. shall you
5. I don’t think he could have done such a stupid thing last night, ____
A. do I B. could he C. did he D. has he
6. —The ground is wet.
—It must have rained last night,____
A. hasn’t it B. didn’t it C. mustn’t it D. isn’t it
7. —Jenny doesn’t think that Robert is honest, ___
—I’m afraid not.
A. is he B. isn’t he C. does she D. doesn’t she
8. —The new windows need washing.
—Well, let’s wash them together, ____
A. shall we B. will you C. should we D. would you
9. There is little we can do about it, ____
A. is there B. can’t we C. isn’t there D. can we
10. —The problem wasn’t difficult for him, was it
—______. He should have been given a more difficult one.
A. No, it was B. Yes, it was C. Yes, it wasn’t D. No, it wasn’t
四.答案
DDCAC BCAAD
第27章 倒装句
一.概念:
英语句子通常有两种语序:一种主语在前,谓语在后,称为自然语序,另一种谓误在前,主语在后,称为倒装语序
二.相关知识点精讲
按“主语+ 谓语” 这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序。如果排列顺序变为“谓语（ 或谓语一部分）+主语”，就是倒装。倒装句分为：
完全倒装： 整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装 。
部分倒装： 只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前叫部分倒装 。
1. 当以there, here, out , in , up , down, away 等副词开头的句子，为了起到强调的作用，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。
Our teacher came in.
In came our teacher.
这种倒装要求：主语必须是名词。主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不变。
Here it is.
Away he went.
这类倒装句式一般只用一般现在时和一般过去时。
Here comes the bus.
Out rushed the boys.
2. how, then, just, often 表示时间的副词放在句首，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。
Then came 8 years of the Anti Japanese War.
3. 表地点状语的介词短语放在句首，要用倒装句式，以示强调。
这种倒装句也是主谓直接调换位置，不加助动词did, does或do.
Under a big tree ________, half asleep.
A. did sat a fat man B. a fat man sat
C. did a fat man sat D. sat a fat man
4. there放在句首时，要用倒装句式。
在“there + be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用be , 而用表示类似“存在”观念的其他不及物动词。如：live, stand, come, lie, flow, enter, rise 和appear等。
There came shouts for help from the river.
There lies a large wheat field in front of the house.
Many years ago there lived an old man in the wooden house.
In front of the tower flews a stream.
5. so + 动词+主语
neither/ nor + 动词+主语
表示两人的同样一个情况时，只能表示一件事，即上、下句所使用的动词、时态要一致。
否则要用so it is with…
You can ride a bike. So can I .
He has been to Beijing. So have I .
The first one isn’t good, neither is the second.
His uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years. So it is with his aunt.
6. so+ 形容词/副词that 的结构状语从句可以用正常语序表示，也可以把so+形容词/副词放于句首构成倒装。句型如下： so +形容词/副词+be/助动词/情态动词that +从句。
Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
= So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
So easy was the work that they finished it in a few days.
7. done做形容词在句中做表语时，常把表语放在句首，要用倒装句式。
Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.
8. 否定副词not , never, seldom, nowhere, little , rarely 放于句首时要用倒装句式。
We seldom get up at four in the morning.
= Seldom do we get up at four in the morning.
Not a single word from him could the enemy drag.
Rarely have I heard of such a silly thing.
9. hardly…when; scarcely…when…; no sooner…than… 可以用正常语序 had hardly done when… did 或用倒装句式Hardly had + 主语+ done when… did 句式。hardly所在的句子用过去完成时。
The bell hardly had rung when the class began.= Hardly had the bell rung when the class began.
No sooner had he arrived in Beijing than he began to work.
10. not only… but also 如连接两个成分时，不用倒装；连接句子时， 前面的句子要用倒装。
Not only was everything that he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.
Not only is he busy, but also I have a lot of work to do.
Not only does he speak English very well, but also he speaks French well.
11. only 及所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，要用：
only+ 状语+ be /助动词/情态动词+主语及其他
Only when he told me the news did I know what had happened.
Only in this way can you make progress in your English.
12. 虚拟语气中的倒装句
If I were you, I would take the job. = Were I you, I would take the job.
三.巩固练习
1._______ and caught the mouse.
A. Up the cat jumped B. The cat up jumped
C. Up jumped the cat D. Jumped up the cat
2.______ and the lesson began.
A. In came Mr Brown B. Mr Brown in came
C. In came he D. came in Mr Brown
3.Over _______ , dead.
A. rolling the goat B. rolled the goat
C. did the goat roll D. the goat rolled
4.—Where is my shirt, mum
—_________.
A. There is it B. There it is
C. There is D. Here is it
5. —Where is your father
—Oh, ________.
A. here he comes B. he here comes
C. here does he come D. here comes he
6.The door opened and there ________ .
A. enters an old man
B. entered an old man
C. did an old man enter
D. an old man entered
7. Now ______ your turn to recite the text.
A. will come B. comes C. has come D. there is
8.Often _____ them not to smoke here.
A. we advised B. advised me
C. did we advise D. had we advised
9.________ playing soldiers.
A. Inside the room were two boys
B. Inside the room two boys
C. Were two boys inside the room
D. Inside the room was two boys
10. On the wall _______ two large portraits.
A. are hanging B. hanged
C. hang D. hangs
11._______ who was wounded in the stomach.
A. Among them were a soldier
B. Among them was a soldier
C. Among them a soldier was
D. Among they was a soldier
12. Next door to ours ________ , who is no less than eighty.
A. that lives an old man
B. does an old man live
C. lives an old man
D. where lives an old man
13.She plays the piano very well, ______.
A. so every one of us does
B. every one of us does
C. so does every one of us
D. so do every one of us
14.You say he works hard, ______, and _____.
A. so he does; so you do
B. so he does; so do you
C. so does he; so do you
D. so does he; so you do
15. —I thought you women were present at the meeting.
—__________.
A. So we were
B. So we did
C. So were we
D. So did we
16.I don’t think Jack will come today, _____.
A. nor will Mary
B. and Mary doesn’t
C. Mary will either
D. or Mary does
17. She is fond of cooking, _____I .
A. so am B. nor am C. neither do D. nor do
18.Marx was born in Germany and German was his native language .
A. So it was with Engles
B. So was it with Engles
C. So was Engles
D. So did Engles
19.A fish needs water and without water it will die._______.
A. So does a man
B. So will a man
C. So it is with a man
D. So is it with a man
20. So absorbed _______ the work that she often forgot to _____ her meals.
A. had she been in; do
B. she was in; make
C. was she in; take
D. she had been in ; have
21.So loudly ______ that every one of the class could hear him.
A. did he speak
B. did he spoke
C. spoke he
D. he spoke
22. __________ his apperance that no one could recognize him.
A. Strange so was
B. So strange was
C. Was so strange
D. So was strange
23.Not once ______ their plan.
A. did they change
B. they changed
C. changed they
D. they did change
24. Never ______ such a wonderful place as Hangzhou.
A. are seeing B. had I seen
C. I have seen D. have I seen
25.Seldom ______ TV during the day.
