复合句用法和技巧[下学期]
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英语复合句的用法及解题技巧
新洲一中 刘进林
在高考英语试题中，复合句占有较大的比例，复习时应该注意：
１．倡发散思维，忌单向思维，考各种从属句，常常是不同类型的连接词语正误连缀而至，如果不抓住这一点，不从多方面思考选择，就容易以偏概全， 误入歧途。
２．弄清主从复合句中的每一个从属连接词的意思、用法、主句与从句在时态上的呼应、语气、是否需要倒装、固定搭配及逻辑常识等。
３．熟记句型及特殊表达形式。
４．注意各分句之间的特点及区别。
５．注意有些连接词的省略情况及省略后某些语序发生的变化。
总之在做习题时，不能生搬硬套，一成不变，要全方位的思考，摸清出题者的意图，灵活机动，随着不同的语言环境而变化。
一、状语从句：
状语从句又可分为时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、行为方式、条件、让步及比较等几种形式。
１．I'll go with you as soon as I ____my work.
A. will finish B. shall finish C. finish D. finished
选Ｃ．在时间、条件状语从句中，主句可能是祈使句、一般将来时或带情态动词，从句用一般现在时。如 果主句是过去将来时，从句可以用一般过去时。能够引导时间状语从句、条件状语从句的从属连接词，常见的 有：when, until（till, directly, unless, as long as, suppose等。如：
（１）Unless he comes, we won't be able to go.
（２）Suppose it goes on raining, what shall we do?
（３）Lu Xun often said, "As long as I am alive, I shall go on studying."
２．No sooner_____ the news than they rushed out into the street.
A. they heard B. they had heard C. did they hear D. had they heard 选Ｄ．no sooner…than, hardly… when, scarcely… before表示"—… 就"，主句一般用过去完成时（h ad+V-ed），从句用一般过去时，如果hardly, no sooner, scarcely放句首，主谓倒装。
３．Although he is considered a great writer,____(MET'91)
his works are not widely read
but his works are not widely read
however his works are not widely read
D. still his works are not widely read
选Ａ．这是一个让步状语从句，主句与从句之间有一个从属连词 although(though)，不能再加but, however, still等，但可以和yet连用。
４．No matter how hard he worked,____（８４年）
he could not do any better
B. and he could not do any better
C. so he could do any better
D. but he could not do any better
选Ａ．由no matter引导的让步状语从句，其主句也不能再用but, and, so 等并列连接词。
５．____he might, he failed.
A. Try as B. As try C. Tried as D. As tried
选Ａ．为了强调让步的意义，表示出非常强烈的对照，用as或though引导的让步状语从句，从句的语序要作部分调整，即把句子受强调的表语、状语或动词原形置于从句的句首。如果表语是单数可数名词，移置句首时，名词前不用冠词。如：
Much as I like it, I will not buy it.
（２）Child as she is, she knows a lot of English.
６．Did the two boys look so much alike____ no one could tell them apart?
A. and B. that C. as D. so that
选Ｂ．目的状语从句的表达："主＋谓＋that(so that, in order that)＋ 主＋may(might, can, could, shouldn't等)＋谓"。
７．____Mr Smith is well again, he can travel.
A. Now that B. But that C. And that D. Since that
选Ａ．now that相当于since。表示原因状语从句的连接词常见的有 because, as, since, now that, seeing that, considering that等。
８．It was____ a hundred people looked lost in it.
so large a room that B. so large a room
C. such large a room that D. a such large room
选Ａ．引导结果状语从句：
so＋adj.(adv.)＋that从句
so＋adj.＋a(an)＋n＋that从句
such＋a(an)＋ adj.＋n＋that从句
表示"这样……（一个）……以至于……"。
９．The harder he worked,____ he felt.
