衔接词[上学期]
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“衔接词”基础复习要点
◆“衔接词”综合词汇表（1）：(说明：因按照逻辑关系分类, 有部分单词或短语重复.)
简介 ◆衔接词：充当起连接“词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子”、过渡“上下文”作用的单词或短语。◆衔接词有：连词（并列连词和从属连词）、连接代词、连接副词、关系代词、关系副词、副词、介词和介词短语，以及其他用来衔接上下文的短语。 （思考：“衔接词”与“插入语”的区别与联系？）
1 因果关系 becausefor sinceas 因为; 由于因为; 由于因为；既然 由于；鉴于 + 从句 because ofdue toowing tothanks to 因为; 由于因为；由于因为；由于因为；多亏 + sb/ sth / what从句
sotherefore，thushence（了解） 所以；因此; 于是, 那么因此; 所以因此；因而；这样因此; 由此 as a result of…as a result，for this reason，for that reason， 由于…的原因因此; 结果是…由于这个原因由于那个原因
2 转折让步关系 although 虽然，虽然…但是…；尽管; （只能放句首）(although / though不能与but连用, 但可与yet / still连用.)
though 虽然，虽然…但是…；尽管; 然而，还 （可放句首=although；也可放句末：“, though.”；还可放句中：“n/adj + though + 主语 +系动词/情态动词”.）
as 虽然，虽然…但是…；尽管;(只用在“adj + as + 主语 + be／seem／appear…”结构中。)
but yetstill nevertheless 但是，可是；若不，除非然而；可是；却；不管, 不顾; 尽管如此; 虽承认某事, 但…; 尽管如此；仍然; 而且；但是；然而；仍然, 不过.
at the same time（句中）all the same（放句末）for all that （放句末）even though（放句首）=even if. （放句首） 然而；同时尽管如此，仍然…尽管如此即使；尽管即使；尽管 +从句 otherwisewhetherwhereas instead.（放句末）even soafter allon the contrary， 否则；要不然的话不管, 无论; 是否然而相反；反而即使如此, 还是…毕竟；别忘了；终究正相反
regardless ofdespite(the fact that)(=in spite of) +n 尽管；不管；任凭…尽管；任凭；哪怕尽管；任凭；哪怕
wheneverwhereverhoweverwhoeverwhomeverwhateverwhichever 无论什么时候, 无论何时无论哪里, 无论何地;无论如何,不管怎样；然而，但是.无论是谁, 无论是什么人无论是谁, 无论是什么人无论什么无论是哪一个… 说明: 在让步状语从句中, whenever = no matter whenwherever = no matter wherehowever = no matter howwho(m)ever = no matter who(m) whatever = no matter whatwhichever = no matter which但在名词性从句中, 却不能换用no matter…
3 比较对比 likewisesimilarlyequallyunlikein the same way 同样地, 照样地; 也, 又同样地; 相仿地同样地; 同时...也不同于…以同样的方法；以此类推 as if(=as though)as…+ 原级 + asnot so + 原级 + as…比较级 + than 好像; 似乎好像；似乎与…一样与…不一样比…更…
however yetbut just like + njust as + 从句while 然而；但是，可是然而, 但是, 可是然而；可是；却正像…正如…；正当…的时候然而 on the contraryin spite of (=despite)some…othersone…the otherthe same… as…the same… that… 正相反尽管一些…另一些一个…另一个与…相同（同类）…正是…（同一个）
4 条件假设关系 if if onlyonly ifunless 假如，如果；是否但愿；要是…就好了；要是，若是只有除非…; 如果不…（的话） as long as= so long asnow thatseeing that 只要只要既然; 由于既然; 鉴于；因为;
on/upon (the) condition thatproviding (that) =provided (that)suppose (that) = supposing (that) 只要; 以...为条件，在…条件下假设; 假若; 假使; 以…为条件假定; 假设
说明：表示的“条件”或“假设”关系，如果是不可能实现的情况，注意考虑使用虚拟语气。
5 时间顺序 after（+时间）=（时间+）later afterward(s)，later on，sooner or laterbeforebefore longsinceuntilnot/never…untiltill 在…之后之后之后，以后，后来过些时候迟早; 终究在…之前不久自...以来；从...至今直到...时；到...为止直到...时，才…直到...时；到...为止 after a whileafter a momentafter a minute 一会儿一会儿一会儿
at that timeat the momentfrom time to timeat the same time meanwhilein the meanwhilesuddenlyall of a sudden all at onceall the timeat once 在那时此时此刻不时; 时常同时同时；在此期间同时；在此期间突然突然突然一直立即; 马上
whenwhileas 当...时；在那时；突然当...的时候；和...同时；当…的时候; 随着
as usualthenand thennow and theneventuallyfinallyat last in the end every / each time 像往常一样之后；然后；接着然后；接着不时最终；最后最后最后最终每次… once as soon asthe momentimmediatelydirectlyinstantlyno sooner…than…hardly…when… 一旦；一经...便；一…就一…就…一…就…一…就…；立即一…就…一…就…一…就…一…就…
6 强调递进引申 indeedevenanyway=anyhowfurthermoremoreoverbesidesagain 确实；真正甚至无论如何；反正而且，此外，再者并且，加之，此外此外，而且，加之再次 most important of allabove allin particularno doubt that 从句in the similar mannerwhat is more,what’s worse,in any case by no meansby the way, 最重要的是；尤其；最重要的是特别是；尤其毫无疑问用类似的方式更多的是...；而且更糟糕的是；更严重的是…无论怎么样决不；无论如何也不顺便说一下
tooalsoeitheras well 也也也（否定句中）也
7 总结 thusaltogetherfinally/ at lastthereforein (actual) fact=as a matter of factin generalgenerally speaking 这样; 因此总共；总之最后; 最终因此; 因而实际上;事实上实际上;事实上大体来说大致说来 in briefin short in summaryin a wordin conclusionon the wholeon balanceto summarize=to sum up as has been said (above) 简单地说简而言之；简单地说总而言之; 总之总之; 最后(下结论)总的来说; 总之总的来说; 总之总之正如前面所说
8 解释 as a matter of factfrankly speakingstrictly/ honestly/ … + speakingin this case,in that case,in other words,namely = that is = that is to sayto put it simplyto put it in another wayor ratheras/ so far as…as/ so far as I knowas we all know=as is known to us all(there is) no wonder + that从句 实际上; 事实上 (=in fact)坦白地说; 恕我直言严格/ 老实地…说如果这样的话; 在这种情况下；既然这样如果那样的话; 在那种情况下；既然那样换句话来说也就是(说); 即; 即是简单地说 （=Simply speaking）用另一种方式表达； 从另一角度进行说明解释更确切地说; 更准确地说就…来说; 至于….就我所知 众所周知难怪；怪不得
9 例举 列出所有内容 namelythat isthat is to sayas followsor rather 即; 即是也就是; 也就是说如下更确切地说 列出部分内容 for examplefor instancesuch as,likeparticularlyespecially 例如; 比如例如; 比如例如; 比如像; 如特别是; 尤其（强调）特别是; 尤其（强调）
说明：列举的是全部还是部分内容，要注意根据句子意义来判断。For example/ for instance可放句首和句末。
10 结果 so…that…such…that…so…as tosuch… as totoo …(for sb.) to + 从句+ 从句+ do+ do+ do 如此…以致…; 因而…如此…以致…; 因而…如此…以致…如此…以致…太…而不能(做某事)
but for …(in)this way,by this means,with this method,in the same way, 要不是…，（就会…）这样；用这种方法，（就会…）用这种方法用这种方法以同样的方法；以此类推 as a result，if so， 结果是….如果这样的话
11 目的关系 toin order toso as to + do+ do+ do 为了; 为了; 目的是; 为了; 目的是;
with the purpose offor the purpose of + doing+ doing 为了; 目的是; 以便为了; 目的是; 以便
