主旨题[上学期]

2006—2007学年度桂城中学小塘分校高三备考（阅读技能指导专题2） 改编：马石新
主 旨 题
◆备考说明：《高考英语考试说明》提出：阅读理解主要考查的阅读能力包括：
① 掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。
② 既能理解具体的事实，也能理解抽象的概念。
③ 既能理解字面的意思，也能理解深层的含义，包括作者的态度、意图等。
④ 既能理解某句，某段的含义，也能理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断。
⑤ 既能根据所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。
这种题型考查考生把握文章的总体、全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，以及概括、分析、归纳文章的段落大意、重要情节、人物特征、环境特点的能力。
◆题型介绍：题干表现形式（常见的提问方式中涉及的关键词）
A. main idea/main point/central point/ title/ headline/ theme/ topic/ subject/…
mainly about…/mainly talks about…/ chiefly deals with…/ mainly concerned with…/mainly focus on…
can be entitled…/ is meant to…/ best summarizes…/ best expresses….
B. The passage is likely to be found in…/The text may be taken from…/ most probably appears …/
The text is written for…/The passage is … (文章来源、题材)
C. The purpose of …./ The text aims at… (文章写作目的)
D. The paragraph preceding（先于...）this one most probably discusses/ deals with...
The paragraph following the passage most likely discuss…/The author will discuss in the next part….
The author intend to explain next .../The writer will probably suggest next ... (预测上下文)
★中心、标题、话题、主题、段落大意的基本解题方法：
方法一 找主题句法 1. 段首主题句：开门见山 绝大多数的文章主题句出现在开头。即先点出主题，然后，围绕这一主题作具体的陈述。
2. 段尾主题句：水到渠成 主题句出现在段落或文章的结尾，以强调根据阐述句提供的具体事实得出的结论。
3. 前后主题句：首尾呼应 文章开头点题，结尾总结，首尾结合给出主题。两个主题句叙说的是同一个内容，但用词不尽相同。后一个主题句或者对该主题作最后的评述，或把主要要点做一概括，或使之引申留给读者去思考。
4. 段中主题句：中间点题 出现于段中的主题句通常是：先提出问题，然后给予回答（主题句），或者点出主题思想，再给予解释。
5. 无主题句：自己归纳概括 注意：作者有意识的反复重复的观点；出现频率高的单词 （可能是蕴含中心思想的关键词）。如：同一词多次出现，也可能同一类词贯穿全文。
方法二 通读概括法 通读全文，抓住主要论点或论题来归纳出中心思想。在归纳中心思想时, 要从文章实际内容出发，在事实依据的基础上进行判断、 推论和归纳。
1 从整体上判断-----文章的主题究竟是指一个人、一个地方、一件事情、一种现象、某一概念或设想、某一事情的过程或方法等等。2 从细节上判断----文章涉及的最主要的东西、说得最多的内容与哪一个主题相关、重复使用的词语是什么。
方法三 排除法 正确选项要求 1能概括全文、内容全面、含义深刻、说明道理的选项一般是正确答案项。2片面、单一的；太笼统或太具体的；未能恰当反映文章整体思想的，应排除。3不出现细节信息；不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词；
干扰选项特点 1以偏概全, 只是局部信息, 或是一句没有展开论述的话, 或是某一段的主要内容;2过于笼统, 概括范围太宽, 归纳的主题太泛, 把文章的内容过于一般化;3包含的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容, 或是此选项没有具体的内容; 与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述.4无关联的信息, 既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息5把自己的观点强加于作者.根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解.
选后反馈 选一个选项应有选的理由，不选一个选项也应有不选的理由。选择答案后，注意回头思考文章是否有相关内容阐述。
阅读方法 1. 寻找主题句：寻找主题句的方法可按下列顺序：第一句 → 第二句 → 最后一句.2. 特别关注文章第一段和最后一段、段落第一句和最后一句。一篇文章的引言或者第一段，通常会呈现全篇的中心思想或阐述作者的观点。结尾一段通常是对全篇文章所描述的主要观点做出的总结。3. 扫描式浏览文章（通读浏览）。具体方法：在一篇文章中用手指或笔从左至或逐行快速移动，同时眼睛要紧随其移动，查看所要寻找的内容。注意文章中出现频率较高的词汇。4. 特别提醒：回答主旨题一般只要了解文章的大意即可。而不必深入阅读，更没必要咬文嚼字！
★解题分析与训练1：主题句与段落大意的概括
文章是由段落组成的，段落是发展一个主题（topic）的一群句子。而就一整篇文章而言，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。
主题句：概括文章或段落中心思想的句子。（能恰如其分地、有针对性、概括性全面反映本篇短文的内容的句子，都可被认为是主题句。主题句通常有这样的特点：①有一个话题； ②有阐述控制性概念）
阐述句：描写、说明、修饰、论证、解释中心思想的句子，也就是通常说的“细节”内容。（文章主题句之外的其他内容一般都是对主题句的解释、 补充说明或列举事实等，称为阐述句。）
结论句：在陈述事实、说明理由的基础上，对文章或段落加以总结概括的句子。（即下结论）
热身练习：请你判断下篇短文中标有数字的句子是主题句、阐述句还是结论句：
①Another American, Henry Ford, developed the idea of assembly line (生产装配线). ②Before Ford introduced the assembly line, each car was built by hand. ③Such a process (生产程序) was, of course, very slow. ④As a result, automobiles (汽车) were so expensive that only rich people could afford them. ⑤Ford proposed (建议) a system in which each worker would have a special job to do. ⑥One person, for example, would make a part of the wheels. ⑦Another would put in the bolts (螺钉) that held the wheels to the car. ⑧Each worker needed to learn only one or two routine tasks.
主题句是：______ 阐述句是：__________ 结论句是：________
寻找主题句：主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。
阅读方法多采用浏览法（skimming）：浏览时，一般不需逐句浏览，只需选读文章的首段, 尾段或每段的首句和尾句,重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。
◆专项练习1: 寻找主题句------划出短文或短文每段的主题句.
方法提示：本资料第1页表格介绍的方法：
Passage 1
The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.
Passage 2
Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.
Man has made great progress in environment protection. Governments of many countries have established laws to protect the forests and sea resources and waste water and poisonous gases have been also dealt with.
Still more measures should be taken to solve the problems. People should be further educated to realize the importance of the problem, to use modern methods of birth control and learn to recycle our natural resources. We are sure that we shall have a better and cleaned planet in the future.
Passage 3
A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Man’s games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him.
Passage 4
Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand a camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.
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概括段落大意：方法一：寻找主题句 方法二：通读概括法（找关键词）
★ 解题指导1：寻找主题句法
请根据短文段落的大意选择一个与之相对应的标题: (有一项多余的选择项)
A Be organizedC Write down the main pointsE Reward yourself B Get some sleepD Remember the difficult bitsF Set yourself target （树立目标）
1. .