happier B. the happier C. the happy D. the happiest
选Ｂ．the＋比较级＋主＋谓，the＋比较级＋主＋谓，意思是"越…… 越……"。
二、定语从句
定语从句是在复合句中使其修饰的某一名词或代词代表一个（些）或一类特 定的人或东西。在做定语从句 的练习时，首先应该找出先行词，然后再确定选择关系代词或关系副词。能够引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词有 who, whom, whose, that, which, when, why, where。
１．She heard a terrible noise,____ brought her heart into her mouth.(MET'91)
A. it B. which C. this D. that
选Ｂ．在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词用which不能用that。
２．He paid the boy $ 10 for washing ten windows, most of____ hadn't cleaned for at least a y ear.(MET'90)
A. these B. those C. that D. which
选Ｄ．如果选Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ，整个句子不符合语法要求，因为有一个"逗号"， 不是并列句，因此只能是一个非限定性定语从句，在非限定性定语从句中关系代词一般用which。
３．His parents wouldn't marry anyone____ family was poor.(MET'88)
A. of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose
选Ｄ．因为whose作family的定语。
４．Finally the thief handed in everything____ he had stolen to the police.(MET'87)
A. after B. what C. whatever D. that
选Ｄ．因为Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ不能引导定语从句。先行词everything，关系代词 that在从句中作宾语。当先行词 是不定代词all, anything, nothing, everything, something等，关系代词只能由that引导。
５．All____ is needed is a supply of oil.(MET'89)
A. the thing B. that C. what D. which
选Ｂ．All作先行词，关系代词由that引导。
６．In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions____ were asked in French.（８５年 ）
A. where B. who C. in which D. which
选Ｄ．question是先行词，在从句中作主语，所以应用which引导。
７．The man____ talked to you just now is an engineer.（８０年）
A. who B. where C. which D. what
选Ａ．先行词是man。在从句中作主语，所以选who。
８．The word “write” has the same pronunciation ____ the work “right”. （８４年）
A. of B. as C. to D. from
选Ｂ．先行词中含有such, the same时，或先行词被such, the same修饰时，关系代词用as引导。
９．Watch the girl and her dog____ are crossing the bridge.
A. which B. who C. they D. that
选Ｄ．当先行词含有"人"和"物"时，关系代词用that。
１０．This dictionary, a few pages____ are missing, is of no use.
A. among which B. of which C. which D. in which
选Ｂ．dictionary是先行词，which是关系代词，a few pages of which(dictionary)。
１１．You may take____ book you like.
A. which B. only c. whichever D. what
选Ｃ．复合关系代词本身兼有先行词。whichever=anything that, whatever=anything that, whoever=any one who, whomever=anyone whom, whosever=anyone whose。
１２．This is the best dictionary____ I've ever bought.
A. with which B. that C. which D. when
选Ｂ．先行词是dictionary，因为先行词前有最高级、序数词、only, very, any等修饰时，关系代词用that。
１３．I still remember the day____ I first came to Beijing.
A. which B. that C. when D. where
选Ｃ．先行词the day，在定语从句中作状语，所以选when。当先行词是时间名词或地点名词时，关系词选 用when或where, that或which，主要取决于在定语从句中所作成份，如果作宾语，用that或which，作状语用when或where。 如：
（１）I still remember the days that/which we spent in the countryside.
先行词是the days, spent是及物动词，that/which作spent的宾语。
（２）This is the place where I lived three years ago.
先行词是place, lived是不及物动词，where在从句中作状语。
（３）This is the place that/which we visited three years ago.
先行词是place, visited是及物动词，that/which在从句中作宾语。
１４．____,Charles Dickens was an English writer.
A. It's known to all B. It's known that
C. We all know D. As is known to all
选Ｄ．as引出非限定性定语从句，表示"正如……那样”。类似的还有：as you know, as you see, as can be known, as has been pointed out, as is known to all等。
１５．I don't like the way____ you laughed at her.
A. which B. in that C. where D. that
选Ｄ．先行词是the way，表示方式，可用that（可省）或in which来引导一个定语从句。如果先行词是时 间或原因，也可用that（可省）或when或 why来引导定语从句。如：
（１）This was the reason that/why he was late yesterday.
（２）This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.
三、名词性从句：
在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语与同位语的句子分别叫做主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句， 这些统称为名词性从句。
１．Can you make sure____ the gold ring?(MET'90)
where Alice had put B. where had Alice put
C. where Alice has put D. where has Alice put
选Ｃ．在宾语从句中，须用陈述句自然语序（即疑问词＋主语＋谓语）。主句是现在时，从句也亦用相应的一类时态，现在完成时。
２．These photographs will show you____(MET'89)
what does out village look like
what our village looks like
how does our village look like
D. how our village looks like
选Ｂ．"show"后面接一个宾语从句，Ａ，Ｃ语序不合，Ｄ答案中的how是副词，不能作like的宾语。
３．They want to know____ do to help us.(MET'88)
what can they B. what they can
C. how they can D. how can they
选Ｂ．know后面接一个宾语从句，Ａ，Ｄ语序不合，Ｃ答案中的how是副词，不能作do的宾语。
４．They have no idea at all____.(MET'87)
where he has gone B. where did he go
C. which place has he gone D .where has he gone
选Ａ．根据宾语从句语序。
５．Can you tell me____?（８５年）
Who is that gentleman B. that gentleman is who
C. who that gentleman is D. whom is that gentleman
选Ｃ．在宾语从句中that gentleman作主语，who作表语。
６．The old gentleman never fails to help____ is in need of help.