so thatin order that + 从句+ 从句 为了; 目的是; 以便为了; 目的是; 以便
for fear offor fear thatin casein case of lest (发音/lest/) + doing+ 从句+ 从句+ sth/ doing+ 从句 担忧…(的后果); 害怕…担忧…(的后果); 害怕…假使…; 免得…; 以防万一…如果发生…; 万一发生…惟恐; 免得; 担心
12 并列关系 andboth…and…not only…but (also)…as well as and…as well some…others…for one thing…（for）another (thing)(= for one thing…also)on (the) one hand…on the other handneither…nor… 和，并且，与，同，加；又; 而且；于是和；既……也/ 又……；两者都…不但…而且；不仅…还…和；也; 既…，又…；而且而且；和；也如此一些…另一些一方面…另一方面一方面…另一方面一方面…, 另一方面既不…也不…
withplusalong withtogether with including 和; 与; 同; 跟加; 加上和…一起; 一同和…一起包括; 包含
13 选择关系 oreither…or…whether…or notwhether…or: not…but… instead ofinsteadrather thanother thannot so much ... as .... 或者; 还是…; 否则, 要不然或…或..；不是…就是…是…还是…是…还是…；不管…还是不是…而是…而不是；代替代替；而不而不是; 除了(不包括在内)；不同于；而不与其说……不如说…… 备 注
or else(=or) 否则, 要不然otherwise 否则；要不然whether or no（=in either case）无论如何；不管怎样
14 其他 from…tofrom…tillbetween…and…in no way in addition to 从…到…从…一直到…在…和…之间决不除……之外 according toaccording as + 从句as foras to in contrast toin terms of 根据根据；如果; 倘若至于；关于至于；关于与……成反比依据，按照；在…方面
特别说明 1. 上面列举的各种逻辑关系并不包括所有的逻辑；而且涉及的词汇并不真正就是该逻辑关系的真实反映；2. 在考试中（单项选择、完形填空题），通常只是考查考生根据上下文判断使用哪一个衔接词，使上下文：“意思通顺，结构完整，逻辑得当，合情合理”，并不需要正确地、完全地区分意思相近的衔接词。3. 请大家注意从第5页到第12页中提供的“例句和解释”中理解、记忆相关词汇，并在写作中运用。4. 希望各位同学要真正重视现在的基础复习和词汇积累。如有任何疑问或建议，及时找马石新老师 （现高三办公室二楼 / TEL：13326758528。或其他英语老师。）
◆“衔接词”综合词汇表（2）（说明：下面从词类的角度重新或补充列举有关词汇。）
连接代词 连接代词引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）：可充当名词性从句的主语、宾语和表语。因此，判断是否需要使用连接代词，要注意看后接从句的成分是否缺少主语、宾语或表语。
1. who2. whom3. which4. whose5. what;6. whoever7. whomever8. whichever9. whosever10. whatever11. that 谁； …的人谁； …的人哪一个；哪一种（作选择）谁的 …的所有者什么； …的东西/事情无论是谁；任何人无论是谁；任何人无论是哪一个无论是谁的; 无论谁的东西无论什么；任何东西（陈述事实/说明具体情况） Who will join us doesn’t matter. (主从)I don’t know whom he will go with. (宾从)The problem is which boy is the best in the class. (表从)He had no idea whose umbrella he took by accident yesterday.I don't care what she thinks.Whoever breaks the rule will be punished. (主从)You're responsible to whomever you teach.She'll buy whichever is cheapest. (宾从)You can write about whatever topic you can think of.That the earth travels around the sun is well-known.
注意：此时的whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever, whosever不能换成：= no matter +…who/ whom/ which/ what/ whose…
引导同位语从句通常用that一词。 She told us her hope that she would become a pianist.
连接副词 连接副词用于引导主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句，位于从句之首。连接副词引导主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句：但不充当从句的主语、宾语和表语，而是作状语。因此，判断需要使用连接代词还是连接副词，要注意看后接从句的成分是否缺少主语、宾语、表语。
1. when2. where3. how4. why5. whether 什么时候； …的时间哪里； …的地方怎么样； …的方式为什么； …的原因是否 When he will come is not know.Do you know where he lives Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station That is why he was late.Whether he would come is unknown.
关系代词 关系代词 who，whom，whose，that，which，as引导定语从句。注意：关系代词在定语从句并没有实际的、具体的含义。
指 人 指 物 所有格 指整件事
whowhomthat whichthat whose whichas
关系副词 关系副词用于引导定语从句，位于从句之首。when和where 可引导限制性及非限制性定语从句；why只能引导限制性定语从句。
1. when （…的时间）用于时间；(=in/at/on which)2. where （…的地方）用于地点；(=in/at/on which)3. why. （…的原因）用于原因。(=for which) I still remember the day when I left my hometown. This is the place where he worked ten years ago.Tell me the reason why you did it.
副词 有少部分副词，常常放在句首并与句子用逗号（，）分开时，可以起到衔接上下文的作用。下面列举的是常见的可以衔接上下文的副词（部分而已）。
1. 表示时间或顺序：immediately/ firstly（首先）/ finally（最后）/ then / and then（然后；接着）
2. 表示程度：particularly（独特地，明显地，尤其）/ especially（特别，尤其）/ generally（大概）undoubtedly（毫无疑问）/ clearly / obviously（很清楚；显而易见）
3. 表示假定或推测: probably / possibly / supposedly (可能)
4. 表示方式： basically（基本上）/ actually（实际上） / strangely（奇怪地）/ hopefully（有希望） unexpectedly （出其不意）luckily/ fortunately/ unluckily / unfortunately (不)幸运地
5. 表示动作：quietly （悄悄地；静静地）
6. 其他：已经归入前面的按逻辑关系分类的综合词汇表（1）。此略。
介词 withplusalong withtogether with includingbecause of thanks todue toowing tofrom…tofrom…tillbetween…and…according toaccording as 和; 与; 同; 跟加; 加上和…一起; 一同和…一起包括; 包含因为; 由于…的原因因为; 多亏因为因为从…到…从…一直到…在…和…之间根据根据 as foras toin spite ofin addition(to)apart frombesidesexcept instead of untilunlikebeforeaftersince 至于至于尽管除…之外, 还有…; 此外除…之外除…外又…;另外; 何况除…外, (不包括…) 代替; 而不是直到…才…与…不同在…之前在…之后自从…以来; 既然
并列连词和从属连词参考前面的按逻辑关系分类的综合词汇表（1）和从句基础复习相关内容。此略。
“衔接词”的运用(例句与解释)
◆ 因果关系：
区分提示：1. 判断是因还是果；因在前还是果在前；2. 后接的是从句还是sb/ sth / what从句；3. 标点符号与位置关系； 4.其他。
because/ for/ since/ as + 原因（从句） so/ therefore，/ thus/ hence + 结果（从句）because of/ due to/ owing to/ thanks to + sb/ sth / what从句as a result of…+ 原因（sth） as a result，+ 结果（从句） for this reason，/ for that reason，+ 结果（从句）
1. because conj. 表直接原因, 用于回答why提出的问题.
He is absent because he is ill. = He is absent because of his illness. 他因病缺席。
当主句是否定句时, because引导的从句表示的原因并非真正的原因. 要注意理解.
I didn’t go there because I was afraid. (我不是因为害怕才去了那里.)
2. for 表明附加或推断的理由, 它只连接句子, 且不能放在句首.
