江苏省海门中学2006届英语学科考前讲话[下学期]

江苏省海门中学2006届英语学科考前讲话
I.听力
高考英语听力测试与其它测试相比，有其特殊性，它要求考生从头到尾按顺序往下听，听完每段对话和独白后，要在规定的时间内做出选择，没有“回头看”的可能性。因此，掌握一些听力应试技巧，对于在考场上正常发挥水平，取得理想的成绩尤为重要。下面就结合近几年的高考英语听力试题介绍一些应试技巧和解题的基本方法。
1. 保持良好心态
※ 消除紧张心理。听力测试时，要做到心情平静，心态放松，精力集中。如感到测试前心情比较紧张，做几次深呼吸，可有效缓解紧张情绪。
※ 克服急躁心理。有些同学在听力测试时，不是听材料大意，而是专注于听个别单词。有个别词没听懂，往往停下来去思索，随即产生急躁焦虑心理，头脑一片空白，等回过神来时，录音早已放完。
※ 要学会自我暗示，我没听懂的地方，其它的考生未必能听懂，个别题目做不出来没什么关系。尤其在听第一节时。
2、遵循科学步骤
※ 快速浏览所给问题和选项，同时积极预测材料内容。
※ 仔细听录音，捕捉所需信息，同时对所听复杂信息作简要记录并用铅笔在选项旁做上记号。
※听完后迅速答题（答在试卷上，暂时不涂卡，等全部听完后再涂不迟），然后立即抓紧时间看下一道题。
3、进行听前预测
充分利用好考前5分钟及每题听前5-20秒钟等一切可以利用的时间，积极进行听前预测。具体方法是：快速阅读题干和选项，理解其意义，然后把握备选项的特征，确定每个小题的考查点或听的重点进行有效推测。
※ 从选项中预测
示例： What does Tom do
A. He’s a truck driver. B. He’s a ship captain. C. He’s a pilot.
从选项看，问题应是关于职业方面的，可能会出现与某一职业有关的消息。
录音原文：
W: Tom flew to Anchorage last night, then took some passengers from there to Dallas .
M: Yeah, but he couldn't land because the airport in Dallas was snowed in.
从flew, passengers, airport这些信息词中可知道Tom的职业。
※从问题中预测
预测材料主要内容和大致的答案。
示例：
Who is the speaker
A. A student. B. A teacher. C. An office clerk.
Why did the speaker get a parking ticket
A. His car was parked for too long. B. His car took up too much space.
C. He left his car in a wrong place.
Which of the following words best describes the day the speaker had
A. Exciting. B. Unlucky. C. Tiring.
通过阅读卷面内容，可知该听力材料谈及的可能是the speaker一天的经历。从the speaker得到a parking ticket（警察给违反交通规则的人的传票）可推知他这一天可能并不愉快。其中the speaker的身份、得到警察传票的原因、对他一天经历的推断应是听的重点。
（附听力原文 What happened to me that day is just unbelievable. The first thing to go wrong was that all the parking places were taken. We had to park on the grass and hoped that we would not get a parking ticket. When I got to the admission office, there was already a long line of students waiting. By the time it was my turn, two of the courses I needed were filled and I had to go back to my adviser and make out a whole new timetable. Although I did sign up for all my courses, I missed lunch. The next thing to go wrong was that the bookstore had sold out one of the textbooks required. As I was leaving, I wondered what else could possibly happen, then I saw a policeman standing beside my car, writing out a ticket.）
4、抓住关键信息
听录音时，要带着预测得出的“蛛丝马迹”，抓住所需关键信息，以提高答题的效率和准确率。
Where did this conversation most probably take place
A.At a concert. B.At a flower shop. C.At a restaurant.
从问题中可知，听的重点是确认this conversation发生的地点，从备选项中可知地点选择的范围。那么，在听的过程中，就得根据会话者的语言内容、会话时的语境和已知的有关选项中的concert 、flower shop 和restaurant等三个可能会提到的地点，推测出该对话的主要内容。（附：听力原文）
M: The music and flowers are lovely.
W: Yes, I hope the food is good, too.
句中food是关键消息。值得一提的是,捕捉“信号词”也很重要，尤其是后说话者所使用的一些“信号词”，因为有了它们往往会话者所表达的意思就大相径庭了。常用的信号词有几类：表示转折的词常用I’m sorry but… , I’m afraid not , I don’t think so , but, however, yet, although , though等；表示顺序的用first，second，third，then，last，after，before等；表示原因和结果的用because, as for, as a result, thanks to , owing to , because of , due to , since , now that等。
5、学会推理推断
推理判断题是高考听力的重点和难点，每年都会出现几道，需要考生特别地注意。这类试题主要考察考生根据对话内容进行推理判断的能力。
Q: What can we infer about the man
A. He doesn’t want to go to the theatre.
B. He’s so sorry because he can’t go with the woman.
C. He thinks the theatre will be too crowded.
录音原文
W: I really want to see the film at the outdoor theatre tonight. Will you come with me
M: You know I hate battling all those mosquitos.
在解题时，只有理解对话所暗含的意思，才能够正确回答。因为说话者有时会通过语调，语气来表明自己的态度，有时也会说一些听起来和对话毫不相干的话，这就要求考生能够听出来弦外之音。从对话内容可知the woman邀请the man去看电影，但是the man 并没有直接地回答，而是说you know I hate battling all those mosquitos，也就是说露天剧院里的蚊子太多，他不愿意去。故选A。
在每年的高考题中一般都有4篇长对话听力材料。该类试题的题材贴近生活，如问路，购物，看电影，就餐，请求帮助，就某一事件进行讨论，发表自己的看法等。常见的有事实性的问题（包括人物关系，地点，具体事实细节的判断等），也有推理性的问题（如对人物的性格，态度，爱好的判断等）。
Q1: Where can the two speakers most probably be
A. In their native town they’re familiar with.
B. In a strange town they’ve come to sightseeing.
C. In a foreign city where they want to sightseeing.
Q2: What is the most probable relationship between the man and the woman
A. Professor and student. B. Husband and wife. C. Tour guide and customer.
Q3: What does the man remind the woman to consider
A. The money problem. B. The health problem. C. The means by which they will travel.
录音原文
W: What do you want to do now
M: I want to go back to the hotel.
W: But it’s only three o’clock.
M: I’m worn out. We’ve done a lot of sightseeing.
W: We still have plenty of time to do shopping. The store won’t close until six o’clock.
M: No, I want to rest for a while. We’re going to the theatre tonight, you know.
W: Of course, I know. The play starts at 7 o’clock. When we finish shopping, it will probably be just after six.
M: Then where shall we have our supper And in that case, shall we still have enough time to get to the theatre by underground railway
W: No, but we can take a taxi. It’s more expensive, but it’s a lot easier.
M: Will our money see us through our tour if we spend money like that
W: Oh, sorry. I didn’t think of this.
