高考英语热点动词十五类
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高考英语热点动词十五类
动词是英语中最活跃的词类，是句子的核心成分。此外，英语动词的变化较多，形式颇为复杂，是英语学习的难点之一。历届高考英语试题常把动词作为测试的重点，在单项填空题中所占比例在50%以上。我们通过对近十年来的高考英语试题进行分析，归纳常考动词十五类，供大家参考。
一、连系动词类
连系动词按其所表示的意义可分为以下3种：
1．变化类表事物发展变化的过程，如become, go, turn, grow, get, fall等。
2．感觉类表人体部位的感受，如feel, smell, taste, look, sound appear, seem, look等。
3．状态类表事物所处的状态，如keep, come, run, remain, stand, lie, stay, prove等。
连系动词的作用是后接形容词或相当于形容词的结构作表语。除了少数几个（如feel, get, become, grow等）外，不用于进行时态和被动结构。例如：
The mixture is tasted terrible.（误）
The mixture tastes terrible（正）
【高考例题】
(1) ---Do you like the material ---Yes, it ____ very soft. (NMET94)（西安分卷3）
A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt
(2) Why don't you put the meat in the fridge It will ____ fresh for several days.
(NMET 03)
A. be stayed B. stay C. be staying D. have stayed
(3) The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain ____ as the plane
was making a landing. (04春季高考上海卷）
A. seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating
(4) Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may ____ run
over by a car. (02高考北京卷）
A. have B. get C. become D. turn
(5) Happy birthday, Alice. So you have ____ twenty-one already. (04天津卷）
A. become B. turned C. grown D. passed
(6) Sarah, hurry up. I'm afraid you can't have time to ____ before the party.
(04全国卷II)
A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change
(7) 0n hearing the news of the accident in the coal mine, she ____ pale. (04湖北卷）
A. got B. changed C. went D. appeared
(8 )The flowers ____ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. (04上海卷）
A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt
(9) Although he has taken a lot of medicine, his health ____ poor. (02春上海卷）
A. proves B. remains C. maintains D. continues
(10) I love to go to the seaside in summer. It ____ good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool sea. A. does B. feels C. gets D. makes
二、感官动词类
常考的感官动词有see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, find, catch等。感官动词的主要作用是后接非谓语动词的不同形式作宾语补足语，表达不同的含义。
1．后接不带to的不定式表示一个发生过或者还没发生具体的动作。
I often heard the song sung, but I have never heard you sing it.
When you go to watch the football watch, you will enjoy seeing the Chinese football team win.
2．后接V-ing形式表伴随的动作。
Seeing the sun rising above the surface of the sea, we let out a shout of joy.
Hearing this, I felt my heart beating fast.
3．后接V-ed形式表被动意义。
After his return twenty years later, he found his home town greatly changed.
Although I had learnt some English, I had never heard a word of it spoken.
【高考例题】
(1) The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ____ the next year.
(NMET 2000)
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
(2) A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ____ in the kitchen. ( NMET 03)
A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked
(3) The missing boys were last seen ____ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
(4) The salesman scolded the girl who was caught ____ and let her off. (NMET93)
A. to have stolen B. to be stealing C .to steal D. stealing
(5) He looked around and caught a man ____ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting (04春北京卷）
三、使役动词类
表“致使”意义的动词称之为使役动词，如make, let, have, keep, leave, set, send等。使役动词的作用是后接非谓语动词的不同形式作宾语补足语，表达不同的含义。分以下三种情况：
1. make, let have等后接不带to的不定式，表“使／让某人／某物做某事”。
Don't make him do it if he doesn't want to.
If you have any problems, just let me know.
在被动结构中不定式须带to，但是have不用于被动结构中.
He was made to apologize to the guest.
2. have, keep, leave, send, set, get等后接V-ing形式，表持续性动作。
I'm sorry to keep you waiting for so long.
Why do you have him worrying about his lessons
3. have, keep, leave等后接V-ed形式，表被动含义。
He didn't keep on asking me the time until he had had his watch repaired.
I'll keep you informed as soon as I have the news.
【高考例题】
（1)Don't leave the water＿while you brush your teeth. (04天津卷）
A. run B. running C. being run D. to run
(2)Laws that punish parents for their children's actions against the laws get parents＿．(04重庆卷）
A. worried B. to worry C. worrying D. worry
(3) ---Why did you go back to the shop
---I left my friend ____ there. (03春安徽内蒙古卷）
A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. waits
(4) It was so cold that they kept the fire ____ all night. (NMET91)
A. to burn B. burn C. burning D. burned
(5) ---Good morning, can I help you
---I'd like to have this package ____，madam.
A. be weighed B. weighing C. weighed D. to weigh (NMET89)
(6) The speaker raised his voice but still couldn't make himself ____．(NMET91)
A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard
(7) As you have never been there before, I'll have someone ____ you the way.
(94上海卷）
A. show B. to show C. showing D. showed
(8) Paul doesn't have to be made ____．He always works hard. (NMET95)
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
(9) A computer can do only what thinking people ______．(99上海卷）
A. have it do B. have it done C. have done it D. having it done
(10) Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had
had ____ went wrong. (98年上海卷）
A. it B. it repaired C. repaired D. to be repaired
四、含情感色彩的动词
这类动词有excite, inspire, encourage, interest, satisfy, delight, please, move, frighten, surprise, amaze, astonish, shock, worry, astonish, disappoint, discourage, exhaust, puzzle, tire, terrify等。情感动词后接指人的名词或代词作宾语，有V-ing和V-ed两种形式，在句中作宾语和表语，V-俄ed形式指人，V-ing形式则指事物。
The story was so moving that everyone present was moved to tears.
What disappointing result! We were all disappointed with it.
Climbing a hill was tiring and we were tired when we reached the summit.
【高考例题】
(1) Nick is looking for another job because he feels that nothing he does ____ his boss. (2000春北京安徽内蒙古卷）
A. serves B. satisfies C. promises D. supports
(2) ---I'm very ____ with my own cooking. It looks nice smells delicious.
---Mm, it does have a ____ smell. (02春NMET )
A. pleasant; pleased B. pleased; pleased C. pleasant; pleasant D. pleased; pleasant
(3) Mr. Smith, ____ of the ____ speech, started to read a novel. (03春北京卷）
A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring
(4) It is believed that if a book is____, it will surely ____ the reader.
(03上海聋）
A. interested; interest B. interesting；be interested
C. interested；be interesting D. interesting; interest
(5) After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home ____.(04春上海卷）
A. being exhausted B. exhausted C. exhausting D. having exhausted
五、后接不定式动词类
afford, agree, choose, determine, expect, decide, learn, offer, mange, hope, want, wish, promise, refuse, fail, pretend, happen等动词，后跟不定式作宾语。
Thank you for offering to help, but I can manage myself.
He learned to ride a bicycle when he was a small boy.
【高考例题】
(1) We agreed＿here but so far she hasn't turned up yet. (NMET95)
A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met
(2) Little Jim should love ____ to the theatre this evening. (NMET92)
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
(3) I don't know whether you happen＿，but I'm going to study in the U S A this September. (04辽宁卷）
A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard
(4) She pretended＿me when I passed by. (NMET89)
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen
(5) Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears ____ everything.
(01高考上海卷）
A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told
六、后接V-ing形式动词类
该类动词常考的有appreciate, avoid, bear, consider, dislike, delay, enjoy, escape, finish, hate, imagine, keep， mind, miss, practise, postpone, resist, risk,' stand, suggest 等。这些动词须接V-ing形式作宾语。例如；
I don't mind waiting, but I've got to stand in the cold wind.
Have you considered making some necessary changes to your plan
Only by practising speaking English every day can you expect to improve your spoken English.
【高考例题】
（1) I would appreciate ____ back this afternoon.
A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. you're calling
(2) While shopping, people sometimes can't help ____ into buying something they don't really need. (96年上海卷）
A. to persuade B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
(3) He has always insisted on his ____ Dr. turner instead of Mr. Turner. (92上海卷）
A. been called B. called C. being called D. having called
(4) I really appreciate ____ to relax with you on this nice island. (04年上海卷）
A. to have had time B. having time C. to have time D. to having time
(5) Do you mind＿alone at home (94年上海卷）
A. Jane leaving B. Jane having left C. Jane's being left D. Jane to be left
(6) I can hardly imagine Peter ____ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. (NMET91)
A. sail B. to sail C. sailing D. to have sailed
七、后接不定式与V-ing形式意义不同动词类
remember, try, regret, mean, forget, stop, go on, can't help等后接不定式与V-ing形式作宾语，表达含义不同。见下表：
动词 接动名词作宾语 接不定式作宾语
Remember 过去发生的动作 将来的动作
try 尝试做某事 努力做某事
regret 对做过的事表示后悔 对要做的事表示遗憾
mean 意味着做某事 企图（打算）做某事
can't help 禁不住做某事 不能帮助做某事
go on 继续做未完成的事情 做完一件事后，接着做另一件事
forget 忘记以前曾做过某事 忘记做某事
stop 中断正在做的事情 中断正在做的事去做别的事
例如：
I remember being pad, but I've forgotten the exact amount.
Please remember to send me a photo of your son the next time you write to me.
I don't really mean to work here, which means leaving the job soon afterwards.
【高考例题】
（1）---The light in the office is still on. (NMET91)
---Oh, I forgot ______.
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
(2) ---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. (NMET95)
---Well, now I regret ______ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
(3) She can't help＿the house because she's busy making a cake. (97上海卷）
A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned
(4) ---1 usually go there by train. (NMET92)
---Why not _____ by boat for a change
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
(5) ---Let me tell you something about the journalfists.
---Don't you remember＿me the story yesterday (99年高考上海卷）
A. told B. telling C .to tell D. to have told
(6) The library needs ____, but I'll have to wait until Sunday. (NMET92)
A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. being cleaned D. clean
(7) 1n some parts of London, missing a bus means ____ for another hour.
(02春上海卷）
A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting
(8) She reached the top of the hill and stopped ____ on a big rock by the
side of thepath.(NMET90)
A. resting B. to have rested C. rested D. to rest
(9) Go on ____ the other exercise after you have finished this one. (NMET89)
A. to do B. doing C. with D. to be doing
（Key: BDADB RADA)
八、进行时态表将来意义动词类
这类动词一般为表位置移动或方向性动词，如go,come, start, arrive, take, leave, move等。例如： When are going off to for Shanghai
Mary as well as her parents is leaving for California next month.
【高考例题】
(1) I've won a holiday for two to Florida. I ____ my mum. (01春NMET)
A. am taking B. have taken C. take D. will have taken
(2) ---What were you doing when he came to see you (89上海卷）
---I had just put on my overcoat and _____ visit a friend.
A. leaving B. was left C. left D .was leaving
(3) ---What were you doing when Tony phoned you？
---I had just finished my work and _____ to take a shower. (04天津卷）
A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting
九、主动表被动动词类
英语中有些动词可用其主动形式表达被动含义，可分为以下三种情况：
1．某些实义动词的主动形式后跟副词表示被动意义，这类动词有sell, wash, write, last, read, wear等。这种“动词＋副词”结构，常表示事物内部特有的属性。
This kind of cloth washes well and lasts long.
The pen my father gave me as a birthday gift writes smoothly.
Written in simple English, this article reads easily.
2．某些及物动词转为不及物动词后，其主动形式表示被动意义，如open（打开，营业），
close（关门），shut（关闭），cut（切割），weigh重), act（上演）等。
The door won't shut.
This shop opens much earlier than it used to.
Each stone weighs 2 tons.
3．某些不及物动词，如happen, occur, cost以及短语，如come out（出版），come up（出现），come into being（产生）come to one's mind想起），turn out（证明是），come about（发生），break out姆发），belong to (属于）等，本身表被动含义，所以它们常用主动形式。
The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 18th century.
Suddenly an idea came to his mind.
It never occurred to me to phone you.
【高考例题】
(1) The evening news comes on at seven o'clock and ____ only thirty minutes.
(04全国卷II)
A. keeps B. continues C. finishes D. lasts
(2) ---Mummy, can I put the peaches in the cupboard (02北京卷）
---No, dear. They don't _____ well. Put them in the fridge instead.
A. keep B. fit C. get D. last
(3) Books of this kind _____ well.（99上海卷）
A. sell B. sells C. are sold D .is sold
十、虚拟语气动词类
insist, order, command, suggest, advise, propose, ask, require, request, demand等后接引导的宾语从句时，谓语动词须用“(should)＋动词原形”。
The guard at the gate insisted that everyone should obey the rules.
The rule requires that everyone, young or old, man or women, have his car checked once a year.
【高考例题】
(1) ---How do you _____ we go to Beijing for our holidays.
---I think we'd better fly there. It's much more comfortable. (04福建卷）
A. insist B. want C. suppose D. suggest
(2) Jane's pale face suggested that she _____ ill, and her parents suggested that she _____ a medical examination. (94上海卷）
A. be; should have B. was; have C. should be; had D. was; has
(3) _____ sent to work here (02上海卷）
A. Who do you suggest B. Who do you suggest that should
C. Do you suggest who should D. Do you suggest whom should
十一、省略替代类
believe, think, suppose, guess, hope, expect, imagine, would like/ love, be afraid等动词用于简略回答中，后接so来替代肯定分句，用not来替代否定分句。或接to来替代前面内容相同的不定式，表示看法、意见、设想、打算等。例如：
---Do you think Norman would have lent me his car I had asked him to
---Yes, I ,think so.
---Will you be able to come to my birthday party
---I'd love to, but I'm too busy.
注意：believe, think, suppose, guess等用于否定回答时，既可以说I believe (think, suppose guess) not，也可以说I don't believe (think, suppose guess) so，但用hope, expect, be afraid作否定回答时，只能说I hope (expect) not以及I'm afraid not,
【高考例题】
(1) ---I believe we've met somewhere before. (2000春季北京、安徽、内蒙古卷）
---No, ______.
A. it isn't the same B. it can't be true
C. I don't think so D. I'd rather not
(2) ---The boys are not doing a good job at all, are they (03春北京卷） ---________.
A. I guess not so B. I don't guess C. I don't guess it D. I guess not
(3) ---Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend
---______. (NMET94)
A. I don't believe B. I don't believe it C. I believe not so D. I believe not
十二、否定转移类
think, believe, guess, suppose, imagine, expect等动词后接that引导的宾语从句时，从句若为否定结构，常将否定词not前移到主句中。
I don't think it is possible to learn a foreign language well without much memory work.
He doesn't think Tom will make an excellent player.