A. they watch B. are they watching
C. have they watched D. do they watch
26.Nowhere ______ as in my garden.
A. the flowers were so beautiful
B. were the flowers so beautiful
C. so beautiful were the flowers
D. so beautiful the flowers were
27. Hardly ________ his homework when he went out.
A. finished he B. he had finished
C. did he finish D. had he finished
28.Scarcely _____ finished their homework ______ I came into the classroom.
A. had they; than B. they had; when
C. had they; when D. did they; when
29. Not only _______ a promise, but also he kept it.
A. has he made B. does he make
C. he made D. did he make
30. Not until his comrades criticized him _______ to admit his mistake.
A. had he begun B. began he
C. did he begin D. does he begin
四.答案
1—5 CABBA 6—10 BBBDA
11—15 BCCBA 16—20 BAACC
21—25 ABADD 26—30 BDCDC
第28章 省略句
一. 概念
英语中,为了避免重复,常常省略句子中的一个或几个成分,这样的句子叫省略句
二.相关知识点精讲
1. 简单句中的省略：
在对话中，交谈双方都知道谈论的对象，则可以省略句子的主语，省略主语和谓语的现象在交际用语中出现的很多。
（1）Looks like rain.
（2）Hope to hear from you soon.
（3）Sounds like a good idea.
（4）Beg your pardon.
（5）Feeling better today
（6）This way, please.
（7）—What does he want to eat
—Some rice and vegetables.
（8）Anything I can do for you
（9）Sorry to hear that.
（10）Doesn’t matter.
（11）Terrible weather!
（12）Pity you couldn’t come.
2. 并列句中的省略：
在并列句中，相同的成分如主语，谓语，宾语等都可以省略：
（1）They learn French and we English.
（2）My father planned and built all these houses.
（3）John won the first race and Jimmy the second.
（4）Coral is not a plant but a variety of animal life.
3. 复合句中的省略：
定语从句：
（1）That’s the reason he is late for the conference.
（2）I don’t like the way he talks.
状语从句：
（1）If heated, water will boil.
（2）Tom was attacked by cramp while swimming across the river.
（3）We’ll go to help you if necessary.
（4）Had I time, I would come.
（5）I’ll go, should it be necessary.
（6）The captain can find a boat quicker than we can.
宾语从句：如果宾语从句中的谓语部分与主句的谓语部分或上文的谓语部分相同，可将从句部分的谓语省略。
（1）We will do what we can（do）to help you.
（2）—Is Mr. King in his office
—Sorry, I don’t know（whether he is in his office or not）.
4. 动词不定式的省略：在动词不定式结构中，为了避免重复，常常省略不定式结构中的动词原形，只保留to。
（1）—Would you like to go with us
—I’m glad to, but I have to finish my homework.
（2）Don’t tell me the name of the sailor if you don’t want to.
（3）—Have you ever been to the seaside
—No, we can’t afford to.
在used to, ought to, have to, would like/love to, wish to, be going to等结构中，常常省略to后面的动词原形。
（1）They do not visit their parents as much as they ought to.
（2）He doesn’t get up early as he used to.
（3）I’ll hand it in if I have to.
（4）—Would you like to come tonight
—I’d love to.
Tell , warn , order , advise , ask等动词的宾语后面接动词不定式做宾语补足语时，可以省略to后面的动词原形。
（1）He wanted to swim across the river but I warned him not to.
（2）The boy wanted to play football in the street, but his mother told him not to.
三.巩固练习
1. _____, I will help you with your work.
A. If I am possible B. If it possible C. If possible D. Possible
2. —Do you follow me —Yes, _____.
A. it is good B. I will C. perfectly D. very good
3. —How are you getting on with your work
—Oh, I’m sorry. Things aren’t going so well as _____.
A. plans B. planning C. planned D. to plan
4. —Are you a teacher
—No, but I _____. I worked in a middle school for three years.
A. am B. will C. do D. was
5. —How many poor counties will there be in our province by 2010
—There will be only a few, if _____.
A. much B. some C. any D. many
6. —Why didn’t you come to Mike’s birthday party yesterday
—Well, I_____, but I forgot it.
A. should B. must C. should have D. must have
7. Doctors have said that as many as 50% of patients don’t take medicine _____.
A. like directed B. to be directed
C. as directed D. so that directed
四.答案
CCCDCCC第一部分 词法
第1章 主谓一致
一.概念:
主谓一致是指：
1） 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2） 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3） 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，
　　 一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。例如：
　 There is much water in the thermos.
　　 但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
　 Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数，例如：
　 Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。
　 注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如：
　 The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。
典型例题
　 The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is　　B. was　 C. are　 D. were
答案B. 注： 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。
2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则
1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如：
　There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。
　There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩，二十三个女孩。
2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如：
　Either you or she is to go. 不是你去，就是她去。
　Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。
3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如：
　 The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。
　 He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。
4. 谓语需用单数的情况
1）代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时，或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。例如：
　 Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机。
　 There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了。
2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。例如：
　 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。
　3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。例如：
　 Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备。
　 Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了。
5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1）代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如：
All is right.　一切顺利。
All are present.　人都到齐了。
2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后，谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如：
　　 His family isn't very large. 他家成员不多。
　　 His family are music lovers.　他家个个都是音乐爱好者。
　 但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如：
　　 Are there any police around 附近有警察吗？
3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。例如：
　 A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
　 The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
　 A number of books have lent out.
　 The majority of the students like English.
6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况
1）用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如：
　 Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。
2）用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如： A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。
A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。
3）如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如：
　 Many a person has read the novel.　许多人读过这本书。
　 More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。
三.巩固练习
（ ） 1. The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them _______ absent for different reasons.
A. were, was B. was, was
C. was, were D. were, were
（ ） 2. E-mail, as well as telephones, ________ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played
C. are playing D. play
（ ） 3. ______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are
C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are
（ ） 4. Ten minutes ______ a long time for one who waits.
A. seem B. seems
C. seemed D. are seemed
（ ） 5. Eric is the only one of the boys who _____ a driving license.
A. has B. have
C. is having D. are having’
（ ） 6. Joy and Sorrow _____ next-door neighbours.
A. is B. are C. were D. be
（ ）7. In my opinion, some of the news _____ unbelievable.
A. are B. is C. has been D. have been
（ ）8. When ______ the United Nations founded
A. is B. are C. was D. were
（ ）9. Every possible means _____ .
A. has tried B. has been tried
C. was tried D. were tried
（ ） 10. What she says and does _____ nothing to do with me.
A. was B. were C. has D. have
（ ）11. There _____ a dictionary and several books on the desk.
A. are B. must C. have been D. is
（ ）12. Nobody ______ seen the film. It’s a pity.
A. but Tom and Jack have B. except Tom and Jack have
C. but my friends has D. but I have
（ ）13. No teacher and no student ______．
A. are admitted B. is admitted
C. are admitting D. is admitting
（ ）14. All but one ______ here just now.