A. whom B. who C. whoever D. whomever
选Ｃ．whoever=anyone who。如：
（１）You may do whatever(anything that) you like.
（２）Return the book to whosever(anyone whose)name is on it.
（３）You had better see the men for yourself and choose whichever(any one of them that) you like.
７．____comes back first is supposed to win the prize.
A. Those who B. Anyone C. Whoever D. The one who
选Ｃ．Whoever=anyone who。Ａ主谓不一致，Ｂ句子结构不正确，Ｄ无让步意味。
８．The news____ we had won in the match excited us all.
A. that B. where C. which D.X
选Ａ．We had won in the match就是the news 的具体内容，同位语从句中的连词that，尽管不作任何成 份，但不能省去。
--??关于复杂句(很多，慢慢看)
结构法分析难句
我们在第一篇阅读中已经领略到了阅读中长句的风采。四级阅读中的很多句子都比较长，大多数句子都在20个单词以上，它们不时的出没于四级阅读中，构成了一个个obstacle。其中，1995年6月大学英语四级考试阅读理解的第三篇文章的第三句话长达80个词，结构的复杂程度不亚于GRE阅读，现展示如下：
In the past our own blocks of flats have been associated with the lower-income groups and they have lacked the obvious provisions, such as central heating, constant hot water supply, electrically operated lifts from top to bottom, and so on, as well as such details important notwithstanding(然而), as easy facilities for disposal of dust and rubbish and storage places for baby carriages on the ground floor, playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings, and drying grounds for washing.
从1991年6月四级考试阅读理解第二篇文章的首句可以看出四级阅读中部分句子的结构的复杂程度。
A breakthrough(突破)in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community(EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the EEC’s research effort in this field, according to senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC’s scientific laboratories at Ispra, near Milan.
这些句子，尽管看上去貌似强大，令人望而生畏，其实，“一切反动派都是纸老虎”，不堪一击，可以满足很多四级勇士的极为强烈的征服欲，使人获得成就感。
对付长句和难句的最有效方法，就是从结构入手，把它彻底分解成一个个短句或短语，然后理解句子主干的意思，再添加修饰成分的意思，进而准确的把握整个句子的意思。因为无论句子有多长、结构有多复杂，它只由两个部分组成：主干和修饰成分。主干是指主谓宾（I love CET-4.）或主系表(Tomorrow is another day.) ，是整个句子的骨架。修饰成分起修饰和补充主干的作用．句子中的大量语言属于修饰成分，主干一般只有少数几个单词组成，比较隐蔽．一上来就就直接找主干并不好找，所以必须先找修饰成分．修饰成分有三种，第一，单词，主要是形容词和副词．第二，短语，主要是介词短语，它们主要做后置定语或状语，属于修饰成分．比如，experiments in solar energy,其中“experiments”是中心词，“in solar energy”是修饰“试验”的，它就是介词短语做后置定语。第三，从句，最主要的是定语从句和状语从句。这几种从句很常见，尤其是从句的开头都有一个明显的标志---疑问词或that.但有一个问题：从句在哪里结束？很多时候因为把从句的结尾找错了，导致整个句子分析失败．现在说一个很实用的原则：从句中在没有并列从句的情况下一般只能有一个谓语动词或系表结构，所以从句应该在其后的第一个谓语动词和第二个谓语动词之间结束；如果从句中有and等连词，就有可能连接两个谓语动词，那么从句在第二个和第三个谓语动词之间结束，以此类推．三种修饰成分全找出来之后，用括号把每个修饰成分括起来，留在括号外面的就是主干．主干一般只有一个谓语动词，它就是当之无愧的谓语了．然后，按照一般顺序，谓语在前，宾语（或表语）在后，这样我们就有了主谓宾（或主系表）的主干结构了．最后把修饰成分按对应的位置加上去，整个句子的结构就把握住了．另外，要注意非谓语动词可以带自己的宾语、状语，也可以有自己的时态和语态。
现在，我们用这种方法将前面所列的两个“钉子”拔下。下划线以上的部分是修饰成分。
In the past our own blocks of flats have been associated with the lower-income groups
在过去, 我们自己的公寓街区 一直 和…相联系 低收入的群体
状 主语 系动词 表语
and they have lacked the obvious provisions, such as central heating, constant hot water
并且 它们 一直 缺乏 最基本的 生活设施 例如 集中供暖系统 不间断的热水供应
主语2 谓语2 宾语2 状语
supply, electrically operated lifts from top to bottom, and so on, as well as such details
电梯 从顶部到底部 等等 以及 其它尽管
important notwithstanding(然而), as easy facilities for disposal of dust and rubbish and
微不足道但是很重要的生活设施 诸如 处理垃圾的设施
storage places for baby carriages on the ground floor, playgrounds for children on the
和一层放置婴儿车的库房 位于楼顶的孩子们玩耍场地
top of the buildings, and drying grounds for washing.