当该结构的主句主语为第一人称时，变为反意疑问句，后半句的主语和谓语简略形式应与从句保持一致，否则与主句保持一致。例如：
I don't think there is anything else I need, is there
He doesn't believe he will be able to solve the problems by herself, does he
【高考例题】
(1) I don't suppose anyone will volunteer, _____？ (01上海卷）
A. do I B. don't I C. will they D. won't they
(2) Mrs. Black doesn't believe her son is able to design a digital camera,____？
(02上海卷）
A. is he B. isn't he C. doesn't she D. does she
十三、带介词t0的动词短语类
这类短语有be (get) used to, lead to, devote…to, look forward to, stick to, object to, get down to, there is no end to等。当它们后面出现动词时，要用V-ing形式。例如：
I've got used to driving in all kinds of weather.
As soon as she returned home from abroad, she got down to preparing supper for children.
注意区分介词to与不定式符号to a
He used to drive on the right and now he is used to driving on the left.
(used to表“过去常常”,to为不定式符号，be used to 表“习惯于”,to为介词）
I'm looking forward to seeing you soon.
〔look forward to意思是“盼望，期待”，to为介词。）
He looked forward to see what was happening.
(look forward意为“向前看”，to see是不定式作目的状语。）
【高考例题】
(1) Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _____ some schools for poor children. (01上海卷）
A. set up B. setting up C. have set up D. having set up
(2) The discovery of new evidence led to _____. (03上海卷）
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief
C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
(3) She looks forward every spring to _____ the flower-lined garden. (94上海卷）
A. visit B. paying a visit C. walking D. walking in
十四、瞬间（非延续性动词）类
这类动词常考的有go, come, leave, start, return, begin, arrive, stop, finish, borrow, lend, open, close, die, become, break, join, marry, employ, graduate等。瞬间（非延续性动词）表短暂性的动作，因此不可与表“段时间”的for/ since短语或since从句连用。例如：
He has come here for three years.（误）
He has been here for three years.（正）
It is three years since he came here.（正）
【高考例题】
(1) It's ten years since the scientist _____ his life's work of discovering the valuable chemical. (04江苏卷）
A. made for B. set out C. took off D. turned up
(2) My uncle ____ until he was forty-five. (2000高考上海卷）
A. married B. didn't married C. was not marrying D. would marry
(3) ---_____ David and Vicky _____ married (03北京卷）
---For about three years.
A. How long were; being B. How long have; got
C. How long have; been D. How long did; get
(4) ---How long ______ at this job (03春北京卷）
---Since 1990.
A. were you employed B. have you been employed
C. had you been employed D. will you be employed
(5) When Jack arrived he learned Mary ____ for almost an hour. (NMET92)
A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away
(6) They _____ friends since they met in Shanghai. (NMET89)
A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have turned
十五、计划未能实现类
intend, mean, hope, wish, plan, expect, think, want, suppose等动词用于过去时态，可表示过去未能实现的愿望、想法、打算等。
1．该类动词用于过去完成时后接不定式或宾语从句。
I had never thought you would bring me such a nice gift.
I had panned to call on you, but I was too busy to get away.
2．该类动词用于一般过去时后接不定式的完成式或一般式。
I'd like to have arrive on time, but I was caught on the traffic jam.
【高考例题】
(1) ---You should have thanked her before you left.
---I meant _____, but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere.
(2000春上海卷）
A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing so
(2) ---Why haven't you bought any butter (01春北京安徽内蒙古卷）
---I ____ to but I forgot about it.
A. liked B. wished C. meant D. expected
(3) I would love _____ the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. (NMET97)
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
(4) ---Alice, why didn't you come yesterday
---I _____, but I had an unexpected visitor. (NMET97)
A. had B. would C. was going to D. did
常考英语语法重点难点回顾
一、主谓一致常考难题：
Five minutes is enough to do this exercise．More members than one are against your plan.
Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in future．
More than one student has seen the film. Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.
1.一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时, 谓语通常用复数形式：glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。
但如果主语用a kind of , a pair of , a series of等加名词构成时, 谓语动词一般用单数形式。A pair of shoes was on the desk．
2. 并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时, 谓语动词用单数形式, 这时and后面的名词没有冠词。例如:
Truth and honesty is the best policy．The girl's teacher and friend is a young doctor．
To love and to be loved is the great happiness. A knife and fork is on the table.
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.
3. 当主语后面跟有as well as, as much as , no less than, along with, with, like, rather than,
together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时, 其谓语动词的
单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。例如:
The teacher as well as the students was excited．The room with its furniture was rented．
4. A (great) number of修饰可数复数名词, 谓语动词用复数; a great deal of,a large amount of 修饰不可数名词, 其短语作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
5. 关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时, 其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。例如:Those who want to go please sign your names here．
Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun．
5. 季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐、学科名称，球类、棋类名词名称前一般不加冠词。 1/2 one(a) half 1/4 one(a) quarter
二、 形容词
1.形容词的顺序： 系动词be，grow，get，become，feel，appear，prove，seem，look，keep，smell，taste，sound，turn，remain限定词+数量形容词(序数词在前，基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国籍+材料
Those three beautiful large square old brown wood table
2. 某些以a-开首的形容词例如：afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake, alive 等只能作表语,不能作定语。
3. 某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词：friendly，lively， lovely，lonely，likely，deadly，silly，orderly, timely等。
4. adj & adv
1)close接近地 closely仔细地，密切地
2)free 免费地 freely自由地,无拘束地
3)hard努力地 hardly几乎不
4)late 晚，迟 lately 近来
5)most 极,非常 mostly主要地
6)wide广阔地，充分地 widely广泛地
7)high高 highly高度地，非常地
8)deep深，迟 deeply抽象意义的“深”
9)loud大声地 loudly大声地(含有喧闹的意思)
10)near邻近 nearly几乎
5. bad/ill, badly worse worst little less least
6. 表示一方不及另一方时，用“less＋原级＋than”的结构表示：
This room is less beautiful than that one．
7. 表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如：
even，a lot，a bit，a little，still，much，far, yet, by far等修饰：
He works even harder than before．
注意:by far 通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面, 如放在前面,应在二者中间加“the”。
He is taller by far than his brother. He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
8. 某些以-or结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。superior，junior，senior等。
He is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics．
9. 在比较从句中为了避免重复通常用that(those)，one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物，one既可指人，也可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。
例如：The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk．
A box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood．
10. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:
A is three (four,etc.) times the size (height, length, width,etc) of B.
The new building is four times the size (the height) of the old one.
这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(四倍高)。［高三倍］
A is three (four, etc.) times as big (high, long, wide, etc.) as B.
Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。
A is three (four,etc.) times bigger (higher, longer, wider) than B.
例如:Your school is three times bigger than ours.
你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。 表示两倍可以用 twice 或 double。
11. 表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent，extreme，perfect等,没有最高级,也不能用比较级。
12. 如果复数名词前有many、few，不可数名词前有much、little等表示量的形容词时，该用so而不用such。如：I've had so many falls that I'm black and blue all over.
Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together.
但little不表示数量而表示“小”的意思时,仍用such。如:
They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themselves.
13. almost与nearly
在very, pretty, not后用nearly, 不用almost。
在any, no, none, never前用almost, 不用nearly。
例如：I'm not nearly ready. I almost never see her.
三、情态动词
1. need 表示“需要”或“必须”,作情态动词时,仅用于否定句或疑问句中。
在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to或should 代替。
例如：You needn't come so early. Need I finish the work today －－Yes, you must.
注意：needn't have done“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。
例如：You needn't have waited for me.
2. “should have done”表示应该做到而实际上没有做到。
“ought to have done”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。
You should have started earlier. You ought to have helped him (but you didn't)
四、动词
1.书报的标题,小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。
2. 表示感觉,愿望和状态的某些动词如have, be, hear, see, like等词一般不用进行时。
3. 有些动词形式上是主动结构,但表示被动的意思。常见的有可和 well, easily 等副词连用的
不及物动词sell, wash, write, read, clean, cook等。例如：The cloth washes well.这布很经洗。
The new product sells well.这新产品很畅销。
The pen writes well.这支笔很好写。
4. 在动词 arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest等后
面的宾语从句中用“(should)＋ 动词原形”(虚拟语气)例如：
We suggested that we (should) have a meeting. We insisted that they (should) go with us.
The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.
He demanded that we (should) start right away.
5. 作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名词的表语从句和同位语从
句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“(should)＋动词原形”。
例如：We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.
My idea is that we (should) do exercises first.
6. 在feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, have, let, make等词后的补足语中,不定式不带to。
但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时,就必须带to。
例如：I often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song.
7. 注意：不定式动词在介词but, except, besides后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带to,否则要带to.如：
She could do nothing but cry. What do you like to do besides swim I have no choice but to go.
8. 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的
地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。
例如：He is looking for a room to live in.
There is nothing to worry about. Please give me a knife to cut with.
9. There / It is no use/ good/ not any use/ good/ useless doing sth.
10. 动词后可以用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式:
admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, can't help, can't stand(无法忍受)等。
I tried not to go there.(我设法不去那里。) I tried doing it again.(我试着又干了一次。)]
mean to do 有意... mean doing意味着... I mean to come early today.(我打算今天早些来。)
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.(误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。)
11. allow, advise, forbid, permit
We don't allow smoking here. We don't allow students to smoke.
12. 动词need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟动词作它的宾语时,若表示的含义是被动的,必须
用动名词,或不定式的被动式。例如：
The window needs(requires, wants)cleaning(to be cleaned).
13. 在短语devote to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to, be used to, object to, thank you for, excuse me for 等后的动词也必须用动名词形式：I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Badly polluted, the water cannot be drunk.(原因)
Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.
(原因,强调写的过程,故应用现在分词一般被动式)
Having been deserted by his guide, he couldn't find his way through the jungle.
(为了强调已完成的动作)
14. Asked to stay, I couldn't very well refuse.
这里 asked 可能意味着 having been asked, 也可能意味着when/since I was asked,
但用了 having been asked 就不会有歧义。
15. 下面句中过去分词表示的时间与谓语动词所表示的时间相同，所以不能代之以强调先于
谓语动词的现在分词完成被动式。例如：
Covered with confusion, I left the room.我很窘地离开了房间。
United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。
五、反意问句
1．He used to live in London, use(d)n't he /didn't he
There used to be a cinema here before the war, use(d)n't there /didn't there
Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they
He ought to be punished, oughtn't he
2. 但在正式文体中,用ought we not形式。例如:
We ought to go, ought we not 或We ought to go ,should we not
3.含有情态动词must的句子表示推则,作“想必”解时,疑问部分不可用mustn't。若前句强调对
现在情况的推测,疑问部分用aren't(isn't)十主语,例如：You must be tired,aren't you 若陈述部
分的must表示“有必要”时,附加疑问句部分则用needn't。
例如：You must go home right now, needn't you
4. 当mustn't 表示禁止时,附加疑问部分一般用must。如：You mustn't walk on grass, must you
5. 前句谓语动词是must have＋过去分词时,若前句强调对过去情况的推测(一般有过去时间
状语),疑问部分的谓语动词用didn't＋主语;若前句强调动作的完成,疑问部分的谓语动词用
haven't(hasn't)＋主语, 例如：
He must have met her yesterday, didn't he You must have seen the film, haven't you
6. 陈述句谓语部分出现否定词缀时(前缀或后缀),疑问部分仍用否定结构。
例如:He is unfit for his office, isn't he
7. 如果陈述部分包含有no, never, hardly, seldom, few, little, nowhere, nothing等否定或半否定
词时,疑问部分用肯定形式。例如：He is hardly 14 years old, is he
8. 如果陈述部分的主语为everyone, someone, no one等不定代词,其疑问部分的主语可用he,
也可用they。 Everyone knows his job, doesn't he Everyone knows their job, don't they
No one was hurt, were they I'm late, aren't I
One can't be too careful, can one(you) Have a cup of tea, will you
Let's go there, shall we Let us go there, will you
六、从句
1. 同位语从句跟在名词后面,进一步说明该名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的名词主要有
fact, news, promise, idea, truth等。连接词用that (不用which)及连接副词how, when, where, why等。例如：His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway.
The news that our team has won the match is true. She asked the reason why there was a delay.
2. 关联词只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情况如下:
A)在表语从句和同位语从句中。例如：
The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.
B)在主语从句中,只有用it作形式主语时,whether和if都能引导主语从句,否则,也只能用
whether。例如：Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn't been decided yet.
It hasn't been decided whether(if)we shall attend the meeting.
C)在介词之后。(介词往往可以省略)例如：
It all depends (on) whether they will support us.
D)后面直接跟动词不定式时。
He doesn't know whether to stay or not.
E)后面紧接or not 时。
We didn't know whether or not she was ready.
F)引导让步状语从句,只能用whether。
Whether you like it or not, you must do it well.
G)用if会引起歧义时。例如：Please let me know if you like it.
该句有两个意思：“请告诉我你是否喜欢”.或“如果你喜欢,请告诉我。”用whether就可以避免。
3. 在下面几种情况下必须用“that”引导定语从句：
1)先行词是不定代词：all,few,little, much,something,nothing,anything等。
All that we have to do is to practise every day.
2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。
The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
3)先行词被all,any,every, each, few,little,no,some, 等修饰。
I have read all the book (that) you gave me.
4)先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰时。
He is the only person that I want to talk to.
5)先行词既有人又有物时。
They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.
4. 先行词是表示地点时,要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that(which),否则用where。
This is the house where he lived last year.This is the house that (which) he visited last year.
七、倒装
1. 用no sooner…than和hardly…when引导的从句表示“刚……就……”。主句中的动词一般
用过去完成时,从句用过去时;而且主句一般倒装,把助动词had提到前面。
例如：Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise.
2. 代词作主语时,主谓语序不变。Here it is. Here he comes.
3. 当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时也常常引起全部倒装。
South of the city lies a big steel factory.From the valley came a frightening sound.
4. 表语置于句首时,倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”。
Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.
Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.
He has been to Beijing. So have I.
Li Wei can't answer the question. Neither can I.
5. 用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句。
Had you reviewed your lessons, you might have passed the examination.
6. .用于“形容词(或名词、动词)+as(though)引导的让步状语从句中。
例如：Pretty as she is ,she is not clever. Try as he would, he might fail again.
如果从句的表语是名词,其名词前不加任何冠词。
Child as he was, he had to make a living.
7. 用于no sooner…than…,hardly…when和not until的句型中。
Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.
8. 用于never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, little, often, at no time, not only, not once等词开头
的句子。Never shall I do this again. Little did he know who the woman was.
9. 用于以only开头的句子(only修饰副词,介词短语或状语从句时)。
Only this afternoon did I finish the novel. Only in this way can you master English.
Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.
如果only后面的词组不是状语,则不用倒装。Only Wang Ling knows this.
10. 用于某些表示祝愿的句子。May you succeed!祝你成功!