Leaves are turning yellow，for it is now autumn． John has made much progress，for he is polite now．
for 和 because的区别：这两个词的意思很相近，通常是可以互换使用的。但for引导的从句不能直接说明某一特定动作发生的原因，而只能提供一些起帮助解释作用的附加说明。它的用法要受到下面一些限制：
A. for引导的从句不能位于它所解释的动词之前：
Because it was wet he took a taxi．因为下雨，他叫了一辆出租车。（不用 for。）
B. for引导的从句不能位于not，but或任何连词之后：
He stole，not because he wanted the money but because he liked stealing．
他偷东西，并不是因为他想要钱，而是他有这种毛病。（这里不能用for。）
C. for引导的从句不能用于回答问题：—Why did you do it？ —I did it because I was angry． （不用for。）
D. for引导的从句不能单单用来复述已讲过的话，而必须包括新的内容：
He spoke in French．She was angry because he had spoken in French．他讲法语。因为他讲法语，她生气了。（不用for。）
但是说：She was angry，for she didn’t know French．她生气了，因为她不懂法语。（这里用for是正确的，也可用because。）
3. since：因为, 既然, 侧重主句, 从句表示显然的或已知的理由. Since everyone is here, let’s start.
4. as：由于, 鉴于, 主句说明结果, 从句说明原因. As it is late, I have to go.
5. so：原因在so前说明, so后面的是结果. He was ill in hospital, so he didn’t come to school.
6. therefore：表示结果，在句子中使用时，其前面通常有冒号或分号，否则需加and。
He was busy; therefore he could not come. =He was busy, and therefore he could not come.
7. thus ad.. 如此,这样, 以此方式 He didn't work hard. Thus he was fired. 他工作不努力,因此被解雇。
They told her to water the flowers every morning, and she did it thus. 他们吩咐她每天早晨浇花,于是她照办了。
8. hence ad. 因此;由此 This is a gold necklace, hence it is expensive. 这是根金项链,因此很贵。
9. as a result表示“结果、因此”，作插入语。其前面通常要用句号。as a result of + 原因：由于
He was late as a result of the snow. = It snowed. As a result, he was late. 由于大雪他迟到了。
10. MORE EXAMPLES：
The wind blew hard，therefore（or owing to these circumstances）many huts were damaged．
Beggars are numerous in this city，therefore（or for this reason）the government must do something for them.
We must educate our children，therefore（or for this purpose）we set up schools．
I have not enough money，so I cannot buy it． They have different ideas，thus（=so）they don't agree.
Have you worked hard？Then（or In that case） you must be very tired．
◇ 成语介词because of/ due to / owing to/ thanks to表示“因为”、“由于”，但他们在用法上有区别。
1. because of 用在句首或句子后面，表示原因。例如：
Because of the heavy rain, the sports meet has been put off. 因为大雨，运动会已推迟。
I came late because of the heavy rain. 由于交通阻塞我来晚了。 They are here because of us. 他们是为了我们才来到这里。
2. due to sth/sb: 因为,由于；由某人（某事物）引起的；由于某人（某事物）例如：
The team’s success was largely due to her efforts. 该队的成功在很大程度上是由于她的努力。
They arrived late due to the storm. 他们由于风暴而来迟。 Her absence was due to the storm.由于风雨交加她没来。
3. owing to: 由于；因为 Owing to the rain, the meeting has to be put off. 会议因雨而推迟了
I couldn’t attend the meeting owing to illness. 我因病不能出席会议。
owing to与 due to的用法基本相同，但与because of 的用法有些差别。一般说来，owing to 只 引导一个修饰全句的状语，而后because of引导的状语又可修饰句子中的一部分。例如：
You mustn’t punish the child because of such a small mistake. 你千万不要因为这样一个小错误而惩罚孩子。
4. thanks to 由于，因为；幸亏，多亏 常位于句首，表感谢或讽刺意味。例如：
Thanks to your help, we finished the work head of time. 多亏你的帮助，我们提前完成了任务。
Thanks to the bad weather, the match had been put off. 多亏这倒霉的天气，比赛推迟了。
5. on account of 由于; 因为Bill cannot come to the meeting on account of illness. 比尔因病不能到会。
◆ 转折、让步关系：
1. but
A. 作并列连词: 但是;可是;而是. He is poor but honest．He works slowly but steadily．I would like to go, but I can’t.
B. 作从属连词,表示唯一的条件: 而不;若不;除非;如果. Nothing will do but I must leave.
C. 作介词: 除…之外. All of them but me had been there before. I have no choice but to go home.
Last night I did nothing but watch TV. (有实意动词do时省to) The doctor told me nothing but to stop smoking.
与besides的区别：besides（也是介词）意为“除……外又……”。它位于名词／代词／动名词之前：
Besides doing the cooking I look after the garden． 除了做饭之外我还得管园子。
besides（副词）意为“又，另外，反正”，通常位于它引导的从句之前，有时也可位于其后：
I can’t go now；I’m too busy．Besides，my passport is out of date.我现在不能走，我太忙了。何况我的护照过期了。
2. yet ad.
The moon has not risen yet. 月亮还没有升起。 (用于否定句)还(没)
Has he finished the work yet 那工作他做完了没有 (用于疑问句)现在,已经
My room is small yet cosy. 我的房间很小,但很舒适。 (而,然而)
There is hope for her yet. 她的事仍有希望。 (依然, 还)
I don't know him, yet I can get his help. 我不认识他, 但我会得到他的帮助。(可是,却,然而)
3. still1 ad.
Her grandmother is still living. 她祖母仍然健在。 (还,仍旧) They are still working in the fields. 他们还在田里工作。
He is good-natured, still I don't like him. 他脾气很好,可是我还是不喜欢他。 (尽管如此,然而;(虽然...)还是)
It's hot today, but it'll be still hotter tomorrow. 今天很热,但明天会更热。 (强调比较级)还要,更
still和yet的用法：still和yet（连词）位于它们所引导的从句之前。
still（连词）意为“虽承认某事／尽管如此”。yet（连词）意为“不管，不顾／同样／尽管如此”。
You aren’t rich；still you could do something to help him． 你虽然不富有，但你仍可以给予他帮助。
They are ugly and expensive；yet people buy them． 它们既难看又昂贵，但人们还是买。
4. nevertheless ad. 仍然,不过,然而
She was angry; nevertheless, she listened to me.她很生气,但还是听了我的话。
We can't act on your advice. Nevertheless, thank you for giving it.我们不能照你的建议去办。不过承蒙您提出来,十分感谢。
5. though / although/ as
共同之处：Though／Although they’re expensive，(yet / still) people buy them．尽管／虽然它们很昂贵，人们还是买。
用法区别:
though意为“但; 然而; 还”， 连接两个主句, 有时放句首，大多数情况下放句末though，但although不能这样用。
He says he’ll pay，though I don’t think he will．=He says he’ll pay；I don’t think he will，though．
他说他要付钱，然而我认为他不会付的。
though可以用在倒装句中, 构成“形容词 + though + 主语 + be”的结构. （although不能这么用）
Young though he is, he is quite experienced. 他虽然年轻, 但很有经验. （=Though / Although he is young, …）
as只有在“形容词+as+主语+to be／to seem／to appear…”这一结构中，as才意为though／although（尽管）：
Tired as he was he offered to carry her．
=Though he was tired he offered to carry her．尽管他很累了，他还主动提出要背着她。
6. Despite/ in spite of + 名词／代词或动名词：
Although it was windy... 尽管有风……=In spite of the wind...