A. is B. was C. has been D. were
（ ）15. When and where to build the new factory _____ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided
C. has not decided D. have not decided
（ ） 16. The writer and singer ______ here.
A. is B. are C. were D. do
（ ） 17. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _____ all that I can spare to talk with you.
A. are B. was C. is D. were
（ ） 18. In those days John with his classmates _____ kept busy preparing for the exam.
A. is B. are
C. was D. were
（ ） 19. —— ____ your clothes
——No, mine _____ hanging over there.
A. Is it, is B. Are these, are
C. Is it, are D. Are these, is
（ ） 20. The Smith’s family, which ____ rather a large one, ____ very fond of their old houses.
A. were, were B. was, was
C. were, was D. was, were
（ ） 21. What the teacher and the students want to say _____ that either of the countries ____ beautiful.
A. are, are B. is, is
C. are, is D. is, are
（ ） 22. He is the only one of the students who _____ a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is B. are
C. have been D. has been
（ ） 23. _____ of my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or sports meetings ______ their duty.
A. Each, are B. Both, is
C. Neither, are D. None, is
（ ） 24. —— What do you think of the ______ of the coat
—— It’s rather high. You can buy a cheaper one in that shop.
A. value B. cost C. price D. use
（ ） 25. —— Are the two answers correct
—— No, ______ correct.
A. no one is B. both are not
C. neither is D. either is not
（ ） 26. The wind, together with rain and fog, _____ making sailing difficult.
A. have been B. was
C. / D/ are
四.答案
1.C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. A 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. D 21. B 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. B
第2章 动词的时态
1. 概念:
时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有16种时态,但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去完成时,英在完成时和现在完成进行时.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.一般现在时的用法
1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every…, sometimes,　at…, on Sunday。例如：
　　 I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：
　 The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
　 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3） 表示格言或警句。例如：
　 Pride goes before a fall.　骄者必败。
　 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：
　 I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
　 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
　　　 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
　　第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
2. 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：
　 Where did you go just now 刚才你上哪儿去了？
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：
　 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。　　　　　
3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth　 "到……时间了"　 "该……了"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed.　 你该睡觉了。
　 It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了"　 "早该……了" ，例如It is time you went to bed.　　　你早该睡觉了。
　 　 would （had） rather sb. did sth.　表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）
　　 Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）
　　 Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）
　　 Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）
注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：
　　　 Did you want anything else 您还要些什么吗？
　　　 I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2）情态动词 could, would。例如：
　　　 Could you lend me your bike 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？
3.一般将来时
1）　shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：
　　 Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？
　　 Will you be at home at seven this evening 今晚七点回家好吗？
2）　be going to +不定式，表示将来。
　 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow 明天打算作什么呢？
　 b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
　 c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。
　3）　be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：
　　 We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4）　 be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：
　　 He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
　 注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
4. 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：
　　　The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
　　　When does the bus star It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。
2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：
　　　 Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
　　　 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3）在时间或条件句中。例如：
　　　 When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。
　　　 I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如：
　　　 I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
　　　 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。
5. 用现在进行时表示将来
　 下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如：
　 I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
　 Are you staying here till next week 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？
6. 现在完成时
　　现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have （has） +过去分词。
7. 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
　 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）
Why did you get up so early （强调起床的动作已发生过了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）
He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）
He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）
　　 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
8. 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing.　这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如：
This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。　
9.过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前　 那时　 现在　　　　　　
2） 用法
　 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：
　　 She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
　 b. 状语从句
　　 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：
　　 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。
　 c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：
　　 We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。
3）　过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：
　 He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。
　 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。
　 Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。
10. 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1）　两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：
　　 When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。
　　 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。
2 ） 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：
　　 When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3）　叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：
　　 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.将来完成时
　1） 构成will have done
　2） 概念　
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
　　b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：
　　　You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时，你已经到达上海了
12现在进行时
　 现在进行时的基本用法：
　 a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：
　　 We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
　 b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：
　　 Mr. Green is writing another novel.　他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）
　　c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：
　　 The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。
　　 It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
　 d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：
　　 You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
13. 过去进行时
1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。
3） 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：
　　 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.　 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。
　　 It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。
　　 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.　我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。
14. 将来进行时
1） 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如：
　　　She'll be coming soon. 她会很快来的。
　　　I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见他。
注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.
2）常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。
15. 一般现在时代替一般将来时
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case （that）, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
　He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。
16. 一般现在时代替一般过去时
1 ） "书上说"，"报纸上说"等。例如：
　 The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。
　2） 叙述往事，使其生动。例如：
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进，大战开始了
17. 一般现在时代替现在完成时
1） 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时，如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如：
　 I hear （= have heard） he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦。
　 I forget （=have forgotten） how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。
2） 用句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"。例如：
It is （= has been） five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面以来，五年过去了。
18. 一般现在时代替现在进行时。
在Here comes…/There goes…等句型里，用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如：
　 There goes the bell. 铃响了。
19. 现在进行时代替将来时
1） 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如：
　　 Are you staying with us this weekend 和我们一起度周末好吗
　　 We are leaving soon.　 我们马上就走。
2） 渐变动词，如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如：
　　 He is dying. 他要死了。
20.时态一致
　 1） 如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实，则用现在时。例如：
　 At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那时，人们不知道地球是动的。
　 He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。
　 2） 宾语从句中的，助动词ought, need, must, dare 的时态是不变的。例如：
　 He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他认为我不必告诉你真相。
三.巩固练习:
1、I’ ll give the book to him as soon as he ________ back.
2、Has the baby ________ crying yet (stop)
3、I don’ t know whether Mother __________ me to Beijing next month.(take)
4、She _______ on her coat and went out. (put)
5、 “What are they doing ” “They __________ ready for the sports meeting.” (get)
6、The boy asked his mother ________him go and play basketball.(let)
7、I’m sorry to keep you ____________ for a long time. (wait)
8、It ________ (take) him half an hour _______ (finish) his homework yesterday.
9、If it ________ an interesting film, we’ll see it tomorrow. (be)
10、They usually ________ (do) their homework after supper.
11、Listen! Who _____________(sing) in the next room now
12、__________(be) your parents in Shanghai last year
13、Mr. Yu _____________(teach) us maths since 1982.
14、They will have a trip to the Great Wall if it _________ (not rain) tomorrow.
15、Li Ming often _________ (listen) to the radio in the morning.
16、A: “Father, may I go out and play football ” B: “_____you ____(do) your homework ”
17、All the people in the town are glad ______(hear) that a famous musician ___ a concert this Saturday evening.( give)
18、Our teacher told us if it _____(not snow) we would visit the Science Museum the next day.
19、They often _______ (play) football in the afternoon.
20、A: What’re you doing Dad B: I _______ (mend) the radio.
21、Let’s _______(carry) the boxes to the house.
22、Yesterday she ______ (want) very much to see the film, but she couldn’t __(get) a ticket.
23、I _________(write) to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.
24、Mike ___________(visit) several places since he came to Beijing.
25、He ___________ (write) four letters to his wife every month.
26、Don’ t make any noise, Grandma ___________ (sleep).