It's always good to know what you're aiming for, so that you know if and when you get there. By having an aim for each week, or even each day, it will help you check your progress and show you if you need to change your plans.
2. .
Rather than having to work through masses of notes every time you revised something, try noting down things you want to remember on a piece of paper. It doesn't seem as much to learn that way, but it makes sure you don't miss out anything important. Once you've learnt the main points, rewrite them on another piece of paper without looking at your notes.
3. .
'If you don't know it by now, you'll never learn it for tomorrow.' Everybody says it, but it's probably true. Don't stay up all night studying. You'd better go to bed at a reasonable time, so that you can wake up fresh and alert on exam day
4. .
There's nothing worse than being disorganized. If you have a plan and stick to it, you won't end up cramming all your revision into the last few hours! Make a list of your exams and what you need to learn beforehand, and then draw up a timetable covering all the topics. You can then work out what you need to do on a weekly basis and when you are going to do it.
5. .
When you reach each of your targets, give yourself a treat—you deserve it! It could be a drink, a short break to watch your favorite TV program, a phone call to a friend — anything you enjoy. Test yourself, from time to time, on a topic and if you do well, give yourself a special treat based on how well you have done.
解题分析：寻找主题句归纳概括。（短文划线部分）
从提供选项的内容和浏览短文可知，本文大致内容为：通过制定目标以及其它必要途径达到个人目标，考试成功。
第一段：要了解自己的目标，这样可以及时检查进步，告诉自己是否有必要改变计划。 F
第二段：写下要记住的内容，保证不会遗漏任何要点。 C
第三段：不要熬夜复习，要保证充足睡眠。 B
第四段：拟定时间表，制定特定时间内需完成的任务。 A
第五段：达到一个阶段目标后，可以奖赏一下自己。 E
注：本文每段都具有明显主题句，确定答案时只要与所提供的标题相对应即可。
★ 解题指导2：通读概括法：（注意寻找关键词）
A Burst of angerC The cause of protesting E Knowing about GM food B No harm guaranteedD Measures against GM foodF Fast development of GM food
1. .
The battle heats up between the U.S. and Europe over genetically modified food (转基因食品). The staff at McDonald's could not have expected an especially warm reception in France, but the manure(粪便) in the parking lots still must have taken them by surprise. For the past three weeks it's been hard to visit a McDonald's anywhere in France without running the risk of meeting with mountains of fresh manure as well as, lots of fruit and vegetables dumped in front of the restaurants by protesting(抗议) farmers.
2. .
There's a lot about McDonald's that angers the farmers. Protesters are finding even more to dislike about the uniquely American food, especially the very genes(基因) that make the McDonald's beef or bun or potato what it is.
3. .
Around the world people are taking a closer look at the genetic make-up of what they're eating and growing uneasy with what they see. Over the past decade, genetically modified (GM) food has become an increasingly common phenomenon as scientists have rewoven the genes of countless fruits and vegetables, turning everyday crops into crops able to resist severe cold, insects, and even produce their own pesticides.
4. .
For biotech companies such as Monsanto based in the U.S., and Novartis AG, based in Switzerland, the rise of GM technology has meant boom times. Sales of GM seeds rose in value from 875 million in 1995 to 81.5 billion last year, and the crops they produce are turning up not only on produce shelves but also in processed foods from cookies to potato chips to baby food.
5. .
But many people question whether it's a good idea for human beings to eat those foods. Up to now, there's nothing to suggest that GM foods have ever done anyone any harm. Nevertheless, the European Union has blocked the import of some GM products, and since 1997 has required that foods containing engineered DNA be labeled as such. At the same time, the US Congress also addressed a labeling bill of its own later this year, and some private groups are threatening court action to force the issue. Even without legal action, public opinion is turning a more doubtful eye on GM technology.
解题分析：通过通读全文，并结合所给的标题，我们可了解大意。本文大致内容为人们对GM食品的了解，GM食品的发展以及人们对其的抗议。各段落中无明显主题句，我们可通过找关键词来概括段落主旨。
第一段：法国农民在麦当劳的停车场及门口堆积粪便、蔬菜等以表示对GM 食品的抗议。可概括为：农民对GM食品暴发的愤怒，关键词句为“…mountains of fresh manure as well as, lots of fruit and vegetables dumped in front of the restaurants by protesting(抗议) farmers.”因此第一段标题可确定为A: Burst of anger.
第二段：麦当劳有众多令农民愤怒的原因，尤其是对食品进行转基因处理。关键词句为：There's a lot about McDonald's that angers the farmers.。可确定该段标题为C: The cause of protesting.
第三段：由于人们了解到科学家将食品中的基因进行重新处理，发明出转基因食品，使其能增强抵抗力，人们对此感到担忧。因此可概括为对转基因食品的了解。该段标题为E: Knowing about GM food.关键词句为：“…taking a closer look at the genetic make-up of…”。
第四段：GM food经历繁荣时期，GM食品种子的销量也急剧上升，而且涉及范围也逐步扩大。关键词为：“boom times , rose”.因此不难判断该段标题为F: Fast development of GM food.
第五段: 开头：人们提出疑问GM food 对人体是否安全。紧接着是“ There is nothing to suggest that GM foods have ever done anyone any harm.”。学生可能认为这便是作者的观点，本段的中心，而误选B No harm guaranteed。但如果读完整段，可发现转折词“Nevertheless”提示语气的转折，暗示人们并不因为没有迹象表明GM food对人体有危害而不对它产生怀疑。其中提到四种限制GM food 的措施。因此标题为 D. measures against GM food。
小结：注意转折词语in spite of, however, although, but, nevertheless, in contrast等。这些词经常为正确把握段落中心提供了信息。
◆专项练习2：段落大意的概括
A篇
A Scientific factsC Two kinds of causesE Further studies B Analysis and inferenceD Supporting evidencesF A research conclusion
1. .
Acid rain has increasingly thinned the shells of eggs laid by British birds over past 150 years, a new study suggests. Biologists fear that the trend could cause eggs less likely to hatch.
2. .
In a paper, Rhys Green, a scientist, reveals a steady decline in eggshell thickness totally between 2 to 11 per cent, depending on the species in Britain. Because the collection sites are well documented, Green is confident that the changes he has recorded are real, rather than false facts caused by eggs being taken from different geographical areas at different times.
3. .
But what could be to blame Pesticides such as DDT are known to cause thinner shells in birds of prey. However, these chemicals only became widely used in British agriculture in 1947, well after the thinning of the birds eggshells began. Green thinks that acid rain, caused by sulfur emissions from burning of fossil fuels, is the most likely cause. This would reduce both the calcium content of leaf waste consumed by worms and the abundance of snails, which together make up a large part of the birds diets.