八、名词单复数
stomach－stomachs，a German－three Germans,
an American－two Americans，man cook - men cooks;
papers 报纸, 文件 manners礼貌 drinks饮料
in a word 简言之?in other words 换句话说
have words with 与某人吵嘴
have a few words (a word) with sb.与某人说几句话
The crowd were running for their lives．
某些集体名词, 如people, police, cattle等, 只当复数看待, 谓语动词必须用复数。
The police are searching for him.
动词短语精讲精练
动词短语既是高考考查的热点，也是难点。其主要测试考生在具体语境中运用动词短语的能力。主要涉及动词短语辨析，同时结合时态、语态对考生进行综合考查。备选词组形近或义近，或二者兼备或属同一动词不同搭配。为此广大考生应加强对考纲内重要动词短语的复习，熟记词义，对词义相近的短语加强辨析，特别是同一动词所构成的动词短语。
此文结合历年考题，对重要动词所构成的动词短语进行梳理，现分述如下：
一、bring
[要点] bring in引进；挣得bring about引起，导致bring up养育，培养；呕吐；提出 bring out使展现，推出（书、唱片等）bring down降低；使倒下bring back把…带回来；使忆起；使恢复bring forth结果，生产，产生bring forward提出；提前bring off 圆满完成（困难之事）bring on惹来（坏的结果）；加速生长。
[精练]
1. The Internet has brought _____big changes in the way we work.
A. about B. out C. back D. up
2. The teacher made up a sentence to ______the meaning of the phrase.
A. show off B. turn out C. bring out D. take in
3. As we all know, air pollution often ____diseases.
A. brings on B. brings up C. brings back D. brings forward
二、break
[要点] break down崩溃，瓦解；垮掉；失败；（化学）分解；（公共场所）失去理智break up打碎；大学放假；（物理）分解；分开，分成（几部分）；结束；制止break through逾越，突破；冲破break away(from)挣脱，脱离break out爆发break in破门而入break off折断；中断break into进入建筑物以便行窃；突然发出或开始；打扰。
[精练]
4. News reports say peace talks between the two countries ____with no agreement reached.
A. have broken down B. have broken out C. have broken in D. have broken up
5. You should relax yourself, otherwise you will _____in time.
A. break off B. break up C. wear out D. break down
6. Until then did I realize that their marriage was _____because they had little in common.
A. breaking up B. breaking down C. breaking through D. breaking off
三、come
[要点] come about发生come out结果出来；出版；泄露；开花come on跟随；作为挑战语；进展come across偶遇；被理解come true变为现实come up走上前；被提出；长出地面；走近；升起come up with产生，发现（解决办法、答案等）come along一起来come back回来；顶嘴come by努力获得come to总计；清醒过来come off脱落；进展。
[精练]
7. The girl is clever and she always ______good ideas whenever she is in trouble.
A. comes about B. comes up with C. gets up as D. comes up
8. --- I don’t feel like going out. Why don’t we watch TV at home
---______You promised to take me out for dinner.
A. Really B. Not at all. C. Why not D. Come on!
9. I have no idea how it _____that the man met with trouble again.
A. came up B. came out C. came across D. came about
四、carry
[要点] carry off获胜；成功做成（困难之事）carry on继续，坚持carry out执行carry through帮助渡难关；完成，实现carry back使忆起carry away失去理智。
[精练]
10. We didn’t plan our art exhibition like that but it _____very well.
A. worked out B. tried out C. went on D. carried on
11.---It’s a good idea. But who’s going to _____the plan
--- I think Tom and Greg will.
A. set aside B. carry out C. take in D. get through
12. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _____the next year.
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
五、get
[要点] get about四处走动；传开get across传达get along\on (with)进展，相处get away逃脱，设法离开get down下来；下车get in 收割；到达；请…来帮忙；考取get off出发；下班 get together聚会get up 起床；组织，筹划get up as打扮成get through 接通；通过；花费 get back取回；回到某地；继续做get by勉强够花get down to开始认真干get out被人知道，泄露；逃离get over克服，成功应付；恢复，复原。
[精练]
13. It was not a serious illness, and she soon _____it.
A. got over B. got on with C. got around D. got out of
14. We’re going to _____with some friends for a picnic. Would you like to join us
A. get in B. get over C. get along D. get together
15. His mother had thought it would be good for his character to _____from home and earn some money on his own.
A. run away B. get away C. keep away D. take away
六、give
[要点] give up放弃give in 屈服；呈交give out 用尽，耗尽；分发；公布，发表；发出give away露马脚；颁发；赠送，送掉；捐赠 give off发出 give back归还；使恢复。
[精练]
16. His strong accent _____when he was trying to tell a lie.
A. put him off B. let him out C. gave him away D. turned him up
17. During the urgent period, the ministry of foreign affairs _____brief news every day.
A. gave away B. gave out C. gave up D. gave off
18. Don’t mention that at the beginning of the story, or it may _____the shocking ending.
A. give away B. give out C. give up D. give off
七、go
[要点] go against违背；与……不符；对……不利go without勉强维持，凑合go in for爱好，参加；从事go by过去；依据，按照go on继续；发生go over 复习 ；仔细审查；走近 go ahead 进行 go though 被通过；从头到尾地阅读；排练；经历go away走开；外出度假；消失go for去取来或接来；争取得到;go out出去, 熄灭, 过时, 罢工, 向往, 辞职, 倒塌。
[精练]
19. I don’t ______rock’n’roll. It’s much too noisy for my taste.
A. go after B. go away with C. go into D. go in for
20. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to _____.
A. be put up B. give in C. be turned on D. go out
21. The price _____, but I doubt whether it will remain so.
A. went down B. will go down C. has gone down D. was going down
八、hold
[要点] hold on to保留，抓住不放hold back隐瞒；阻碍（某人发展）；（因谨慎而）退缩；控制（情感）hold out维持；抵抗，硬撑 hold up举起；（常用被动语态）延搁，阻滞；支撑hold up as作为榜样 hold off拖延；（雨雪等）迟迟不来；保持距离hold down控制（上升）；压制hold in抑制hold on 别挂断，等会儿；坚持hold over延期；以……要挟hold together团结一起。
[精练]
22. We thought of selling this old furniture, but we’ve decided to ______it. It might be valuable.
A. hold on to B. keep up with C. turn to D. look after
23. We meant to finish the task by dark, but we were so tired that we could not ______.
A. hold on B. keep to C. last on D. stick to
24. How long can they _____against the disaster
A. hold back B. hold out C. hold up D. hold over
九、keep
[要点] keep away（from）使远离 keep back 扣除，保留；隐瞒不讲keep off 避开；不踩、吃、谈等keep on继续keep out 挡在外边 ；(警示语)请勿靠近keep up保持，不低落；持续，继续keep up with跟上keep down抑制（以防其增长）。
[精练]
25. The story is so interesting that he doesn’t _____it even though it is time for lunch.
A. get rid of B. keep away from C. break away from D. tear himself away from
26. There is a piece of board at the gate of the construction, which reads: _____without permission.
A. keep away B. keep out C. keep off D. keep up
27. Would you slow down a bit, please I can’t _____you.
A. keep up with B. put up with C. make up to D. hold on to
十、look
[要点] look ahead向前看look about环顾look after照看；负责处理look back回忆，回顾look out 当心 ；找出 look on旁观look up 向上看；查阅；形势好转；看望look down upon看不起look forward to 盼望 look through翻阅 look into调查；向内看 look round寻找；边走边看，观光look over检阅；逐一检查。
[精练]
28. _____this book and tell me what you think of it.
A. Look through B. Look on C. Look into D. Look up
29. _____! There is a train coming.
A. Look out B. Look around C. Look forward D. Look on
30. She ____her number in the phone book to make sure that she had got it right.
A. looked up B. looked for C. picked out D. picked up
十一、make
[要点] make up编造；给某人化妆；组成，构成；补齐，凑足；准备，布置make up of 由……构成make up for 补偿，弥补make out 辨认出 make into制成；使成为make from制成make of 制成；理解，看待，对待make out of 由……制成make for走向，冲向；有助于，倾向于；make off 溜掉 make over（正式依法）转让。
[精练]
31. Tom was so busy these days because he had a lot of papers to ______.
A. take up B. make up C. work up D. hold up
32. Doctors say early rising _____good health.
A. makes off B. makes for C. makes out D. makes up
33. The idea puzzled me so much that I stopped for a few seconds to try to_____.
A. make it out B. make it off C. make it up D. make it over
十二、put
[要点] put across表达清楚put back放回原处；拨回；阻碍；推迟 put down揭下来；踩下；停车下人；平定，镇压；记下put aside放下（正在读的书或正在干的活）；储蓄；不顾，忽视put away将事物放置于惯常保存之处；储蓄；过度吃喝；放弃put forth（正式）长出put forward提出（计划、建议）；拨快；提前put in插嘴；安装；花费put off延期；推诿，闪避put on穿戴；假装；安排；上映put out扑灭；生产put up为某人提供食宿；短期住宿；建造；举起；张贴，公布put up with容忍。
[精练]
34. You can take anything from the shelf and read, but please _____the books when you’ve finished with them.
A. put on B. put down C. put back D. put off
35. Before the war broke out, many people _____in safe places possessions they could not take with them.
A. threw away B. put away C. gave away D. carried away
36. The forest guards often find campfires that have not been ____completely.
A. turned down B. put out C. put away D. turned over
十三、send
[要点] send for 派人去请；订购 send up上升；发射；取笑send out 发送；长出；发出（请柬、信号等）send off送行；邮寄出send away送走；解雇send down下降；开除（大学学生）send forth长出send in寄去。
[精练]
37. ---Will somebody go and get Dr. White
---He’s already been ____.
A. asked for B. sent for C. called for D. looked for
38. We can easily pick up the English programs _____by the CCTV.
A. sent off B. sent out C. sent away D. sent up
39. It was not until seven years old that I was _____to school.
A. sent away B. sent back C. sent out D. sent for
十四、set
[要点] set off 出发；引爆；引起，激发 set out 开始；动身踏上漫长旅途set up 创建，建立；安排；安装；竖起set up as当上 set about着手干（尤指费时费劲的事）；处理set aside不顾；（为某种目的，后接for）留出set apart使与众不同；（为某种用途）留出set back 阻碍，拖后腿set forth 启程；阐明set in（不愉快的事情）开始，来临set down下车；写下；放下。
[精练]
40. It’s ten years since the scientist _____on his life’s work of discovering the valuable chemical.
A. made for B. set out C. took off D. turned up
41. The primary school was _____where there used to be an old temple.
A. set up B. put up C. built up D. held up
42. If you ____any problems when you arrive at the airport, give me a ring.
A. come up with B. set about C. run into D. put aside
十五、take
[要点] take in吸收take for 误认为take out 拿出 take down 放下take up从事；拿起；占据（时间或空间）take off 飞机起飞；脱下；休假；走红take by攻占 take after像take along 随身携带take away带走，拿走；使离去take back 收回（说错的话）；退回(所购商品);使忆起take charge 负责，掌管 take on呈现；雇佣 take out拿出；带……出去take over 接管，接任take place发生take to开始喜欢；染上……习惯 take with 与……混在一起。
[精练]
43. Our daughter doesn’t know what to _____at the university, so she can’t make up
her mind about her future.
A. take in B. take up C. take over D. take on
44. To keep healthy, Professor Johnson _____cycling as a regular form of exercise after he retired.
A. took up B. caught on C. carried out D. made for
45. Helen always helps her mother even though going to school ______most of her day.
A. takes up B. makes up C. saves up D. puts up
十六、turn
[要点] turn against转而反对；使与…为敌turn back折回，掉转头turn away转身，走开，打发走turn out结果是；关上(电灯);赶出；生产，制造 turn down 拒绝；调小turn off 关掉；不喜欢turn over打翻；仔细思量；翻耕；移交 turn in 上交（作业等）；拐入turn into变成；翻译turn on打开；取决于turn to求助于；翻到 turn up调大；出现。
[精练]
46. We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn’t quite ______as planned.
A. make out B. turn out C. go on D. come up
47. I can hardly hear the radio. Would you please______
A. turn it on B. turn it down C. turn it up D. turn it off
48. He was disappointed to find his suggestions___.
A. been turned down B. turned down C. to be down D. to turn down
49. We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn’t quite ________ as planned.
A. make out B. turn out C. go on D. come up
50. The dictionary is being printed and it will soon_____.
A. turn out B. come out C. start out D. go out
Key 1--5 ACAAD 6--10 ABDDA 11--15 BCADB 16--20 CBADD 21--25 CAABD 26--30 BAAAA
31--35 BBACB 36--40 BBBAB 41--45 ACBAA 46--50 BCBBB
英语语法练习：情态动词
一、情态动词表推测
1. 肯定的推测一般用must, should, may（might）或could（不用can），其中，must的语气最强，译为“肯定”、“准是”、“想必是”；should的语气次之，译为“很可能”、“应该”，指按常理推测；may（might），could的语气最弱，译为“也许”、“可能”。
①Helen _____go on the trip with us but she isn’t quite sure yet. （2005年安徽卷）
A. shall B. must C. may D. can
②—I’ve taken someone else’s green sweater by mistake.
—It ___ Harry’s. He always wears green. （2005年广东卷）
A. has to be B. will be C. mustn’t be D. could be
③I have lost one of my gloves. I _______ it somewhere.（2005年北京春季卷）
A. must drop B. must have dropped
C. must be dropping D. must have been dropped
④If I ____ plan to do anything I wanted to ,I’d like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible. （2005年湖北卷）
A. would B. could C. had to D. ought to
Key: C D B B
2. 否定推测分为两种情况：
1）语气不很肯定时，常用may not, might not或could not，译为“可能不”、“也许不”。
You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers ______ not like the design of the furniture. （2004年上海春季卷）
A. must B. shall C. may D. need
Key： C
2）否定语气较强时，则用can’t，译为“根本不可能”、“想必不会”，表示惊异、怀疑的感彩。
①—Do you know where David is I couldn’t find him anywhere.
—Well. He ______ have gone far——his coat’s still here.（2005年湖北卷）
A. shouldn’t B. mustn’t C. can’t D. wouldn’t
②— Isn’t that Ann’s husband over there
— No, it _______ be him I’m sure he doesn’t wear glasses. （2004年全国卷Ⅰ）
A. can’t B. must not C. won’t D. may not
Key: C A
3. 疑问句中的推测，往往用can或could。
Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How ______ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony？（2001年上海春季卷）
A. can B. should C. may D. must
Key：A
4. 对已发生事情的肯定推测常用“must, may, might等+完成式”；否定推测常用“can, could, may, might等+完成式”。
①I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They _______ at least 150 kilometers an hour.（2005年重庆卷）
A. should have been doing B. must have been doing
C. could have done D. would have done
②He _______ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by seaside. （2005年北京卷）
A. should B. must C. wouldn’t D. can’t
③—Tom is never late for work. Why is be absent today
—Something ________ to him. （2005年江西卷）
A. must happen B. should have happened
C. could have happened D. must have happened
④ My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he_____your lecture.（2000年上海卷）
A. couldn’t have attended B. needn’t have atterded
C. mustn’t have attended D. shouldn’t have attended
Key: B B D A
二、“情态动词+完成式”
1. “should（ought to）+完成式”表示本应该做某事而实际上没有做。其否定式表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。
①—I’ll tell Mary about her new job tomorrow.