27、His aunt ___________ (do) some cooking when he came in .
28、When they ___________ (reach) the station, the train had already left.
29、There ___________ (be) a meeting next Monday.
30、We ___________ (know) each other since our boyhood..
31、Sometimes my father ___________ (come) back home late.
32、They ___________ (have) an English evening next week.
33、I’m very glad___________ (hear) that.
34、Wei Fang isn’t here. She ___________ (go) to the reading-room.
35、The story ___________ (happen) long ago.
36、They ___________ (visit) the History Museum last week.
37、Zhang Hong ___________ (make) many friends since she came to Paris.
38、She ___________ (go) to the cinema with her classmates tomorrow evening.
39、Stay here, bag. Don’t go out. It ___________(rain) now.
40、Li Ping___________ (write) a composition every week.
41、The scientist ___________ (give) us a talk yesterday.
42、My parents ___________ (live) in Beijing since 1949.
43、Look! The young worker___________ (show) the students around the factory now.
44、They ___________ (build) a new bridge over the river next year.
45、The students___________ (clean) their classroom tomorrow.
46、The windows of our lab ___________ (clean) once a week.
47、Our teacher ___________ (join) the party twenty years ago.
48、The boys___________ (have) a basketball match now. Let’s ___(go) and _____(watch).
49、She___________ (work) in this factory for ten years.
50、 “What makes you ___________ (think) I’m a farmer ” the Frenchman asked.
四.答案
1. comes
2. stopped
3. will take
4. put
5. are getting
6. to let
7. waiting
8. took … to finish
9. is
10. do
11. is singing
12. Was
13. has taught
14. doesn’t rain
15. listens
16. Have … done
17. to hear … will give
18. didn’t snow
19. play
20. am mending
21. carry
22. wanted , get
23. will write
24. has visited
25. writes
26. is sleeping
27. was doing
28. reached
29. will be
30. have known
31. comes
32. will have
33. to hear
34. has gone
35. happened
36. visited
37. has made
38. will go
39. is raining
40. writes
41. gave
42. have lived
43. is showing
44. will build
45. will clean
46. is cleaned
47. joined
48. are having, go … watch
49. has worked
think
第三章 动词的语态
一.概念:
动词的语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语之间语法或语义的关系.英语的语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态.主动语态用于主动句,表示主语是动作的执行者.被动语态用于被动句,表示主语是动作的承受者.主动语态的构成方式与动词时态相同,而被动语态由 助动词be+过去分词 构成,有人称,数,时态的变化.
2. 相关知识点精讲
1. let 的用法
　1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。例如：
They let the strange go.他们放陌生人走了。
---> The strange was let go.
　2）当let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。例如：
　　 The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那护士让我去探望住院的同学。
　　 ----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
2.短语动词的被动语态
　 短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如：
　　My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾。
　　Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻。
3. 表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组，基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等组成。例如：
　　It is said that…　　 据说　　
It is reported that… 据报道　　　
It is believed that…　大家相信　　　　　
It is hoped that…　大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知　　
It is thought that…　大家认为
It is suggested that…　据建议　　　　　
It is taken granted that…　 被视为当然　
It has been decided that… 大家决定　　
It must be remember that… 务必记住的是
4. 不用被动语态的情况
　1） 不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如appear, die disappear, end（vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。例如：
　 After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后，我家烧得所剩无几。
　 比较：rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。
　　要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
　 2） 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如：
　This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁。
　 Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一致。
　 3） 系动词无被动语态，如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如：It sounds good. 听上去不错。
　 4） 带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death, dream/dream， live/life等，以及反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态。例如：
She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦。
　 5） 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。例如：
　　 （对） She likes to swim.
　　 （错） To swim is liked by her.
5. 主动形式表示被动意义
　1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如：
　　 The book sells well.　　这本书销路好。
　　 This knife cuts easily.　 这刀子很好用。
　2）blame, let（出租）, remain, keep, rent, build等。例如：
　　 I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了，我该受指责。
　　 Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。
　3） 在need, require, want, worth （形容词）, deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如：
　　 The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。
　　 This book is worth reading.　这本书值得一读。
4）特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood （使别人能听见/理解自己）等。例如：
Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些，让别人理解你的话。
6. 被动形式表示主动意义，如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be prepared （for）, be occupied （in）, get married等。例如：
　　He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。
　　注意：表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如：
　　He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了。
　　He got married to a rich girl.
7.need/want/require/worth
　　当 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时，表示的是被动意义。例如：
　　　 Your hair wants cutting.　你的头发该理了。
　　　 The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。
三.巩固练习
1. I___________ (teach) here for ten years since I finished school.
2. Would you mind me __________ (use) your bike
3. The students of Class Two___________ (sweep) their classroom now.
4. The Whites____________ (not listen) to the radio at that time.
5. It's better to give than__________ (receive).
6. How long ______you_______ (live) in this town
7. You _______ (come) here last year, ______ you
8. ----When ______ you______ (see) him
----I______ (see) him last Sunday.
9. She said that the car___________ (use) the next week.
10. I didn't know what __________ (happen) to China in a century.
11. When I got to the station, the train ____ already ______ (leave).
12. The stone bridge______________ (build) in our hometown for ten years.
13. The desk must ______ (clean) once a day.
14. The dog _________ (lie) on the floor when I came in..
15. It _________(rain) heavily when I got home.
16. Her mother____________ (cook) at this time yesterday.
17. The students _____________ (do) their homework. __________ (not make) any noise!
18. ----______ you ever_______ (be) to Beijing ----Yes. I________ (go) there last week.
19. He'll telephone us as soon as he _________ (arrive) there.
20. Jiefang trucks____________ (make) in Changchun.
21. A pen is used for__________ (write).
22. All that must ________ (do).
23 .My friend can't decide which pair of trousers____________ (choose). So she asked me to go shopping with her.
24. They find it useful__________ (learn) English.
25. The old man often_________ (tell) the children a story in the evening. This evening he ________ (tell) two stories.
26. The radio__________ (use) once in a week in our class. It____________ (not use) yesterday because there was something wrong with it.
27. Would please tell us how___________ (make) the watch ________ (work)
28. She doesn't know what_________ (do) and where__________ (go).
四.答案
1. have taught
2. using
3. are sweeping
4. weren’t listening
5. to receive
6. have … lived
7. came … didn’t
8. did … see, saw
9. would be used
10. would happen
11. had … left
12. have been built
13. be cleaned
14. was lying
15. was raining
16. was cooking
17. are doing, Don’t make
18. have … beeen, went
19. arrives
20. are made
21. writing
22. be done
23. to choose
24. to learn
25. tells, will tell
第四章 动词的语气
一.概念
语气有三种:陈述语气,祈使语气和虚拟语气.语气表示说话人对劝词所示示的动作或所处的状态持有的态度或看法.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.辨别if 引导真实条件句和if引导的虚拟条件句的区别
If he has time, he will go with us.= Probably he has time and will go with us.
If he had time, he would go with us.=But in fact he has no time.