4. .
Eggs laid by great tits--a kind of big bird--living in areas with heavily acidified soils have also been found to have thinner shells than normal, Green notes. One study in Germany, published in a journal, found that eggshells from birds living in areas where soils are highly acidic were 2.7 percent thinner than those from lime-rich areas.
5. .
More studies are needed to identify exactly how historical increases in soil acidity relate to trends in eggshell thickness, says Green. And it is still unclear whether the changes are affecting the birds' survival. 'Whether these processes actually affect the conservation of the birds is not yet certain,' says Green.
B篇
A. Tuvaluan people became rich overnightB. Signs of sinking have appeared on TuvaiuC. The news came that the country would be drownedD. Tuvaluan people have suffered from serious diseasesE. Desire to enjoy life has caused serious consequencesF. Tuvaluan people are improving their living standards despite the rising sea
1. .
If you suddenly received a lot of money, how would you spend it For the people of Tuvalu, a tiny state comprising nine islands in the South Pacific, something unusual happened. In 1999 Tuvalu, with its population of 11,000, was the third poorest state in the world. Later, Tuvalu received a domain name on the Internet— the letters “.tv”. A communication company from California quickly offered to buy the domain name for $ 40 million. The islanders became very rich.
2. .
At the same time the islanders received some very bad news. Due to global warming, and because the islands are only 3m above sea level, Tuvalu will probably become the first state in the world to disappear under the sea. According to scientific estimates, the islands will suffer severe floods within the next 15 – 20 years, and by the end of the century, the islands will have disappeared from sight altogether.
3. .
You can already see signs of the rising sea on Tuvalu. Pools of seawater appear here and there, some beaches are swallowed by the waves, and the roots of trees are rotting by the ocean. The rains cause temporary floods.
4. .
But despite these problems, the Tuvaluan had their new money. Paul Lindsay, a documentary film – maker, went all the way to Tuvalu, and came back with an incredible story. As the water rises, the Tuvaluan are using the money to develop the land that is soon to disappear. They are building new houses, planning nightclubs, restaurants and hotels, and new cars are driving around on new roads. “Just because we are sinking, it doesn’t mean we don’t want to raise our standards of living.” Lindsay was told by Sam Teo, Tuvalu’ s minister for natural resources.
5. .
Of the $ 40 million Tuvalu received through the Internet deal, $ 10 million was used to asphalt the islands’ L9km of roads. Before 1999 there were four cars on the islands. The Tuvaluan used to walk or cycle everywhere. There was a flood of imported foods and goods and soon these had unexpected consequences. The Tuvaluan people now suffer from diseases such as obesity, high blood pressure and diabetes. Others discovered that it was too expensive for them to keep their cars. There is now a huge rubbish dump in the middle of this tropical paradise, covered with abandoned cars and other waste.
★解题分析与训练2：文章大意与主题的概括
掌握了寻找主题句的方法与概括段落大意后，确定文章的大意与主题就容易多了。常见方法有：
一、浏览寻找主题句，确定文章主题。（提高阅读速度的重要方法之一）
通过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章主题。
注意浏览的方法：一般不需逐句浏览（重点选读文章的首段、尾段或每段的首句、第二句和尾句，）也不必每词必读明白（重点搜索主题线索和主题信息）。如：
We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, others, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it. Any society which is interested in equality of opportunity and standards of achievement must regularly test its pupils. The standards may be changed—no examination is perfect—but to have to tests or examinations would mean the end of equality and of standards. There are groups of people who oppose this view and who do not believe either in examinations or in any controls in school or on teachers. This would mean that everything would depend on luck since every pupil would depend on the efficiency, the values and the purpose of each teacher. Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them—a form of favourtism will replace equality. At the moment, the bright child from an ill—respected school can show certificates to prove he or she is suitable for a job, while the lake of certificate indicates the unsuitability of a dull child attending a well-respected school. This defend of excellence and opportunity would disappear if examinations were taken away, and the bright child form a poor family would be a prisoner of his or her school’s reputation, unable to compete for employment with the child from the favoured school. The opponents of the examination system suggest that examinations are an evil force because they show differences between pupils. According to these people, there must be no special, different, academic class. They have even suggested that there should be no form of difference in sport or any other area: all jobs or posts should be filled by unsystematic selection. The selection would be made by people who themselves are probably selected by some computer.
The passage mainly focuses on ___________.
A. schools and certificates B. examination and equality
C. opportunity and employment D. standards and reputation
解题分析：文章第一句We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, others, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it. 即点明文章的主题句：从正反两方面讨论考试作为一种升学就业的手段的公平性及其合理性。所以答案为B“考试与公平”。
二、抓住文章段落大意，概括中心思想。
寻找整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。在这个过程中，考生们不能只依据只言片语、一枝一节，或光看文章的某一些段落，而应该观察全文的结构安排；理解文章浓墨重笔写的“重心”；考虑文章的组织材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么的；分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么内容来表达中心的；最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来。如：
There are three separate sources of danger in supplying energy by nuclear power（原子能）.
First，the radioactive material must travel from its place of production to the power station．Although the power stations themselves are strongly built，the containers used for the transport of the materials are not．Normally，only two methods of transport are in use，namely road or rail．Unfortunately，both of these may have an effect on the general public，since they are sure to pass near，or even through，heavily populated areas．
Second，there is the problem of waste．All nuclear power stations produce wastes that in most cases will remain radioactive for thousands of years．It is impossible to make these wastes non-radioactive，and so they must be stored in one of the inconvenient ways that scientists have invented．For example，they may be buried under the ground，or dropped into deserted mines， or sunk in the sea．However，these methods do not solve the problem，since an earthquake could easily break the containers．
Third，there may occur the danger of a leak（泄漏）or an explosion at the power station．As with the other two dangers，this is not very likely，so it does not provide a serious objection to the nuclear program．However，it can happen．Separately，these three types of dangers are not a great cause for worry．
Taken together，though，the probability of disaster is extremely high．
What is the passage about？
A. Uses of nuclear power． B. Dangers from nuclear power．
C. Public anger at nuclear power． D. Accidents caused by nuclear power．
解题分析：第一段点明全文主旨：There are three separate sources of danger in supplying energy by nuclear power为文章的主题句。接着从三个方面论述主题：First…，Second…，Third…，段首第一句分别为各段的主题句，层次分明，结构清晰，最后一段作者进一步归纳全文大意：Dangers from nuclear power。此题答案为B。
三、抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心
要注意不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句暗含在句中。阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。
分析归纳的方法是：先弄清该段落主要讲了那几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。如：
Tom Brennan was working in a Philadelphia office building when he noticed a black bag. The bag contained a book. This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasure —a 120-page diary kept 190 years age by Deborah Logan, “a woman who knew everybody in her day,” James Green, the librarian told the magazine American Libraries. Most of the diary is a record of big events in Philadelphia. It also includes a description of British soldiers burning Washington. DC in the war of 1812.She describes President James Madison on horseback as “perfectly shaking with fear” during the troubled days. George Washington, she writes, mistook her for the wife of a French man， and praised her excellent English．The adventure of the lost book began September 4 when Cory Luxmoore arrived from England to deliver the diary of his ancestor (祖先)to the Library Company, which he and his wife considered to be the best home for the diary. Green told American Libraries he had the diary in his possession “about five minutes” when Luxmoore took it back because he had promised to show it to one other person. On returning to his hotel after showing the precious book to Green, Luxmoore was shocked to realize that he had left it in the taxi.