以及 晾晒衣服 的地方
A breakthrough(突破)in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic
一个 突破 在向欧共体提供太阳能方面的
主语 后置定语3
Community(EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could
能够 是 被提前 被 多达 二十年 如果 一 适当的 增加 能
系动词 表语 状 状 状从 从主
be provided in the EEC’s research effort in this field, according to senior EEC scientists
是 被提供 在 欧共体的 研究 努力 在这一领域 根据 资深的 欧共体 科学家
从系 从表 从状 后置定语 状语
engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC’s scientific laboratories at Ispra, near
从事 试验 在太阳能方面 在欧共体的 科学实验室 在Ispra, 在
定语(过去分词) 后置定语 状语(修饰过去分词) 后置定语
Milan.
米兰附近 后置定语
常见的难句类型： 1） 多重复合句：重点是以it为形式主语的复合句。多重复合句要注意抓主干和断句。 2） 多重并列句，一般并列句可以用and来连接，另一种是肯定否定形式的并列句，比如not。。but，not?only?。。。but?also。 3） 经典被动句 4）倒装句，典型结构：主系表结构倒装为表系主结构 5）双重否定＝肯定 6）比较结构 a）more。。（重点）。than；b）less。。。than（重点）
新洲一中 刘进林
在高考英语试题中，复合句占有较大的比例，复习时应该注意：
１．倡发散思维，忌单向思维，考各种从属句，常常是不同类型的连接词语正误连缀而至，如果不抓住这一点，不从多方面思考选择，就容易以偏概全， 误入歧途。
２．弄清主从复合句中的每一个从属连接词的意思、用法、主句与从句在时态上的呼应、语气、是否需要倒装、固定搭配及逻辑常识等。
３．熟记句型及特殊表达形式。
４．注意各分句之间的特点及区别。
５．注意有些连接词的省略情况及省略后某些语序发生的变化。
总之在做习题时，不能生搬硬套，一成不变，要全方位的思考，摸清出题者的意图，灵活机动，随着不同的语言环境而变化。
一、状语从句：
状语从句又可分为时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、行为方式、条件、让步及比较等几种形式。
１．I'll go with you as soon as I ____my work.
A. will finish B. shall finish C. finish D. finished
选Ｃ．在时间、条件状语从句中，主句可能是祈使句、一般将来时或带情态动词，从句用一般现在时。如 果主句是过去将来时，从句可以用一般过去时。能够引导时间状语从句、条件状语从句的从属连接词，常见的 有：when, until（till, directly, unless, as long as, suppose等。如：
（１）Unless he comes, we won't be able to go.
（２）Suppose it goes on raining, what shall we do?
（３）Lu Xun often said, "As long as I am alive, I shall go on studying."
２．No sooner_____ the news than they rushed out into the street.
A. they heard B. they had heard C. did they hear D. had they heard 选Ｄ．no sooner…than, hardly… when, scarcely… before表示"—… 就"，主句一般用过去完成时（h ad+V-ed），从句用一般过去时，如果hardly, no sooner, scarcely放句首，主谓倒装。
３．Although he is considered a great writer,____(MET'91)
his works are not widely read
but his works are not widely read
however his works are not widely read
D. still his works are not widely read
选Ａ．这是一个让步状语从句，主句与从句之间有一个从属连词 although(though)，不能再加but, however, still等，但可以和yet连用。
４．No matter how hard he worked,____（８４年）
he could not do any better
B. and he could not do any better
C. so he could do any better
D. but he could not do any better
选Ａ．由no matter引导的让步状语从句，其主句也不能再用but, and, so 等并列连接词。
５．____he might, he failed.