抓住对话所谈论的细节，尤其是对话中的关键词是解答此题的关键。如sightseeing, shopping, going to the theatre, have our supper等。在第一题中，从对话中的we’ve done a lot of sightseeing可以判断他们是来观光的，由于使用了完成时，说明他们已经去过不少景点，所以答案是B.第二题中，根据对话中所反映出的观光，购物和吃饭等一些具体的细节，我们就可以判断出他们是一对夫妇。第三题中从对话中的will our money see us through our tour if we spend money like that 我们可以判断出the man很担心钱是否够用。
此外，听力考试常出现以Where提问的问句，考生要通过对话的具体情节和背景判断对话发生的地点。一般来说，特定场景的用语和关键词是基本固定的，考生要对此多了解，熟悉明白。在遇到Where does the conversation take place / Where does sb. work / What’s his job 之类的问题时，就会派上用场。如：
restaurant: menu, bill, order, tip, hamburger, beer, soup
hotel: luggage, single room, double room, room number, check in(out)
hospital: take medicine, temperature, pill, headache, fever, examine
post office: mail, deliver, stamp, envelope, parcel
airport: flight, take off, land, luggage
railway station :round trip, single trip, sleeping car
store: on sale, size, wear, color, style, price, change， bargain, fit
school: professor, exam, course, term, dining hall, playground
library: librarian, renew, date, shelf, magazine, seat
6、学会忽略生词，充分利用重复信息。
听的时候，注意力要紧跟会话者的思路。但常常会有这样的情况：我们在碰到有单词听不懂的时候干脆不再听了，想等弄清这个单词的意思再往下听。这样肯定不行。我们听讲话时个别地方没听清是常有的事，可能是碰到了没有学过的单词，也可能是误将连读的两个单词听作是未学过的单词。遇到这种情况，一定要毫不犹豫地跳过去，并接着往下听。有的时候，我们可以通过上下文猜测到该单词的大意。因为一般说来，对话中的一些重要的词语，往往会以其他形式在对话中重现。高考听力题很少出现没有学过的新单词，但实际上听的时候听不懂或听不清个别单词的现象是常有的。因此，必须培养这种跳越生词，从上下文判断文意的能力。
7、适时做好记录。
听力材料不象阅读材料可以重复。因此，有时就需要做一些速记。速记时要使用自己认识的、最常用、最简便、最迅速的办法，如用阿拉伯数字、符号、首字母、缩写形式甚至中文在选项旁做记号。记录的重点应是数字、日期、钟点、年龄、尺码、地名、人名等，具体可以根据预测情况确定。
At what time does the train to Leeds leave
A.3:00. B.3:15. C.5:00.
(听力原文)W：Excuse me, could you tell me when the next train to Manchester leaves
M: Sure. Well, it’s three now .The next train to Manchester leaves in two hours, but you can take train to Leeds which leaves in fifteen minutes, and then get off at Manchester because it stops at Manchester on the way.
在作简要记录时，首先速记下3：00, M 2 h, L 15’ ,然后再稍作推算便可得出去Leeds的火车的时间为3：00+15’，即答案为B。
How much will the man pay for the tickets
A.$18 B. $24 C. $30
原文：W: Tickets for the movie are $ 6 for adults, half price for children.
M: All right, I’d like three tickets for adults and two tickets for children, please.
笔记可简化为：$ 6 A（A代表adult），C代表children,3A+2C或6 A(3)+ half C(2)
8、果断选题，学会放弃，相信自己的第一印象
每小题听完后迅速选好答案（答在试卷上，暂时不涂卡），然后立即抓紧时间看下一道题。待全部录音播完后，再对自己有疑问且作了简要记录的题目审查一下。要学会暂时放弃。要知道即使是听力很好的考生，也并不是个个单词都听得清清楚楚的。只要掌握了大意，做出题目来一般是不成问题的。如果犹豫不决，录音稍纵即逝，就会影响听后面的内容，导致"一处未听清，全文没听懂"，得不偿失。注意要充分相信自己的第一印象，不要轻易更改初选答案。当机立断，决不能反反复复，甚至影响后面的答题,切记不可因某个小题未听懂而患得患失，不可因一题失多题，造成一步跟不上，步步踏空的结果。
II、单项填空
一、命题的常用方法
1、 语境创设法
语言在语境中活化，因此只有在语境中，才能考查考生对语言的正确理解和灵活运用。这是当前单选命题的主要趋势。语境主要通过对话，句子前后逻辑，句中动词形式，语气、关键词暗示和修饰语，如时间状语等途径来完成。例如：
【例1】---- Is Bob still performing （江苏2005，第25题）
---- I'm afraid not. He is said____ the stage already as he has become an official.
A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left
此题（答案A）语境是通过对话形式表现，并借助于答语中关键词already来完成。
【例2】David has won the first prize in singing; he is still very excited now and feels _____ desire to go to bed. （江苏2005，第28题）
A. the most B. more C. worse D. the least
此题（答案D）语境是通过the first prize 及still very excited来完成。
2、结构干扰法
单项选择中的语法词汇考点实际上每年都差不多，而句子却千变万化。许多考生并非不知道某一考点，而是不会识别和理解变化了的句子结构，缺乏应变能力。
干扰主要通过两种方式（1）变换句式：如陈述变为疑问、否定、反意、倒装、强调，主动变被动，单复句相互转换等；而强调又可变为一般问句和特殊问句的强调。（2）增加句子成分和修饰语。如各种从句、同位语、插入语等。例如：
【例1】At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and ______ down to eat our picnic lunch. （上海2005 第37题）
A. sitting B. having sat C. to sit D. sat
此题（答案D）并列连词and必须连接并列结构，而在并列结构中插入了较复杂的复合结构（with trees providing shade）作park的定语。
【例2】Danby left word with my secretary _______ he would call again in the afternoon. (浙江2005 第15题)
A. who B. that C. as D. which
此题（答案B）在同位语从句前添加了介词短语with my secretary，很可能有同学选A，以为是定语从句。
二、解题技巧
单项填空的答题主要需凭借语知和语感等智力因素，但除此以外，非智力因素的影响也不容忽视，同学们如果能掌握下列答题技巧，相信一定会提高答题速度和准确率。
1．认真分析语境，准确理解和把握信息。
在单项填空中，一些词或词组常常含有某个特定的信息，而这些信息往往对分析问题、解决问题起着暗示作用。
【例1】The classroom is big enough _________, but we'll have to move if we have more students. （福建2005 第30题）
A. for the moment B. on the moment C. in a moment D. for a moment
【分析】句中but一词的转折，将四个词组区别开了。for the moment暂时；in a moment一会儿；for a moment=for a short while；没有on the moment。因此， 答案为A。
【例2】John, look at the time. _______ you play the piano at such a late hour （2005全国卷II ·冀、甘等 第19题）
A. Must B. Can C. May D. Need
【分析】此题考查情态动词的活用。根据语境得知，说话者对John的行为表示不满。因此，答案为A。Must意为“偏要，硬要”。
【例3】The cakes are delicious. He’d like to have ________ third one because ________ second one is rather too small.
A. a; a B. the; the C. a; the D. the; a
【分析】由于前后两空结构相似，有些同学很可能会选择A或B两个答案。但事实上第二块饼是有所指的（指已经吃了的那一块），而第三块饼并不确定，故答案为C。
2．注意分析句子结构，确定选择方向。
一个句子所使用的标点符号、有无连词，往往起着决定性的作用；而插入语、省略语等，在一定程度上干扰考生的思维。请比较以下各题：
【例1】Jim passed the driving test, _______ surprised everybody in the office.（浙江2005 第2题）
A. which B. that C. this D. it
【分析】根据题干中的逗号，但无连词的特点，确定为从句。因此，答案为A。
【例2】Mum is coming. What present ________ for your birthday （福建2005 第26题)
A. you expect she has got B. you expect has she got
C. do you expect she has got D. do you expect has she got
【分析】选项中的插入语用于疑问结构中须倒装，但一个句子只倒装一次。故答案为C。
【例3】The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of ________ over 600 years old.
A. them B. which C. it D. that
【分析】考生很有可能选B，但仔细分析这个句子，我们不难发现，主句与后面的内容用逗号隔开，而逗号后又不是个完整的句子，不能构成定语从句，只能通过独立结构完成句子。因此，答案为A。
【例4】_______ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.（北京2004 第33题）
A. With B. Besides C. As for D. Because of
【分析】由于选项后用了不定式，而只有with的复合结构中可使用不定式，其余的介词或介词短语后接动名词。故答案为A。
3．谨防紧邻信息的误导，避免定势思维。
在学习过程中，尤其是复习阶段，教师往往就一些常见的、重要的词、词组及句型加以反复强调，以加深学生的印象，学生因此而可能形成思维的定势。
【例1】 It was for this reason ________ her uncle moved out of New York and settled down in a small village.