Although it smelt horrible... 尽管味道很难闻……= In spite of the horrible smell... 任凭味道多难闻……
Although it was dangerous... 尽管这很危险…… = In spite of the danger... 哪怕有危险……
Though he was inexperienced... 虽然他没有经验…
=In spite of his inexperience／his being inexperienced... 哪怕他没有经验……
He went to work despite his illness. 尽管生病, 他还是去工作。
Despite advanced years, she is learning to drive. 尽管年事已高,她还在学开车。
I went out in spite of the rain. 尽管下雨我仍外出了。
◇though／although/ but/ however/ nevertheless和in spite of/ despite（+ n）连接两个相反的或对照的陈述语的用法比较:
1) He had no qualifications, but he got the job． 他没有资格证明，但他却得到了这份工作。
2) He had no qualifications；however he got the job/he got the job，however. 他没有资格证明，但仍然得到了这份工作。
3) He had no qualifications；nevertheless he got the job． 他没有资格证明，然而他还是得到了这份工作。
4) He got the job although/though he had no qualifications.
= Although/Though he had no qualifications, he got the job． 尽管他没有资格证明，他还是得到了这份工作。
5) In spite of having no qualifications, he got the job．=He got the job in spite of having no qualifications．
7. regardless of 不管;不顾 + n. Regardless of danger, he climbed the tower. 他不顾危险地爬上了高塔。
8. even though/ even if (尽管, 即使;虽然). Even though I didn’t understand a word, I kept smiling.
He will come on time even though it rains. 即使下雨,他还是会准时来的。
9. all the same还是,依然 (放句末) He's a bit naughty, but I like him all the same.他有点顽皮,可是我还是喜欢他。
◇at the same time. 1. 然而（放句首、句中） 2. 同时
He may be very rude sometimes but at the same time he is very kind. 有时候他可能很粗鲁, 然而他还是很善良。
◇for all that 尽管如此 （放句末）
She may have some shortcomings, but she is a good mother for all that. 她可能有一些缺点,尽管如此,她还是一位好母亲。
10. However conj. 然而,可是,不过； 无论如何,不管怎样； 不管用什么方法；究竟怎样,到底如何
结构形式：，/. However， however + adj / adv + 主 + 谓
I feel a bit tired. However, I can hold on. 我有点累了, 但我能坚持下去。
However hot it is, he will not take off his coat. 无论多热,他也不会脱掉外衣。
However he tries, he never seems able to work satisfactorily. 不管他怎么努力,他好像总不能令人满意地工作。
However did you know that 你到底怎么知道那件事的
11. Otherwise ad.
1. 用别的方法;不同样地 We'll get there somehow, by boat or otherwise. 我们总要设法去那里的,乘船也好,用其他办法也好。
2. 在其他方面;除此以外
The rent is a bit high, but otherwise the house is satisfactory. 这所房子租金贵了点,但在其他方面倒是令人满意的。
3. 否则,不然
I'm not feeling very well today -- otherwise I would do it myself. 今天我身体不太舒服,否则这事我就亲自去做了。
12. while可意为but，用于表示强调对比：
Some people waste food while others haven’t enough． 一些人糟踏食物而另一些人却食不果腹。
while可以意为although，这时常放在句首：
While I sympathize with your point of view I cannot accept it． 尽管我认同你的观点，但我不能接受它。
◇ when可以意为seeing that／although（鉴于）。因此它同while 很相似，但主要用于引导使另一个动作显得不合理的陈述句。它常用在一个问句里。
How can you expect your children to be truthful when you yourself tell lies？你自己都在撒谎，怎么能指望你的孩子们诚实？
It’s not fair to expect her to do all the cooking when she has had no training or experience．
她没有受过烹调方面的训练，也没有这方面的经验，让她把做饭的事全部承担下来是不公平的
13. whereas conj.
1. (公文用语,常用在句首)鉴于； Whereas the following incidents have occurred ... 鉴于下列事件业已发生...
2. 反之;却;而 Some people like fatty meat, whereas others hate it. 有些人喜欢肥肉,而有些人却不喜欢。
14. after all 毕竟;终究;到底 It turned out he went by train after all. 结果他还是乘火车去的。
even so 即使如此 The book is rather old; even so, it is very useful. 这本书已很旧,尽管如此,它还是很有用。
on the contrary正相反 You're quite free now, I think. On the contrary, I have tons of things to do!
我想你现在一定很空。正相反,我有一大堆事要做!
15. Instead ad..
1. 作为替代 He is too busy, let me go instead. 他太忙了,让我去吧。
2. 反而, 却 He didn't give John the money, but he gave it to me instead. 他没把钱给约翰,却给了我。
◇ instead of 代替；而不是； 反而；
Instead of disturbing her, the news had a strangely calming effect. 这消息非但没令她不安,反而产生了一种奇怪的镇定效果。
◆ 比较、对比：
◇ likewise 1. 同样地,照样地 2. 也,亦,又
I told him to watch me and do likewise. 我叫他仔细看着我,并且照样做。
To achieve this goal, you must have ambition; likewise you need to exert great efforts.
要实现这一目标,你必须有雄心壮志,同时还得十分努力。
◇ Similarly ad. 同样地;相仿地 My brother was similarly threatened. 我兄弟也遭到同样的威胁。
◇ Equally ad. 1. 相同地;同样地 2. 公平地;平均地 3. 同时...也
They can both run equally fast. 他俩能跑得一样快。 The two boys are equally clever. 这两个男孩同样地聪明。
On his death the land was divided equally among his sons. 他死后这土地就平分给了他的几个儿子。
We must work hard, but equally we must get sufficient rest. 我们必须努力工作,但同时也要有足够的休息。
◇ Unlike a. 不同的;不相似的,相异的；prep. 不像,和...不同
They gave unlike accounts of the incident. 他们对这事情的描述各不相同。
It's unlike you not to say hello. 连招呼都不打这不像是你。
His new novel is unlike all his previous ones. 他新出的这部小说与他以前的不同。
◇ as if 犹如;好像 She treats him as if he were a stranger. 她待他如陌生人。
◇ as though. 犹如;好像 He treats his elder sister as though she were a stranger. 他待他姐姐如陌生人。
◇ just as 正像；正当…的时候： just as you say 正如你说的
Just as Darwin discovered the law of natural evolution, Marx revealed the law of social evolution.
◇ in the same way 以同样的方法；以此类推
◇ the same… as…/ the same… that…
This is the same pen as I lost. (这只笔跟我丢的一模一样。同样的但不是同一只笔。)
This is the same pen that I lost. (这只笔就是我丢掉的那一只。)
◆ 条件假设关系：
1. if:
A. 如果（表示真实条件，一般用一般现在时代替一般将来时；只是在表示“愿意”、“不愿意”时，if后才可跟will, won’t. If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home. If you won’t come, I’ll go alone.
B. 是否： I don’t know if the answer is right.
C. 假如（表示假设条件，需使用虚拟语气。当if引导的从句的谓语是were、had、should时，可把if省略，并把were、had、should提前到句首。）
If I were you (=Were I you), I would help her.
If he had not missed the train (Had not he missed the train), he would have got home by now.
If any one should call (=Should any one call), please let me know.
◇ if与whether的用法区别：
a. if除了有“是否”的意思外，还有“如果、假如”的意思；whether除了有“是否”的意思外，还有“不管、无论”的意思。
b. 当它们表示“是否”的意思时，有时可通用；但下列情况中，if不能替换whether使用：
(1) 在正式文体中，句中有or not时：I wonder whether it is big enough or not.
(2) 引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语时：Whether it is true remains a question.
(3) 作介词宾语时：I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back home.
(4) 作discuss的宾语时：We discussed whether we should close the shop.
(5) 放在不定式前与不定式组成词组时：She hasn’t decided whether to go or not.
2. if only：但愿；要是…就好了；要是，若是。 If only I had the chance!