A. Try as B. As try C. Tried as D. As tried
选Ａ．为了强调让步的意义，表示出非常强烈的对照，用as或though引导的让步状语从句，从句的语序要作部分调整，即把句子受强调的表语、状语或动词原形置于从句的句首。如果表语是单数可数名词，移置句首时，名词前不用冠词。如：
Much as I like it, I will not buy it.
（２）Child as she is, she knows a lot of English.
６．Did the two boys look so much alike____ no one could tell them apart?
A. and B. that C. as D. so that
选Ｂ．目的状语从句的表达："主＋谓＋that(so that, in order that)＋ 主＋may(might, can, could, shouldn't等)＋谓"。
７．____Mr Smith is well again, he can travel.
A. Now that B. But that C. And that D. Since that
选Ａ．now that相当于since。表示原因状语从句的连接词常见的有 because, as, since, now that, seeing that, considering that等。
８．It was____ a hundred people looked lost in it.
so large a room that B. so large a room
C. such large a room that D. a such large room
选Ａ．引导结果状语从句：
so＋adj.(adv.)＋that从句
so＋adj.＋a(an)＋n＋that从句
such＋a(an)＋ adj.＋n＋that从句
表示"这样……（一个）……以至于……"。
９．The harder he worked,____ he felt.
happier B. the happier C. the happy D. the happiest
选Ｂ．the＋比较级＋主＋谓，the＋比较级＋主＋谓，意思是"越…… 越……"。
二、定语从句
定语从句是在复合句中使其修饰的某一名词或代词代表一个（些）或一类特 定的人或东西。在做定语从句 的练习时，首先应该找出先行词，然后再确定选择关系代词或关系副词。能够引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词有 who, whom, whose, that, which, when, why, where。
１．She heard a terrible noise,____ brought her heart into her mouth.(MET'91)
A. it B. which C. this D. that
选Ｂ．在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词用which不能用that。
２．He paid the boy $ 10 for washing ten windows, most of____ hadn't cleaned for at least a y ear.(MET'90)
A. these B. those C. that D. which
选Ｄ．如果选Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ，整个句子不符合语法要求，因为有一个"逗号"， 不是并列句，因此只能是一个非限定性定语从句，在非限定性定语从句中关系代词一般用which。
３．His parents wouldn't marry anyone____ family was poor.(MET'88)
A. of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose
选Ｄ．因为whose作family的定语。
４．Finally the thief handed in everything____ he had stolen to the police.(MET'87)
A. after B. what C. whatever D. that
选Ｄ．因为Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ不能引导定语从句。先行词everything，关系代词 that在从句中作宾语。当先行词 是不定代词all, anything, nothing, everything, something等，关系代词只能由that引导。
５．All____ is needed is a supply of oil.(MET'89)
A. the thing B. that C. what D. which
选Ｂ．All作先行词，关系代词由that引导。
６．In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions____ were asked in French.（８５年 ）
A. where B. who C. in which D. which
选Ｄ．question是先行词，在从句中作主语，所以应用which引导。
７．The man____ talked to you just now is an engineer.（８０年）
A. who B. where C. which D. what
选Ａ．先行词是man。在从句中作主语，所以选who。
８．The word “write” has the same pronunciation ____ the work “right”. （８４年）
A. of B. as C. to D. from
选Ｂ．先行词中含有such, the same时，或先行词被such, the same修饰时，关系代词用as引导。
９．Watch the girl and her dog____ are crossing the bridge.
A. which B. who C. they D. that
选Ｄ．当先行词含有"人"和"物"时，关系代词用that。
１０．This dictionary, a few pages____ are missing, is of no use.
A. among which B. of which C. which D. in which
选Ｂ．dictionary是先行词，which是关系代词，a few pages of which(dictionary)。
１１．You may take____ book you like.
A. which B. only c. whichever D. what
选Ｃ．复合关系代词本身兼有先行词。whichever=anything that, whatever=anything that, whoever=any one who, whomever=anyone whom, whosever=anyone whose。
１２．This is the best dictionary____ I've ever bought.
A. with which B. that C. which D. when
选Ｂ．先行词是dictionary，因为先行词前有最高级、序数词、only, very, any等修饰时，关系代词用that。
１３．I still remember the day____ I first came to Beijing.