A. which B. why C. that D. how
【分析】一看到空格前的reason，有的同学可能会立即想起the reason why的结构，但如果通读一下全句，不难发现这里有一个强调结构，即答案为C。
【例2】---I can't find Mr. Smith. Where did you meet him this morning
---- It was in the hotel ______ he stayed.
A. where B. which C. the one D. that
【分析】此题最大的干扰项是D，考生很可能把它看作强调结构。但根据句意，它要表达的是“在他呆的宾馆里找到他的”。所以，实际上是在stayed后省略了that I found him，即全句可完整地表达为It was in the hotel where he stayed that I found him。因此，答案为A。
【例3】Australians have to prevent dingoes _______ their sheep and cattle.
A. from protecting B. to protect C. protecting D. to protecting
【分析】考生容易错选A。但仔细分析句意，应选B，表示目的。
4．排除母语干扰，规范英语表达。
英汉两种语言在表达上存在很大的差异，考生很可能会用汉语的思维方式去认识和解决英语中的问题，掉入命题人设置的陷阱。
【例1】—Were all the three people in the car injured in the accident
—No, only the two passengers who got hurt.
A. it was B. there was C. there were D. there had
【分析】考生很可能误选C。因为，考生想表达“不，只有两个人受伤”，很可能用“There be…”结构表达自己的思想。但是，本句实际采用了强调结构，强调“only the two passengers”。因此，正确答案为A。
【例2】While watching television, _______ . （2005全国II·冀、甘等 第18题）
A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings
C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings
【分析】句意要表达的是“看电视的时候，门铃响了”，每一个选项都有可能成为考生的选择对象。但英语表达中，分词的逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，再加上hear结构的特点。因此，正确答案为C
【例3】---- Can I speak to Mr. Wang, please
---- _________ （2005全国I·豫、晋、黑等 第21题）
A. Who are you B. I'm Wang. C. Speaking. D. Are you John
【分析】干扰项显然都来自于汉语思维方式。根据英语表达，答案为C。
总之，高考单项填空题虽说只有15个小题，但是考查内容涉及面广，并突出了综合性和语境化的特点。解题时，应结合语境，灵活使用语法、词汇知识，透过现象看本质，从而达到分析问题和解决问题的最终目的。
三、实战训练
辨析题：
1.①______ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.
A. That B. Which C. As D. It
②_____ is known to the world is _______ Mark Twain is a great American writer.
A. It, that B. What, / C. As, / D. What, that
③Mark Twain is a great American writer, _______ is known to the world.
A. it B. that C. which D. what
2. ①If the building project _______ by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.
A. is completed B. being completed C. to be completed D. completed
②The disc, digitally ______ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded
③The bridge, ______ now, will connect the two towns when completed.
A. to be constructed B. constructed
C. having been constructed D. being constructed
3. ①You _____ have done all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing.
A. needn't B. must not C. shouldn't D. cannot
②----Why didn't he take the driving test
---- He _______ it because he has got a driving license.
A. needn't have taken B. couldn't have taken it
C. didn't need to take D. needn't take
4. ①She had gone through just a few carriages _____ she found herself at the front of the train.
A. before B. while C. after D. as
②I had just gone to bed after a tiring day _______ the phone rang loud enough to wake up the dead.
A. as B. when C. after D. as
5. ①_______ I admit that there are problems, I don't agree that they cannot be solved.
A. While B. Since C. As D. If
②I do every single bit of housework _____ my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then.
A. since B. while C. when D. as
③----I'm going to the post office.
---- _______ you're there, can you get me some stamps
A. As B. While C. Because D. If
6. ①To keep healthy , Professor Smith ___ cycling as a regular form of exercise after he retired.
A. caught on B. carried out C. made for D. took up
②Helen always helps her mother even though going to school ______ most of her day.
A. takes up B. makes up C. saves up D. puts up
( Key: CDCCA, DACAB, ABBDA)
综合题
1. Not far from the club there was a garden, ___ owner seated in it playing bridge with his children at that time that afternoon.
A. whose B. which C. that D. its
2. Isn’t it lovely to think that I ____ myself on the sunny beach tomorrow at this time!
A. will enjoy B. am enjoying C. will be enjoying D. shall enjoy
3. --- How soon can you finish reading the book
--- It will be 2 weeks _____.
A. before I will finish it B. after I finish it
C. before it is finished D. since it has been finished
4. It is considered no good ___ without understanding.
A. recite B. to be recited C. recited D. reciting
5. Nowhere except in the University Town of Wales, UK ___ drivers sign walkers to pass the street first in a friendly way.
A. I have ever seen B. have I ever seen C. I ever saw D. did I ever see
6. --- Hi, Lisa! Are you going to have an outing
--- _______.
A. I can’t say B. Yes, I will do C. It’s fun to do so D. That’s all depends
7. --- ___ that makes her different from the other students
--- Honesty, hard work and, I suppose, a bit of imagination.
A. What do you know B. What do you think it is
C. How do you believe D. How come that
8. --- Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on.
--- Where was I
--- You ___ you didn’t like your father’s job.
A. had said B. said C. were saying D. had been saying
9. _____ the best in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarship totaling 27, 000 dollars.
A. Judged; B. To be judged C. Having judged D. Judging
10. --- How _____ feel to cover 60 miles in a single day on foot
--- Exhausting! Especially when there is no one in company.
A. do you B. does that C. did you D. does it
( Key: DCCDB DBCAD)
Ⅲ.完形填空
一．命题特点
完形填空注重在语境中考查词义。因此答案有的由一个句子决定，有的由相邻不远的一组句子决定，有的由语篇内容综合决定。但是，从近年来的高考试题看，语篇层次设空的比例有所增加，超过了三分之一，反映出“突出语篇”的命题思路。
为了让考生迅速进入主题，为理解文章奠定基础，命题者在设计完形填空题时，总是保留一个完整或基本完整的句子不设空。这个不设空的句子就是提示句，往往出现在文章的开头。通过提示句，考生可以确定文章的话题、主题、背景、人物、时间、地点、事件等，也可以确定文体，从而适当地把握文章的发展方向，达到顺利“完形”的目的。文章的其余部分也可能出现一些不设空的句子，或者即使设空、但主干作为提示句。
二．解题指导
（一）解题步骤
第一步：关注首句，启示全文
我们在解题时一定要注意以首句的时态、语态及表述方式为立足点来进行逻辑思维，判断文章体裁，找出文章中心，以帮助我们理解。
第二步：通读全文，把握大意
快速浏览全文，弄清各段落之间，各层次之间的内在联系，把握文章的完整性。只有这样才符合这种题型的解题思路。
第三步：瞻前顾后，先易后难
在解题过程中，我们应该遵循“先易后难”的原则，遇到少数疑难问题时不可徘徊不前。为了不影响做题速度，我们可以暂时跳过难点，去解决那些靠上下文能确定的、比较直接具体的问题。或许在上文中难以判断的题在下文中就有暗示或明确的表示，或许一个在前面不能解的题在填出了另一空后会令你豁然开朗。
第四步：上下连贯，合乎逻辑
捕捉题眼，要迅速找到语篇中的特殊的内在的逻辑关系——表示因果、递进、转折、指代等意义的连接词或动词、形容词、副词、同位语等，还有那些明确具体的事实（如时间、地点、人物、形状、色彩、顺序），以及它们之间的联系等等。
第五步：代入答案，复查全文
复查时从意义和语法两个角度考虑，着眼于全篇。特别注意的是，我们所选的是“最佳”选项而不是“正确”答案。
上述步骤可概括为：（一步二步）粗读寻思路，（三步四步）细读选答案，（五步）复查纠错误.