Without any delay, Green began calling every taxi company in the city, with no luck, “I’ve felt sick since then,” Luxmoore told reporters. According to Green, no one has yet learned how the diary came to the office building. Tom Brennan received a reward(奖励)of 1,000, Philadelphia gained another treasure for its history, and Luxmoore told reporters, “It’s wonderful news. I’m on high”.
This article mainly tells about the story of _____.
A. A lost diary B. Deborah C. Cory Luxmoore D. The Library Company
解题分析：解题时必须首先理顺文章时间顺序：
1. Deborah Logan kept a 120-page diary 190 years ago.
2. Cory Luxmoore delivered the diary to the library Company.
3. James Green, the librarian, had the diary in his possession about five minutes.
4. Cory Luxmoore left the diary in the taxi.
5. Tom Brennan noticed a black bag，which contained a book (the diary).
从以上的时间顺序中，可以清楚地看到整个时间段内所发生的事情均与the diary有关，是贯穿全文的主线，故此题应选A。
◆专项练习3：文章大意与主题的概括
Exercise1
Grown-ups know that people and objects are solid. At the movies, we know that if we reach out to touch Tom Cruise, all we will feel is air. But does a baby have this understanding
To see whether babies know objects are solid, T. Bower designed a method for projecting an optical illusion of a hanging ball…..
Experiments done by Bower suggest that babies develop a sense of object permanence when they are about 18 weeks old. In his experiments, Bower used a toy train that went behind a screen. ….
The passage is mainly about _____.
A. babies’ sense of sight B. efforts of experiments on babies
D. babies’ understanding of objects D. different tests on babies’ feelings
Exercise 2
Mike is a freshman（新生) in college. He is also trying to earn the money he needs to live on. As a result, he works forty hours a week at a gasoline station. But this work must be done at night because Mike is a full-time college student. Mike also tries to make time for things he enjoys doing that are not related to college and work. He likes to ski in winter and play in summer. However, he is finding less and less time for these pleasures.
Which sentence best expresses the main idea
A. Mike is very busy B. A freshman has to work many hours all week
C. Mike has pleasures in his spare time D. Mike has a lot of homework
Exercise 3
Telephone, television, radio, and the telegraph all help people communicate with each other.
Because of these devices, ideas and news of events spread quickly all over the world. For example, within seconds, people can know the results of an election in Japan or Argentina（阿根廷）. An international soccer match comes into the home of everyone with a television set. News of disaster such as an earthquake or a flood can bring help from distant countries. Within hours, help is on the way. Because of modern technology like the four thousand satellites that travel around the world, information travels fast.
The main idea of the passage is that _____.
A. News of a disaster travels quickly and help can come quickly from distant countries.
B. Election results can be known almost immediately.
C. Communication is good. D. Information travels very fast because of technology.
Exercise 4
Jane Clark, fair-haired, blue-eyed and tough as steel, has just won the most difficult race in the world. In seventeen days she drove a dog team and sledge (雪橇) across 1,050 miles of the Arctic Circle and through some of the most difficult land in the world. In bitter(刺骨的) winds and snow-storms she drove her dogs along the Arctic track, in temperatures that reached-38℃. When Jane was asked how she felt about being the first woman ever to win the race she said, "I still can't believe it." She then went over to inspect her thirteen wild-eyed dogs. David Wilson, who came second, said, "It sure hurts when a young woman is ahead of you. But it doesn't hurt for long. She was a good winner."
Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article
A. Woman wins the world's toughest race! B. Woman fights bitter winds and snow-storms!
C. Woman wins a sledge race in the world! D. Woman drives a dog team across the Arctic!
Exercise 5
Normally when we go to sleep, our “sleep centre” blocks off nerves so that both our brain and our body go to sleep. One prevents us from wanting to do anything, and the other makes our internal organs and limbs (]~) go to sleep. But sometimes only one goes to sleep and the other does not. A very tired soldier can sometimes fall asleep (brain sleep) and keep on marching, because his body is not asleep!
The passage mainly tells us ________.
A. why we go to sleep B. when we should go to bed
C. how “sleep centre” works D. what prevents us from sleeping
★解题分析与训练3：文章标题/话题的选择或拟定
标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想的最精炼的表达形式。
文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小，恰如帽子，太大能遮太阳却也遮了眼睛，太小则发挥不了应起的作用且风一吹必跑；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。那么如何选择文章的标题呢？
1. 要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系；
2. 再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何；
3. 要注意题目是过大还是过小；
4. 要避免下列三种错误：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方式。
5. 文章中反复出现的词语是什么。
一般来说，标题的拟定方式是：以话题为核心，将控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。比如某一文章的中心句子为：Coffee is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world．
话题：Coffee
控制性概念：is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world
标题：Coffee Around the World
热身练习：学会识别文章中最基本, 最具有概括力的信息。它应能归纳和概括文中其它信息所具有的共性。
1：Choose the most general word. A) chemist 　B) physicist 　C) scientist 　D) biologist
2：Choose the most general sentence.
A) The hotel offers complimentary coffee from 7 to 10 a.m. daily.
B) There are many reasons why guests feel at home at the Glorietta Bay Inn.
C) The coin-operated laundry room has an ironing board.
D) There are a number of extra services at the Glorietta Bay Inn including baby-sitting.
3：Read the following passage and choose the best central thought.
Sugar history in the Hawaiian Islands is filled with pioneering. In sailing ship days, Hawaiian sugar growers were many months from sources of supplies and from markets. This isolation built up among the Hawaiian growers an enduring spirit of cooperation. Growers shared with one another improvements in production. Without government aid of any sort, they built great irrigation projects. Without government help, they set up their own research and experiment organization. Pioneering together over the years, they have provided Hawaii with its largest industry.
A) In sailing days, Hawaiian sugar growers were many months away from supplies and markets.
B) Hawaiian sugar growers built their great industry without government help.