A. which B. that C. when D. where
选Ｃ．先行词the day，在定语从句中作状语，所以选when。当先行词是时间名词或地点名词时，关系词选 用when或where, that或which，主要取决于在定语从句中所作成份，如果作宾语，用that或which，作状语用when或where。 如：
（１）I still remember the days that/which we spent in the countryside.
先行词是the days, spent是及物动词，that/which作spent的宾语。
（２）This is the place where I lived three years ago.
先行词是place, lived是不及物动词，where在从句中作状语。
（３）This is the place that/which we visited three years ago.
先行词是place, visited是及物动词，that/which在从句中作宾语。
１４．____,Charles Dickens was an English writer.
A. It's known to all B. It's known that
C. We all know D. As is known to all
选Ｄ．as引出非限定性定语从句，表示"正如……那样”。类似的还有：as you know, as you see, as can be known, as has been pointed out, as is known to all等。
１５．I don't like the way____ you laughed at her.
A. which B. in that C. where D. that
选Ｄ．先行词是the way，表示方式，可用that（可省）或in which来引导一个定语从句。如果先行词是时 间或原因，也可用that（可省）或when或 why来引导定语从句。如：
（１）This was the reason that/why he was late yesterday.
（２）This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.
三、名词性从句：
在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语与同位语的句子分别叫做主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句， 这些统称为名词性从句。
１．Can you make sure____ the gold ring?(MET'90)
where Alice had put B. where had Alice put
C. where Alice has put D. where has Alice put
选Ｃ．在宾语从句中，须用陈述句自然语序（即疑问词＋主语＋谓语）。主句是现在时，从句也亦用相应的一类时态，现在完成时。
２．These photographs will show you____(MET'89)
what does out village look like
what our village looks like
how does our village look like
D. how our village looks like
选Ｂ．"show"后面接一个宾语从句，Ａ，Ｃ语序不合，Ｄ答案中的how是副词，不能作like的宾语。
３．They want to know____ do to help us.(MET'88)
what can they B. what they can
C. how they can D. how can they
选Ｂ．know后面接一个宾语从句，Ａ，Ｄ语序不合，Ｃ答案中的how是副词，不能作do的宾语。
４．They have no idea at all____.(MET'87)
where he has gone B. where did he go
C. which place has he gone D .where has he gone
选Ａ．根据宾语从句语序。
５．Can you tell me____?（８５年）
Who is that gentleman B. that gentleman is who
C. who that gentleman is D. whom is that gentleman
选Ｃ．在宾语从句中that gentleman作主语，who作表语。
６．The old gentleman never fails to help____ is in need of help.
A. whom B. who C. whoever D. whomever
选Ｃ．whoever=anyone who。如：
（１）You may do whatever(anything that) you like.
（２）Return the book to whosever(anyone whose)name is on it.
（３）You had better see the men for yourself and choose whichever(any one of them that) you like.
７．____comes back first is supposed to win the prize.
A. Those who B. Anyone C. Whoever D. The one who
选Ｃ．Whoever=anyone who。Ａ主谓不一致，Ｂ句子结构不正确，Ｄ无让步意味。
８．The news____ we had won in the match excited us all.
A. that B. where C. which D.X
选Ａ．We had won in the match就是the news 的具体内容，同位语从句中的连词that，尽管不作任何成 份，但不能省去。
--??关于复杂句(很多，慢慢看)
结构法分析难句
我们在第一篇阅读中已经领略到了阅读中长句的风采。四级阅读中的很多句子都比较长，大多数句子都在20个单词以上，它们不时的出没于四级阅读中，构成了一个个obstacle。其中，1995年6月大学英语四级考试阅读理解的第三篇文章的第三句话长达80个词，结构的复杂程度不亚于GRE阅读，现展示如下：
In the past our own blocks of flats have been associated with the lower-income groups and they have lacked the obvious provisions, such as central heating, constant hot water supply, electrically operated lifts from top to bottom, and so on, as well as such details important notwithstanding(然而), as easy facilities for disposal of dust and rubbish and storage places for baby carriages on the ground floor, playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings, and drying grounds for washing.
从1991年6月四级考试阅读理解第二篇文章的首句可以看出四级阅读中部分句子的结构的复杂程度。
A breakthrough(突破)in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community(EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the EEC’s research effort in this field, according to senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC’s scientific laboratories at Ispra, near Milan.