（二）方法指导
1. 上下文语境法
近年来的完形填空试题在选项的设置上越来越淡化语法结构，重在文意的干扰，即把具体的语言知识溶进具体的语言情景中去，考查考生通过上下文的前后提示或暗示，对整体文意进行把握的能力。这种考查方式所占的比例较大，且难度也大，若单纯从句子或个别段落来分析，或许所给的四个答案在语法和结构上都是正确的，若放在全局，则不一定正确。因此，快速浏览全文，领悟文章主旨，通过上下文的语境来选择答案是解决这类题的关键。
[例1]（2005年湖北试卷）（保留原题号，下同）
It's all in a day ' s work for a war reporter , and it can be very 39 . In the first two years of the 40 in former Yugoslavia (前南斯拉夫), 28 reporters and photographers were killed. Hundreds more were 41 .What kind of people put themselves in danger to 42 pictures to our TV screens and 43 to our newspapers Why do they do it
"I think it's every young journalist's 44 to be a foreign reporter," says Michael Nicholson, "that's 45 you find the excitement. So when the first opportunity comes, you take it 46 it is a war."
39. A. dangerous B. exciting C. normal D. disappointing
40. A. stay B. fight C. war D. life
41. A. injured B. buried C. defeated D. saved
42. A. bring B. show C. take D. make
43. A. scenes B. passages C. stories D. contents
44. A. belief B. dream C. duty D. faith
45. A. why B. what C. how D. where
[解析]39后面讲了28 reporters and photographers were killed 28个记者和摄影师死在战场上，因此，战地记者的工作是很危险的。
[解析]40You're standing in front of a 37 （camera） and you're telling the TV38 (viewers) what is happening.前面讲战地记者，因此这里说的是前南斯拉夫战争
[解析]41由上文可知，战地记者的工作是非常危险的，或是会受伤或是会被打死。
[解析]44根据上下文可知，年轻记者的梦想是成为一名外国记者。
2.常识背景法
完形填空往往以自身的内容提供完整的语篇信息，其间交织渗透着各类相关的文化背景知识和生活常识，考查考生灵活运用该方面知识的能力。解决这类题目，考生不仅要有广博的知识、丰富的生活经历，还要能够驾驭全文，不仅理解文章的表层意义，而且要弄清文章的深层意义。当对语言的把握不很准确时，可充分利用社会文化知识和生活常识来帮助判断。
[例1]（2005年江西试卷）
In the summer vacation of 1997 , I was fixed with a job . I worked as a(n) 36 at Mr. Breen’s fruit shop
36．A．operator B．assistant C．waiter D．secretary
[解析]36 shop assistant 店员，根据工作地点可以推断答案他是在帮Mr Breen做店员。Operator接线员、操作员 waiter餐 馆服务员 secretary秘书。
[例2]（2005年天津试卷）
Having left the town, the girl stopped the car at the landing near the entrance of the bay（海湾）.She stepped into the 16 and rowed out silently ….
The lights of the town became 31 .
16. A. car B. boat C. ship D. sail
31. A. brighter B. bigger C. closer D. smaller
[解析]（上文已经告诉我们根据下文中的rowed（划船）可判断出女孩上了船。）因而船远离了城镇，根据常识灯光应该是变得越来越小了。
3.习惯搭配法
词的固定搭配，特别是动词的搭配在完形填空题中出现的比例也是比较大的，多数题目涉及到动词的用法和各种搭配关系，这是由动词在句子中的重要性决定的。动词在搭配关系上与名词、介词、副词的用法紧密相关。解决这类题目要求考生多读、多记，对所学习语或固定搭配牢固掌握，并能灵活运用。
[例1]（05年安徽试卷）
I did very badly at school. My headmaster thought I was 36 and when I was 14 he said, "You’re never going to be 37 but a failure. "
36. A. bright B. useless C. simple D. hopeful
useless无用。从上文“I did very badly at school.”可以看出，作者给校长的印象是“无用”。
37. A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing
[解析]37根据never可判断要选anything. never/not be anything but 表示“除……之外”。
[例2]（2005年天津试卷）
She wasn’t even halfway, 23 she was already tired and her hands 24 from pulling on the rough wooden oars（船桨）. “ I’m never going to 25 it ”, she thought .
23. A. if B. so C. but D. since
根据前面两句的内容可判断出它们是转折关系。
24. A. hurt B. ruined C. troubled D. broke
hurt受伤。由于海浪很大，她划桨的手受了伤。
25. A. get B. make C. keep D. take
[解析]25 make it固定搭配意思是“按时到达某处(目的地)”。由于海浪太大，小女孩有些泄气，认为到达不了目的地。
4.词义辨析法
要做好这种题目，必须尽量将词语辨析与情节推理和逻辑推理结合起来，从词汇意义入手，抓住情节线索解决问题。
[例1]（2005年浙江试卷）
34 , I realized that the people there were having a nice conversation with their machines, not with people. They were more 35 having a relationship with the 36 ,
34. A. From then on B. At that moment C. In all D. Above all
35. A. interested in B. tired of C. careful about D. troubled by
36. A. computer B. soul C. shop D. geek
[解析]34 at that moment”表示“这时，我意识到了……”，其他选项与文义不符。
[解析]35 表示“对电脑比对人更感兴趣”，此题易误选C项，“be careful about”意为“小心／当心”，而“care about”才是“关心，在乎”。
[例2]（2005年江苏试卷）
40 what we discovered later were all the gifts that came out of 41 difficulties. We came to learn that something 42 could happen in a disaster . All over the world people 43 Chris so much that letters and postcards poured in every day.
40. A. So B. For C. Or D. Yet
41. A. sharing B. separating C. fearing D. exploiting
42. A. terrible B. similar C. wonderful D. practical
43. A. wrote for B. cared for C. hoped for D. sent for
[解析]40
[解析]41我所得到的最好的回报就是共同经历困难。share difficulties的所以为“共同经历困难”。
out of sharing difficulties 出于分摊（我们的）困难。
[解析]42我们也希望在我们的生活中会发生一些奇迹。terrible 可怕的；similar类似的；wonderful奇妙的；practical实用的。
[解析]43短语care for的意思为“关心，照顾”。所以他们寄来大量的信件和贺卡。write for为……写；care for 关心；hope for 希望得到；send for 派人去请。
5.语法分析法
完形填空题中也有考查语法知识的题目。比如，选用动词就要考虑各种时态、语态、语气、谓语形式、非谓语形式、及物、不及物、持续性质、非持续性质、主谓搭配以及其如何与其它词类配合使用等一系列问题。熟练地掌握基础语法知识并运用其进行分析解答完形填空题是一种非常有效的解题方法。
[例1]（2005年浙江试卷）
It was raining. I went into a cafe and asked for a coffee. 21 I was waiting for my drink, I realized there were other people in the place,….
21. A. Before B. Since C. Although D. While
[解析]while“表示“当……的时候，在……期间”，后接进行时态。其他均不符合题意。
[例2] (2003全国卷)
I played a racquetball game against my cousin Ed last week. It was one of the most surprising and tiring games I've ever had. When Ed first phoned and we play, I laughed quietly, figuring on an easy victory. ……
A. declared B. mentioned C. persuaded D. suggested
[解析]分析句子结构可看出we play应为宾语从句，只有suggest后的宾语从句的谓语用should加动词原形，should省略。
6．逻辑分析法
利用上下文内在逻辑关系（比如：因果关系、转折关系、递进关系、并列关系等）
[例1]（2005年浙江试卷）
I saw their bodies, but I couldn’t feel their souls 23 their souls belonged to the 24 .
23. A. because B. when C. until D. unless
[解析]23考查连词。上下文有因果关系
24. A. home B. world C. Net D. Café
由上下文可知，作者之所以感到孤寂，是因为其他人的灵魂都属于网络。
[例2]（05年山东试卷）
I’ve 50 regretted it. I wanted to be a biologist, 51 I didn’t pursue my 52 . You know what you want. Go fulfill it.”