C) Hawaiian sugar growers have set up their own research organization and have shared improvements.
D) By pioneering together, sugar growers have provided Hawaii with its largest industry.
高考试题分析：
Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well-designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions. They will allow the worker to keep the elbows（肘）next to the body to prevent damage to the shoulder and arm.
Overuse injuries can therefore be prevented or reduced if the employer provides, and workers use:
● power tools rather than having to use muscle（肌肉）power
● tools with specially designed handles that allow the wrist（手腕）to keep straight （See figure 1）. This means that hands and wrists are kept in the same position as they would be if they were hanging relaxed at a person’s side
Figure1. Bend the tool, not the wrist
● tools with handles that can be held comfortably by the whole hand. This means having a selection of sizes—remember that tools that provide a comfortable firm Hold for a person with a very large hand may be awkward for someone with a very small hand. This is a particularly important consideration for women who may use tools originally designed for men.
● tools that do not press fingers (or flesh) between the handles, and whose handles do not have sharp edges or a small surface area.
What is the best title for the passage
A. Good tool Design for Women B. Importance of Good Tool Design
C. Tool Design and Prevention of Injuries D. Overuse of Tools and Worker Protection
解题分析： 本文是一篇说明文，Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries.句首第一句先点明文章的主题，“工具的良好设计在防止伤害方面是非常重要的”。下面一段则分别说明了好的工具设计的几项标准。从此可知答案为C。选项A和B对文章主题“概括不够”。选项D与主题无关。
有些文章像记叙文，主题思想不是通过一两句话就可以表达的。这时就需要通过阅读全文，抓关键字眼或主要话题来归纳文章主题。如：
Every year on my birthday, from the time I turned 12, a white gardenia was delivered to my house. No card came with it. Calls to the flower-shop were not helpful at all. After a while I stopped trying to discover the sender’s name and just delighted in the beautiful white flower in soft pink paper. But I never stopped imagining who the giver might be. Some of my happiest moments were spent daydreaming about the sender. My mother encouraged these imaginings. She’d ask me if there was someone for whom I had done special kindness. Perhaps it was the old man across the street whose mail I’d delivered during the winter. As a girl, though, I had more fun imagining that it might be a boy I had run into. One month before my graduation, my father died. I felt so sad that I became completely uninterested in my upcoming graduation dance, and I didn’t care if I had a new dress or not. But my mother, in her own sadness, would not let me miss any of those things. She wanted her children to feel loved and lovable. In truth, my mother wanted her children to see themselves much like the gardenia lovely, strong and perfect with perhaps a bit of mystery(神秘). My mother died ten days after I was married. I was 22. That was the year the gardenia stopped coming.
Which of the following would be the best title for the text
A. A childhood Dream. B. A Mother’s Love. C. A Graduation Party. D. A Special Birthday.
解题分析：本文写的是一位母亲在自己女儿成长的过程中以一种独特的方式——每年在女儿生日那天不署名送女儿一束栀子花来表达对女儿的爱。本篇围绕爱来展开，开头写暗送女儿栀子花，并鼓励女儿去想象美好。当女儿遇到挫折时，母亲鼓励女儿要坚强地勇敢地面对困难。以上这些关键事实充分说明了B项A Mother’s Love. 正确。
◆专项练习4：标题
1：
Today such roads are being built in many countries in the world. These roads have at least two lanes, one for slow-moving traffic and the other for fast-moving traffic. These roads don't pass through towns and cities; horses and bikes are not allowed on them. Accidents don't usually happen. Cars can travel hundreds of miles without having to stop, so engines and brakes are not worn.
But these modem roads often can' t be built in towns and cities. Before a road in a town can be made wider, many buildings have to be pulled down. Some people feel that more car parks should be built outside a city. Then the driver should leave their cars and catch a bus or take a taxi to their offices.
The best title for this passage may be ________.
A. The Busy Roads B. Roads of the Future
C. How to Build the Modern Roads D. Roads in Towns and in the Country
【解题提示】可用排除法解题，最好的题目应涵盖文章内容， 既不偏大又不偏小。
2：
Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.
What is the main idea of the passage
A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student.
C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education.
【解题提示】 此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：Joshua Bingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是________。
3：
Most of the food in supermarkets is very pleasing. It all says "Buy Me!" as you walk by. The expensive milk jar says: "Buy me! I have less fat!"
The best title for this passage may be________________.
A. Cheap Food B. Buy Me! C. Low Fat Milk D. Supermarket Managers
【解题提示】：文章使用的重复词语。
4：
Before a new type of airplane goes into service, every part of it is tested again and again. But there are two tests that are more important than all the others.
….
What might be the most suitable title for the text
A. Two Important Tests on Airplanes B. The Importance of Flying Safely
C. The Danger of Testing Airplanes D. How Airplanes Are Made and Tested
5：
Let us consider how voice training may contribute to personality development and an improved social adjustment. In the first place, it has been fairly well established that individuals tend to become what they believe other people think them to be. When people react more favorably toward us because our voices convey the impression that we are friendly, competent, and interesting, there is a strong tendency for us to develop those qualities in our personality. If we are treated with respect by others, we soon come to have more respect for ourselves. Then, too, one's own consciousness of having a pleasant, effective voice of which he does not need to be ashamed contributes materially to a feeling of poise（泰然自若）, self-confidence, and a just pride in himself. A good voice, like good clothes can do much for an ego（自我） that otherwise might be inclined to droop（萎靡）.
The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is ________.
A. Our Ego 　　B. The Reflection of Our Personality
C. How to Acquire a Pleasant Voice 　　D. Voice Training in Personality Development
6：
If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly attract your attention: "Color TV, only $79. Two-day sale. Hurry." However, when you go to the store ready to buy, you may discover that the advertised sets are sold out. But the salesman is quick to reassure you that he has another model, a more reliable set which is "just right for you." It costs $359. This sales tactic is called "bait and switch." Buyers are baited with a sales offer, and then they are switched to another more costly item. Buying items on sale requires careful consideration of the merchandise（商品）and the reasons for the sale.
① Which sentence best expresses the main idea ____________.
A. The customer must be on his guard when purchasing items on sale.
B. Color television sets which sell for $79 are sold out quickly.
C. Many stores use the "bait and switch" technique to attract customers.
D. Anyone planning to buy a television set should look for a sale.
②. The paragraph could be entitled __________
A. Buyer Beware　　B. Closeout Sale 　　C. Crime Pays 　D. Buying a TV Set
7：
Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes. "It was seeing people with snake bites that led me to this career," he said.
In 1963, after his army service, Shu entered a medical school and later became a doctor of Chinese medicine. …..
……
"The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes" Shu said.
The best headline for this newspaper article is _____.
