高考总复习之备战短文改错题
在近年的高等学校招生全国统一考试,英语测试卷中都设置有短文改错题。此题型覆盖的知识面较广,要求学生不仅具备牢固的英语基础知识,还要有一定的分析问题及解决问题的能力。
然而,学生们在做这种题时,往往感觉无从下手,似乎感到某个地方有错,却又无法准确地找出来。当一看答案,或经老师一讲,便豁然开朗,这种现象明显反映出,学生平时缺乏练习,不具备问题的分析能力,更谈不上有对语言的准确使用能力。
那么如何来培养发展学生们对英语的使用能力呢?如何才能做好“短文改错”这种题型呢?首先,应熟练掌握英语基础知识。因为知识是技能和能力的载体,是技能和能力形成和发展的前提。假如英语词汇贫乏,语法知识欠缺,就理解不了句子,看不懂文章,更写不好句子,也无法在他人的文章中寻找出错误。此外,当掌握了一定的语言基础,还应在一定的方法指导下,强化训练,逐渐掌握一定的解题技巧,才能做好短文改错题。
一、严格要求,规范答题。
该题型错误类型设置常为多词、缺词、错词和无错,且要求学生答题时做到规范化,各种改错的符号要规范、正确,如果答题时操作错误,会导致失分。因此,平时练习时,应严格执行。如多词情况,应在原文中划去该词并在右边答案处写下这个词并用斜线划掉。
二、九点注意,逐行查找
短文改错题以考查学生综合运用英语的准确性为总目标。即文章中词法、句法、词篇结构及行文逻辑是否妥当、合理。因而做题时应从以下几个方面入手思考,现以近年高考试题为例来说明。
(一)注意主谓结构是否一致
(2000)Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library. (are)
(2003)Their word were a great encouragement to me.(words)
(二)注意习惯用语或固定词组搭配是否一致
(2000)I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd。(a)
(2002)Evening came down. (down)
(2004)I’m sure they will laugh to me. (at)
(三)注意谓语动词的时态、语态前后是否一致。
(2000)I remembered her words and calm down. (calmed)
(2001)My parents love me…, They did not want me to do any work…(do)
(2002)We fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories……The time passes quickly(visited/ passed)
(2003)I followed her advice and should put down 100 words or so each day. (should)
(2003)She liked it very much and reads it to the class. (read)
(2004)……Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class(talk)
(四)注意非谓语动词形式及使用是否得当,尤其注意不定式符号to的省略与保留
(2001)My Parents love me dearly of course and will do all they can make sure that I get a good education.(to)
(2003)Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper (talking)
(五)注意名词的数与格的使用前后是否一致。
(2000)She said that she and my classmate all wished me success.(classmates)
(2001)I’ll get good marks in all my subject (subjects)
(2002)I was busy talking picture since the scenery was so beautiful.(pictures)
(2004)…but after class we become stranger at once(strangers)
(六)注意与名词所搭配的限定词是否准确,尤其是冠词的使用。
(2001)We may be one family and live under a same roof. (the)
(2002)It’s famous mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. (a)
(2003)My teacher advised me to keep my diary。(a)
(七)注意代词的用法是否正确。如人称代词,物主代词,反身代词指代时是否一致;不定代词、关系代词的使用是否正确;it作形式主语、形式宾语或指代时有无缺漏。
(2003)…and I always thought in Chinese and tried to translate anything into English (everything)
(2003)…as I was learning to express me in simple English (myself)
(2003)One day I wrote a little story and showed to my teacher. (it)
(六)注意连接词,如关系代词,关系副词及从属连词在复合句中的使用是否正确。
(2000)But it didn’t matter that I would win or not. (whether)
(2000)I felt so nervous as I shook like a leaf. (that)
(2002)It was about noon we arrived at the foot of the mountain. (when)