50. A. always B. never C. seldom D. almost
根据上下文可知，作者的父亲对此“一直”很后悔，因此答案为always
51. A. rather B. but C. for D. therefore
[解析]51上下文有转折关系
52. A. promise B. task C. belief D. dream
由上文可知，句意为“没有追求自己的‘梦想’”
7．排除保留法
将干扰项逐项检查验证，凡发现有错误的选项，立即剔除出选择范围。随着选择范围的缩小，选项的准确率就会不断提高。经过这样分析推敲弃误留正，便会水落石出，找出正确答案。排除法运用得好，可以收到事半功倍的效果。
[例1]（2005年浙江试卷）
He was chatting online and, 27 , he was playing a computer game—a war game. I was 28 .
27. A. first of all B. just then C. at the same time D. by that time
“busy"是因为他边在线聊天，同时，还打电脑游戏。
28. A. surprised B. delighted C. moved D. frightened
[解析]28用排除法可推出，作者十分的惊讶，而不是高兴/激动/害怕。
[例2]（05年重庆试卷）
Hearing a strange noise from the 41 of the car, he naturally got out to 42 the wheels carefully, but he found nothing wrong, so he 43 his way. Again the noise began 44 and became even louder.
41. A. front B. back C. left D. right
四个选项均为方位，前、后、左、右。由46题“following the car"可知，“a strange noise”是由后面传来。
42. A. clean B. change C. test D. examine
驾车热闹走出驾驶室来检查车轮。易错点: C项“test”强调测试。
43. A. drove B. continued C. pushed D. forced
驾车人停车检查后，没发现异样情况，故继续向伦敦驶去。
44. A. normally B. gently C. actually D. immediately
[解析]44由“Again”可知，“the noise”在他重新驾驶后再次发生。此题可用排除法。A项为“通常的”，B项为“温柔的、轻轻的”与“became even louder”不符，C项为“实际的、实在的”均不符合上下文。
附两篇高考完型填空
III．完形填空(共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分) (2005年广东卷)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从36～55各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C、和D)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Some myths are stories told since ancient times to explain the causes for natural happenings. The Greek myth that explains why there are changes of (36) ______ is about Demeter, the goddess of the harvest. She had a daughter, Persephone, whom she loved very much. Hades, god of the underworld, fell in love with Persephone, and he asked Zeus, the (37) ______ of the gods, to give Persephone to him as his (38) ______. Zeus did not want either to disappoint Hades or to upset Demeter, so he said he would not agree to the marriage, but neither would he (39) ______ it. Hades, therefore, decided to take the girl without (40) ______. When Persephone was picking flowers in the garden, he seized her and took her to the underworld. When Demeter (41) ______ what happened to Persephone, she became so (42) ______ that she caused all plants to (43) ______ People were in (44) ______ of starving. But Demeter was determined not to let crops grow (45) ______ her daughter, Persephone, was returned to her. (46) ______, still not wanting to disappoint Hades, decided upon a condition for Persephone's (47) ______. She could go back to her mother if she had not (48) ______ anything while she was in the underworld. Demeter (49) ______ it because she did not know that Persephone had eaten several pomegranate (石榴) seeds in the underworld. When Zeus (50) ______ this, he agreed that Persephone could spend part of the year with her (51) ______, but he added that since she had eaten the seeds, she must spend part of the year in the underworld. And so it (52) ______ that when Persephone is in the underworld, Demeter is sad and therefore (53) ______ not let the crops grow. That is (54) ______ we have winter when plants do not grow. When Persephone returns, Demeter is (55) ______, it is spring, and plants begin to grow again.
36. A. periods B. seasons C. time D. age
37. A. winner B. ruler C. advisor D. fighter
38. A. wife B. lover C. partner D. daughter
39. A. forbid B. forgive C. admit D. accept
40. A. arrangement B. warning C. reason D. permission
41. A. let out B. worked out C. thought out D. found out
42. A. excited B. tired C. angry D. serious
43. A. grow fast B. start growing C. stop growing D. grow slowly
44. A. danger B. hope C. turn D. case
45. A. since B. until C. after D. when
46. A. Persephone B. Zeus C. Demeter D. Hades
47. A. return B. change C. marriage D. journey
48. A. stolen B. found C. eaten D. heard
49. A. understood B. refused C . doubted D. accepted
50. A. discovered B. studied C. forgot D. prepared
51. A. daughter B. mother C. god D. ruler
52. A. works B. remains C. happens D. starts
53. A. should B. can C. dare D. will
54. A. where B. because C. why D. how
55. A. nice B. friendly C. fresh D. happy
36~40. BBAAD 41~45. DCCAB 46~50. BACDA 51~55. BCDCD
2005年重庆市高考英语试卷
阅读下面短文，撑握其大意，然后从36—55各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该选项的标号涂黑。
Hidden passengers traveling in ships , trains , or even cars can be a terrible trouble—especially when they are insects . As for this , there is a great 36 between human beings and insects . The former 37 every possible effort to avoid being discovered , while the latter quickly 38 attention to themselves .
We can only show mercy to the 39 man who had to stop his car soon after 40 from a country village to drive to London . Hearing a strange noise from the 41 of the car , he naturally got out to 42 the wheels carefully , but he found nothing wrong , so he
43 his way . Again the noise began 44 and became even louder . Quickly 45 his head , the man saw what appeared to be a great 46 cloud following the car . When he stopped at a village further on , he was told that a queen bee must be hidden in his car as there were thousands of bees 47 .
On learning this , the man drove away as quickly as possible . After an hour’s 48 driving, he arrived safely in London , where he parked his car outside a 49 and went in . It was not long 50 a customer who had seen him arrive 51 in to inform him that his car was 52 with bees . The poor driver was 53 that the best way should be to call a 54 . In a short time the man arrived . He found the unwelcome passenger hidden near the wheels at the back of the car . Very thankful to the driver for this 55 gift , the bee-keeper took the queen and her thousands of followers home in a large box .
36. A. connection B. difference C. communication D. similarity
37. A. do B. take C. make D. try
38. A. give B. keep C. pay D. draw
39. A. unfortunate B. careless C. unpleasant D. hopeless
40. A. passing by B. leaving out C. setting out D. getting up
41. A. front B. back C. left D. right
42. A. clean B. change C. test D. examine
43. A. drove B. continued C. pushed D. forced
44. A. normally B. gently C. actually D. immediately
45. A. hiding B. turning C. shaking D. raising
46. A. black B. beautiful C. white D. colorful
47. A. below B. ahead C. nearby D. behind
48. A. boring B. careful C. exciting D. hard
49. A. hotel B. museum C. hospital D. school
50. A. when B. after C. until D. before
51. A. broke B. moved C. hurried D. dropped
52. A. crowded B. covered C. filled D. equipped
53. A. advised B. required C. ordered D. requested
54. A. bee-keeper B. policeman C. waiter D. repairman
55. A. unfamiliar B. unknown C. unexpected D. uncertain
36—40 BCDAC 41—45 BDBDB 46—50 ACDAD 51—55 CBAAC
IV. 阅读理解
一、理解能力测试的要求：
要求考生读懂公告、说明、广告、以及书、包、杂志中一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能：
1.掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；
2.理解文中具体的信息；
3.根据上下文推断生词的词义；
4.理解某句、某段的意义，并据此进行推理和判断，包括作者的态度、意图等；
5.理解全篇的基本结构及逻辑关系；
6.能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。
二、解题方法与技巧
（一）细节理解题：一般针对某个特定的细节而提出，难度较小，属浅层理解。考生通读短文后可直接找出答题依据。细节理解题有三种题型：纯细节题、计算题、细节推断题。三类题中细节推断题一般难度较大，考生要细细推敲。从最近几年的高考题看来细节理解题占了考题的一半左右。
细节理解的常见提问形式有：
1. Which of the following statements is (not) true (or correct or incorrect)
2. Which of the following is not mentioned in the text
3. All of the following are true except…
4. The author(or the passage) states that…
5. According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.)…
6. What does the writer pay least attention to
7. Which of the following maps /diagrams gives the right position of---/relationship of---
1、通读短文，领悟文章大意，理解文章结构层次及细节，特别注意：
①五个w (who, which, when, where, what), 一个h (how)以及其它特殊之处
例 1：(05江苏，A) The city is still very much as Jane Austen knew it, keeping in its streets and public buildings the well-ordered world that she described so well in her novels.