A. Astonishing Medicine　 B. Farmer Loses Arm C. Dangerous Bites　D. Snake Doctor
8：
Moscow, Russia (Space news)----"The computer is better than chess player", insisted Viktor Prozorov, the loser "It seemed as if it were laughing after every good move. I know I should have beaten it for the sake of mankind, but I just couldn’t win". he announced and shook his head sadly.
①What is the best title for this passage
A. The computer Is A Better Chess Player B. Mankind Is In need Of Computer
C. The World's Best Player D.I Just Couldn't Win
②Which is the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article
A. 5000 dollars goes to a computer! B. New invention: a laughing computer!
C. World's best chess player beaten! D. Computer defeats man in chess!
★解题分析与训练4:文章的来源（出处）、体裁的判断：
文章的来源指的是该文的出处，或者说读者最有可能读到该文章的地方：是选自小说，报刊杂志，还是科技论文，书评等等。判断其来源要留心所选的部分是哪一类的，涉及哪方面的内容以及其写作的特点。比如说，一篇故事是不可能取材于科学杂志，新闻报道也不可能刊载在书评内。
判断文章来源与体裁 → 文章的形式 + 文章的中心内容 + 文章的写作特点 + 生活常识。
高考试题分析：
More than 30,000 drivers and front seat passengers are killed or seriously injured each year. At a speed of only 30 miles per hour it is the same as falling from a third floor window. Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half.
Therefore drivers or front seat passengers over 14 in most vehicles must wear a seat belt. If you do not, you could be fined up to $ 50. It will not be up to the drivers to make sure you wear your belt. But it will be the driver's responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing seat belt of some kind.
However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing（倒退）your vehicle or you are making a local delivery（发送）or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it. Make sure these circumstances（情形）apply to you before you decide not to wear your seat belt. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.
This text is taken from _____.
A. a medical magazine 　　　　　　　B. a police report
C. an advertisement 　　　　D. a government information booklet（小册子）
这篇文章由不系安全带造成的危害引出不系安全带会处以什么样的惩罚，以及哪些情况下可以不系安全带。结合生活常识，很显然，文章应该是从警方的报告中节选下来的，答案是B。
◆专项训练5：文章的来源：
　During the American War of Independence, women played an active part in fighting in three ways. First, women formed a special branch of the Continental Army, spoken of as "Women of the Army ", some women worked as nurses in the field hospitals, tending wounded soldiers; some　worked as cooks in the army troops; a good many women acted as water carriers. When necessary, all the above mentioned women who had had many chances to observe how the men fired guns, could take the place of the wounded men. The second way that women served in the Army was as regular troop members who wore men's uniforms and fought side by side with their men comrades. In theory, women were not supposed to fight as soldiers in battles. But when the Army was badly short of soldiers and when women were really good soldiers, who would be against women fighting in battles Thirdly, from city streets to country villages, many able women were in charge of the work to supply food, clothing and medicine for the Army, and when the situation was dangerous, they called on all the women to take up arms to defend their own homes.
1. This passage would most probably be assigned（布置）reading for a course in what subject
A. Nursing　　　 B. History　　　 C. Social Work　　 D. Labour Studies
2. What is the main idea expressed in this passage
A. Women played an important part in the field hospitals during the Revolutionary War
B. The Continental Army was successful in teaching women to fight as soldiers.
C. The services of women on committees of safety were important in winning the war.
D. Women were active in the struggle against Britain during the Revolutionary War.
　　　　　　　　　CASHIER 　　　　　　PART TIME HELP WANTED. 　　　　TO WORK NIGHTS AND WEEKENDS IN 　　　　　　CONVENIENCE FOOD STORE. 　　THOSE WHO HAVE EXPERIENCE PREFERRED. 　　　　　　　MUST BE OVER 18. 　　　　　　APPLY IN PERSON AT: 　　　　　　　FOOD BAG. 884 WESTFIELD 　　　　　　　ST., W. SPRINGFIELD.
　3. This may be taken from _______.
A. a book　　 B. a notice　　 C. a magazine　　 D. an evening paper
4. This is useful for a person who _______.
A. wants to work every week　　　 B. likes different kinds of food
C. wants to find a job 　　　　　 D. is over 18 years old
Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine Do you know what is meant by "Take only as directed" Read the following directions and sec if you understand them.
'To reduce pain, take two tablets(药片) with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For night-time and early morning relief(缓解疼痛) take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours.
For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount. For children under six years old, ask your doctor's advice.
Reduce the amount If you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine."
5. This text is most probably taken from a_____.
A. textbook B. newsreel C. doctor's notebook D. bottle of medicine
You can make the differencebetweenthis…and this
This summer, join the International Conservation Scouts on a fun - filled holiday with a difference. Year after year, young people from all around the world get together at one of our sixteen conservation (环境保护) camp. Their shared aim To help protect the countryside and its wildlife.Many animals and plants are in danger of disappearing forever. The dormouse, a kind of mouse, for example, needs woodland plants for food and trees to stay in. Its habitat (栖息地) is being destroyed by man and it needs our help to survive.On a conservation camp holiday you will learn all about nature and how to protect it. Our trained leaders will accompany you and tell you everything you need to know. Because of this you don' t need any experience, just energy and enthusiasm. You will explore the countryside and work to ensure the survival of hundreds of animals and plants and still have plenty of time to enjoy the camp’s excellent sports facilities and organized nature paths through beautiful scenery.The International Conservation Scouts is a worldwide organization, so there must be a camp near you, You can spend a splendid holiday at any of the camps for as little as f 60 including accommodation and food.For more information send for a free conservation camps handbook today.International Conservation ScoutsStanton St JohnOxford shire OX7 1TLTHEKEY TO SAVING WILDUFE IS TOFROTECT NATURAL HABITATS: YOUR WORKWILL MAKE A DIFFERCNCE