If only I had more money I could buy a car.
3. only if：只有。 You’ll succeed only if you put all your heart into it.
4. Unless conj. 如果不, 除非 I won't apologize unless she apologizes first. 除非她先道歉,否则我不道歉。
5. now that 既然
You ought to have a good rest now that you've finished the work. 既然已完成了工作, 你就应该好好休息一下。
6. seeing that 因为;鉴于 Seeing that he could hardly win the game, the man decided to give up.
Seeing that it is eight o'clock, we'll wait no longer. 由于时间已到八点,我们将不再等了。
Seeing that he is ill, we'll do the work for him. 由于他病了,我们来代他做这件工作。
7. on/upon condition that只要;以...为条件
You can use the bicycle on condition that you return it tomorrow. 只要你明天归还,自行车你可以拿去用。
8. providing that假若 I will go providing that my expenses are paid. 要是我的费用有人代付我就去。
provided that 倘若;以...为条件 I will go, provided that you go too. 你也去的话我就去。
provided conj. 以...为条件;假如
Provided (that) there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. 假如无人反对,我们就在这里开会。
Providing conj. 以...为条件;假如 I shall go providing (that) it doesn't rain. 假如不下雨我就去。
9. suppose假定[+(that) Suppose the car should break down again. 假定汽车又出毛病了。
Supposing that you get a loan from a commercial bank, you are now a debtor until you repay the principal and interest.
10. so long as(=as long as)只要（引导条件状语从句） You may use the room so long as you clean it up.
◆ 时间顺序：
◇ afterward(s)之后, 以后, 后来
You left before eleven. What did you do afterward 你十一点之前离开后做什么去了
Afterward they had lunch in the garden. 然后他们在园子里吃午饭。
◇ since ad. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时) 1. 此后;从那时到现在 2. 之前,以前prep 3. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时)自...以来,从...至今 4. conj.. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时)自...以来,从...至今；既然;因为,由于
She left school three years ago and has worked as a nurse ever since. 她三年前毕业,从那时起便一直当护士。
I haven't heard from him since last year. 我自去年以来未曾收到过他的信。
It's been ten years since they married. 他们结婚到现在已经十年了。
She has been living a hard life since her husband died. 她自从丈夫死后,一直过着艰苦的生活。
He must have taken the book since it isn't here. 他一定是把书拿走了,因为书已不在这里了。
Since it is so hot, let's go swimming. 既然天气这么热,我们去游泳吧。
◇ until prep. 1. 直到...时,到...为止 2. (用于否定句)在...之前,直到...(才) 3. conj. 直到...时,到...为止 4. (用于否定句)在...以前,直到...才
Will this fish keep until tomorrow 这鱼能搁到明天吗
She didn't go to bed until eleven o'clock. 她直到十一点才上床睡觉。
He worked in Hong Kong until his father found him a job in Canada.
在他父亲给他在加拿大找到差事前,他一直在香港工作。
She didn't go to bed until her daughter came back. 她一直等到女儿回来才去睡觉。
◇ till / until (意思相同：直到…为止；在…以前；直到…才。区别主要在于：放句首时，一般不用till。)
注意：在肯定句中，谓语动词需是延续性动词，即该动词表示的动作必须能持续进行，而不是瞬间结束。在否定句中，谓语动词则一般是非延续性动词。如：
I lived in that city until / till I was fifteen. (live能持续进行)
I didn’t leave that city until / till I was fifteen. (leave是瞬间动词，一“离开”就结束了。)
◇ when
1. (用作疑问副词)什么时候,何时
I'd like to know when they'll let him out. 我想知道他们什么时候放他。
When did you last see Margaret 你上一次见到玛格丽特是什么时候
2. (用作关系副词,引导关系从句) 当...时
There were times when I didn't know what to do. 有些时候我不知道该怎么办才好。
3. conj. 当...时 John got engaged to her when travelling last winter. 去年冬天旅行时,约翰与她订了婚。
Don't get excited when you talk. 你说话时别激动。
4. 既然,考虑到
How can he get the promotion when his boss dislikes him 既然上司不喜欢他,那他怎么会获得提升呢
5. 虽然,然而
I had only fifteen dollars on me when the book I wanted cost twenty.
我身上只带了十五元钱,可是我想买的那本书定价二十元。
6. 在那时, 然后；突然
I was about to leave when it began to rain. 我正要离开突然下雨。
7. pron. 什么时候,那时 Since when has she taught here 她从什么时候开始在这儿教书的
◇ while conj.. 当...的时候,和...同时；而,然而；虽然,尽管
She listened closely while he read the letter. 他读信时,她听得很仔细。
I'll take care of your children while you are away. 你不在时我会照顾你的孩子的。
We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们必须趁热打铁。
I like tea while she likes coffee. 我喜欢喝茶,而她喜欢喝咖啡。
While I like the color of the hat, I do not like its shape.虽然我喜欢这顶帽子的颜色,但我不喜欢它的形状。
◇ as
1. 跟...一样地,同样地 Sam is as rich as Alexander. 山姆像亚历山大一样富有。
2. 如同;例如Such animals as foxes and squirrels have bushy tails. 有些动物,如狐和松鼠,有蓬松的尾巴。
3. prep. 作为,以...的身份She works as an interpreter in that company. 她在该公司里担任翻译员。
4. 当作She didn't think much of him as a painter. 她对他作为一位画家评价不高。
5. 像;如同The old woman was dressed as a young lady. 这位老妇人打扮得像一位年轻人。
6. conj. 像...一样;依照;像You ought to do as Paul tells you. 你应按照保罗吩咐的做。
The work is not so difficult as you imagine. 这工作不像你想像的那么困难。
7. 当...时As she left the room she remembered that book. 她离开房间时想起了那本书。
8. 随着 As the sun rose the fog dispersed. 太阳一出来,雾随之消失。
9. 因为 We didn't know what to do as we were just visiting there. 我们不知道该怎么办,因为当时我们仅仅在那里作访问。
10. 虽然 Tired as he was, he sat up late. 他虽然疲倦,可仍然很晚才睡。
11. 与such, the same, as等连用, 引导关系从句)： 与...相同的事物(或人)
He has earned as much money as I have. 他赚的钱和我赚的一样多。
She felt just the same as he did. 她和他的感受相同。
There is a general rise in prices such as occurred in the late 60's. 物价普遍上涨,跟六十年代末一样。
◇ when/ while/ as的区别：
A. when表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生或先于主句动作，可以指一段时间也可以指特定的时间点；while表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生，表示“一边…一边…”，通常指一段时间。
例如：Jack stayed with us when /while he was in Beijing. He called us when he arrived in Beijing.
B. as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
C. 当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。
When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
D. 从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as，不用when 或while。
As the day went on, the weather got worse. 日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。
◇ in the meanwhile/ meanwhile 其间; 同时
In the meanwhile I'll visit an old friend of mine. 在这期间我将去拜访我的一位老朋友。
Mother went shopping; meanwhile, I cleaned the house.母亲去买东西;我打扫屋子。
◇ once conj. 一旦,一经...便
Once you get into a bad habit, you'll find it hard to get out of it.一旦染上坏习惯,想改掉就难了。
◇ directly 一...就 He came directly I called. 我打了电话他就来了。
◇ instantly conj. 一...(就) I came instantly I saw the need. 我一发觉有必要走一遭马上就来了。
◇ immediately conj.一...(就...) Return immediately you are done. 事情一做完就回来。
◇ hardly…when/before, no sooner…than和as soon as
I had hardly got home when it began to rain. =I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
=As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意：如果hardly或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
◇ the moment： I’ll give the message to him the moment he comes back. 他一回来，我就会把信息给他。
◇ once 一…就…；一旦 Once he arrives, we can start. 他一回来我们就可以开始。
◆ 强调、递进、引申：
1. Indeed ad.. (加强语气)真正地,确实,实在; (表示让步)当然,固然; (表示进一层的意思)更确切地;甚至
A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难之交才是真正的朋友。
He is indeed young, but he is competent. 他固然年轻,但他很称职。
I am hungry; indeed, I am almost starving. 我饿了,我简直要饿死了。
2. Furthermore ad. 而且,此外,再者
Furthermore, he felt that he wasn't really an authority on preventive medicine.