2.虚拟条件句中主句和从句的谓与动词构成形式如下表
if条件句中的谓与动词 主句的谓与动词
与现在的事实相反 1. 行为动词用did 形式2. be动词用were shouldwouldcould + 动词原形might
与过去的事实相反 had + done shouldwouldcould + have + donemight
与将来的事实相反 1. 行为动词用did2. should + 动词原形3. were to + 动词原形 shouldwouldcould + 动词原形might
3.混合时间的虚拟语气
如果条件句中的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生，主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表示的时间加以调整。
1)0If I had received the passport yesterday, I would start today.
2)If he had telephoned me last night, I would see him now.
3)If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be all right now.
4)If China had not been liberated, the working people would still be leading a miserable life.
4.should/ could / might/ ought to + have done 表示“过去本应该/可以做而实际上却没做”
needn’t have done 表示“过去没必要作而实际上做了”
5.虚拟语气中的倒装句
如果虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词中含有were, had, could, should，有时可将if省去，而将条件从句的主语置于were, had, should, could 之后。
Had you invited us, we would have come to your party.
Were I you, I would do more practice after class.
Could she lend us a helping hand, she would do so.
6.wish 后面的宾语从句的谓语动词应使用虚拟语气， 表示“可惜…；….就好了； 悔不该…； 但愿…。”
主句谓语 从句谓语
wish 时态 谓语动词的形式
现在时表示与wish同时发生 动词用过去时be动词用were
过去时表示在wish之前发生的动作 动词用had donebe用had been
将来时表示在wish之后发生的动作 动词用would do; should dobe 用 would be ; should be
1)I wish I knew the key to the answer.
2)I wish I were ten years younger.
3)I wish that I had gone to the football match last week.
4)I wish that you had been here yesterday.
5)He wishes that we would visit the old school.
7.表示命令或建议动词suggest, insist, propose, desire, demand, request, order, command 后的宾语从句中应使用虚拟 should +动词原形； should 不可用would 来替代; 主句所使用的动词时态不限。
8.suggest 为“建议去做…; 命令…”从句用should + do
为“ 说明； 暗示”, 从句用过去时或过去完成时。
1) The doctor suggested that I should take the medicine three times a day.
2) The doctor suggested that my grandmother had caught a bad cold.
9.insist “坚持要去做…，坚持应该去做”，从句用should + do为“坚持表明，坚持说/解释”， 从句用过去时或过去完成时。
10.虚拟语气也用于表语从句和主语从句中，表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea 等。表语从句中的谓语动词是should +动词原型，should 可以省略。
11.在主语从句中，当从句用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜等，从句的谓语动词用需拟语气形式。其谓语动词时should + 动词原型， 或should 省略。
三.巩固练习
1. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _________ much easier.
A. will be B. would have been
C. could have been D. would be
2. If I _____ you, I’d join the army.
A. am B. was C. were D. would be
3. If he _______ tomorrow, he would find Mr Wang in the office.
A. comes B. will come C. should come D. come
4. If it _______ next week , the crops would be saved.
A. rains B. will rains C. would rain D. should rain
5. If I _______ it, I would do it in a different way.
A. were to do B. do C. had done D. was to do
6. Supposing the weather ________ bad, where would you go
A. is B. will be C. were D. be
7. If he had worked harder, he _________.
A. would succeed B. had succeeded
C. should succeed D. would have succeeded
8. If he ________, he _________ that food.
A. was warned; would not take
B. had been warned; would not have taken
C. would be warned; had not taken
D. would have been warned; had not taken
9. If my lawyer _________ here last Saturday, he _______ me from going.
A. had been; would have prevented
B. had been; would prevent
C. were; would prevent
D. were; would have prevented
10. If he ______ it, he _______ it.
A. had seen; could have believed B. saw; couldn’t believe
C. saw; couldn’t have believed D. has seen; had believed
11. —Do you think the thief entered through the window
—No, if he had, I don’t believe, _______ broken the living-room’s window.
A. he would have B. he must have
C. he had D. should he have
12. —Did you go swimming last Sunday
—No. We would have gone ______ nicer.
A. if the weather was
B. would the weather have been
C. had the weather been
D. should the weather be
13. ______ it ______ for your help, I couldn’t have made any progress.
A. Had; not been B. Should; not been
C. Did; not been D. Not; been
14. _______ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would have left B. Was he leaving
C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves
15. It is ordered that a new bridge ______ over the wide river.
A. should be built B. would built
C. will be built D. built
四.答案
1.D 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.A 10.A 11.D 12.C 13.A 14.C 15.A
第5章 助动词
一.概念:
助动词是帮助主要动词构成各种时态,语态,语气以及否定或疑问结构的动词.助动词分为时态助动词和结构助动词两种.
二.相关知识点精讲:
1. 助动词be的用法
1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态。例如：
They are having a meeting.　他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2）　be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：
The window was broken by Tom..　窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world.　世界各地都教英语。
3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：
　 a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如：
　　 He is to go to New York next week..　他下周要去纽约。
　　 We are to teach the freshmen.　我们要教新生。
　　 说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
　 b. 表示命令。例如：
　　 You are to explain this.　对此你要做出解释。
　　 He is to come to the office this afternoon.　要他今天下午来办公室。
　 c.　征求意见。例如：
　　 How am I to answer him 　我该怎样答复他？
　　 Who is to go there 　谁该去那儿呢？
　 d. 表示相约、商定。例如：
　　 We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.　我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
2. 助动词have的用法
1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态。例如：
　　 He has left for London.　他已去了伦敦。
　　 By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.　 上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。
　　2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：
　 I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
　 3）have +been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：
　 English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。
3.助动词do 的用法
1）构成一般疑问句。例如：
　 Do you want to pass the CET 　你想通过大学英语测试吗？
　 Did you study German 　你们学过德语吗？
2）do + not 构成否定句。例如：
　 I do not want to be criticized.　 我不想挨批评。
　 He doesn't like to study.　 他不想学习。
　 In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.　
过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3） 构成否定祈使句。例如：
　 Don't go there.　不要去那里。
　 Don't be so absent-minded.　不要这么心不在焉。
说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如：
　 Do come to my birthday party.　一定来参加我的生日宴会。
　 I did go there.　我确实去那儿了。
　 I do miss you.　我确实想你。
5）用于倒装句。例如：
　 Never did I hear of such a thing.　 我从未听说过这样的事情。
　 Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了大学以后，我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6）用作代动词。例如：
　 ---- Do you like Beijing 　--你喜欢北京吗？
　 ---- Yes, I do.　--是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）
　 He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he 他知道如何开车，对吧？
4. 助动词shall和will的用法
　 shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如：
　　　I shall study harder at English.　 我将更加努力地学习英语。
　　　He will go to Shanghai.　　他要去上海。
说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:
　 He shall come.　他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）
　 He will come.　他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）
5.助动词should, would的用法
1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。例如：
　 I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。
　 比较："What shall I do next week " I asked. "我下周干什么？"我问道。
　 可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。
2） would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如：
　　 He said he would come.　 他说他要来。
比较："I will go," he said. 他说："我要去那儿。"变成间接引语，就成了He said he would come。原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。
6. 短语动词
　　动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如：
　　Turn off the radio.　把收音机关上。（turn off是短语动词）
　　短语动词的构成基本有下列几种：
1）动词+副词，如：black out；
2）动词+介词，如：look into；
3）动词+副词+介词，如：look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词
三.巩固练习
1.If it is fine tomorrow, we ______ a football match.