6. Judging from the writing style of the passage, it is ___.
A. a piece of advertisement B. a science report
C. a passage for professional reading D. a passage for arguing an opinion
7. The main purpose of this passage is ___.
A. to offer young people a fun - filled holiday
B. to attract young people to attend a conservation camp
C. to persuade people into exploring the countryside
D. to raise funds for the International Conservation Scouts
★解题分析与训练5：文章的写作目的、写作对象的判断：
作者的写作目的是指：作者写该篇文章是为了什么，想达到什么目的。主旨大意指：文章讲什么内容，中心思想是什么。因此，两者有所不同。如：一篇讲美国离婚的文章。中心思想可能是高离婚对美国社会、家庭、当事者和孩子的影响，而写这篇文章的目的可能是要社会引起关注，或要人们对离婚要十分谨慎。
但要判断作者的写作目的，首先必须掌握文章的中心主题。
写作对象指：写该篇文章是为谁而写，写给谁看，适合谁看。
判断写作目的与写作对象 → 文章的中心内容 + 文体（体裁）+ 写作方法 + 材料的详略安排
常见的写作目的有：
To advertise something/ To sell a kind of products. 卖广告/推销产品等。 （广告）
To argue a belief，文章作者就会摆事实，讲道理，论证自己的观点。 （议论文）
To inform people of something，文章作者只介绍和传递信息，并不发表自己看法。 （说明文）
To illustrate the significance／importance，文章作者会从多方面阐述意义或重要性。
To warn people of certain danger，文章作者会分析某事物的后果，危害性。
To analysis the causes of something，文章作者会从间接和直接或平行几方面分析原因或因素。
To describe certain problems／phenomena，文章作者会用事实，数据，例证或生动形象描写。
To give people a piece of advise，文章作者用祈使句较多。告诉方法，做法等。
To propose a solution，文章作者会阐明某种建议或解决方法的可行性，优点等。
◎例题分析说明1：
With over 500 instructors and 20 years of experience, we are the leader in the field of teaching foreign languages. We now have positions open in Osaka starting September/October 2004 for instructors of English, German, Spanish and French…….
What is the purpose of the text
A. To introduce a language school in Japan. B. To hire language teachers to work in Japan.
C. To describe working conditions in Japan. D. To make clear the requirements for Japanese teachers.
解题思路：该试题考查对文章主旨的理解。文章开头就有交代；“We now have positions open in Osaka starting September/October 2004 for instructors of English…”表明要招聘教语言的教师。所以正确答案为 。
◎例题分析说明2：
As more women in the United States move up the professional ladder, more are finding it necessary to make business trips alone. Since this is new for many, some trips are certainly in order. If you are married, it is a good idea to encourage your husband and children to learn to cook a few simple meals while you are away. They will be much happier and probably enjoy the experience. If you will be eating a good meal alone, choose good restaurants. In the end, they will be much better for your digestion(消化). You may also find it useful to call the restaurant in advance and state that you will be eating alone. You will probably get better service and almost certainly a better table. Finally, and most importantly, anticipate(提前做准备)your travel needs as a businesswoman; this starts with lightweight luggage which you can easily manage even when fully packed. Take a folding(折叠)case inside your suitcase; it will come in extremely handy(极其方便)for dirty clothes, as well as for business documents and papers you no longer need on the trip. And make sure you have a briefcase so that you can keep currently required papers separate. Obviously, experience helps, but you can make things easier on yourself from the first by careful planning, so that right from the start you really can have a good trip!
1. Who is the author's intended audience
A. Working women who have no time for cooking.
B. Husbands and children of working women.
C. Working women who must travel on their own.
D. Hotel personnel who must attend to working women.
2. Where would this passage most likely appear
A. In a magazine specially for women. B. In a restaurant and hotel guide.
C. In a news magazine. D. In a journal for top ranking businessmen and women.
解题分析：该篇文章介绍的是职业女性独自出差时的注意事项。所以其写作读者对象应是出差职业女性(1：C)；这类文章应是出现在新闻杂志上(2：C)。
◆专项训练6：写作目的、写作对象：
Sam and Joe were astronauts. There was once a very dangerous trip and the more experienced astronauts knew there was only a small chance of coming back alive (活着).
Sam and Joe, however, thought it would be exciting though a little dangerous. "We're the best men for the job, " they said to the boss. "There may be problems, but we can find the　answers." "They're the last people I'd trust," thought the boss." But all the other astronauts have refused to go."
Once they were in space, Joe had to go outside to make some repairs. When the repairs were done, he tried to get back inside the spaceship. But the door was locked. He knocked but there was no answer. He knocked again, louder this time, and again no answer came. Then he hit the door as hard as he could and finally a voice said, "Who's there " "It's me! Who else could it be " shouted Joe. Sam let him in all right but you can imagine that Joe never asked to go on a trip with Sam again!
1. The writer tells this story to ________.
A. show the dangerous side of the astronauts' life 　 B. show the funny side of the astronauts' life
C. make people laugh 　 D. make people think
Have you ever dreamed of having a fashionable watch of great value
A small watchmaker in Switzerland in 1922 designed the first automatic(自动的)watch to show the day, month, and date, Only seven of these splendid watches were ever made and these watches were almost lost to history. Today, it is so hard to get an original (首批的) watch that some watch historians are even willing to offer $ 200,000 for one.
These watches attracted a lot of people for their splendid color, fashionable style, and new uses in the 1920s. The owners of the watches were admired and set apart from the crowd. Because the number of the original watches is very limited, owning such a watch will make you feel very special.
Today, you are offered the same kind of watch with improvement. It has a 24-jewel mechanical(机械的) movement, the kind desired by watch collectors, The watchmaker has made the movement of the watch much more modern with an automatic rotor(上弦装置) so that the watch never needs to be wound by hand. The watch comes in a very beautiful ease wish a crocodile design on it . To get a watch in such a perfect design means to get a chance to know a piece of watch-making history and to wear such a watch will show your personal taste and social position.
You can get the watch either in person or by mail all an affordable price. You will also receive good service from the watch seller. If you are not satisfied with the watch after you get it, you may simply return it within 30 days. Don’t miss the chance to realize your dream.
2. The purpose of the passage is to encourage the readers to___________.
A. buy the watch B. return the watch C. wear the watch D. receive the service
3. The passage is probably taken from a ____________.
A. report B. magazine C. text book D. science book
●Apollo:
For lovers of the arts, Apollo is a truly necessary magazine. Covering the ages and the great civilizations of the world, Apollo brings you well-illustrated yet academic articles by internationally famous scholars, as well as information on exhibitions and sales. Experience five monthly issues for as little as 5 each.
●The Guardian Weekly:
The Guardian Weekly gives you a global view with articles from four of the world's most respected newspapers. Read the news from different views and draw your own conclusions on the stories shaping our world. Try it for 3 months for just 15.55. Plus get a free copy of The Guardian Year 2003.
●New Internationalist:
Full of excellent writing and photography, the N1 covers one key subject each month, from Terror ism to Poverty to Climate Change. Reporters from around the globe provide you with a comprehen sive world view. PLUS: masses of fresh reports and stories to keep you up-to-date on world affairs. 3 months free and free World Map.
●The Week:
The Week is the only weekly summary giving you the best of the British and foreign newspapers in just 35 pages. Designed to be read in just 1 hour, it provides you with everything you need and want to know. Try The Week now with 13 issues for just 13. 75. If you decide it's not for you, just tell us within the first 6 weeks and you can get your money back.