(2002)I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my head touched the pillow. (at)
(2003)The main problem was in that I always thought in Chinese. (in)
(2004)It seems always difficult for me to do things well as them (as)
(2004)I don’t know that they don’t like to talk with me. (why)
(2004)Can you tell me about what I should do (about)
(九)搞清文字段落中的逻辑意义和逻辑关系,注意判断诸如象and, or, but, so, however, therefore等词的运用是否正确。
(2000)She was smiling but nodding at me. (and)
(2001)It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest (or)
(2002)The food was expensive and the service was good. (but)
(2004)I am trying to improve the situation since it doesn’t seem to work. (but)
三、习作互改,相互提高。
短文改错的题材多源于学生生活中常见的事情,错误点的设置也是来源于学生习作中常犯的错误,并非凭空臆造。因而,在平时的写作训练中,学生应力求语言使用的准确性,多背一些常用词组及精美文章,避免按照汉语的句式结构拼凑句子。同时,应加强同学间的互助合作。在完成一篇短文写作后,应交换批改,这实际上是“短文改错”的另一种形式的训练,长期坚持,相互之间的改错能力都会大有提高。
1、 多词
1、抽象名词前多余的冠词。
2、不可数名词前多余的不定冠词。
3、专有名词前多余的冠词。除特殊情况外,专有名词前不用冠词。
4、泛指复数可数名词前多余的冠词。
5、固定词组中名词前多余的定冠词。
(2000)I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd。(a)
6、one+名词,指示代词+名词,every+名词及last/next+名词组成的时间状语前多余的介词。
7、在某些固定搭配中,宾语补足语用不带to的动词不定式,加to是多余的。几个动词作并列谓语,加to也是多余的。
8、及物动词与直接宾语间多余的介词。
9、某些及物动词,因词义混淆,用了多余的介词或副词。
10、某些及物动词的固定词组中,直接宾语前用了多余的不定冠词。
11、单音节形容词比较级前用多余的more。如:more longer。
12、其他情况。
二、缺词
1、 表示一类事物的单数可数名词前缺冠词。
(2002)It’s famous mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. (a)
2、单数名词前缺少表示“—”(一个/所/……)的不定冠词。
3、特指名词前缺定冠词the。
4、作宾语或状语用的动词不定式缺to。
(2001)My Parents love me dearly of course and will do all they can make sure that I get a good education.(to)
5、作定语用的动词不定式后缺少必要的介词,否则语意不合逻辑。
6、作状语的介词词组缺少必要的介词。
7、作宾语的词前缺少必要的物主代词。
8、不及物动词的间接宾语缺少介词。
9、形容词最高级前缺冠词the。如:one of most important things(most前缺the)。
10、并列句缺并列连词。
11、句子as+形容词+名词+as+主语+动词……结构中缺副词as。如:In some places you may borrow many books as you want(many books前缺as)。
12、动词短语中缺必要的介词。
13、名词性从句作主语缺连词、代词、副词。
14、定语从句中缺作主语的关系代词。例1:The changes have taken place are great.(have前缺定语从句中作主语的关系代词that/which)例2:Is he the boy did the good deed (did前缺定语从句中表人的关系代词who)
15、缺系动词或动词结构不完整。
三、错词
1、 动词时态和语态(主要指行为动词)的错误。
(2000)I remembered her words and calm down. (calmed)
(2003)She liked it very much and reads it to the class. (read)
2、非谓语动词。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词(新近语法称动名词和现在分词为动词的-ing形式),短文改错中,判断非谓语的错误,下列几点很重要:
⑴非谓语动词具有动词性质,有时态和语态之分,但不能单独作谓语动词用。
(2003)Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper (talking)
⑵现在分词与过去分词在句中表示主语所处的状态,现在分词多含主动意义,过去分词多含被动意义。
⑶现在分词和动名词都以-ing的形式出现,两者的主要区别是:现在分词有形容词性质,动名词具有名词性质。
3、介词。
⑴介词的含义很多,可表示时间、地点、方向、方位、状态、方式、方法、手段等,很多时间用于成语之中。短文改错时应根据句子意义或上下文检查介词是否用得准确。
⑵介词在句中不能单独作谓语。
⑶另一点值得指出的是不该用介词时用了介词。如next year常写成 in next year.