— You________ her last week. （2004年福建卷）
A． ought to tell B． would have told C． must tell D． should have told
②Oh, I’m not feeling well in the stomach, I _____ so much fried chicken just now. （2002年上海春季卷）
A. shouldn’t eat B. mustn’t have eaten
C. shouldn’t have eaten D. mustn’t eat
Key: D C
2. “could+完成式”表示本来能够做成某事的但结果没能做成，含有遗憾的意味。
He paid for a seat, when he ______ have entered free. （2005年山东卷）
A. could B. would C. must D. need
Key：A
3. “needn’t+不定式的完成式”表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事。例如：
You needn’t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.
你本不需要浇花的，因为天就要下雨了。
— Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.
— Thanks. You ______ it. I could manage it myself. （2005年福建卷）
A. needn’t do B. needn’t have done
C. mustn’t do D. shouldn’t have done
Key: B
三、常见的情态动词
1. shall用于一、三人称疑问句表示征求对方意见；用于二、三人称陈述句表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁等。
①“The interest be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides，” declared the judge. （2004年重庆卷）
A. may B. Should C. must D. shall
②—Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report.
— You ______ have my computer if you don’t take care of it. （2004年湖南卷）
A. shan’t B. might not C. needn’t D. shouldn’t
③ — The room is so dirty. ______ we clean it
— Of course. （2003年北京春季卷）
A. Will B. Shall C. Would D. Do
Key: D A B
2. must用于疑问句，表示责备、抱怨的感彩，意思为“偏偏，偏要”；mustn’t表示禁止，是说话人强有力的劝告。
①John, look at the time. _______ you play the piano at such a late hour？ （2005年全国卷Ⅲ）
A. Must B. Can C. May D. Need
②Tom, you leave all your clothes on the floor like this！ （2005年全国卷Ⅰ）
A. wouldn’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. may not
Key: A B
3. needn’t表示“没有必要”。
— Lucy doesn’t mind lending you her dictionary.
— She ______. I’ve already borrowed one. （2005年湖南卷）
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. shouldn’t
Key: C
4. would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。
When he was there, he ___ go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day.（1996年上海卷）
A. would B. should C. had better D. might
Key: A
5. 表示经过努力而成功的某一次动作，只能用was/were able to，而不能用could。
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _____ get out.
（1997年全国卷）
A. had to B. would C. was able to D. could
Key：C
6. 考查情态动词用作答语的情况
①—Write to me when you get home.
_______. （2001年北京春季卷）
A. I must B. I should C. I will D. I can
② — Could I call you by your first name？ —Yes, you ______. （1998年上海卷）
A. will B. could C. may D. might
Key：C C
巩固练习：
1. Michael ______ be a policeman, for he is much too short.
A. needn’t B. can’t C. should D. may
2. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ____ for her.
A. had to write it out B. must have written it out
C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out
3. Jack _____ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me.
A. mustn’t have arrived B. shouldn’t have arrived
C. can’t have arrived D. needn’t have arrived
4. Sir, you ______be sitting in this waiting room. It is for women and children only.
A. mustn’t B. can’t C. won’t D. needn’t
5. A left-luggage office is a place where bags _______ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station.
A. should B. can C. must D. will
6. — Is John coming by train
— He should, but he _____ not. He likes driving his car.
A. must B. can C. need D. may
7. It has been announced that candidates _______ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.
A. can B. will C. may D. shall
8. You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman ______ be so rude to a lady.
A. might B. need C. should D. would
9. —Don’t forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
—_______.
A. I don’t B. I won’t C. I can’t D. I haven’t
10. I didn’t see her in the meeting-room this morning. She ______ at the meeting.
A. mustn’t have spoken B. shouldn’t have spoken
C. needn’t have spoken D. couldn’t have spoken
答案与解析
1. B 从第二个分句“他太矮了”可以推知说话者持否定态度，needn’t意思是“没有必要”，与语境不符。
2. C 根据句意“我已经告诉她怎样到那儿，但是或许我应该给她写下来”可知，说话者含有“后悔、遗憾”的意味，应使用“情态动词+完成式”形式，“must+完成式”表示对过去的肯定推测，“should+完成式”才表示虚拟意义。
3. C 根据第二分句“否则的话他就会给我打电话了”可知“Jack肯定还没到”，“can’t+完成式”意思是“根本不可能”。
4. A 从第二分句可知，这是妇女和儿童专用候车室，因此你“不准”坐在这儿。mustn’t表示“禁止，不准”。
5. B can在此表示许可。
6. D 从后一句“他喜欢开车”可知说话者把握不大。must not不表示推测，can not的语气太绝对，意思是“根本不可能”。
7. D shall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺、威胁等意思。
8. C should在此表示惊讶的感彩，意思是“竟然”。
9. B 对祈使句的肯定回答用I will；否定回答用I won’t。
10. D 根据句意“我今天上午在会议室没见到她”， 所以“她根本不可能在会上发言”。表示“根本不可能”用can’t/couldn’t have done形式。
Beyond的用法
beyond一词是高中英语的必备词汇，其用法和含义较为复杂，很容易产生理解上的障碍，造成翻译上的失误。本文拟对beyond的一些用法浅析如下：
一、beyond作介词用时，使用最广，常用于下列几种情况：
1.表示位置，意思是“在……的那一边；在……之外；在更远处”。例如：
Beyond the river stood a power station．过了这条河就是一个发电站。
The sea is beyond that hill．大海在山的那边。
2.表示时间，其意为“迟于；超过”。例如：
Some shops keep open beyond midnight?有些商店营业到半夜以后。
He never sees beyond the present．他从未看到将来。
3.表示范围、水平、限度、能力等，意思是“超出；多于；为……所不能及”。在句中常作表语、定语或状语。
①作表语
Your work is beyond all praise．你的作品叫人赞扬不尽。
②作定语
These were matters beyond his understanding as yet．这些事情他那时候还不了解。
③作状语
We succeeded beyond our hopes．我们获得如此之成功，是我们始料所不及的。
She was really touched beyond words．她确实感动得无法形容。
4.用在否定和疑问句中，意思是“除……之外”。例如：
I know nothing beyond what he told me．除了他告诉我的以外，别的我都不知道。
Is there anything more you can say beyond that？除了那点之外，你还能说些什么吗？
5.beyond有时还可表示年龄或数量，意思是“超过”。例如：
He didn't believe in people living beyond 100．他不相信人能活到100岁以上。
At the meeting there were not beyond 20 people．到会的人不超过二十。
二、beyond也常作副词用，主要有下面两种用法：
1.指时空或正在进行中的活动，意思是“在远处；向远处；更远处”。例如：
If we cross the mountains we may find people living in the valley beyond．
如果我们翻过这些大山，我们就可以发现在远处山谷中生活的人们。
I'll go with you to the bridge，but not a step beyond．
我愿意同你一道走到桥头，但再远的地方一步也不愿意去。
2.表示外加，意思是“此外；以外”。例如：
He told me nothing beyond．此外他没告诉我什么。
三、beyond也可作名词用，常有下面三种情况：
1.指“远处的东西”。例如：
That is a river for small boats expending 30miles back into the beyond．
那是一条小船能上行30英里的河流。
2.表示超出普通经验范围的某种事物。例如：
What can we poor human beings know of the great beyond？
我们可怜的人类能知道来世的什么情况呢？
3.表示远处的性质或状态。例如：
His dream of beyond was forgotten in the actual life．他的不着边际的梦想被现实生活所吞没。
英语关键句型72句
1． It作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型
She had said what it was necessary to say.
2． 强调句型
It is not who rules us that is important, but how he rules us.
3． "All+抽象名词"或"抽象名词+itself"（very+形容词）
He was all gentleness to her.
4． 利用词汇重复表示强调
A crime is a crime a crime.
5． "something（much）of"和"nothing（little）of" "something of"相当于"to some extent"，表示程度。在疑问句或条件从句中，则为"anything of "，可译为"有点"，"略微等。""译为毫无"，"全无"。"much of"译为"大有"，"not much of"可译为"算不上"，"称不上"，"little of"可译为"几乎无"。something like译为"有点像，略似’’
They say that he had no university education, but he seems to be something of a scholar.
6． 同格名词修饰是指of前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物，"of"以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语，以修饰"of"后面的那个名词。如"her old sharper of a father"，可译为："她那骗子般的父亲"。
Those pigs of girls eat so much.
7． as…as…can（may）be
It is as plain as plain can be.
8． "It is in（with）…as in（with）"
It is in life as in a journey.
9． "as good as…"相等于，就像，几乎如；实际上，其实，实在。
The merchant as good as promised the orphan boy, that he would adopt him.
10．"many as well…as"和"might as well …as" "many as well…as"可译为"与其……，不如……，更好"，"以这样做……为宜"，"如同……，也可以……"等等。"might as well …as"表示不可能的事，可译为"犹如……"，"可与……一样荒唐"，"与其那样不如这样的好"等等。
One may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly.
11．"to make…of"的译法（使……成为……，把……当作）
I will make a scientist of my son.
12． oo…+不定式"，not（never）too…+不定式"，"too…not+不定式
She is too angry to speak.
13． only(not, all, but, never) too …to do so "和"too ready (apt) + to do"结构中，不定式也没有否定意义，凡是"not"，"all""but等字后+"too…to，"不定式都失去了否定意义，在"too ready（apt） +to do"结构中，不定式也没有否定意义。
You know but too yell to hold your tongue.
14． "no more …than…"句型
A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man.
15． "not so much…as"和"not so much as …"结构，"not so much…as"="not so much as …"，其中as有进可换用but rather，可译为："与其说是……毋须说是……"。而"not so much as"="without（not）even，"可译为"甚至……还没有"。
The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it .
16． "Nothing is more…than"和"Nothing is so …as"结构，"Nothing is more…than"和"Nothing is so …as"都具有最高级比较的意思，"Nothing I"可换用"no"，"nobody"，"nowhere"，"little"，"few"，"hardly"，"scarcely"等等，可译为"没有……比……更为"，"像……再没有了"，"最……"等。
Nothing is more precious than time.
17． "cannot…too…"结构,"cannot…too…"意为"It is impossible to overdo…"或者，即"无论怎样……也不算过分"。"not"可换用"hardly"，"scarcely"等，"too"可换用"enough"，"sufficient"等
You cannot be too careful.
18． "否定+but "结构，在否定词后面的"but"，具有"which not"，"who not"，"that not"，等等否定意义，构成前后的双重否定。可译成"没有……不是"或"……都……"等
Nothing is so bad but it might have been worse.
19． "否定+until (till)"结构，在否定词"no"，"not"，"never"，"little"，"few"，"seldom"等的后边所接用的"until/till"，多数情况下译为"直到……才……"，"要……才……"，把否定译为肯定。
Nobody knows what he can do till he has tried.
20． "not so…but"和"not such a …but"结构，这两个结构和"否定+but"的结构差不多，不同之点是这两个结构中的"but"是含有"that…not"意味的连续词，表示程度。可译为"还没有……到不能做……的程度"，"并不是……不……"，"无论怎样……也不是不能……"等。
He is not so sick but he can come to school.
21． "疑问词+should…but "结构，这个结构表示过去的意外的事，意为"none…but"，可译为"除了……还有谁会……"，"岂料"，"想不到……竟是……"等。
Who should write it but himself
22． "who knows but (that)…"和"who could should…but"结构，这个结构是反问形式，一般意译为"多半"，"亦未可知"等等，有时也可直译。
Who knows but (that) he may go
23． "祈使句+and"和"祈使句+or"结构，"祈使句+and"表示"If…you…"，"祈使名+or"表示"if…not…，you。
Add love to a house and you have a home. Aad righteousness to a city and you have a community. Aad truth to a pile of red brick and you have a school.
24． "名词+and"结构，在这个结构中，名词等于状语从句，或表示条件，或表示时间。
A word, and he would lose his temper.
25． "as…,so…"结构，这里的"so"的意思是"in the same way"（也是如此）。此结构表明两个概念在程度上和关系上相似。
As rust eats iron, so care eats the heart.
26． "if any"结构，"if any"和"if ever"，意思是"果真有……"，"即使有……"，表示加强语气。与此类似的还有："if anything"（如有不同的话，如果稍有区别），"if a day"（=at least，至少）。
There is little, if any, hope.
27． "be it ever(never)so"和"let it be ever(never)so"结构，这里，"be it"中的"be"是古英语假设语气的遗留形式，现代英语则使用"let it be"。"ever so"和"never so"都表示同一意思，都表示"very"。
Be it ever so humble (let it be ever so humble), home is home.
28． "the last+不定式"和"the last +定语从词"结构，这种结构中的"last"意思是"the least likely"，用于否定性推论。可译为"最不大可能的"，"最不合适的"，由原意的"最后一个……"变成"最不可能……的一个"。
He is the last man to accept a bride.
29． "so…that…"句型，这个句型的意思是"如此……，以致于……"，但在翻译成汉语时，许多情况下，并不是一定要译成"如此……以致于……"，而是变通表达其含义。
He ran so fast that nobody could catch him up.
30． "more + than+原级形容词（副词）"结构，这是将不同性质加以比较，其中的"more"有"rather"的意思。
It is more than probable that he will fall.
31． "more than +动词"结构，这种结构表示动词的程度，可译为"异常"，"岂止"，"十二分地"等。
This more than satisfied me.
32． "good and …"的副词用法，译为"非常"，"很"等。类似还有"nice and …", "fine and …," "lovely and …", "bright and …", "rare and …", "big and …"等，均表示程度。The apples are good and ripe.
41． "better…than…"句型
Better my life should be ended by their hate, than that hated life should be prolonged to live without your love.
42."as it were"是一个非常常用的插入语，意思是"好象"，"可以说"等。
Apiece of iron near a magnet, though apparently separate from it , feels, as it were, the threads of this attachment.
43.复杂结构，在下面例句中，由于anyone的定语从句过长，把谓语must realize提到定语从句之前。
Though faith and confidence are surely more or lass foreign to my nature, I do not infrequently find myself looking to them to be able, diligent, candid, and even honest. Plainly enough, that is too large an order, as anyone must realize who reflects upon the manner in which they reach public office.