4. It is possible that most of the readers of the four magazines are ______.
A. men B. women C. children D. grown-ups
5. The purpose of writing these four texts is to ______.
A. tell the readers the latest news B. get more readers to subscribe (订阅)
C. show the importance of the four magazines D. introduce the four magazines to new readers
★解题分析与训练6：预测文章内容（文章结构内容题）：
文章结构题三种：A、文章前面的段落内容是什么？ B、文章下面接着将要讲什么？ C、文章组织结构是什么？
预测基本思路：
首先，通读全文，掌握主旨。我们对所读的选段要有一个全局的概念，弄清它所涉及的全部内容，哪些可能已谈过，哪些还没谈。注意文章起承上启下作用的首句，利用首句把握文章内容的逻辑走向，尤其要注意首句中诸如this、so、other than之类的结构词。
其次，分析语篇结构，把握作者思路。一篇文章通常由导言、正文和结束语构成。导言一般要概述全篇内容，它规定了文章的主线或中心内容。借助导言，我们能紧紧把握作者的思路；正文是文章的主体，正文的各段内容都由导言确定，一般不论述导言中未提及的观点和内容。结束语是文章的收尾部分，文章通过它来概括全文并从中得出结论。因此，通过对文章篇章结构的分析，就可判断已谈了什么或将要谈什么。
常见预测方法：借助于语法结构、常用句型进行预测; 通过标题或主题句进行预测; 结合自己的背景知识进行预测; 根据语篇标志的提示词或者连接上下文的衔接手段来进行预测等等。
例如, 当我们读到：Though progress on the subway has not actually stopped. . . (虽然修建地铁的工程尚未完全停止……)。我们根据Though所引出的让步状语从句的意义, 应能推测到Something is wrong with the project. (修建工程出了问题.); 同时从not actually中推测到progress on the subject has almost stopped. (工程几乎已经停止了。) 据此预测, 下文可能会出现it is likely that the completion of the project will be delayed (这项工程的竣工很可能要推迟), 却不可能出现the project will be completed ahead of time (工程将提前完成)。
同样, 我们也可根据所给的某一段文章的内容, 来推测上文讨论的是什么话题, 或已经谈到过什么事情。以 "Though progress on the subway has not actually stopped, it is likely that the comp1etion of the project will be delayed."为例。根据该句所提供的信息, 我们可以推测到上文讨论的内容可能是"Strikes have severely hampered the project."(罢工已经严重影响了工程的进展); 而不可能是 "The boss has promised to give his men a pay rise."(老板同意给工人增加工资。)
试题分析：
Garson McCullers had the brilliant and early success that has come to be almost a tradition of the southern school. She was born in Columbus, Georgia, in 1917 of a family that was poorly off （贫困的）, but which sympathized with her early passion（激情）for music and writing. She started writing plays in her early teens under the influence of Eugene O'Neill. At seventeen she went to New York to study music at Juliliard with the idea of becoming a concert pianist, but she lost her tuition（学费） money in the subway and thereafter supported herself in a variety of jobs, from guarding the door for a book publisher to playing the piano for others, from music to literature（文学）, at nineteen she sold two stories to Story magazine. Then she went back to the South to marry Reeves McCullers (he died in 1953) and lived for two years at Fort Bragg where he was stationed. It was in this period that she wrote The Heart is a lonely Hunter (1940), whose publication made her immediately famous.
It is extraordinary enough for a first novel, but is prodigious（巨大的） for an author of twenty-two. Mrs. McCullers, understandably, had not yet learned the tight control of her art that was to make her next book so memorable, but The Heart is a lonely Hunter embraces all the themes that she was later to deal with more particularly.
With what topic does the paragraph following the passage most likely deal
A. The major themes in Carson McCullers' work.
B. Carson McCullers' musical compositions.
C. How Reeves McCullers affected his wife's work.
D. Carson McCuller's contributions to Story magazine.
解题思路：文章前半部分主要讲的是Carson McCullers的早年经历和使她一举成名的书。原文最后一句话指出那本书容纳了她后来刻意论述的主题。但主题是什么，这里没有提到。这也是文章后半部分要谈的内容。因此答案为____。
◆专项训练7：预测文章内容
There was ice on the road, and the doctor's car hit a tree and turned over three times. To his surprise, he was not hurt. He got out of the car and walked to the nearest house. He wanted to telephone the garage for help. The door was opened by one of his patents. "Oh, Doctor ", she said.　"I have only just telephoned you. You must have a very fast car. You have got here very quickly indeed. There has been a very bad accident on the road outside. I saw it through the window. I am sure the driver will need help."
1. Which of the following is the most likely reply the doctor gave the woman patient at the end of the story
A. "Yes, he does need help - your help, not mine."
B. "Another accident I've just had an accident myself!"
C. " I got your call and rushed over. I hope I'm not too late"
D. " I didn't get your call. But I'm here and hope I can help."
Without proper planning, tourism can cause problems. For example, too many tourists can crowd public places that are also enjoyed by the inhabitants of a country. If tourists create too much traffic, the inhabitants become annoyed and unhappy. They begin to dislike tourists and to treat them impolitely. They forget how much tourism can help the country's economy. It is　important to think about the people of a destination（目的地）country and how tourism affects them. Tourism should help a country keep the customs and beauty that attract tourists. Tourism should also advance the well-being (health and happiness) of local inhabitants.
Too much tourism can be a problem. If tourism grows too quickly, people must leave other jobs to work in the tourism industry. This means that other parts of the country's economy can suffer.
On the other hand, if there is not enough tourism, people can lose jobs. Businesses can also lose money. It costs a great deal of money to build large hotels, airports, air terminals, first-class roads, and other support facilities（设施）needed by tourist attractions. For example, a major international-class tourism hotel can cost as much as 50 thousand dollars per room to build. If this room is not used most of the time, the owners of the hotel lose money.
Building a hotel is just a beginning. There must be many support facilities as well, including　roads to get to the hotel, electricity, sewers（阴沟）to handle waste, and water. All of these support facilities cost money. If they are not used because there are not enough tourists job and money are lost.
2. Which of the following has most probably been discussed in the paragraph that goes before the passage
A. It is extremely important to develop tourism B. Building roads and hotels is essential.
C. Support facilities are highly necessary. 　 D. Planning is of great importance to tourism.
　　
We are in the computer age．We often see computers at work．They are especially useful in automatic control，data processing（数据处理）and solving complicated problems．And they are finding their way into the home．The part played by computers is becoming even more important with each passing day．
More and cleverer computers will continue to appear．They will run faster，have more functions and work much more skillfully．They will take over more tasks from us，helping to change the face of our world．Some people even think that sooner or later computers will replace us．
　　However．．．
　3. Which of the following statements will best continue the third paragraph？
　　A. Computers will soon stop developing．　　B. Many people like computers very much．
C. Computers are as clever as man． 　　D. I do not think computers will replace us completely．
To extinguish (熄灭) d