57. What can we learn about Bath from the passage
A. Bath has greatly changed since Jane Austen's death.
B. The city has changed as much as Jane Austen knew it.
C. Bath remains almost the same as in Jane Austen's time.
D. No changes have taken place in Bath since Jane Austen's time.
此题可以从第二段的第三句话中获悉。即：The city is still very much as Jane Austen knew it. 故答案是C。
例 2：(05江苏，B) Are you Chinese film fans OK, here comes the latest 25 New Takes about Chinese films. It is a collection of 25 fresh readings of different Chinese films from the 1930s to the present.
Maybe you are Indian film fans and star-chasers. Then here is Encyclopedia ( 百科全书 ) of Indian Cinema. The book is a complete introduction to all the best Indian films. It also offers a full list of names of the famous and successful film stars in the past ten years. You know, the Indian film industry is the largest in the world after our Hollywood.
In our bookstore, you can also find books about Mexican, Japanese, Australian, German and Italian films..
61. How many Asian countries does the speaker refer to when he talks about the film books
A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Nine.
此题的信息在第二段、第四段和第六段中，Chinese, Indian, Japanese 分别为提示词。故答案为B。
62. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage？
A. Indian cinema is second only to Hollywood.
B. The British Cinema Book includes a complete list of names of stars.
C. Crouching Tiger and Hidden Dragon is well received in the States.
D. The French Cinema Book covers over a century's French films.
从第四段水浪线可知。故选B。
②数字、日期、时间等：
例 3：(05江苏，A)Jane Austen, a famous English writer, was born at Steventon, Hampshire, on December 16,1775, and died on July 18, 1817.
She paid two long visits here during the last five years of the eighteenth century.
56. Jane Austen paid two long visits to Bath________.
A. in her early twenties B. in her early teens
C. in her late twenties D. in her late teens
此题信息可以从第一段中她的出生年代和第二段中她去游览的时间即可推算出来。A
③同位语，破折号，括号，省略号等：
例4：(05模拟)They may plan more parties or try to attract more people to join their informal talks. Some publishers have expressed interest in a book, something they say they’ll consider.
60. How do they like the idea of writing a book
A. They have decided to wait a year or two. B. They will think about it carefully.
C. They agreed immediately D. They find it hard to do that. B
④表示附加说明的词，如：by the way, besides, what’s more, in addition to, including, as well as等:
例5：But this is not always the case. If asked to a student’s party at 6:30 pm, it is normal for guests not to appear before midnight, if at all, and no one cares. Being the first to arrive –-looking eager—is social death.
70. For some young people, arriving on time for a student’s party will probably be considered____
A. very difficult B. particularly thoughtful
C. friendly and polite D. socially unacceptable D
⑤倒装句及加强语气的词，如：above all, mainly, mostly, certainly, indeed，等。
2、利用排除法排除不符合原文细节的选项，剩下的正是要选择的最佳答案。考生要注意的是有时在两个难以抉择的题项之间一定要通过文章的整体意思来作出判断。
（二）词句理解题：此类题要求考生正确理解短文中一些关键词、短语或句子的含义。常用的手段是利用多种表达法、词的多义性、同近义词语替换、习语释义、句型或语态转换等。
1、 理解题意，从短文中找到相关的词、短语或句子，根据特定的语境来判断理解，推敲斟酌，最后确定其准确含义。
2、要熟悉常见的设问形式：
1) The underlined word in the paragraph refers to / means---. ________.
2) What does “-----” in the paragraph stand for / mean
3) “------” could best be replaced by which of the following
4) The expression / phrase “_------_” means -----.
5) The word “ -------” is closest in meaning to ------. ___
6）By saying -----, we mean-------.
7) “-----”_can best be defined as------.
8) Which of the following words can take the place of the word “ ” ________
3、要掌握常见的猜词技巧
1．定义；2）解释；3）同位语；4）对照比较；5）因果；6）同近义词；7）反义词；8）构词法（派生、合成、转化）；9）语境或上下文；10）常识和经验；11）要具备有关的西方社会人文知识，逐步习惯西方人特有思维特点，如女士优先(ladies first)、人人想年轻(everyone wants to be young)、幽默感(the sense of humor)、个性坚强(strong character)、不干涉他人隐私(concept of privacy)、诚实最好(honesty is the best policy)、守时(punctuality)等。
请猜测下列划线部分词的意思：
例 6：My teenage son Karl became withdrawn after his father died. As a single parent, I tried to do my best to talk to him, but the more I tried, the more he pulled away.
By saying “Karl became withdrawn”, the author means that the boy changed entirely and ___.A. refused to stay alone at home B. lost interest in his studies
C. refused to talk to others D. began to dislike to his mother C
例 7：(05江苏，E)William Shakespeare said, "The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (纱线), good and ill together. ’The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities -science seems to prove what Shakespeare said.
74.The underlined word "mingled" in the last paragraph most probably means________.
A. simple B. mixed C. sad D. happy
B 猜词题。从此句中good and ill 中可知。
例 8：(05江苏，C)Towards the evening, there comes the grand finale of the opening day, an extremely exciting horserace.
66. The underlined word "finale" in the fourth paragraph most probably means the of the opening day.
A. first part B. middle C. last part D. whole
（三）推理判断题：这一类题主要针对短文的结论、隐含意义（寓意）、作者的倾向、文章的论调、写作思路及目的等方面，要求考生纵观全文，在汇集短文提供的各项信息的基础上，严格按照短文陈述的观点或描述的事实，进行正确的、合乎逻辑的推论和引申，包括事情的前因后果、人物的目的动机和性格特征、作者的倾向态度、语言中的语态和语气等。有时还可能会假设一种情况要求考生对原文中没有提到的情况进行推理想象，对题目中提出的各种可能性进行推敲，从而选出符合原文信息或作者愿意的最佳答案。
1、 懂原文，抓住关键词、短语、句子或段落，透彻理解文章内容，注意文章结构层次和逻辑关系，并结合阅读材料外的有关生活、社会常识，仔细斟酌，作出准确的推断和引申。
2、要熟悉常见的设问形式：
1) We can infer / conclude from the passage that _______.
2) It can be inferred / concluded /seen(from the passage ) that ________.
3) The passage / story / author / paragraph implies, but does not directly state that _______.
4) The author’s / writer’s attitude（态度）towards …is _______.
5) What do you think would happen (to…) at the end of the story
例9:(05江苏，E)The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before: changes for the better, changes for the worse; changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger. Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.
Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought us a better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology m the application of science m has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life.
The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings: in pure science -- a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning; in applied science -- a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment.
Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons, Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the number of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as of many kinds of animals.
William Shakespeare said, "The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (纱线), good and ill together. '’The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities – science seems to prove what Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so Must the ill always go together with the good Are we biologically programmed for war
72. Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage
推理判断题。第一段总述科学给人类带来的利与弊。即总述科学给人类带来的变化。第二段陈述科学带来的益处。第三段陈述更大的益处。第四段论述科学带给人类的灾难，与第一段的科学的弊端相呼应。第五段对全文进行总结，与第一段相呼应。故答案为A。
73.From the fourth paragraph, we can infer that________.