此外,他觉得自己并不真正是预防医学的权威。
He is inefficient, and furthermore he is innocent of any sense of responsibility. 他办事效率很低,而且没有丝毫责任感。
3. Moreover ad. 并且, 加之, 此外
He was, moreover, a poet of promise. 此外,他还是一个有前途的诗人。
Bicycling is a good exercise; moreover, it doesn't pollute the air. 骑自行车是很好的运动;而且还不污染环境。
4. Besides ad. 此外,而且,加之；在其他方面；prep. 在...之外,除...之外； (同时参考but转折关系中的说明解释。)
The driver couldn't see either. Besides, the roads are nearly impassable. 刚才司机也看不清楚。而且这些路简直无法通行。
Besides, I want you to promise me one thing. 此外,我要你答应我一件事。
What has he done, besides reading the paper 除了看报,他还做了什么
He had other people to take care of besides me. 除我之外,他还要照顾别人。
5. anyway ad. 1. 无论如何,不管怎样,至少,反正； 2. 不论以何种方式,不论从何种角度
That wasn't my fault, anyway. 反正那不是我的过错。
It may rain, but we shall go anyway. 也许会下雨,可我们无论如何要去。
You can do the job anyway you want. 这工作你想怎么干都行。
6. anyhow ad. 1. 无论如何,不管怎么说； 2. 不管从什么角度(或用什么方法),总之
It may snow, but anyhow I will go to town. 可能下雪,但我无论如何要进城。
He couldn't convince her anyhow.他怎么想办法也不能使她信服。
7. above all 首先;尤其是;最重要的是。 He is strong, brave and, above all, honest. 他强壮,勇敢,最重要的是他诚实。
8. no doubt 无疑地;我确信 No doubt I will succeed in the end. 我确信我最终会成功。
9. in any case无论如何 In any case, book the tickets first. 无论如何先把票订好。
10. by the way 顺便提一下
By the way, do you have any idea where the post office is 顺便问一下,你知道邮局在哪儿吗
11. (and) what is more 而且
She learns quickly, and what's more, she remembers what she has learnt. 她学得很快,而且所学的全都记得。
12. in particular 特别地;尤其 She stressed that point in particular. 她特别强调了那一点.
13. by no means 决不；无论如何也不
Our government adheres to that we will by no means be the first to use nuclear weapons.
我国政府坚持在任何情况也决不首先使用核武器...
◆ 总结：
1. altogether ad. 1. 完全,全然; 2. 全部,合计; 3. 总之, 总而言之
I am altogether on your side in this matter. 在这个问题上我完全支持你。
He bought altogether 500 hectares of land. 他总共买了五百公顷土地。
Altogether, exports are looking up. 总的说来, 出口贸易在好转。
2. in fact 事实上 I think so; in fact, I am quite sure. 我想如此,事实上我十分相信如此。
3. as a matter of fact 事实上 As a matter of fact, I've never been there before. 事实上我从未到过那儿。
4. in general 一般地 In general, I prefer a comedy to a tragedy. 一般说来,我喜欢喜剧甚于悲剧。
5. generally speaking 一般而言 Generally speaking, I think you're right. 一般而言,我认为你是对的。
6. in brief 简言之
7. in short 总之 In short, we must be prepared. 总之, 我们要有准备。
8. in a word 简言之,一言以蔽之 In a word, he's useless. 简言之,他毫无用处。
9. in conclusion 最后;总之
In conclusion, I'd like to thank you for all you've done for me. 最后,我要感谢你们为我所做的一切。
10. on the whole 总的看来;基本上 On the whole, I like it. 总的看来,我喜欢这个。
11. on balance总的来说 On balance, we have a good chance of winning the race. 总的来说, 我们很有希望赢得比赛。
12. He has made serious mistakes．He has lost all his friends. In a word（or In short，In brief，In sum，In conclusion），he is dead．
Joan was sick．In short．she had no warm dress to wear and therefore caught cold．
◆ 解释：
1. in this case 既然这样 In this case, let's start earlier. 既然这样,我们就早点开始。
2. in that case 既然那样
You have finished, haven't you In that case, you may have a rest. 你已经完工了, 是不是 既然那样, 你可以休息一下
3. that is 那就是 We'll meet you in a week, that is, on March 1. 我们一星期后见,即三月一号那天见。
4. that is to say 那就是说 Three weeks from today, that is to say, the 1st of May, you have to turn in the paper.
从今天起三星期后,即五月一日,你必须把报告交上来。
5. as far as 尽...; 就... I'll help you as far as I can. 我将尽我所能帮助你。
6. no wonder 难怪 No wonder you can't sleep when you eat so much. 你吃这么多难怪睡不着。
◆ 列举：
1. namely ad. 即,那就是Only one person can answer the question namely you. 只有一个人能回答这个问题,那就是你。
2. as follows 如下The results are as follows, ...结果如下...
3. for example 例如
Many great people rose from poor backgrounds -- Lincoln for example. 很多伟人出身贫寒,林肯就是一例。
4. for instance 例如You can't depend on her: for instance, she arrived late yesterday. 她靠不住:举例说,昨天她就来迟了
◆ 结果：
1. so…that…/ such…that… 如此…以致（因而）（表示结果）
The mark was so small. (=So small was the mark)that I could hardly see it.
such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much，little连用，形成固定搭配。
The boy is so young that he can't go to school. = He is such a young boy that he can’t go to school.
=The boy is too young to go to school.= The boy is not old enough to go to school.
2. so…as to/ such… as to 如此…以致…（表示结果） He was so angry as to be unable to speak.
3. too …(for sb.) to 太…而不能….
The box is too heavy for the boy to carry =The box is so heavy that the boy can't carry it.
=The box is not light enough for the boy to carry.
4. but for要不是 But for your help, we would have lost the game. 要不是你们的帮助,我们会输掉这场比赛的。
But for your help, our experiment wouldn't have been so successful.
But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier. 要不是碰到暴雨我们会到得早一些。
◆ 目的关系：
1. in order to 为了 We started early in order to arrive before dark. 为了在天黑前到达,我们很早就动身了
2. so as to(=in order to) 以便；结果是；以致…（表示目的） Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
The test questions are kept secret, so as to prevent cheating. 试题必须保密,以防作弊。
3. so that以便；目的是；为的是… I hired a boat so that I could go fishing.
4. for fear of 担忧 She asked us not to be noisy for fear of waking the baby. 她要我们别吵闹,惟恐吵醒婴儿。
5. lest conj. 惟恐;免得；担心
We dare not play jokes on him lest he should become angry. 我们不敢开他玩笑生怕他动气。
I was afraid lest the new bike should be stolen. 我担心新自行车会被偷走。
6. in case 假使；免得 In case she comes back, let me know immediately. 假使她回来了,立刻告诉我。
Take the raincoat in case it rains. 带着雨衣, 以防下雨。
7. in case of 如果发生… In case of fire, open this safety door. 一旦发生火灾时,打开这扇安全门。
◆ 并列关系：
1. and
(1) 表示并列或对称关系：和，与，同，加；并，又。father and son; wife and husband ;
He is honest and intelligent. He did it quickly and effectively．We talked and laughed and drank．
(2) 强调连续、反复：（单词+and +同一单词）
He stayed abroad for months and months．（很长时间） He travelled for miles and miles．（很长距离）
She waited and waited and waited．（反复的动作）
(3) 在祈使句后表示结果：（祈使句+and +陈述句<用一般将来时>）
Go straight on and you’ll see a bridge. Study hard and you’ll make progress.