44． "not…any more than…"为："不能……，正如不能……"。
One cannot learn to sketch and express himself graphically only by
动词是英语中最活跃的词类，是句子的核心成分。此外，英语动词的变化较多，形式颇为复杂，是英语学习的难点之一。历届高考英语试题常把动词作为测试的重点，在单项填空题中所占比例在50%以上。我们通过对近十年来的高考英语试题进行分析，归纳常考动词十五类，供大家参考。
一、连系动词类
连系动词按其所表示的意义可分为以下3种：
1．变化类表事物发展变化的过程，如become, go, turn, grow, get, fall等。
2．感觉类表人体部位的感受，如feel, smell, taste, look, sound appear, seem, look等。
3．状态类表事物所处的状态，如keep, come, run, remain, stand, lie, stay, prove等。
连系动词的作用是后接形容词或相当于形容词的结构作表语。除了少数几个（如feel, get, become, grow等）外，不用于进行时态和被动结构。例如：
The mixture is tasted terrible.（误）
The mixture tastes terrible（正）
【高考例题】
(1) ---Do you like the material ---Yes, it ____ very soft. (NMET94)（西安分卷3）
A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt
(2) Why don't you put the meat in the fridge It will ____ fresh for several days.
(NMET 03)
A. be stayed B. stay C. be staying D. have stayed
(3) The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain ____ as the plane
was making a landing. (04春季高考上海卷）
A. seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating
(4) Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may ____ run
over by a car. (02高考北京卷）
A. have B. get C. become D. turn
(5) Happy birthday, Alice. So you have ____ twenty-one already. (04天津卷）
A. become B. turned C. grown D. passed
(6) Sarah, hurry up. I'm afraid you can't have time to ____ before the party.
(04全国卷II)
A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change
(7) 0n hearing the news of the accident in the coal mine, she ____ pale. (04湖北卷）
A. got B. changed C. went D. appeared
(8 )The flowers ____ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. (04上海卷）
A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt
(9) Although he has taken a lot of medicine, his health ____ poor. (02春上海卷）
A. proves B. remains C. maintains D. continues
(10) I love to go to the seaside in summer. It ____ good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool sea. A. does B. feels C. gets D. makes
二、感官动词类
常考的感官动词有see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, find, catch等。感官动词的主要作用是后接非谓语动词的不同形式作宾语补足语，表达不同的含义。
1．后接不带to的不定式表示一个发生过或者还没发生具体的动作。
I often heard the song sung, but I have never heard you sing it.
When you go to watch the football watch, you will enjoy seeing the Chinese football team win.
2．后接V-ing形式表伴随的动作。
Seeing the sun rising above the surface of the sea, we let out a shout of joy.
Hearing this, I felt my heart beating fast.
3．后接V-ed形式表被动意义。
After his return twenty years later, he found his home town greatly changed.
Although I had learnt some English, I had never heard a word of it spoken.
【高考例题】
(1) The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ____ the next year.
(NMET 2000)
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
(2) A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ____ in the kitchen. ( NMET 03)
A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked
(3) The missing boys were last seen ____ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
(4) The salesman scolded the girl who was caught ____ and let her off. (NMET93)
A. to have stolen B. to be stealing C .to steal D. stealing
(5) He looked around and caught a man ____ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting (04春北京卷）
三、使役动词类
表“致使”意义的动词称之为使役动词，如make, let, have, keep, leave, set, send等。使役动词的作用是后接非谓语动词的不同形式作宾语补足语，表达不同的含义。分以下三种情况：
1. make, let have等后接不带to的不定式，表“使／让某人／某物做某事”。
Don't make him do it if he doesn't want to.
If you have any problems, just let me know.
在被动结构中不定式须带to，但是have不用于被动结构中.
He was made to apologize to the guest.
2. have, keep, leave, send, set, get等后接V-ing形式，表持续性动作。
I'm sorry to keep you waiting for so long.
Why do you have him worrying about his lessons
3. have, keep, leave等后接V-ed形式，表被动含义。
He didn't keep on asking me the time until he had had his watch repaired.
I'll keep you informed as soon as I have the news.
【高考例题】
（1)Don't leave the water＿while you brush your teeth. (04天津卷）
A. run B. running C. being run D. to run
(2)Laws that punish parents for their children's actions against the laws get parents＿．(04重庆卷）
A. worried B. to worry C. worrying D. worry
(3) ---Why did you go back to the shop
---I left my friend ____ there. (03春安徽内蒙古卷）
A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. waits
(4) It was so cold that they kept the fire ____ all night. (NMET91)
A. to burn B. burn C. burning D. burned
(5) ---Good morning, can I help you
---I'd like to have this package ____，madam.
A. be weighed B. weighing C. weighed D. to weigh (NMET89)
(6) The speaker raised his voice but still couldn't make himself ____．(NMET91)
A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard
(7) As you have never been there before, I'll have someone ____ you the way.
(94上海卷）
A. show B. to show C. showing D. showed
(8) Paul doesn't have to be made ____．He always works hard. (NMET95)
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
(9) A computer can do only what thinking people ______．(99上海卷）
A. have it do B. have it done C. have done it D. having it done
(10) Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had
had ____ went wrong. (98年上海卷）
A. it B. it repaired C. repaired D. to be repaired
四、含情感色彩的动词
这类动词有excite, inspire, encourage, interest, satisfy, delight, please, move, frighten, surprise, amaze, astonish, shock, worry, astonish, disappoint, discourage, exhaust, puzzle, tire, terrify等。情感动词后接指人的名词或代词作宾语，有V-ing和V-ed两种形式，在句中作宾语和表语，V-俄ed形式指人，V-ing形式则指事物。
The story was so moving that everyone present was moved to tears.
What disappointing result! We were all disappointed with it.
Climbing a hill was tiring and we were tired when we reached the summit.
【高考例题】
(1) Nick is looking for another job because he feels that nothing he does ____ his boss. (2000春北京安徽内蒙古卷）
A. serves B. satisfies C. promises D. supports
(2) ---I'm very ____ with my own cooking. It looks nice smells delicious.
---Mm, it does have a ____ smell. (02春NMET )
A. pleasant; pleased B. pleased; pleased C. pleasant; pleasant D. pleased; pleasant
(3) Mr. Smith, ____ of the ____ speech, started to read a novel. (03春北京卷）
A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring
(4) It is believed that if a book is____, it will surely ____ the reader.
(03上海聋）
A. interested; interest B. interesting；be interested
C. interested；be interesting D. interesting; interest
(5) After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home ____.(04春上海卷）
A. being exhausted B. exhausted C. exhausting D. having exhausted
五、后接不定式动词类
afford, agree, choose, determine, expect, decide, learn, offer, mange, hope, want, wish, promise, refuse, fail, pretend, happen等动词，后跟不定式作宾语。
Thank you for offering to help, but I can manage myself.
He learned to ride a bicycle when he was a small boy.
【高考例题】
(1) We agreed＿here but so far she hasn't turned up yet. (NMET95)
A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met
(2) Little Jim should love ____ to the theatre this evening. (NMET92)
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
(3) I don't know whether you happen＿，but I'm going to study in the U S A this September. (04辽宁卷）
A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard
(4) She pretended＿me when I passed by. (NMET89)
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen
(5) Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears ____ everything.
(01高考上海卷）
A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told
六、后接V-ing形式动词类
该类动词常考的有appreciate, avoid, bear, consider, dislike, delay, enjoy, escape, finish, hate, imagine, keep， mind, miss, practise, postpone, resist, risk,' stand, suggest 等。这些动词须接V-ing形式作宾语。例如；
I don't mind waiting, but I've got to stand in the cold wind.
Have you considered making some necessary changes to your plan
Only by practising speaking English every day can you expect to improve your spoken English.
【高考例题】
（1) I would appreciate ____ back this afternoon.
A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. you're calling
(2) While shopping, people sometimes can't help ____ into buying something they don't really need. (96年上海卷）
A. to persuade B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
(3) He has always insisted on his ____ Dr. turner instead of Mr. Turner. (92上海卷）
A. been called B. called C. being called D. having called
(4) I really appreciate ____ to relax with you on this nice island. (04年上海卷）
A. to have had time B. having time C. to have time D. to having time
(5) Do you mind＿alone at home (94年上海卷）
A. Jane leaving B. Jane having left C. Jane's being left D. Jane to be left
(6) I can hardly imagine Peter ____ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. (NMET91)
A. sail B. to sail C. sailing D. to have sailed
七、后接不定式与V-ing形式意义不同动词类
remember, try, regret, mean, forget, stop, go on, can't help等后接不定式与V-ing形式作宾语，表达含义不同。见下表：
动词 接动名词作宾语 接不定式作宾语
Remember 过去发生的动作 将来的动作
try 尝试做某事 努力做某事
regret 对做过的事表示后悔 对要做的事表示遗憾
mean 意味着做某事 企图（打算）做某事
can't help 禁不住做某事 不能帮助做某事
go on 继续做未完成的事情 做完一件事后，接着做另一件事
forget 忘记以前曾做过某事 忘记做某事
stop 中断正在做的事情 中断正在做的事去做别的事
例如：
I remember being pad, but I've forgotten the exact amount.
Please remember to send me a photo of your son the next time you write to me.
I don't really mean to work here, which means leaving the job soon afterwards.
【高考例题】
（1）---The light in the office is still on. (NMET91)
---Oh, I forgot ______.
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
(2) ---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. (NMET95)
---Well, now I regret ______ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
(3) She can't help＿the house because she's busy making a cake. (97上海卷）
A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned
(4) ---1 usually go there by train. (NMET92)
---Why not _____ by boat for a change
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
(5) ---Let me tell you something about the journalfists.
---Don't you remember＿me the story yesterday (99年高考上海卷）
A. told B. telling C .to tell D. to have told
(6) The library needs ____, but I'll have to wait until Sunday. (NMET92)
A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. being cleaned D. clean
(7) 1n some parts of London, missing a bus means ____ for another hour.
(02春上海卷）
A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting
(8) She reached the top of the hill and stopped ____ on a big rock by the
side of thepath.(NMET90)
A. resting B. to have rested C. rested D. to rest
(9) Go on ____ the other exercise after you have finished this one. (NMET89)
A. to do B. doing C. with D. to be doing
（Key: BDADB RADA)
八、进行时态表将来意义动词类
这类动词一般为表位置移动或方向性动词，如go,come, start, arrive, take, leave, move等。例如： When are going off to for Shanghai
Mary as well as her parents is leaving for California next month.
【高考例题】
(1) I've won a holiday for two to Florida. I ____ my mum. (01春NMET)
A. am taking B. have taken C. take D. will have taken
(2) ---What were you doing when he came to see you (89上海卷）
---I had just put on my overcoat and _____ visit a friend.
A. leaving B. was left C. left D .was leaving
(3) ---What were you doing when Tony phoned you？
---I had just finished my work and _____ to take a shower. (04天津卷）
A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting
九、主动表被动动词类
英语中有些动词可用其主动形式表达被动含义，可分为以下三种情况：
1．某些实义动词的主动形式后跟副词表示被动意义，这类动词有sell, wash, write, last, read, wear等。这种“动词＋副词”结构，常表示事物内部特有的属性。
This kind of cloth washes well and lasts long.
The pen my father gave me as a birthday gift writes smoothly.
Written in simple English, this article reads easily.
2．某些及物动词转为不及物动词后，其主动形式表示被动意义，如open（打开，营业），
close（关门），shut（关闭），cut（切割），weigh重), act（上演）等。
The door won't shut.
This shop opens much earlier than it used to.
Each stone weighs 2 tons.
3．某些不及物动词，如happen, occur, cost以及短语，如come out（出版），come up（出现），come into being（产生）come to one's mind想起），turn out（证明是），come about（发生），break out姆发），belong to (属于）等，本身表被动含义，所以它们常用主动形式。
The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 18th century.
Suddenly an idea came to his mind.
It never occurred to me to phone you.
【高考例题】
(1) The evening news comes on at seven o'clock and ____ only thirty minutes.
(04全国卷II)
A. keeps B. continues C. finishes D. lasts
(2) ---Mummy, can I put the peaches in the cupboard (02北京卷）
---No, dear. They don't _____ well. Put them in the fridge instead.
A. keep B. fit C. get D. last
(3) Books of this kind _____ well.（99上海卷）
A. sell B. sells C. are sold D .is sold
十、虚拟语气动词类
insist, order, command, suggest, advise, propose, ask, require, request, demand等后接引导的宾语从句时，谓语动词须用“(should)＋动词原形”。
The guard at the gate insisted that everyone should obey the rules.
The rule requires that everyone, young or old, man or women, have his car checked once a year.
【高考例题】
(1) ---How do you _____ we go to Beijing for our holidays.
---I think we'd better fly there. It's much more comfortable. (04福建卷）
A. insist B. want C. suppose D. suggest
(2) Jane's pale face suggested that she _____ ill, and her parents suggested that she _____ a medical examination. (94上海卷）
A. be; should have B. was; have C. should be; had D. was; has
(3) _____ sent to work here (02上海卷）
A. Who do you suggest B. Who do you suggest that should
C. Do you suggest who should D. Do you suggest whom should
十一、省略替代类
believe, think, suppose, guess, hope, expect, imagine, would like/ love, be afraid等动词用于简略回答中，后接so来替代肯定分句，用not来替代否定分句。或接to来替代前面内容相同的不定式，表示看法、意见、设想、打算等。例如：
---Do you think Norman would have lent me his car I had asked him to
---Yes, I ,think so.
---Will you be able to come to my birthday party
---I'd love to, but I'm too busy.
注意：believe, think, suppose, guess等用于否定回答时，既可以说I believe (think, suppose guess) not，也可以说I don't believe (think, suppose guess) so，但用hope, expect, be afraid作否定回答时，只能说I hope (expect) not以及I'm afraid not,
【高考例题】
(1) ---I believe we've met somewhere before. (2000春季北京、安徽、内蒙古卷）
---No, ______.
A. it isn't the same B. it can't be true
C. I don't think so D. I'd rather not
(2) ---The boys are not doing a good job at all, are they (03春北京卷） ---________.
A. I guess not so B. I don't guess C. I don't guess it D. I guess not
(3) ---Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend
---______. (NMET94)
A. I don't believe B. I don't believe it C. I believe not so D. I believe not
十二、否定转移类
think, believe, guess, suppose, imagine, expect等动词后接that引导的宾语从句时，从句若为否定结构，常将否定词not前移到主句中。
I don't think it is possible to learn a foreign language well without much memory work.
He doesn't think Tom will make an excellent player.