a. have b. will have c. has d. shall has
2.When he was at school, he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast.
a. will rise b. shall rise b. should rise would rise
3.In the past 30 years China ______ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist construction.
a. has made b. have made c. had made d. having made
4.I ______ go to bed until I ______ finished my work.
a. don’t/had b. didn’t/have c. didn’t/had d. don’t/have
5.______ you think he ______ back by dinner time
a. Do/have come b. Did/will have come c. Does/will come d. Do/will have come
6.He said that he dropped his bag when he ______ for the bus.
a. was runing b. was running c. were running d. is running
7.No sooner ______ he arrived home than he ______ to start on another journey.
a. has/was asked b. have/were asked c. had/is asked d. had/was asked
8.“______ you give me a room for the night ” I asked on arriving at the hotel.
a. Should b. Can c. Might d. May
9.There are nine of them, so ______ get into the car at the same time.
a. they may not at all b. all they may not c. they can’t all d. all they can’t
10.“We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday.” “He ______ it.”
a. mustn’t attend b. cannot have attended
c. would have not attended d. needn’t have attended
11.“You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don’t you ”
“No, officer. I ______. This car can’t do more than 80.”
a. didn’t need to be b. may not have been c. couldn’t have been d. needn’t have been
12.he was a good runner so he ______ escape from the police.
a. might b. succeeded to c. would d. was able to
13.If they ______, our plan will fall flat.
a. are co-operating b. had not co-operated c. won’t co-operate d. didn’t co-operate
14.I hoped ______ my letter.
a. her to answer b. that she would answer c. that she answers d. her answering
15.He ______ live in the country than in the city.
a. prefers b. likes to c. had better d. would rather
16.______ to see a film with us today
a. Did you like b. Would you like c. Will you like d. Have you liked
17.I’m sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply ______ what I did.
a. must do b. had to do c. ought to have done d. have to do
18.“Time is running out,______ ”
a. hadn’t we better got start b. hadn’t we better get start
c.hadn’t we better get started d. hadn’t we better not started
19.No one ______ that to his face.
a. dares say b. dares saying c. dare say d. dare to say
20.The students in the classroom ______ not to make so much noise.
a. need b. ought c. must d. dare
21.You ______ last week if you were really serious about your work.
a. ought to come b. ought to be coming c. ought have come d. ought to have come
22.The elephants ought ______ hours ago by the keepers.
a. to be fed b. to feed c. to being fed d. to have been fed
23.“I wonder why they’re late.” “They ______ the train.”
a. can have missed b. could miss c. may have missed d. might miss
24.“Tom graduated from college at a very young age.”
“He ______ have been an outstanding student.”
a. must b. could c. should d. might
25.You ______ the examination again since you had already passed it.
a. needn’t have taken b. didn’t need to take c. needn’t take d. mustn’t take
26.He is really incompetent! The letter ______ yesterday.
a. should be finished typing b. must be finished typing
c.must have finished typing c. should have been finished typing
27.The boy told his father that he would rather ______ an astronaut.
a. become b. to become c. becoming d. became
28.When we reached the station, the train had still not arrived; so we ______.
a. needed not to hurry b. needn’t have hurried
c. need not to have hurried d. didn’t need to hurry
29.Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend,_____ you like to have dinner with us tonight
a. will b. won’t c. wouldn’t d. do
30.He was afraid what he had done ______ a disastrous effect on his career.
a. might have b. could be c. have been d. shall be
四.答案
1-10 BDACDBDBCB 11-20 CDCBDBBCCB 21-30 DDCABDABCA
第六章 情态动词
一.概念:
情态动词是表示能力,义务,必须,猜测等说话人的语气或情态的动词.
二.相关知识点精讲:
1．can
1)表能力
can表能力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以无甚阻力地去做某事。
I can climb this pole. 我能爬这根杆子。
He is only four , but he can read. 他只有4岁，但已认得字了。
Fire can’t destroy gold. 火烧不毁金子。
因为can不能和其他助动词连用，所以表示将来式时用will be able to
You will be able to skate after you have practiced it two or three times.
你练习两三次后就会溜冰了。
2)表可能性
多用于否定与疑问结构中，但也可用在肯定句中。
Can the news be true 这消息可能是真的吗？
It can’t be true. 它不可能是真的。
What can he possibly mean 他可能是什么意思？
can 用在肯定句中表示理论上的可能性（一时的可能）。
A horse in the center of London can cost a lot of money.
Attending the ball can be very exciting.
The road can be blocked. 这条路可能会不通的。
may 在肯定句中表示现实的可能性。
The road may be blocked. 这条路可能不通了。
3)表示允许（和may意思相近）常见于口语。
Can (May) I come in 我能进来吗？
Can I smoke here 我可以在这里抽烟吗？
2.could的用法
1)表过去的可能和许可，（多用于间接引语中）
At that time we thought the story could not be true.
那时我们认为所说的事不可能是真的。
Father said I could swim in the river.
爸爸说我可以在河里游泳。
2)表过去的能力
I could swim when I was only six.
我刚六岁就能游泳。
Could在肯定句中表示过去的能力时，常表抽象的一般的能力。
He could be very naughty when he was a child.
他小时候会是很顽皮的。
3)表“允许”。可表示委婉客气的提出问题或陈述看法
Could I use your bike
Yes, you can.
他会记得那时吗
I’m afraid I couldn’t give you an answer today.
恐怕我今天不能回答你。
The teacher said you could go to the store for sweets.
老师说你可以去商店买糖。
3)Could/can+have done 结构表示对过去发生的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”。 could 加完成式还用于肯定句时一般表过去可能完成而却未完成的动作。
Can they have won the basketball match？
他们赢了那场篮球赛吗？
What you referred to just now can have made her very sad.
你刚刚所谈到的可能令他很伤心。
You could have completed the task a little earlier.
你本来能早点完成任务的。（但事实上并没有提前完成任务）
I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes.
我本可以轻易通过考试，但我犯了太多不该犯的错误。
如表具体做某一件事的能力时，则须用 be able to .
He was able to translate the article without a dictionary.
他可以不用词典翻译那篇文章。
Can表示一贯的能力 ，be able to表示客观能力和通过努力可以达到的能力
I can’t swim. But I am sure I will be able to swim through more practicing.
The fire spread through the hotel, but everyone was able to get out
When the boat sank he was able to swim to the bank
3.may 的用法
1)表示请求、可以、允许。
You may drive the tractor. 你可以开那台拖拉机。
2)当回答由may 引起的问题时，否定答语要用must not,表示“不许可”、“不应该”、“不行”。
May I come in
Yes, you may.