Leave a basin of water outside in freezing weather and it will soon be covered with ice.
(4) 用于句首，起承上启下的作用：而且；于是。And because of that（而且正因为此）, they didn’t come.
(5) 在动词go、come、try等之后 + 另一个动词，代替不定式，表示目的：Come and have a look. Try and get some water.
(6) 构成的短语：and so on (等等); and yet (可是，但); both…and…
2. both…and：两者都。 She plays (both) the piano and the guitar. （both有时可省略）
3. not only…but (also) 不但…而且）。He is not only（or not just）a soldier，but also a writer．
She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.
注意：not only…but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。即：
not only + 助动词/情态动词 + 主语 + 谓语 +…（倒装语序），but also + 主语 + 谓语 + …（陈述语序）
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.
4. neither...nor意思为"既不…也不…"谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。
Neither you nor he is to blame.
5. On the one hand he tried to smuggle drugs，and on the other hand he tried to bribe the officials．
◆ 选择关系：
1. or conj. 1. 或者;还是 2. (用于否定句)也不 3. 否则, 要不然 4. 也就是说,换言之
Either you or I am to go. 你我之间总有一个人要去。 You may spend two or three days there. 你可以在那里呆上两三天。
Mary never skis or skates. 玛丽从不滑雪,也不溜冰。 Hurry up, or you'll be late. 快点, 否则你会迟到的。
She studies biochemistry, or the science of life. 她学生物化学,也就是生命科学。
与otherwise的区别：
otherwise（副词）常常位于动词之后：
It must be used in a well-ventilated room．Used otherwise it could be harmful．
必须在通风条件好的房间里使用。如不这样使用则可能是有害的。
otherwise（连词）意为“要是不/否则/要不然”；前面可以使用句号、逗号或分号：
We must be early；otherwise we won’t get a seat． 我们得早点去，否则我们就没有座位了。
We must be early or（else）we won’t get a seat.
有时候，可以使用or otherwise，意思不变。
Jim must have been brave, or otherwise he wouldn’t have a great fighter.
Jim 肯定胆子很大，不然他就不会成为一个伟大战士了。
2. either…or…"或者…或者…"。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。
Either you or your father must see this young man today. 你或是你的父亲今天必须见这位年轻人。
She is coming either today or tomorrow. 她不是今天就是明天来。
Either you or I am right.
He can’t（either）read or write．（=He can neither read nor write．）他既不认得字也不会写字。
You can（either）walk up or take the cable car． 你走上去或乘缆车上去都可以。
either (用在否定句中)也, 而且; If you don't go, I won't either. 你如不去,我也不去。
It won't do them any good, but it won't do them any harm either. 这对他们没有好处,但也没有坏处。
3. whether…or not Whether he drives or takes the train, he’ll be here on time.
whether or no： 无论如何；不管怎样（=in either case） I will go, whether or no. 无论如何我得走。
4. whether…or: 是…还是…；或者…或者…；不是…就是…；不管…还是
It is uncertain whether she will pass or fail in the exam.
5. not…but… What I want is not the book but the pen.
6. instead of 代替He will go instead of you. 他将代你去。
7. instead ad. 1. 作为替代 2. 反而,却
He is too busy, let me go instead. 他太忙了,让我去吧。
He didn't give John the money, but he gave it to me instead. 他没把钱给约翰,却给了我。
8. rather than
He told me that he would stay at school rather than go back home during the winter holidays.
9. other than 除了 There's nobody here other than me. 这儿除了我没有别人。
10. not so much ... as .... 与其说……不如说…… （了解本内容即可）
The chief reason for the population growth isn't so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.
人口增长的主要原因与其说是出生率的上升，还不如说是由于医疗保健的改进而使死亡率下降。
◆ 其他：
1. from…to / till..
2. between...and… (指时间、空间、顺序等) 在...之间；(指数量、距离、程度等)介乎...之间；来往于...之间
These books were written between 1736 and 1770. 这些书写于一七三六至一七七零年之间。
He is a man between sixty and seventy. 他的年龄约在六十到七十之间。
There is a path between the house and the road. 有条小路将房子与出路连接起来。
3. according to 1. 根据;按照 2. 取决于 3. 据...所载;据...所说
They divided themselves into three groups according to age. 他们按年龄分成三组。
Please arrange the books according to size. 请按大小将书分类。
He will be punished according to the seriousness of his crime. 他将据其罪行的轻重受到处罚。
We will go or we won't, according to circumstances. 我们或去或不去,都将视情况而定。
According to the Bible, Adam was the first man. 据《圣经》记载, 亚当是人类始祖。
According to her, grandfather called at noon. 据她说,祖父在中午打来电话。
4. according as 根据; 取决于；如果; 倘若
We will play golf or stay home according as the weather is good or bad.我们是去打高尔夫球还是呆在家里取决于天气是好是坏。
You will be able to do it according as you have the courage. 只要你有勇气,你就能做这件事。
5. as for 至于; 关于 As for my past, I'm not telling you anything. 关于我的过去, 我什么都不会告诉你。
6. as to 至于; 关于 As to that, they haven't decided yet. 关于那一点,他们还未作决定。
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“衔接词”基础复习要点 第4页 (共12页)
◆“衔接词”综合词汇表（1）：(说明：因按照逻辑关系分类, 有部分单词或短语重复.)
简介 ◆衔接词：充当起连接“词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子”、过渡“上下文”作用的单词或短语。◆衔接词有：连词（并列连词和从属连词）、连接代词、连接副词、关系代词、关系副词、副词、介词和介词短语，以及其他用来衔接上下文的短语。 （思考：“衔接词”与“插入语”的区别与联系？）
1 因果关系 becausefor sinceas 因为; 由于因为; 由于因为；既然 由于；鉴于 + 从句 because ofdue toowing tothanks to 因为; 由于因为；由于因为；由于因为；多亏 + sb/ sth / what从句
sotherefore，thushence（了解） 所以；因此; 于是, 那么因此; 所以因此；因而；这样因此; 由此 as a result of…as a result，for this reason，for that reason， 由于…的原因因此; 结果是…由于这个原因由于那个原因
2 转折让步关系 although 虽然，虽然…但是…；尽管; （只能放句首）(although / though不能与but连用, 但可与yet / still连用.)
though 虽然，虽然…但是…；尽管; 然而，还 （可放句首=although；也可放句末：“, though.”；还可放句中：“n/adj + though + 主语 +系动词/情态动词”.）
as 虽然，虽然…但是…；尽管;(只用在“adj + as + 主语 + be／seem／appear…”结构中。)
but yetstill nevertheless 但是，可是；若不，除非然而；可是；却；不管, 不顾; 尽管如此; 虽承认某事, 但…; 尽管如此；仍然; 而且；但是；然而；仍然, 不过.