当该结构的主句主语为第一人称时，变为反意疑问句，后半句的主语和谓语简略形式应与从句保持一致，否则与主句保持一致。例如：
I don't think there is anything else I need, is there
He doesn't believe he will be able to solve the problems by herself, does he
【高考例题】
(1) I don't suppose anyone will volunteer, _____？ (01上海卷）
A. do I B. don't I C. will they D. won't they
(2) Mrs. Black doesn't believe her son is able to design a digital camera,____？
(02上海卷）
A. is he B. isn't he C. doesn't she D. does she
十三、带介词t0的动词短语类
这类短语有be (get) used to, lead to, devote…to, look forward to, stick to, object to, get down to, there is no end to等。当它们后面出现动词时，要用V-ing形式。例如：
I've got used to driving in all kinds of weather.
As soon as she returned home from abroad, she got down to preparing supper for children.
注意区分介词to与不定式符号to a
He used to drive on the right and now he is used to driving on the left.
(used to表“过去常常”,to为不定式符号，be used to 表“习惯于”,to为介词）
I'm looking forward to seeing you soon.
〔look forward to意思是“盼望，期待”，to为介词。）
He looked forward to see what was happening.
(look forward意为“向前看”，to see是不定式作目的状语。）
【高考例题】
(1) Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _____ some schools for poor children. (01上海卷）
A. set up B. setting up C. have set up D. having set up
(2) The discovery of new evidence led to _____. (03上海卷）
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief
C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
(3) She looks forward every spring to _____ the flower-lined garden. (94上海卷）
A. visit B. paying a visit C. walking D. walking in
十四、瞬间（非延续性动词）类
这类动词常考的有go, come, leave, start, return, begin, arrive, stop, finish, borrow, lend, open, close, die, become, break, join, marry, employ, graduate等。瞬间（非延续性动词）表短暂性的动作，因此不可与表“段时间”的for/ since短语或since从句连用。例如：
He has come here for three years.（误）
He has been here for three years.（正）
It is three years since he came here.（正）
【高考例题】
(1) It's ten years since the scientist _____ his life's work of discovering the valuable chemical. (04江苏卷）
A. made for B. set out C. took off D. turned up
(2) My uncle ____ until he was forty-five. (2000高考上海卷）
A. married B. didn't married C. was not marrying D. would marry
(3) ---_____ David and Vicky _____ married (03北京卷）
---For about three years.
A. How long were; being B. How long have; got
C. How long have; been D. How long did; get
(4) ---How long ______ at this job (03春北京卷）
---Since 1990.
A. were you employed B. have you been employed
C. had you been employed D. will you be employed
(5) When Jack arrived he learned Mary ____ for almost an hour. (NMET92)
A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away
(6) They _____ friends since they met in Shanghai. (NMET89)
A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have turned
十五、计划未能实现类
intend, mean, hope, wish, plan, expect, think, want, suppose等动词用于过去时态，可表示过去未能实现的愿望、想法、打算等。
1．该类动词用于过去完成时后接不定式或宾语从句。
I had never thought you would bring me such a nice gift.
I had panned to call on you, but I was too busy to get away.
2．该类动词用于一般过去时后接不定式的完成式或一般式。
I'd like to have arrive on time, but I was caught on the traffic jam.
【高考例题】
(1) ---You should have thanked her before you left.
---I meant _____, but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere.
(2000春上海卷）
A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing so
(2) ---Why haven't you bought any butter (01春北京安徽内蒙古卷）
---I ____ to but I forgot about it.
A. liked B. wished C. meant D. expected
(3) I would love _____ the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. (NMET97)
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
(4) ---Alice, why didn't you come yesterday
---I _____, but I had an unexpected visitor. (NMET97)
A. had B. would C. was going to D. did
常考英语语法重点难点回顾
一、主谓一致常考难题：
Five minutes is enough to do this exercise．More members than one are against your plan.
Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in future．
More than one student has seen the film. Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.
1.一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时, 谓语通常用复数形式：glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。
但如果主语用a kind of , a pair of , a series of等加名词构成时, 谓语动词一般用单数形式。A pair of shoes was on the desk．
2. 并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时, 谓语动词用单数形式, 这时and后面的名词没有冠词。例如:
Truth and honesty is the best policy．The girl's teacher and friend is a young doctor．
To love and to be loved is the great happiness. A knife and fork is on the table.
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.
3. 当主语后面跟有as well as, as much as , no less than, along with, with, like, rather than,
together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时, 其谓语动词的
单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。例如:
The teacher as well as the students was excited．The room with its furniture was rented．
4. A (great) number of修饰可数复数名词, 谓语动词用复数; a great deal of,a large amount of 修饰不可数名词, 其短语作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
5. 关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时, 其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。例如:Those who want to go please sign your names here．
Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun．
5. 季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐、学科名称，球类、棋类名词名称前一般不加冠词。 1/2 one(a) half 1/4 one(a) quarter
二、 形容词
1.形容词的顺序： 系动词be，grow，get，become，feel，appear，prove，seem，look，keep，smell，taste，sound，turn，remain限定词+数量形容词(序数词在前，基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国籍+材料
Those three beautiful large square old brown wood table
2. 某些以a-开首的形容词例如：afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake, alive 等只能作表语,不能作定语。
3. 某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词：friendly，lively， lovely，lonely，likely，deadly，silly，orderly, timely等。
4. adj & adv
1)close接近地 closely仔细地，密切地
2)free 免费地 freely自由地,无拘束地
3)hard努力地 hardly几乎不
4)late 晚，迟 lately 近来
5)most 极,非常 mostly主要地
6)wide广阔地，充分地 widely广泛地
7)high高 highly高度地，非常地
8)deep深，迟 deeply抽象意义的“深”
9)loud大声地 loudly大声地(含有喧闹的意思)
10)near邻近 nearly几乎
5. bad/ill, badly worse worst little less least
6. 表示一方不及另一方时，用“less＋原级＋than”的结构表示：
This room is less beautiful than that one．
7. 表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如：
even，a lot，a bit，a little，still，much，far, yet, by far等修饰：
He works even harder than before．
注意:by far 通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面, 如放在前面,应在二者中间加“the”。
He is taller by far than his brother. He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
8. 某些以-or结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。superior，junior，senior等。
He is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics．
9. 在比较从句中为了避免重复通常用that(those)，one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物，one既可指人，也可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。
例如：The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk．
A box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood．
10. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:
A is three (four,etc.) times the size (height, length, width,etc) of B.
The new building is four times the size (the height) of the old one.
这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(四倍高)。［高三倍］
A is three (four, etc.) times as big (high, long, wide, etc.) as B.
Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。
A is three (four,etc.) times bigger (higher, longer, wider) than B.
例如:Your school is three times bigger than ours.
你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。 表示两倍可以用 twice 或 double。
11. 表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent，extreme，perfect等,没有最高级,也不能用比较级。
12. 如果复数名词前有many、few，不可数名词前有much、little等表示量的形容词时，该用so而不用such。如：I've had so many falls that I'm black and blue all over.
Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together.
但little不表示数量而表示“小”的意思时,仍用such。如:
They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themselves.
13. almost与nearly
在very, pretty, not后用nearly, 不用almost。
在any, no, none, never前用almost, 不用nearly。
例如：I'm not nearly ready. I almost never see her.
三、情态动词
1. need 表示“需要”或“必须”,作情态动词时,仅用于否定句或疑问句中。
在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to或should 代替。
例如：You needn't come so early. Need I finish the work today －－Yes, you must.
注意：needn't have done“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。
例如：You needn't have waited for me.
2. “should have done”表示应该做到而实际上没有做到。
“ought to have done”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。
You should have started earlier. You ought to have helped him (but you didn't)
四、动词
1.书报的标题,小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。
2. 表示感觉,愿望和状态的某些动词如have, be, hear, see, like等词一般不用进行时。
3. 有些动词形式上是主动结构,但表示被动的意思。常见的有可和 well, easily 等副词连用的
不及物动词sell, wash, write, read, clean, cook等。例如：The cloth washes well.这布很经洗。
The new product sells well.这新产品很畅销。
The pen writes well.这支笔很好写。
4. 在动词 arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest等后
面的宾语从句中用“(should)＋ 动词原形”(虚拟语气)例如：
We suggested that we (should) have a meeting. We insisted that they (should) go with us.
The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.
He demanded that we (should) start right away.
5. 作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名词的表语从句和同位语从
句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“(should)＋动词原形”。
例如：We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.
My idea is that we (should) do exercises first.
6. 在feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, have, let, make等词后的补足语中,不定式不带to。
但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时,就必须带to。
例如：I often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song.
7. 注意：不定式动词在介词but, except, besides后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带to,否则要带to.如：
She could do nothing but cry. What do you like to do besides swim I have no choice but to go.
8. 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的
地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。
例如：He is looking for a room to live in.
There is nothing to worry about. Please give me a knife to cut with.
9. There / It is no use/ good/ not any use/ good/ useless doing sth.
10. 动词后可以用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式:
admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, can't help, can't stand(无法忍受)等。
I tried not to go there.(我设法不去那里。) I tried doing it again.(我试着又干了一次。)]
mean to do 有意... mean doing意味着... I mean to come early today.(我打算今天早些来。)
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.(误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。)
11. allow, advise, forbid, permit
We don't allow smoking here. We don't allow students to smoke.
12. 动词need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟动词作它的宾语时,若表示的含义是被动的,必须
用动名词,或不定式的被动式。例如：
The window needs(requires, wants)cleaning(to be cleaned).
13. 在短语devote to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to, be used to, object to, thank you for, excuse me for 等后的动词也必须用动名词形式：I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Badly polluted, the water cannot be drunk.(原因)
Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.
(原因,强调写的过程,故应用现在分词一般被动式)
Having been deserted by his guide, he couldn't find his way through the jungle.
(为了强调已完成的动作)
14. Asked to stay, I couldn't very well refuse.
这里 asked 可能意味着 having been asked, 也可能意味着when/since I was asked,
但用了 having been asked 就不会有歧义。
15. 下面句中过去分词表示的时间与谓语动词所表示的时间相同，所以不能代之以强调先于
谓语动词的现在分词完成被动式。例如：
Covered with confusion, I left the room.我很窘地离开了房间。
United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。
五、反意问句
1．He used to live in London, use(d)n't he /didn't he
There used to be a cinema here before the war, use(d)n't there /didn't there
Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they
He ought to be punished, oughtn't he
2. 但在正式文体中,用ought we not形式。例如:
We ought to go, ought we not 或We ought to go ,should we not
3.含有情态动词must的句子表示推则,作“想必”解时,疑问部分不可用mustn't。若前句强调对
现在情况的推测,疑问部分用aren't(isn't)十主语,例如：You must be tired,aren't you 若陈述部
分的must表示“有必要”时,附加疑问句部分则用needn't。
例如：You must go home right now, needn't you
4. 当mustn't 表示禁止时,附加疑问部分一般用must。如：You mustn't walk on grass, must you
5. 前句谓语动词是must have＋过去分词时,若前句强调对过去情况的推测(一般有过去时间
状语),疑问部分的谓语动词用didn't＋主语;若前句强调动作的完成,疑问部分的谓语动词用
haven't(hasn't)＋主语, 例如：
He must have met her yesterday, didn't he You must have seen the film, haven't you
6. 陈述句谓语部分出现否定词缀时(前缀或后缀),疑问部分仍用否定结构。
例如:He is unfit for his office, isn't he
7. 如果陈述部分包含有no, never, hardly, seldom, few, little, nowhere, nothing等否定或半否定
词时,疑问部分用肯定形式。例如：He is hardly 14 years old, is he
8. 如果陈述部分的主语为everyone, someone, no one等不定代词,其疑问部分的主语可用he,
也可用they。 Everyone knows his job, doesn't he Everyone knows their job, don't they
No one was hurt, were they I'm late, aren't I
One can't be too careful, can one(you) Have a cup of tea, will you
Let's go there, shall we Let us go there, will you
六、从句
1. 同位语从句跟在名词后面,进一步说明该名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的名词主要有
fact, news, promise, idea, truth等。连接词用that (不用which)及连接副词how, when, where, why等。例如：His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway.
The news that our team has won the match is true. She asked the reason why there was a delay.
2. 关联词只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情况如下:
A)在表语从句和同位语从句中。例如：
The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.
B)在主语从句中,只有用it作形式主语时,whether和if都能引导主语从句,否则,也只能用
whether。例如：Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn't been decided yet.
It hasn't been decided whether(if)we shall attend the meeting.
C)在介词之后。(介词往往可以省略)例如：
It all depends (on) whether they will support us.
D)后面直接跟动词不定式时。
He doesn't know whether to stay or not.
E)后面紧接or not 时。
We didn't know whether or not she was ready.
F)引导让步状语从句,只能用whether。
Whether you like it or not, you must do it well.
G)用if会引起歧义时。例如：Please let me know if you like it.
该句有两个意思：“请告诉我你是否喜欢”.或“如果你喜欢,请告诉我。”用whether就可以避免。
3. 在下面几种情况下必须用“that”引导定语从句：
1)先行词是不定代词：all,few,little, much,something,nothing,anything等。
All that we have to do is to practise every day.
2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。
The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
3)先行词被all,any,every, each, few,little,no,some, 等修饰。
I have read all the book (that) you gave me.
4)先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰时。
He is the only person that I want to talk to.
5)先行词既有人又有物时。
They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.
4. 先行词是表示地点时,要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that(which),否则用where。
This is the house where he lived last year.This is the house that (which) he visited last year.
七、倒装
1. 用no sooner…than和hardly…when引导的从句表示“刚……就……”。主句中的动词一般
用过去完成时,从句用过去时;而且主句一般倒装,把助动词had提到前面。
例如：Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise.
2. 代词作主语时,主谓语序不变。Here it is. Here he comes.
3. 当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时也常常引起全部倒装。
South of the city lies a big steel factory.From the valley came a frightening sound.
4. 表语置于句首时,倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”。
Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.
Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.
He has been to Beijing. So have I.
Li Wei can't answer the question. Neither can I.
5. 用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句。
Had you reviewed your lessons, you might have passed the examination.
6. .用于“形容词(或名词、动词)+as(though)引导的让步状语从句中。
例如：Pretty as she is ,she is not clever. Try as he would, he might fail again.
如果从句的表语是名词,其名词前不加任何冠词。
Child as he was, he had to make a living.
7. 用于no sooner…than…,hardly…when和not until的句型中。
Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.
8. 用于never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, little, often, at no time, not only, not once等词开头
的句子。Never shall I do this again. Little did he know who the woman was.
9. 用于以only开头的句子(only修饰副词,介词短语或状语从句时)。
Only this afternoon did I finish the novel. Only in this way can you master English.
Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.
如果only后面的词组不是状语,则不用倒装。Only Wang Ling knows this.
10. 用于某些表示祝愿的句子。May you succeed!祝你成功!