A. a great many nuclear weapons were actually used for war
B. a large number of nuclear weapons should have been used for war
C. the author is doubtful about the ruin of human beings by nuclear weapons
D. the author is anxious about the huge number of nuclear weapons on the earth
推理判断题。从第四段的最后一句话可知。即：如果在二战中核武器大量的被使用的话，那么结果可能会毁灭人类，就象许多种动物的灭绝一样。故选D。
75.What do you think the author is most likely to suggest if he continues to write
A. Further application of science to war.
B. More reading of William Shakespeare.
C. Proper use of science in the new century.
D. Effective ways to separate the good from the ill.
推理判断题。从最后二句的设问可知。即：利与弊永远相互交织吗？我们生下来就是为打仗吗？故选D。
（四）归纳概括题：此类题主要针对文章的主题、中心思想、文章的结构层次（主题句或主题段）、作者的写作目的(purpose)等方面，要求考生在准确理解全文后归纳短文要点，概括中心思想，也包括分析和归纳段落大意、重要情节、人物特征和环境特点等。
1、领会文章大意，灵活运用概念、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，真正准确地理解文章的话题和中心思想。
一般而言，英语文章的话题往往用很少几个词加以概括，通常具体反映在文章的题目或一段短文的小标题上；不少文章一开头便展示出文章的主题，特别是新闻报道，第一段通常是故事的梗概(lead paragraph)，这一段往往表达了文章的中心思想。但也要注意，不少文章的中心思想也常贯穿于全文之中；英语文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章开头，简要概括文章的中心思想，而主题句(topic sentence)常在一段的开头，也可以段中或段末，其作用是交待该段的中心意思，再由全段展开或讨论这个意思。段与段之间常有词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯。要准确地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握住文章的脉络，即句与句之间，段落与段落之间的逻辑关系。
2、要熟悉常见的设问形式：
1) What is the main subject / the best title of the passage
2) Which of the following is the best title for the passage
3) The title that best expresses the main idea of the passage is ________.
4) From the passage we know that _______.
5) The main idea of this passage is ________.
6) The passage is mainly about _______.
7) Choose the best title for the passage.
例 10：(04江苏，D)Whoever has made a voyage up the Hudson River must remember the Catskill Mountains.------ At the foot of these mountains, a traveler may see light smoke going up from a village. ------ In that village and in one of the houses, there lived many years ago , a simple, good-natured fellow by the name of Rip Van Winkle.
71. What would be the best title for the text
A. Catskill Mountains B. A mountain Village
B. C. Rip Van Winkle D. A Dutiful Husband C
（五）图示理解题：图示理解中的一般坐标方位是“上北下南，左西右东”（特别标明方位
的除外）即 有时根据文章内容提供一幅或多幅图（地图、示意图或其它图形），要求考生正确判断和选择符合原文的图示。
1、先看问题和图示，再读原文，要以原文提供的事实、；逻辑关系为自己思维活动的基准点，使自己的思维模式与作者写作时的思维模式相吻合，仔细研读和准确理解与图示有关的信息（词、短语或句子），分析其中的细节，找了符合图示所要求的必要条件；2、熟悉常见的设问形式：
1) Which of the following maps gives the right position of…？
2) Which of the following diagrams / pictures / figures shows the correct relationship between A, B and C
3) Which of the diagrams shows the right relation of the … mentioned in the passage
4) Which of the drawings below gives an idea of what… is / looks like
例 11：：The capital city is Khartoum. At Khartoum the Blue Nile and the White Nile come together to form the Nile River, which is the world’s longest river. Khartoum has about four hundred and seventy thousand people.
56. Which of the following maps gives the right position of Khartoum A
(K—Khartoum; B—Blue Nile; W—White Nile; N—Nile River)
例 12：In the northeast of USA there are six small states. Together they are called New England. The most important state of New England is Massachusetts. Its capital city is Boston, with a population of just over half a million, which is the biggest New England city. Greater Boston is made up of 78 cities and towns. It has a population of nearly 3 million which is half the population of the state of Massachusetts.
69.Which of the following diagrams gives the correct relationship
between New England, Massachusetts and Boston
(N—New England; M—Massachusetts; B—Boston) B
三、答题步骤及注意事项
答题步骤
1、先看问题，再读文章：带着问题阅读短文，确定主攻方向，特
别要注意首尾段和首尾句，把握文章的主题和脉络，摘取有用的材料，
舍弃无关的信息，有的放矢、高效省时。
2、细读全文，认真推敲：针对测试题的要求，细心阅读与问题有关的词汇、句子或段落，要特别留心一些关键信息词，它们既是测试的重点，又是把握全文意思的突破口，因此，必须准确判断，仔细斟酌，以便选出最佳答案。
3、推敲词义、分析长句：阅读中如碰到生词、考生要通过上下文、词缀、复合词的一些构造、词形的转化来猜测词义，碰到长句时，考生要学会把长句层层剥开，找出主干，然后再看修饰成分，降低理解的难度，以便充分理解文章。
4、复读全文，验证答案：在选出全部答案后，应将答案带入问题中重读全文，看前后意思是否贯通，有无矛盾，若前后不一致或意思矛盾，则要考虑重选答案。
注意事项：
1．所选有据，避免主观。
阅读他人之作，理解他人之意，必须以作者的思维模式为准绳，以原文提供的事实、细节和逻辑关系为自己思维活动的基准点，切忌把自己的观点和看法与原文或作者的观点和看法混为一谈，自以为是。文章中的数字、日期、时间、表限量的词或短语等都是设题的重点，若只注意明显的内容，正好走进了实的陷阱。若不注意虚的内容，想当然答题也必错无疑。因此，必须学会“虚实结合”。
选择答案时到底应依据些什么？
解答细节类题时，要注意到文中找到答题的依据（回读时细到每一个词），同时要注意选择最佳答案。细节类题的选项构成一般有四种，全对、部分对无错、部分对有错、全错，后两种情况不能选作答案，前两种情况中全对的为最佳答案，部分对无错的为正确答案，没有全对的可选部分对无错的选项作为答案。另外，数字计算必须写，而不是仅仅心算。同时，注意反话正说，正话反说。
解答推理题时要注意这样两点：第一，要依据事物的本质，而不是现象进行推断；第二，要依据作者的思路和文章本身提供的事实，而不是读者自身经验和见解进行推断。
解答标题确立和主题思想归纳类的题时，要抓住“全面、具体”四个字。“全面”指的是选项要能涵盖文章全部或主要内容，“具体”指的是在全面的基础上，选项内容要最大程度地切合文章内容。
不要过分拘泥于细节，可以浏览一下每一节的前一、两句话，以便对了解文章的中心思想和作者的基本观点和立场，弄清文中的信息方位，如什么地方是作者的观点，什么地方是作者所举的例子，什么地方是作者分析的原因，以便答题时查找。其次，可以回过头来读一读文后的题目（题干和选项），有时从题目本身也能找到答题的契机。
2．符合原文的答案=正确答案≠最佳答案。
阅读题要求选的最佳答案，有的答案从某个枝节来看是对的，但从全文来看则不是最佳的，因此，必须通盘考虑，取主要，舍枝节。
3. 遇到生词是正常的，千万不要惊慌，三类词汇可不注中文：
※.运用构词法知识能推测词义的词汇
…and only those few who take part realize the cruelty and destruction.
※.通过上下文语境及句意的逻辑关系等能猜测含义的词汇
There are plants, animals and insects that have adapted to life in the desert.
※不影响对文章理解的词汇
They are persuaded by gunner magazines with stories honoring the chase and the kill.
4.注意“熟词生义”现象.
附练习：
05北京春季
Letter to Editor of TV Weekly
　　Dear Sir/Madam,
　　I read Alison Burnham’s review of When we were 12, and I do not agree with her. I thought the programme was wonderful — I found the old news pictures really interesting — they helped to bring to life the stories the people were telling.