No,you can’t
No, you may not .
No ,you mustn’t
No ,you’d better not.
3) may /might 推测性用法 可能
He may be right.
He may not come today (可能不)
He may /might come tomorrow.
, 注意: 1只用于肯定和否定句中,不用于疑问句中。
2 might 比may可能性更小
He might get a job.
He may get a job.
3 may no 可能不 can not不可能
He may not come
He can’t come
3)表建议（可和as well 连用）
You may（might）as well stay where you are.
你还是原地待着好。（may as well 有“还是……的好”的含义）
4)表祝愿
May you be happy!
might
1)表过去的“可能”和“允许”多用于间接引语。
She said that he might take her dictionary.
她说他可以拿她的词典去用。
除在间接引语中外，might一般不表示过去的“可能”与“许可”。表过去的“可能”可用could，表过去的“许可”可用were (was) allowed to。
2)表现在的“可能”，其可能性要比may小。
Electric irons could be dangerous; they might give you a severe shock.
电熨斗会有危险，它可能电着人。
3)may (might) + have +done 表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有“想必”、“也许是”的意思。
It may have been true. 这事也许是真的。
He might not have settled the question. 他可能尚未解决那个问题。
4.must 的主要用法。
1)表示必须、必要
We must do everything step by step .我们必须按部就班地做一切事情。
Why must you always bother me 为什么你偏要打扰我呢。
2)must be + 表语的结构，通常表示猜测，含有“一定”之意。（只用在肯定句中）
He must be an honest boy. 他一定是个诚实的男孩。
This must be your room. 这一定是你的房间。
3)must 的否定式有两个：当回答由must引起的问题时，否定答复要用needn’t或don’t have to 表示“不必”、“无须”、“用不着”、“不一定”的意义。当表示“不应该”、“不许可”、“禁止”时，就用must not。
Must I go tomorrow 明天我必须去吗？
Yes, please.是的，请吧！
No , you needn’t. 不，你不必去。
4)must +have +过去分词的结构，常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有“一定”、“准是”的意思。否定和疑问句用can。
She must have studied English before.她以前一定学过英语。
5.have to的含义与must是很接近的,只是have to 比较强调客观需要，must着重说明主观看法。
I must clean the room.（主观想法）
I have to clean the room.（客观需要）
另外，have to 能用于更多时态：
We had to be there at ten .我们得在十点钟到那里。
We will have to reconsider the whole thing.
这一切我们将不得不重新加以考虑。
have to 的否定式：don’t have to do 表示“不必做……”之意。
6.ought to 的用法
Ought to 后接动词原形，表义务，但不及must 那样具有信心，如：
You don’t look well. You ought to go to see the doctor.
你气色不好，应该去看病。
Ought to 用于否定句，其否定形式可缩略为oughtn’t ，如：
You oughtn’t to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。
也可以用于疑问句，如：
Ought you to smoke so much 你应该抽这样多烟吗？
Ought to 在间接引语中表过去时形式不变，如：
He said you ought to tell the police.
他说你应该去报告警察。
7.shall的用法
1)用于第一人称征求对方的意见，如：
What shall I wear on the journey 我路上穿什么好呢？
Shall we dance 我们跳舞好吗？
2)shall 用于第二、三人称时表允诺，警告，命令，威胁（现已少见），如：
She shall get her share. 她可以得到她的一份。
You shall have it back tomorrow.你明天可以将它拿回。
情态动词should一般不应被认为是情态动词shall的过去式，主要用法有：
1)用于第一人称疑问句中询问对方的意愿，但语气较委婉温和，如：
What should we do now 我们现在该怎么办？
2)表示应该、必须，常与must 换用。例如：
We should (must) master a foreign language at least.
我们应当至少掌握一门外语。
3)“should+be+表语”的结构，表示推测或惊奇。例如：
They should be back by now. 他们现在应该回来了吧。
I am sorry that she should be so careless. 我感到遗憾她竟会那样粗心。
4)“should+have+过去分词”的结构，表示过去该做而实际上尚未做的动作或行为；其否定则表示发生了不应该发生的行为。其同义结构“ought to have +过去分词”,表示过去“早应该”、“本当”之意，语气较强。例如：
I should have thought of that. 这一点我是应当想到的。（但没想到）
They should not have left so soon.他们不应当走得这么早。（但已走了）
5) 在“It is natural (strange, natural, necessary, surprised, impossible, important ) that……”句型中，主语从句中的谓语动词要用should +动词原形”表示“理所当然”、“奇怪”、“必要”、“惊异”等的意思。在lest（以免）、for fear (that) (以防)、in case（以备万一）等之后也要用should+动词原形;在advise, sugest, order, demand, request 等的从句中should+do”例如：
It is necessary that he(should) be sent there at once.
　有必要马上派他到那里去。
It is strange that he should say so. 他会说这样的话真是奇怪。
Let us go at once lest we should be late for the train.
　我们马上走吧，以免赶不上火车。
8..will和would的用法
1）表示意志，决心或愿望。例如：
　Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace.
　我们一定要支持全世界人民争取和平的斗争。
　He would not let me try it . 　他不肯让我去试。
2）will表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性，would表示过去的习惯行为。
　He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.
他会经常一连几个小时坐在那儿观看来往的车辆。
　He would come to see me when he was in Beijing.
他在北京时，常来看望我。
3）用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中，表示对对方的请求，would的语气比will委碗
Would/will you kindly tell me the way to the station 请问到火车站怎么走？
4）表可能性
This will be the book you are looking for.
这可能就是你要找的书。
She eould be about 60 when she died.
他死时大概60岁。
9. need和dare的用法
情态动词need 实义动词 need
现 You need (not) do You (don’t) need to do
在
时 He need (not) do He needs (doesn’t need) to do

过 You needed (didn’t need) to do
去
时 He needed (didn’t need) to do

将 You need (not) do You will (not) need to do
来
时 He need (not) do He will (not) need to do
句型 时态 动词
情态动词dare 实义动词 dare
肯定句 现在时 dare to 少用 dare/dares to do
过去时 dare to 少用 dared to do
否定句 现在时 daren’t/dare not do do/does not dare (to) do
过去时 dared not do did not dare (to) do
疑问句 现在时 Dare he do Do you/Does he dear (to) do
过去时 Dared he do Did he dare (to) do
needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要， 意为“本没必要…”。例如：
You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have to go to work today
10.表推测的情态动词句子的反意疑问句
He must/may be in the room, isn’t he
He can’t be in the room, is he？
He must have finished the work, hasn’t he
He may have done the work last night, didn’t he
：情态动词+行为动词进行式
情态动词+行为动词进行式（即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式），表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如：
1）He must be playing basketball in the room.
2）She may be staying at home.
11.情态动词+行为动词完成进行式
情态动词+行为动词完成进行式（即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式），表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如：
1）They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.
2）He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.