八、名词单复数
stomach－stomachs，a German－three Germans,
an American－two Americans，man cook - men cooks;
papers 报纸, 文件 manners礼貌 drinks饮料
in a word 简言之?in other words 换句话说
have words with 与某人吵嘴
have a few words (a word) with sb.与某人说几句话
The crowd were running for their lives．
某些集体名词, 如people, police, cattle等, 只当复数看待, 谓语动词必须用复数。
The police are searching for him.
动词短语精讲精练
动词短语既是高考考查的热点，也是难点。其主要测试考生在具体语境中运用动词短语的能力。主要涉及动词短语辨析，同时结合时态、语态对考生进行综合考查。备选词组形近或义近，或二者兼备或属同一动词不同搭配。为此广大考生应加强对考纲内重要动词短语的复习，熟记词义，对词义相近的短语加强辨析，特别是同一动词所构成的动词短语。
此文结合历年考题，对重要动词所构成的动词短语进行梳理，现分述如下：
一、bring
[要点] bring in引进；挣得bring about引起，导致bring up养育，培养；呕吐；提出 bring out使展现，推出（书、唱片等）bring down降低；使倒下bring back把…带回来；使忆起；使恢复bring forth结果，生产，产生bring forward提出；提前bring off 圆满完成（困难之事）bring on惹来（坏的结果）；加速生长。
[精练]
1. The Internet has brought _____big changes in the way we work.
A. about B. out C. back D. up
2. The teacher made up a sentence to ______the meaning of the phrase.
A. show off B. turn out C. bring out D. take in
3. As we all know, air pollution often ____diseases.
A. brings on B. brings up C. brings back D. brings forward
二、break
[要点] break down崩溃，瓦解；垮掉；失败；（化学）分解；（公共场所）失去理智break up打碎；大学放假；（物理）分解；分开，分成（几部分）；结束；制止break through逾越，突破；冲破break away(from)挣脱，脱离break out爆发break in破门而入break off折断；中断break into进入建筑物以便行窃；突然发出或开始；打扰。
[精练]
4. News reports say peace talks between the two countries ____with no agreement reached.
A. have broken down B. have broken out C. have broken in D. have broken up
5. You should relax yourself, otherwise you will _____in time.
A. break off B. break up C. wear out D. break down
6. Until then did I realize that their marriage was _____because they had little in common.
A. breaking up B. breaking down C. breaking through D. breaking off
三、come
[要点] come about发生come out结果出来；出版；泄露；开花come on跟随；作为挑战语；进展come across偶遇；被理解come true变为现实come up走上前；被提出；长出地面；走近；升起come up with产生，发现（解决办法、答案等）come along一起来come back回来；顶嘴come by努力获得come to总计；清醒过来come off脱落；进展。
[精练]
7. The girl is clever and she always ______good ideas whenever she is in trouble.
A. comes about B. comes up with C. gets up as D. comes up
8. --- I don’t feel like going out. Why don’t we watch TV at home
---______You promised to take me out for dinner.
A. Really B. Not at all. C. Why not D. Come on!
9. I have no idea how it _____that the man met with trouble again.
A. came up B. came out C. came across D. came about
四、carry
[要点] carry off获胜；成功做成（困难之事）carry on继续，坚持carry out执行carry through帮助渡难关；完成，实现carry back使忆起carry away失去理智。
[精练]
10. We didn’t plan our art exhibition like that but it _____very well.
A. worked out B. tried out C. went on D. carried on
11.---It’s a good idea. But who’s going to _____the plan
--- I think Tom and Greg will.
A. set aside B. carry out C. take in D. get through
12. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _____the next year.
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
五、get
[要点] get about四处走动；传开get across传达get along\on (with)进展，相处get away逃脱，设法离开get down下来；下车get in 收割；到达；请…来帮忙；考取get off出发；下班 get together聚会get up 起床；组织，筹划get up as打扮成get through 接通；通过；花费 get back取回；回到某地；继续做get by勉强够花get down to开始认真干get out被人知道，泄露；逃离get over克服，成功应付；恢复，复原。
[精练]
13. It was not a serious illness, and she soon _____it.
A. got over B. got on with C. got around D. got out of
14. We’re going to _____with some friends for a picnic. Would you like to join us
A. get in B. get over C. get along D. get together
15. His mother had thought it would be good for his character to _____from home and earn some money on his own.
A. run away B. get away C. keep away D. take away
六、give
[要点] give up放弃give in 屈服；呈交give out 用尽，耗尽；分发；公布，发表；发出give away露马脚；颁发；赠送，送掉；捐赠 give off发出 give back归还；使恢复。
[精练]
16. His strong accent _____when he was trying to tell a lie.
A. put him off B. let him out C. gave him away D. turned him up
17. During the urgent period, the ministry of foreign affairs _____brief news every day.
A. gave away B. gave out C. gave up D. gave off
18. Don’t mention that at the beginning of the story, or it may _____the shocking ending.
A. give away B. give out C. give up D. give off
七、go
[要点] go against违背；与……不符；对……不利go without勉强维持，凑合go in for爱好，参加；从事go by过去；依据，按照go on继续；发生go over 复习 ；仔细审查；走近 go ahead 进行 go though 被通过；从头到尾地阅读；排练；经历go away走开；外出度假；消失go for去取来或接来；争取得到;go out出去, 熄灭, 过时, 罢工, 向往, 辞职, 倒塌。
[精练]
19. I don’t ______rock’n’roll. It’s much too noisy for my taste.
A. go after B. go away with C. go into D. go in for
20. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to _____.
A. be put up B. give in C. be turned on D. go out
21. The price _____, but I doubt whether it will remain so.
A. went down B. will go down C. has gone down D. was going down
八、hold
[要点] hold on to保留，抓住不放hold back隐瞒；阻碍（某人发展）；（因谨慎而）退缩；控制（情感）hold out维持；抵抗，硬撑 hold up举起；（常用被动语态）延搁，阻滞；支撑hold up as作为榜样 hold off拖延；（雨雪等）迟迟不来；保持距离hold down控制（上升）；压制hold in抑制hold on 别挂断，等会儿；坚持hold over延期；以……要挟hold together团结一起。
[精练]
22. We thought of selling this old furniture, but we’ve decided to ______it. It might be valuable.
A. hold on to B. keep up with C. turn to D. look after
23. We meant to finish the task by dark, but we were so tired that we could not ______.
A. hold on B. keep to C. last on D. stick to
24. How long can they _____against the disaster
A. hold back B. hold out C. hold up D. hold over
九、keep
[要点] keep away（from）使远离 keep back 扣除，保留；隐瞒不讲keep off 避开；不踩、吃、谈等keep on继续keep out 挡在外边 ；(警示语)请勿靠近keep up保持，不低落；持续，继续keep up with跟上keep down抑制（以防其增长）。
[精练]
25. The story is so interesting that he doesn’t _____it even though it is time for lunch.
A. get rid of B. keep away from C. break away from D. tear himself away from
26. There is a piece of board at the gate of the construction, which reads: _____without permission.
A. keep away B. keep out C. keep off D. keep up
27. Would you slow down a bit, please I can’t _____you.
A. keep up with B. put up with C. make up to D. hold on to
十、look
[要点] look ahead向前看look about环顾look after照看；负责处理look back回忆，回顾look out 当心 ；找出 look on旁观look up 向上看；查阅；形势好转；看望look down upon看不起look forward to 盼望 look through翻阅 look into调查；向内看 look round寻找；边走边看，观光look over检阅；逐一检查。
[精练]
28. _____this book and tell me what you think of it.
A. Look through B. Look on C. Look into D. Look up
29. _____! There is a train coming.
A. Look out B. Look around C. Look forward D. Look on
30. She ____her number in the phone book to make sure that she had got it right.
A. looked up B. looked for C. picked out D. picked up
十一、make
[要点] make up编造；给某人化妆；组成，构成；补齐，凑足；准备，布置make up of 由……构成make up for 补偿，弥补make out 辨认出 make into制成；使成为make from制成make of 制成；理解，看待，对待make out of 由……制成make for走向，冲向；有助于，倾向于；make off 溜掉 make over（正式依法）转让。
[精练]
31. Tom was so busy these days because he had a lot of papers to ______.
A. take up B. make up C. work up D. hold up
32. Doctors say early rising _____good health.
A. makes off B. makes for C. makes out D. makes up
33. The idea puzzled me so much that I stopped for a few seconds to try to_____.
A. make it out B. make it off C. make it up D. make it over
十二、put
[要点] put across表达清楚put back放回原处；拨回；阻碍；推迟 put down揭下来；踩下；停车下人；平定，镇压；记下put aside放下（正在读的书或正在干的活）；储蓄；不顾，忽视put away将事物放置于惯常保存之处；储蓄；过度吃喝；放弃put forth（正式）长出put forward提出（计划、建议）；拨快；提前put in插嘴；安装；花费put off延期；推诿，闪避put on穿戴；假装；安排；上映put out扑灭；生产put up为某人提供食宿；短期住宿；建造；举起；张贴，公布put up with容忍。
[精练]
34. You can take anything from the shelf and read, but please _____the books when you’ve finished with them.
A. put on B. put down C. put back D. put off
35. Before the war broke out, many people _____in safe places possessions they could not take with them.
A. threw away B. put away C. gave away D. carried away
36. The forest guards often find campfires that have not been ____completely.
A. turned down B. put out C. put away D. turned over
十三、send
[要点] send for 派人去请；订购 send up上升；发射；取笑send out 发送；长出；发出（请柬、信号等）send off送行；邮寄出send away送走；解雇send down下降；开除（大学学生）send forth长出send in寄去。
[精练]
37. ---Will somebody go and get Dr. White
---He’s already been ____.
A. asked for B. sent for C. called for D. looked for
38. We can easily pick up the English programs _____by the CCTV.
A. sent off B. sent out C. sent away D. sent up
39. It was not until seven years old that I was _____to school.
A. sent away B. sent back C. sent out D. sent for
十四、set
[要点] set off 出发；引爆；引起，激发 set out 开始；动身踏上漫长旅途set up 创建，建立；安排；安装；竖起set up as当上 set about着手干（尤指费时费劲的事）；处理set aside不顾；（为某种目的，后接for）留出set apart使与众不同；（为某种用途）留出set back 阻碍，拖后腿set forth 启程；阐明set in（不愉快的事情）开始，来临set down下车；写下；放下。
[精练]
40. It’s ten years since the scientist _____on his life’s work of discovering the valuable chemical.
A. made for B. set out C. took off D. turned up
41. The primary school was _____where there used to be an old temple.
A. set up B. put up C. built up D. held up
42. If you ____any problems when you arrive at the airport, give me a ring.
A. come up with B. set about C. run into D. put aside
十五、take
[要点] take in吸收take for 误认为take out 拿出 take down 放下take up从事；拿起；占据（时间或空间）take off 飞机起飞；脱下；休假；走红take by攻占 take after像take along 随身携带take away带走，拿走；使离去take back 收回（说错的话）；退回(所购商品);使忆起take charge 负责，掌管 take on呈现；雇佣 take out拿出；带……出去take over 接管，接任take place发生take to开始喜欢；染上……习惯 take with 与……混在一起。
[精练]
43. Our daughter doesn’t know what to _____at the university, so she can’t make up
her mind about her future.
A. take in B. take up C. take over D. take on
44. To keep healthy, Professor Johnson _____cycling as a regular form of exercise after he retired.
A. took up B. caught on C. carried out D. made for
45. Helen always helps her mother even though going to school ______most of her day.
A. takes up B. makes up C. saves up D. puts up
十六、turn
[要点] turn against转而反对；使与…为敌turn back折回，掉转头turn away转身，走开，打发走turn out结果是；关上(电灯);赶出；生产，制造 turn down 拒绝；调小turn off 关掉；不喜欢turn over打翻；仔细思量；翻耕；移交 turn in 上交（作业等）；拐入turn into变成；翻译turn on打开；取决于turn to求助于；翻到 turn up调大；出现。
[精练]
46. We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn’t quite ______as planned.
A. make out B. turn out C. go on D. come up
47. I can hardly hear the radio. Would you please______
A. turn it on B. turn it down C. turn it up D. turn it off
48. He was disappointed to find his suggestions___.
A. been turned down B. turned down C. to be down D. to turn down
49. We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn’t quite ________ as planned.
A. make out B. turn out C. go on D. come up
50. The dictionary is being printed and it will soon_____.
A. turn out B. come out C. start out D. go out
Key 1--5 ACAAD 6--10 ABDDA 11--15 BCADB 16--20 CBADD 21--25 CAABD 26--30 BAAAA
31--35 BBACB 36--40 BBBAB 41--45 ACBAA 46--50 BCBBB
英语语法练习：情态动词
一、情态动词表推测
1. 肯定的推测一般用must, should, may（might）或could（不用can），其中，must的语气最强，译为“肯定”、“准是”、“想必是”；should的语气次之，译为“很可能”、“应该”，指按常理推测；may（might），could的语气最弱，译为“也许”、“可能”。
①Helen _____go on the trip with us but she isn’t quite sure yet. （2005年安徽卷）
A. shall B. must C. may D. can
②—I’ve taken someone else’s green sweater by mistake.
—It ___ Harry’s. He always wears green. （2005年广东卷）
A. has to be B. will be C. mustn’t be D. could be
③I have lost one of my gloves. I _______ it somewhere.（2005年北京春季卷）
A. must drop B. must have dropped
C. must be dropping D. must have been dropped
④If I ____ plan to do anything I wanted to ,I’d like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible. （2005年湖北卷）
A. would B. could C. had to D. ought to
Key: C D B B
2. 否定推测分为两种情况：
1）语气不很肯定时，常用may not, might not或could not，译为“可能不”、“也许不”。
You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers ______ not like the design of the furniture. （2004年上海春季卷）
A. must B. shall C. may D. need
Key： C
2）否定语气较强时，则用can’t，译为“根本不可能”、“想必不会”，表示惊异、怀疑的感彩。
①—Do you know where David is I couldn’t find him anywhere.
—Well. He ______ have gone far——his coat’s still here.（2005年湖北卷）
A. shouldn’t B. mustn’t C. can’t D. wouldn’t
②— Isn’t that Ann’s husband over there
— No, it _______ be him I’m sure he doesn’t wear glasses. （2004年全国卷Ⅰ）
A. can’t B. must not C. won’t D. may not
Key: C A
3. 疑问句中的推测，往往用can或could。
Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How ______ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony？（2001年上海春季卷）
A. can B. should C. may D. must
Key：A
4. 对已发生事情的肯定推测常用“must, may, might等+完成式”；否定推测常用“can, could, may, might等+完成式”。
①I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They _______ at least 150 kilometers an hour.（2005年重庆卷）
A. should have been doing B. must have been doing
C. could have done D. would have done
②He _______ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by seaside. （2005年北京卷）
A. should B. must C. wouldn’t D. can’t
③—Tom is never late for work. Why is be absent today
—Something ________ to him. （2005年江西卷）
A. must happen B. should have happened
C. could have happened D. must have happened
④ My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he_____your lecture.（2000年上海卷）
A. couldn’t have attended B. needn’t have atterded
C. mustn’t have attended D. shouldn’t have attended
Key: B B D A
二、“情态动词+完成式”
1. “should（ought to）+完成式”表示本应该做某事而实际上没有做。其否定式表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。
①—I’ll tell Mary about her new job tomorrow.
