课件28张PPT。Unit 1 Great Scientists
(Grammar)一.过去分词做表语和定语 1.过去分词可以置于系动词后做表语。常用的系动词有be, get, become, grow,seem,turn,remain,appear,feel, look,sound等。
e.g. The whole world were shocked at the news of Israel’s killing Yassin, the founder and spiritual leader of Hamas.听到以色列杀害哈马斯创始人和精神领袖亚辛的消息,全世界都为之震惊。
The case seems(to be) connected with some big shot.这个案子好像与某个大人物有关。
过去分词作表语 2.常用作表语的过去分词有:interested, moved, discouraged, amused, astonished,surprised,frightened, excited,moved,inspired,tired,worried,hurt, crowded, gone, broken,dressed,wounded,pleased等。
3.及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是被动关系,表示主语的状态,既表示被动,又表示完成。
e.g. The cup is broken. 茶杯破了。 4. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是主动关系,表示主语的状态,只表示动作的完成。
e.g. He is retired. 他已退休。
5. 有些过去分词作表语时,构成的谓语很接近被动结构。
e.g. ?The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山。
【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作。系表结构与被动语态的区别。“be+过去分词”可能是系表结构,也可能是被动语态,区别如下:
(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的。(是被动语态,表示动作)
(2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了。(过去分词作表语)
【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行。有些动词如 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用 -ing 形式来修饰物。
(3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣。
过去分词作定语
作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成。
1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前。
We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。
2. 过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中。
The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。
3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号。
e.g. The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人。 4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关。
e.g. The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。
二.现在分词和过去分词用法之异同(1) 现在分词和过去分词的用法异同历来是学习中的难点和高考测试的重点。众所周知,两种分词的区别很多,但它们之间的根本区别是:
过去分词在时态上强调动作已经完成,在语态上侧重于被动;
而现在分词在时态上强调动作正在进行,在语态上侧重于主动。
这种根本的区别具体体现在两种分词分别充当的各种句子成份中。细述如下: 一、分词作定语 共同点:分词作定语时,如果分词只是一个单词,那么,该分词就位于其所修饰的名词之前;如果是分词短语,那么,该短语就位于其所修饰的名词之后,它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
不同点:分词作定语时,被分词所修饰的名词就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系,所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;而过去分词则表示被动关系,所表示的动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
过去分词和现在分词都可以做定语,区别如下:1.There was a terrible noise ____ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
简析:首先,根据语法分析可知,句子后半部分是一个作定语、修饰 noise 的分词短语;再根据句意“一阵闪电之后,接着就是一声巨响。”可知,巨响应是主动,紧接在闪电之后的。因此,该题应选B。
2.The Olympic Games, ____ in 776 B. C., didn’t include women until 1912.
A. first playing B. to be first played
C. first played D. to be playing
简析:首先,根据语法分析可知,待选部分是一个作定语、修饰 The Olympic Games 的后置分词短语;再根据 The Olympic Games 对于动词 play 来说只能是被动承受,且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此,该题应选C。3.What’s the language ____ in Germany?
A. speaking B. spoken
C. be spoken D. to speak
简析:该题应选B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句 which is spoken
4.Most of the people ____ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting
简析:该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句 who were invited
5.Most of the artists ____ to the party were from South Africa.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited
简析:该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句who were invited
6.The computer centre, ____ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened
简析:该题应选D。测试过去分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后,可以用非限制性定语从句“which was opened last year”代替7.The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
简析:该题应选D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句which were written
二、分词作表语 共同点:分词作表语时,它起着形容词的作用。
不同点:分词作表语时,句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时,与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系,所表示的动作的一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;而过去分词则表示被动关系,所表示的动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。 过去分词和现在分词都可以做表语,区别如下:1.This news sounds ____.
A. encouraging B. encouraged C. encourage D. to encourage
简析:首先,根据语法分析可知,待选部分在句中应作表语,因为 sounds 在此句中用作连系动词;再根据 The news 对于动词 encourage 来说应是主动关系,即这个消息本身就鼓舞人心。因此,该题应选A。
2. -How did Bob do in the exams this time?
-Well, his father seems ____ with his results.
A. pleasing B. please C. pleased
D. to please
简析:首先, 根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作表语。因为 seems 在此句中用作连系动词; 再根据 his father 对于动词 please 来说应是被动关系, 即这个结果使他的父亲高兴; 换言之, 他的父亲因为受到这个结果的刺激而感到高兴。因此, 该题应选C。
3. ——How did the audience receive the new play?
——They got very ____.
A . excite B . excited C . excitedly D . exciting
简析:该题应选B。他们被那出新戏所打动。
三.高考链接
1 .Prices of daily goods_through a computer can be lower than store prices.
(北京2002春季)
A. are bought B. bought C. been bought
D. buying
【解析】此题考查过去分词短语作后置定语的用法。中心词goods(货物)是被买的,我们可以把bought through...还原成一个定语从句:
Prices of, daily goods that are bought through a computer...。
2 .Sarah,hurry up. I’m afraid you can’t have time to before the party. (NMET 2004)
A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change
【解析】此句意为“晚会前没时间换衣服”。get done其实是被动语态,它表示的是一个被动的动作,而be done表示的是被动的状态。change的宾语既可以是衣服,如:
She used to change her dress every day.,也可以是人,
如:change the baby(给婴儿换尿布),所以本题用的是被动语态。
3.一How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
一The key the problem is to meet the demand by the customers.(NMET 2003)
A. to solving;making B. to solving;made
C. to solve;making D. to solve;made
【解析】第二空填made构成过去分词短语作定语,修饰名词demand,意为“满足顾客提出的要求”。第一空填to solving the problem作定语修饰the key,意为“解决问题的关键”。key的此处意为“关键”,后面的to是介词,介词后面要接名词/动名词作宾语。再如:I don't know the entrance to the station.我不知道去车站的进口。
4.一I’m very_with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious.
一Mm,it does have smell.(北京2002春季)
A, pleasant;pleased B. pleased;pleased
C. pleasant;pleasant D. pleased;pleasant
【解析】当过去分词作表语或定语时,常常修饰人,表示某人处于某一种精神状态,故最佳答案为D项。
第二空的pleasant修饰物,是主动意义,相当于
pleasing。
Thank you!