(2002)I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my head touched the pillow. (at)
(2003)The main problem was in that I always thought in Chinese. (in)
`⑷介词与动词组成的词组要多加注意。
(2002)Evening came down. (down)
4、冠词。英语只有a,an和the三个冠词,用起来却很复杂。在短文改错中,错误不外乎该用冠词时没有用,不该用时又用了;该用an却用了a;该用a(an)却用了the。检查短文改错中冠词的用法,基本要点有:
⑴单数可数名词表一类事物,在它的前面要加a(an)或the。(2003)My teacher advised me to keep my diary。(a)
⑵名词前使用哪个冠词最主要决定于名词是特指还是泛指。如果是泛指,单数名词前要加a(an),如果是特指,名词前要加the。(2001)We may be one family and live under a same roof. (the)
⑶物质名词、抽象名词表示一般概念,通常不加冠词。专有名词前,除了上述特殊情况,一般不加冠词。
5、一致性原则。一般而言,有六点值得注意。
(1)注意主谓结构是否一致
(2000)Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library. (are)
(2003)Their word were a great encouragement to me.(words)
(2)注意谓语动词的时态、语态前后是否一致。
(2001)My parents love me…, They did not want me to do any work…(do)
(2002)We fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories……The time passes quickly(visited/ passed)
(2003)I followed her advice and should put down 100 words or so each day. (should)
(3)注意名词的数与格的使用前后是否一致。
(2000)She said that she and my classmate all wished me success.(classmates)
(2001)I’ll get good marks in all my subject (subjects)
(2002)I was busy talking picture since the scenery was so beautiful.(pictures)
(4)注意行文逻辑中指代词的一致。如人称代词,物主代词,反身代词指代时是否一致;不定代词、关系代词的使用是否正确;it作形式主语、形式宾语或指代时有无缺漏。
(2003)…and I always thought in Chinese and tried to translate anything into English (everything)
(2003)…as I was learning to express me in simple English (myself)
(2003)One day I wrote a little story and showed to my teacher. (it)
(5)注意连接词,如关系代词,关系副词及从属连词在复合句中的使用是否正确。
(2000)But it didn’t matter that I would win or not. (whether)
(2000)I felt so nervous as I shook like a leaf. (that)
(6)搞清文字段落中的逻辑意义和逻辑关系,注意判断诸如象and, or, but, so, however, therefore等词的运用是否正确。
(2000)She was smiling but nodding at me. (and)
(2001)It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest (or)
(2002)The food was expensive and the service was good. (but)
6、易混淆的词或词组。在短文改错中,常见的错误有:
⑴把名词用作动词,如advice(n)代替advise(v);practice(n)代替practise(v),这样的词读音相同或相似,是很容易混淆的原因。
⑵词性相同,词义相近,但用法不一样,如:much(adv),very(adv);high(adv),highly(adv);hard(adv),hardly(adv);wide(adv),widely(adv);good(adj),well(adj);besides(prep),except(prep)等。
⑶形相似,意义不同的词和词组,如:already,all ready;altogether,all together;everyday,every day;sometime,some time等。
⑷另外有些动词形相似,但是及物动词还是不及物动词,应注意区别,如:rise(vi),raise(vt);lie(vi),lay(vt)等,一不小心就搞混了。
⑸动词词组中动词后接用的词也值得注意,如:finish,consider等后只能接动名词,其他如devote to,pay attention to,look forward to中的to是介词,后面只能接名词或动名词。
综上所述,所谓的高考考点及热点实际上源于学生习作中常犯错误,题材亦源于学生生活中常见的事情。因而,在平时的写作训练中,学生应力求语言使用的准确性,多背一些常用词组及精美文章,避免按照汉语的句式结构拼凑句子。同时,应加强同学间的互助合作。在完成一篇短文写作后,应交换批改,,长期坚持,相互之间的改错能力都会大有提高。
PAGE
1