这些句子，尽管看上去貌似强大，令人望而生畏，其实，“一切反动派都是纸老虎”，不堪一击，可以满足很多四级勇士的极为强烈的征服欲，使人获得成就感。
对付长句和难句的最有效方法，就是从结构入手，把它彻底分解成一个个短句或短语，然后理解句子主干的意思，再添加修饰成分的意思，进而准确的把握整个句子的意思。因为无论句子有多长、结构有多复杂，它只由两个部分组成：主干和修饰成分。主干是指主谓宾（I love CET-4.）或主系表(Tomorrow is another day.) ，是整个句子的骨架。修饰成分起修饰和补充主干的作用．句子中的大量语言属于修饰成分，主干一般只有少数几个单词组成，比较隐蔽．一上来就就直接找主干并不好找，所以必须先找修饰成分．修饰成分有三种，第一，单词，主要是形容词和副词．第二，短语，主要是介词短语，它们主要做后置定语或状语，属于修饰成分．比如，experiments in solar energy,其中“experiments”是中心词，“in solar energy”是修饰“试验”的，它就是介词短语做后置定语。第三，从句，最主要的是定语从句和状语从句。这几种从句很常见，尤其是从句的开头都有一个明显的标志---疑问词或that.但有一个问题：从句在哪里结束？很多时候因为把从句的结尾找错了，导致整个句子分析失败．现在说一个很实用的原则：从句中在没有并列从句的情况下一般只能有一个谓语动词或系表结构，所以从句应该在其后的第一个谓语动词和第二个谓语动词之间结束；如果从句中有and等连词，就有可能连接两个谓语动词，那么从句在第二个和第三个谓语动词之间结束，以此类推．三种修饰成分全找出来之后，用括号把每个修饰成分括起来，留在括号外面的就是主干．主干一般只有一个谓语动词，它就是当之无愧的谓语了．然后，按照一般顺序，谓语在前，宾语（或表语）在后，这样我们就有了主谓宾（或主系表）的主干结构了．最后把修饰成分按对应的位置加上去，整个句子的结构就把握住了．另外，要注意非谓语动词可以带自己的宾语、状语，也可以有自己的时态和语态。
现在，我们用这种方法将前面所列的两个“钉子”拔下。下划线以上的部分是修饰成分。
In the past our own blocks of flats have been associated with the lower-income groups
在过去, 我们自己的公寓街区 一直 和…相联系 低收入的群体
状 主语 系动词 表语
and they have lacked the obvious provisions, such as central heating, constant hot water
并且 它们 一直 缺乏 最基本的 生活设施 例如 集中供暖系统 不间断的热水供应
主语2 谓语2 宾语2 状语
supply, electrically operated lifts from top to bottom, and so on, as well as such details
电梯 从顶部到底部 等等 以及 其它尽管
important notwithstanding(然而), as easy facilities for disposal of dust and rubbish and
微不足道但是很重要的生活设施 诸如 处理垃圾的设施
storage places for baby carriages on the ground floor, playgrounds for children on the
和一层放置婴儿车的库房 位于楼顶的孩子们玩耍场地
top of the buildings, and drying grounds for washing.
以及 晾晒衣服 的地方
A breakthrough(突破)in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic
一个 突破 在向欧共体提供太阳能方面的
主语 后置定语3
Community(EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could
能够 是 被提前 被 多达 二十年 如果 一 适当的 增加 能
系动词 表语 状 状 状从 从主
be provided in the EEC’s research effort in this field, according to senior EEC scientists
是 被提供 在 欧共体的 研究 努力 在这一领域 根据 资深的 欧共体 科学家
从系 从表 从状 后置定语 状语
engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC’s scientific laboratories at Ispra, near
从事 试验 在太阳能方面 在欧共体的 科学实验室 在Ispra, 在
定语(过去分词) 后置定语 状语(修饰过去分词) 后置定语
Milan.
米兰附近 后置定语
常见的难句类型： 1） 多重复合句：重点是以it为形式主语的复合句。多重复合句要注意抓主干和断句。 2） 多重并列句，一般并列句可以用and来连接，另一种是肯定否定形式的并列句，比如not。。but，not?only?。。。but?also。 3） 经典被动句 4）倒装句，典型结构：主系表结构倒装为表系主结构 5）双重否定＝肯定 6）比较结构 a）more。。（重点）。than；b）less。。。than（重点）