　　The programme reminds me of many things from my own childhood. For example, one day when I was about five, I was going to school on the bus by myself (this was the late 1960s). My mother had given me exactly the right money for a return ticket. I held out my hand with the money in it — one big coin on top of one little coin. The bus conductor took the big top coin only and she gave me a ticket, but it was a pink one for a single journey. I needed a white one for a return journey, but I was too frightened to say anything. When school finished for the day, I couldn’t catch the bus home — I had to walk. As a grown up, whenever I’ve been in a situation where I need to say something or take some action, this early memory of my bus ride comes back to me, and I’m able to take control of the situation.
　　I would like to say to the director, Bret Chrysler, carry on making this kind of programme. Too much TV these days is quiz shows and so called “reality programmes”.I appreciate the human story that can make me laugh and cry.
　　Yours faithfully,
　　Chris Daniels
　　68. What is Chris Daniels’ purpose of writing this letter
　　A. To persuade Bret Chrysler to turn away from quiz shows.
　　B. To entertain other readers with old news pictures.
　　C. To express his appreciation of the programme.
　　D. To have his story told on the programme.
　　69. Chris Daniels tells the story about the bus ticket to .
　　A. describe how painful his early experience was
　　B. draw a direct response from Alison Burnham
　　C. show how the programme made him think
　　D. teach the readers of TV Weekly a lesson
　　70. According to the passage, Chris Daniels had to walk home because .
　　A. he hadn’t got a return ticket
　　B. he had lost his bus ticket
　　C. he didn’t like big crowds
　　D. he missed the bus home
71. What does Chris Daniels now think about his experience on the bus
A. He should have told the conductor then.
B. He should have been well treated.
C. He regrets going to school alone.
D. He wishes it hadn’t happened. CCAA
05年北京C
How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments----;mostly for entertainment purposes-----;is fair and respectful
Zoo officials say they are concerned about animals. However, most zoos remain “Collections” of interesting “things” rather than protective habitats（栖息地）. Zoos teach people that it is acceptable to keep animals bored, lonely, and far from their natural homes.
Zoos claim （声称） to educate people and save endangered species（物种）, but visitors leave zoos without having learned anything meaningful about the animals” natural behavior, intelligence, or beauty. Zoos keep animals in small spaces or cages, and most signs only mention the species” name, diet, and natural range（分布区）. The animals” normal behavior is seldom noticed because zoos don’t usually take care of the animals” natural needs.
The animals are kept together in small spaces, with no privacy and little opportunity for mental and physical exercise. This results in unusual and self-destructive behavior called zoochosis. A worldwide study of zoos found that zoochosis is common among animals kept in small spaces or cages. Another study showed that elephants spend 22 percent of their time making repeated head movements or biting cage bars, and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking back and forth, a sign of unhappiness and pain.
Furthermore, most animals in zoos are not endangered Captive breeding（圈养繁殖） of endangered big cats, Asian elephants, and other species has not resulted in their being sent back to the wild. Zoos talk a lot about their captive breeding programs because they do not want people to worry about a species dying out. In fact, baby animals also attract a lot of paying customers. Haven”t we seen enough competitions to name baby animals
Actually, we will save endangered species only if we save their habitats and put an end to the reasons people kill them. Instead of supporting zoos, we should support groups that work to protect animals” natural habitats.
64. How would the author describe the animals” life in zoos
A. dangerous. B. Unhappy.
C. Natural. D. Easy.
65. In the state of zoochosis, animals ___________.
A. remain in cages
B. behave strangely
C. attack other animals
D. enjoy moving around
66. What does the author try to argue in the passage
A. Zoos are not worth the public support.
B. Zoos fail in their attempt to save animals.
C. Zoos should treat animals as human beings.
D. Zoos use animals as a means of entertainment.
67. The author tries to persuade readers to accept his argument mainly by ___________.
A. pointing out the faults in what zoos do
B. using evidence he has collected at zoos
C. questioning the way animals are protected
D. discussing the advantages of natural habitats
68. Although he argues against zoos, the author would still agree that ___________.
A. zoos have to keep animals in small cages
B. most animals in zoos are endangered species
C. some endangered animals are reproduced in zoos
D.its acceptable to keep animals away from their habitats BBAAC
05年上海C.
“ I THIRST”
Each day water-related diseases kill 3,900 of the world’s children
Across the world. 11 billion people have no access to clean drinking water. More than 2.6 billion people lack basic sanitation(卫生设备)。
The combination proves deadly. Each year, diseases related to inadequate water and sanitation kill between 2 and 5 million people and cause an estimated 80 percent of all sicknesses in the developing world. Safe drinking water is a precondition for health and the fight against child death rate, inequality between men and women and poverty.
Consider these facts:
The average distance that women in Africa and Asia walk to collect water is 6 kilometers.
Only 58 percent of children in sub-Saharan Africa are drinking safe water, and only 37 percent of children in South Asia have access to even a basic toilet.
Each year in India alone, 7.3 million working days are lost to water-borne diseases.
Here are three ways you can help:
1)Write Congress
Current U.S. foreign aid for drinking water and sanitation budgets only one dollar per year per American citizen. Few members of Congress have ever received a letter from voters about clean drinking water abroad.
2) Sponsor a project with a faith-based organization
Many U.S. religious groups already sponsor water and sanitation projects, working with partner organizations abroad. Simply put a single project by a U.S. organization can make safe water a reality for thousands of people.
3) Support nonprofit water organizations
Numerous U.S. based nonprofits work skillfully abroad in community-led projects related to drinking water and sanitation. Like the sample of non-profits noted as follows, some organizations are large, others small-scale, some operate worldwide, others are devoted to certain areas in Africa, Asia, or Latin American. Support them generously.
72. The three facts presented in the passage are used to illustrate that ______.
A. poverty can result in water-borne diseases
B. people have no access to clean drinking water.
C. women’s rights are denied in some developing countries.
D. safe drinking water should be a primary concern.
73. The intended readers of the passage are ______.
A. Americans B. overseas sponsors
C. Congressmen D. U.S. based water organizations
74. The main purpose of the passage is to call on people to ______.
A. get rid of water-related diseases in developing countries.
B. donate money to people short of water through religious groups
C. fight against the worldwide water shortage and sanitation problem
D. take joint action in support of some nonprofit water organizations
75. What information will probably be provided following the last paragraph
A. A variety of companies and their worldwide operation.
B. A list of nonprofit water organizations to make contact with.
C. Some ways to get financial aids from U.S. Congress.
D. A few water resources exploited by some world-famous organizations. DACB
05年广东C
“Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you ” asked Jamie Taylor of the WaveEnergy Group at the University of Edinburgh. “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves,” he said.
Scientists are working to use that energy to make electricity. Most waves are created when winds blow across the ocean. “The wind starts out by making little ripples (涟漪), but if they keep on blowing, those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves,” Taylor said. “Waves are one of nature’s ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.”
When waves come toward the shore, people can set up darns to block the water and send it through a large wheel called a turbine (涡轮机). The turbine can then power an electrical generator to produce electricity.
“The resource is huge,” said Janet Swain of the Worldwatch Institute. “We will never run out of wave power.” Besides, wave energy does not create the same pollution as other energy sources, such as oil or coal. Oceans cover three — quarters of the Earth’s surface — that would make wave power seem ideal for creating energy throughout the world, though there are some weak points yet to overcome.
Swain said that wave power still costs too much money. She also said that its effects on sea animals are still unknown. What is more, wave power could affect fishing and boat traffic.
Traditional sources of energy like oil and gas may someday run out. “Demand for energy to power our TVs and computers, drive our cars, and heat and cool our homes is rising rapidly throughout the world,” Swain said. In the future when you turn on a light, an ocean wave could be providing the electricity!
64. The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to ______.
A. test the readers’ knowledge about waves
B. draw the readers’ attention to the topic
C. show Jamie Taylor’s importance
D. invite the