— You________ her last week. （2004年福建卷）
A． ought to tell B． would have told C． must tell D． should have told
②Oh, I’m not feeling well in the stomach, I _____ so much fried chicken just now. （2002年上海春季卷）
A. shouldn’t eat B. mustn’t have eaten
C. shouldn’t have eaten D. mustn’t eat
Key: D C
2. “could+完成式”表示本来能够做成某事的但结果没能做成，含有遗憾的意味。
He paid for a seat, when he ______ have entered free. （2005年山东卷）
A. could B. would C. must D. need
Key：A
3. “needn’t+不定式的完成式”表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事。例如：
You needn’t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.
你本不需要浇花的，因为天就要下雨了。
— Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.
— Thanks. You ______ it. I could manage it myself. （2005年福建卷）
A. needn’t do B. needn’t have done
C. mustn’t do D. shouldn’t have done
Key: B
三、常见的情态动词
1. shall用于一、三人称疑问句表示征求对方意见；用于二、三人称陈述句表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁等。
①“The interest be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides，” declared the judge. （2004年重庆卷）
A. may B. Should C. must D. shall
②—Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report.
— You ______ have my computer if you don’t take care of it. （2004年湖南卷）
A. shan’t B. might not C. needn’t D. shouldn’t
③ — The room is so dirty. ______ we clean it
— Of course. （2003年北京春季卷）
A. Will B. Shall C. Would D. Do
Key: D A B
2. must用于疑问句，表示责备、抱怨的感彩，意思为“偏偏，偏要”；mustn’t表示禁止，是说话人强有力的劝告。
①John, look at the time. _______ you play the piano at such a late hour？ （2005年全国卷Ⅲ）
A. Must B. Can C. May D. Need
②Tom, you leave all your clothes on the floor like this！ （2005年全国卷Ⅰ）
A. wouldn’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. may not
Key: A B
3. needn’t表示“没有必要”。
— Lucy doesn’t mind lending you her dictionary.
— She ______. I’ve already borrowed one. （2005年湖南卷）
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. shouldn’t
Key: C
4. would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。
When he was there, he ___ go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day.（1996年上海卷）
A. would B. should C. had better D. might
Key: A
5. 表示经过努力而成功的某一次动作，只能用was/were able to，而不能用could。
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _____ get out.
（1997年全国卷）
A. had to B. would C. was able to D. could
Key：C
6. 考查情态动词用作答语的情况
①—Write to me when you get home.
_______. （2001年北京春季卷）
A. I must B. I should C. I will D. I can
② — Could I call you by your first name？ —Yes, you ______. （1998年上海卷）
A. will B. could C. may D. might
Key：C C
巩固练习：
1. Michael ______ be a policeman, for he is much too short.
A. needn’t B. can’t C. should D. may
2. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ____ for her.
A. had to write it out B. must have written it out
C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out
3. Jack _____ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me.
A. mustn’t have arrived B. shouldn’t have arrived
C. can’t have arrived D. needn’t have arrived
4. Sir, you ______be sitting in this waiting room. It is for women and children only.
A. mustn’t B. can’t C. won’t D. needn’t
5. A left-luggage office is a place where bags _______ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station.
A. should B. can C. must D. will
6. — Is John coming by train
— He should, but he _____ not. He likes driving his car.
A. must B. can C. need D. may
7. It has been announced that candidates _______ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.
A. can B. will C. may D. shall
8. You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman ______ be so rude to a lady.
A. might B. need C. should D. would
9. —Don’t forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
—_______.
A. I don’t B. I won’t C. I can’t D. I haven’t
10. I didn’t see her in the meeting-room this morning. She ______ at the meeting.
A. mustn’t have spoken B. shouldn’t have spoken
C. needn’t have spoken D. couldn’t have spoken
答案与解析
1. B 从第二个分句“他太矮了”可以推知说话者持否定态度，needn’t意思是“没有必要”，与语境不符。
2. C 根据句意“我已经告诉她怎样到那儿，但是或许我应该给她写下来”可知，说话者含有“后悔、遗憾”的意味，应使用“情态动词+完成式”形式，“must+完成式”表示对过去的肯定推测，“should+完成式”才表示虚拟意义。
3. C 根据第二分句“否则的话他就会给我打电话了”可知“Jack肯定还没到”，“can’t+完成式”意思是“根本不可能”。
4. A 从第二分句可知，这是妇女和儿童专用候车室，因此你“不准”坐在这儿。mustn’t表示“禁止，不准”。
5. B can在此表示许可。
6. D 从后一句“他喜欢开车”可知说话者把握不大。must not不表示推测，can not的语气太绝对，意思是“根本不可能”。
7. D shall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺、威胁等意思。
8. C should在此表示惊讶的感彩，意思是“竟然”。
9. B 对祈使句的肯定回答用I will；否定回答用I won’t。
10. D 根据句意“我今天上午在会议室没见到她”， 所以“她根本不可能在会上发言”。表示“根本不可能”用can’t/couldn’t have done形式。
Beyond的用法
beyond一词是高中英语的必备词汇，其用法和含义较为复杂，很容易产生理解上的障碍，造成翻译上的失误。本文拟对beyond的一些用法浅析如下：
一、beyond作介词用时，使用最广，常用于下列几种情况：
1.表示位置，意思是“在……的那一边；在……之外；在更远处”。例如：
Beyond the river stood a power station．过了这条河就是一个发电站。
The sea is beyond that hill．大海在山的那边。
2.表示时间，其意为“迟于；超过”。例如：
Some shops keep open beyond midnight?有些商店营业到半夜以后。
He never sees beyond the present．他从未看到将来。
3.表示范围、水平、限度、能力等，意思是“超出；多于；为……所不能及”。在句中常作表语、定语或状语。
①作表语
Your work is beyond all praise．你的作品叫人赞扬不尽。
②作定语
These were matters beyond his understanding as yet．这些事情他那时候还不了解。
③作状语
We succeeded beyond our hopes．我们获得如此之成功，是我们始料所不及的。
She was really touched beyond words．她确实感动得无法形容。
4.用在否定和疑问句中，意思是“除……之外”。例如：
I know nothing beyond what he told me．除了他告诉我的以外，别的我都不知道。
Is there anything more you can say beyond that？除了那点之外，你还能说些什么吗？
5.beyond有时还可表示年龄或数量，意思是“超过”。例如：
He didn't believe in people living beyond 100．他不相信人能活到100岁以上。
At the meeting there were not beyond 20 people．到会的人不超过二十。
二、beyond也常作副词用，主要有下面两种用法：
1.指时空或正在进行中的活动，意思是“在远处；向远处；更远处”。例如：
If we cross the mountains we may find people living in the valley beyond．
如果我们翻过这些大山，我们就可以发现在远处山谷中生活的人们。
I'll go with you to the bridge，but not a step beyond．
我愿意同你一道走到桥头，但再远的地方一步也不愿意去。
2.表示外加，意思是“此外；以外”。例如：
He told me nothing beyond．此外他没告诉我什么。
三、beyond也可作名词用，常有下面三种情况：
1.指“远处的东西”。例如：
That is a river for small boats expending 30miles back into the beyond．
那是一条小船能上行30英里的河流。
2.表示超出普通经验范围的某种事物。例如：
What can we poor human beings know of the great beyond？
我们可怜的人类能知道来世的什么情况呢？
3.表示远处的性质或状态。例如：
His dream of beyond was forgotten in the actual life．他的不着边际的梦想被现实生活所吞没。
英语关键句型72句
1． It作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型
She had said what it was necessary to say.
2． 强调句型
It is not who rules us that is important, but how he rules us.
3． "All+抽象名词"或"抽象名词+itself"（very+形容词）
He was all gentleness to her.
4． 利用词汇重复表示强调
A crime is a crime a crime.
5． "something（much）of"和"nothing（little）of" "something of"相当于"to some extent"，表示程度。在疑问句或条件从句中，则为"anything of "，可译为"有点"，"略微等。""译为毫无"，"全无"。"much of"译为"大有"，"not much of"可译为"算不上"，"称不上"，"little of"可译为"几乎无"。something like译为"有点像，略似’’
They say that he had no university education, but he seems to be something of a scholar.
6． 同格名词修饰是指of前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物，"of"以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语，以修饰"of"后面的那个名词。如"her old sharper of a father"，可译为："她那骗子般的父亲"。
Those pigs of girls eat so much.
7． as…as…can（may）be
It is as plain as plain can be.
8． "It is in（with）…as in（with）"
It is in life as in a journey.
9． "as good as…"相等于，就像，几乎如；实际上，其实，实在。
The merchant as good as promised the orphan boy, that he would adopt him.
10．"many as well…as"和"might as well …as" "many as well…as"可译为"与其……，不如……，更好"，"以这样做……为宜"，"如同……，也可以……"等等。"might as well …as"表示不可能的事，可译为"犹如……"，"可与……一样荒唐"，"与其那样不如这样的好"等等。
One may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly.
11．"to make…of"的译法（使……成为……，把……当作）
I will make a scientist of my son.
12． oo…+不定式"，not（never）too…+不定式"，"too…not+不定式
She is too angry to speak.
13． only(not, all, but, never) too …to do so "和"too ready (apt) + to do"结构中，不定式也没有否定意义，凡是"not"，"all""but等字后+"too…to，"不定式都失去了否定意义，在"too ready（apt） +to do"结构中，不定式也没有否定意义。
You know but too yell to hold your tongue.
14． "no more …than…"句型
A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man.
15． "not so much…as"和"not so much as …"结构，"not so much…as"="not so much as …"，其中as有进可换用but rather，可译为："与其说是……毋须说是……"。而"not so much as"="without（not）even，"可译为"甚至……还没有"。
The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it .
16． "Nothing is more…than"和"Nothing is so …as"结构，"Nothing is more…than"和"Nothing is so …as"都具有最高级比较的意思，"Nothing I"可换用"no"，"nobody"，"nowhere"，"little"，"few"，"hardly"，"scarcely"等等，可译为"没有……比……更为"，"像……再没有了"，"最……"等。
Nothing is more precious than time.
17． "cannot…too…"结构,"cannot…too…"意为"It is impossible to overdo…"或者，即"无论怎样……也不算过分"。"not"可换用"hardly"，"scarcely"等，"too"可换用"enough"，"sufficient"等
You cannot be too careful.
18． "否定+but "结构，在否定词后面的"but"，具有"which not"，"who not"，"that not"，等等否定意义，构成前后的双重否定。可译成"没有……不是"或"……都……"等
Nothing is so bad but it might have been worse.
19． "否定+until (till)"结构，在否定词"no"，"not"，"never"，"little"，"few"，"seldom"等的后边所接用的"until/till"，多数情况下译为"直到……才……"，"要……才……"，把否定译为肯定。
Nobody knows what he can do till he has tried.
20． "not so…but"和"not such a …but"结构，这两个结构和"否定+but"的结构差不多，不同之点是这两个结构中的"but"是含有"that…not"意味的连续词，表示程度。可译为"还没有……到不能做……的程度"，"并不是……不……"，"无论怎样……也不是不能……"等。
He is not so sick but he can come to school.
21． "疑问词+should…but "结构，这个结构表示过去的意外的事，意为"none…but"，可译为"除了……还有谁会……"，"岂料"，"想不到……竟是……"等。
Who should write it but himself
22． "who knows but (that)…"和"who could should…but"结构，这个结构是反问形式，一般意译为"多半"，"亦未可知"等等，有时也可直译。
Who knows but (that) he may go
23． "祈使句+and"和"祈使句+or"结构，"祈使句+and"表示"If…you…"，"祈使名+or"表示"if…not…，you。
Add love to a house and you have a home. Aad righteousness to a city and you have a community. Aad truth to a pile of red brick and you have a school.
24． "名词+and"结构，在这个结构中，名词等于状语从句，或表示条件，或表示时间。
A word, and he would lose his temper.
25． "as…,so…"结构，这里的"so"的意思是"in the same way"（也是如此）。此结构表明两个概念在程度上和关系上相似。
As rust eats iron, so care eats the heart.
26． "if any"结构，"if any"和"if ever"，意思是"果真有……"，"即使有……"，表示加强语气。与此类似的还有："if anything"（如有不同的话，如果稍有区别），"if a day"（=at least，至少）。
There is little, if any, hope.
27． "be it ever(never)so"和"let it be ever(never)so"结构，这里，"be it"中的"be"是古英语假设语气的遗留形式，现代英语则使用"let it be"。"ever so"和"never so"都表示同一意思，都表示"very"。
Be it ever so humble (let it be ever so humble), home is home.
28． "the last+不定式"和"the last +定语从词"结构，这种结构中的"last"意思是"the least likely"，用于否定性推论。可译为"最不大可能的"，"最不合适的"，由原意的"最后一个……"变成"最不可能……的一个"。
He is the last man to accept a bride.
29． "so…that…"句型，这个句型的意思是"如此……，以致于……"，但在翻译成汉语时，许多情况下，并不是一定要译成"如此……以致于……"，而是变通表达其含义。
He ran so fast that nobody could catch him up.
30． "more + than+原级形容词（副词）"结构，这是将不同性质加以比较，其中的"more"有"rather"的意思。
It is more than probable that he will fall.
31． "more than +动词"结构，这种结构表示动词的程度，可译为"异常"，"岂止"，"十二分地"等。
This more than satisfied me.
32． "good and …"的副词用法，译为"非常"，"很"等。类似还有"nice and …", "fine and …," "lovely and …", "bright and …", "rare and …", "big and …"等，均表示程度。The apples are good and ripe.
41． "better…than…"句型
Better my life should be ended by their hate, than that hated life should be prolonged to live without your love.
42."as it were"是一个非常常用的插入语，意思是"好象"，"可以说"等。
Apiece of iron near a magnet, though apparently separate from it , feels, as it were, the threads of this attachment.
43.复杂结构，在下面例句中，由于anyone的定语从句过长，把谓语must realize提到定语从句之前。
Though faith and confidence are surely more or lass foreign to my nature, I do not infrequently find myself looking to them to be able, diligent, candid, and even honest. Plainly enough, that is too large an order, as anyone must realize who reflects upon the manner in which they reach public office.
44． "not…any more than…"为："不能……，正如不能……"。
One cannot learn to sketch and express himself graphically only by