12.used to +v, be used to +v-ing和be used to +v
（1）used to +v意为“过去常常”，“过去一直”；be used to +v-ing / n（名词）意为“习惯于”；be used to +v意为“被用来（做某事）”。
（2）used to只表示过去，而be used to +v-ing / n可表示现在、过去或将来。例如：
1）He used to smoke. Now he doesn’t.
2）He’s quite used to hard work / working hard.
3）The knife is used to cut bread.
13．用作情态动词的其他短语
would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。例如：
1）The soldier would sooner die than surrender.
2）The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy.
3）I’d rather walk than take a bus.
4）If you don’t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home.
注：这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形.would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句，that 常省去，从句要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如：
1）I would rather you came on Sunday.
2）I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday.
3. 巩固练习:
1. _____ you ready
(A) Are (B) Have (C) Will (D) Can
2. ____ here early
(A) Will he (B) Was he (C) Did he be (D) Were he
3. I ___ happy about the price of eggs.
(A) am't (B) am not (C) do not (D) won’t
4. Since last year I____ him only once.
(A) have seen (B) have been seeing (C) see (D) was seeing
5. Donald ___ sixteen tomorrow.
(A) is being (B) going to be (C) shall be (D) will be
6. I ___ the story at all.
(A) don't like (B) like (C) am fond of (D) would like
7. I would rather ___ than play now.
(A) to study (B)am studying (C) study (D) studied
8. I'd rather you ___ anything about it for the time being.
(A) do (B) didn't do (C) don't (D) didn't
9. The car___much money.
(A) not cost (B) not have cost (C) isn't cost (D) didn't cost
10. I ___ like to eat fish.
(A) am (B) have (C) do (D) be
11. ___ repeat the question
(A) Shall I (B) Will I (C)Would you like that I (D) Do you want that I
12. My teacher knows more than ___.
(A) my uncle knows (B) my uncle does
(C) they know (D)they don't know
13. He___to meet us at the station, but didn't see us.
(A) did go (B) did went (C) goes (D) had
14. Not only ____us light.
(A) does the sun give (B) the sun gives
(C) gives the sun (D) the sun does give
15. ____ you tell me what has happened
(A) May (B) Must (C) Can (D) Could
16. Anne___tomorrow.
(A) can sing (B) can to sing (C) is going sing (D) going to sing
17. You___hand it in at once, you may hand it in tomorrow.
(A) needn't (B) may not (C) can't (D) must not
18. Tell the boy that he ___ in the river.
(A) swims (B) swim (C) swimming (D) to swim
19. Joan___play on Saturday.
(A) going to (B) can (C) is going (D) can to
20. Susan and I can go to the lecture ___.
(A) but neither can Charles (B) and so Charies can
(C) but Charles can't (D) and Charles also can
四.答案
1. (A) 2, (B) 3. (B) 4. (A) 5, (D) 6, (A) 7. (C) 8. (B) 9. (9) 10, (C)
11. (A) 12. (B) 13. (A) 14. (A) 15. (D) 16. (A) 17. (A) 18. (B) 19. (B) 20, (C)
第七章 动词不定式
一.相关知识点精讲:
1. 不定式作补语
1） 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如：
advise allow cause challenge command compel
drive 驱使 enable encourage forbid force impel
induce instruct invite like/love order permit
make let have want get warn
persuade request send tell train urge
例如；
Father will not allow us to play on the street.　 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。　　　　　　
The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。
注意：有些动词如make，have，get，want等可用不定式作做宾补，也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
2) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是be，不定式一般可以省去。例如：
consider find believe think declare（声称） appoint
guess fancy（设想） guess judge imagine know
例如：
We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。（to be 不能省去）
典型例题
　　 Charles Babbage is generally considered　___ the first computer.　
A. to invent　B. inventing　 C. to have invented　 D. having invented　
答案：C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构，也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构，排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时，一般要求用不定式的完成式，故选C。
3) 有些动词可以跟there +to be的结构。例如：
believe expect intend like love mean
prefer want wish understand
例如：
　 We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
You wouldn’t want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。
2. 不定式作主语
不定式作主语，往往用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。
　 例如：It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
　 It's very kind of you to help us.　他帮助我们，他真好。
　 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.　他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
但是，用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型。另外，这样的句子，不能用动名词作表语。
3. It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
这样的句子中，由于表语形容词性质的不同，导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。
1）for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：例如：
　　 It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2）of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如：
　　 It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
用for还是用of 的另一种辨别方法：
　　用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果通顺用of，不通则用for。例如：
　　 You are nice.　（通顺，所以应用of）。
　　 He is hard.　 （非所表达的意思，不通，因此用for。）
4. 不定式作表语
　 不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：
　　 My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。
　　 His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。
5. 不定式作定语
　 不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。例如：
　　　I have a lot of work to do.　我有许多事要做。
　　　There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上（他回家时）两手空空。
6. 不定式作状语
1）目的状语　
常用结构为to do , only to do（仅仅为了）, in order to do,　so as to do,　so（such）… as to…（如此…以便…）。例如：
　　 He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.　他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
　　 I come here only to say good-bye to you.　我来仅仅是向你告别。
2）作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。
I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。
　　 He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间，没发现什么。
3） 表原因
I'm glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。
She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。
4）表示理由和条件
He must be a fool to say so.
You will do well to speak more carefully.
7.用作介词的to
to 可以用作介词，也可用作不定式的标示。下面的to 都用作介词：
admit to object to be accustomed to be used to stick to turn to开始
look forward to be devoted to pay attention to contribute to apologize to devote oneself to
8. 省去to 的动词不定式
1） 情态动词 （ 除ought 外） 后。
2） 使役动词 let, have, make后，感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。
注意：被动语态中不能省去to。例如：
　 I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。
　 =He was seen to dance.
　 The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。
　 =They were made to work the whole night.
3） would rather，had better句型后
4） Why… / why no…句型后
5） help 后可带to，也可不带to, help sb （to） do sth：
6） but和except后。but前是实义动词do时，后面出现的不定式不带to。
比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。
　　 He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药，他什么都信。
7） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：
8） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时，可以省去to be。例如：　
He is supposed （to be） nice.　他应该是个好人。
9.动词不定式的否定式
在不定式标志to前加上not。例如：
　 Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。
　 She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。
10.不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1）too…to　 太…以至于…。例如：
　　He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。
　 ---- Can I help you 需要我帮忙吗
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.　
不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。
2） 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为"不太"。例如：
　 It's never too late to mend.　 改过不嫌晚。（谚语）
　3） 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。例如：
　 I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴。
　 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
11. 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。例如：
　　 Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
　　　Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2）　表示结果。例如：
　　 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time 劳驾，现在几点了。
12. 不定式的特殊句型Why not
　 "Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为："为什么不…… " "干吗不…… "。例如：
　　Why not take a holiday 干吗不去度假
13.不定式的时态和语态
1） 一般式表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后，例如
　　 He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事。
　　 I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.　我希望再见到你。
2） 完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如：
　 I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉，给你添了那么多的麻烦。
　 He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已经得了感冒。
3） 进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如：
　 He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么东西。
4） 完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。例如：
　 She is known to have been workin