at the same time（句中）all the same（放句末）for all that （放句末）even though（放句首）=even if. （放句首） 然而；同时尽管如此，仍然…尽管如此即使；尽管即使；尽管 +从句 otherwisewhetherwhereas instead.（放句末）even soafter allon the contrary， 否则；要不然的话不管, 无论; 是否然而相反；反而即使如此, 还是…毕竟；别忘了；终究正相反
regardless ofdespite(the fact that)(=in spite of) +n 尽管；不管；任凭…尽管；任凭；哪怕尽管；任凭；哪怕
wheneverwhereverhoweverwhoeverwhomeverwhateverwhichever 无论什么时候, 无论何时无论哪里, 无论何地;无论如何,不管怎样；然而，但是.无论是谁, 无论是什么人无论是谁, 无论是什么人无论什么无论是哪一个… 说明: 在让步状语从句中, whenever = no matter whenwherever = no matter wherehowever = no matter howwho(m)ever = no matter who(m) whatever = no matter whatwhichever = no matter which但在名词性从句中, 却不能换用no matter…
3 比较对比 likewisesimilarlyequallyunlikein the same way 同样地, 照样地; 也, 又同样地; 相仿地同样地; 同时...也不同于…以同样的方法；以此类推 as if(=as though)as…+ 原级 + asnot so + 原级 + as…比较级 + than 好像; 似乎好像；似乎与…一样与…不一样比…更…
however yetbut just like + njust as + 从句while 然而；但是，可是然而, 但是, 可是然而；可是；却正像…正如…；正当…的时候然而 on the contraryin spite of (=despite)some…othersone…the otherthe same… as…the same… that… 正相反尽管一些…另一些一个…另一个与…相同（同类）…正是…（同一个）
4 条件假设关系 if if onlyonly ifunless 假如，如果；是否但愿；要是…就好了；要是，若是只有除非…; 如果不…（的话） as long as= so long asnow thatseeing that 只要只要既然; 由于既然; 鉴于；因为;
on/upon (the) condition thatproviding (that) =provided (that)suppose (that) = supposing (that) 只要; 以...为条件，在…条件下假设; 假若; 假使; 以…为条件假定; 假设
说明：表示的“条件”或“假设”关系，如果是不可能实现的情况，注意考虑使用虚拟语气。
5 时间顺序 after（+时间）=（时间+）later afterward(s)，later on，sooner or laterbeforebefore longsinceuntilnot/never…untiltill 在…之后之后之后，以后，后来过些时候迟早; 终究在…之前不久自...以来；从...至今直到...时；到...为止直到...时，才…直到...时；到...为止 after a whileafter a momentafter a minute 一会儿一会儿一会儿
at that timeat the momentfrom time to timeat the same time meanwhilein the meanwhilesuddenlyall of a sudden all at onceall the timeat once 在那时此时此刻不时; 时常同时同时；在此期间同时；在此期间突然突然突然一直立即; 马上
whenwhileas 当...时；在那时；突然当...的时候；和...同时；当…的时候; 随着
as usualthenand thennow and theneventuallyfinallyat last in the end every / each time 像往常一样之后；然后；接着然后；接着不时最终；最后最后最后最终每次… once as soon asthe momentimmediatelydirectlyinstantlyno sooner…than…hardly…when… 一旦；一经...便；一…就一…就…一…就…一…就…；立即一…就…一…就…一…就…一…就…
6 强调递进引申 indeedevenanyway=anyhowfurthermoremoreoverbesidesagain 确实；真正甚至无论如何；反正而且，此外，再者并且，加之，此外此外，而且，加之再次 most important of allabove allin particularno doubt that 从句in the similar mannerwhat is more,what’s worse,in any case by no meansby the way, 最重要的是；尤其；最重要的是特别是；尤其毫无疑问用类似的方式更多的是...；而且更糟糕的是；更严重的是…无论怎么样决不；无论如何也不顺便说一下
tooalsoeitheras well 也也也（否定句中）也
7 总结 thusaltogetherfinally/ at lastthereforein (actual) fact=as a matter of factin generalgenerally speaking 这样; 因此总共；总之最后; 最终因此; 因而实际上;事实上实际上;事实上大体来说大致说来 in briefin short in summaryin a wordin conclusionon the wholeon balanceto summarize=to sum up as has been said (above) 简单地说简而言之；简单地说总而言之; 总之总之; 最后(下结论)总的来说; 总之总的来说; 总之总之正如前面所说
8 解释 as a matter of factfrankly speakingstrictly/ honestly/ … + speakingin this case,in that case,in other words,namely = that is = that is to sayto put it simplyto put it in another wayor ratheras/ so far as…as/ so far as I knowas we all know=as is known to us all(there is) no wonder + that从句 实际上; 事实上 (=in fact)坦白地说; 恕我直言严格/ 老实地…说如果这样的话; 在这种情况下；既然这样如果那样的话; 在那种情况下；既然那样换句话来说也就是(说); 即; 即是简单地说 （=Simply speaking）用另一种方式表达； 从另一角度进行说明解释更确切地说; 更准确地说就…来说; 至于….就我所知 众所周知难怪；怪不得
9 例举 列出所有内容 namelythat isthat is to sayas followsor rather 即; 即是也就是; 也就是说如下更确切地说 列出部分内容 for examplefor instancesuch as,likeparticularlyespecially 例如; 比如例如; 比如例如; 比如像; 如特别是; 尤其（强调）特别是; 尤其（强调）
说明：列举的是全部还是部分内容，要注意根据句子意义来判断。For example/ for instance可放句首和句末。
10 结果 so…that…such…that…so…as tosuch… as totoo …(for sb.) to + 从句+ 从句+ do+ do+ do 如此…以致…; 因而…如此…以致…; 因而…如此…以致…如此…以致…太…而不能(做某事)
but for …(in)this way,by this means,with this method,in the same way, 要不是…，（就会…）这样；用这种方法，（就会…）用这种方法用这种方法以同样的方法；以此类推 as a result，if so， 结果是….如果这样的话
11 目的关系 toin order toso as to + do+ do+ do 为了; 为了; 目的是; 为了; 目的是;
with the purpose offor the purpose of + doing+ doing 为了; 目的是; 以便为了; 目的是; 以便
so thatin order that + 从句+ 从句 为了; 目的是; 以便为了; 目的是; 以便
for fear offor fear thatin casein case of lest (发音/lest/) + doing+ 从句+ 从句+ sth/ doing+ 从句 担忧…(的后果); 害怕…担忧…(的后果); 害怕…假使…; 免得…; 以防万一…如果发生…; 万一发生…惟恐; 免得; 担心
12 并列关系 andboth…and…not only…but (also)…as well as and…as well some…others…for one thing…（for）another (thing)(= for one thing…also)on (the) one hand…on the other handneither…nor… 和，并且，与，同，加；又; 而且；于是和；既……也/ 又……；两者都…不但…而且；不仅…还…和；也; 既…，又…；而且而且；和；也如此一些…另一些一方面…另一方面一方面…另一方面一方面…, 另一方面既不…也不…
withplusalong withtogether with including 和; 与; 同; 跟加; 加上和…一起; 一同和…一起包括; 包含
13 选择关系 oreither…or…whether…or notwhether…or: not…but… instead ofinsteadrather thanother thannot so much ... as .... 或者; 还是…; 否则, 要不然或…或..；不是…就是…是…还是…是…还是…；不管…还是不是…而是…而不是；代替代替；而不而不是; 除了(不包括在内)；不同于；而不与其说……不如说…… 备 注
or else(=or) 否则, 要不然otherwise 否则；要不然whether or no（=in either case）无论如何；不管怎样
14 其他 from…tofrom…tillbetween…and…in no way in addition to 从…到…从…一直到…在…和…之间决不除……之外 according toaccording as + 从句as foras to in contrast toin terms of 根据根据；如果; 倘若至于；关于至于；关于与……成反比依据，按照；在…方面
特别说明 1. 上面列举的各种逻辑关系并不包括所有的逻辑；而且涉及的词汇并不真正就是该逻辑关系的真实反映；2. 在考试中（单项选择、完形填空题），通常只是考查考生根据上下文判断使用哪一个衔接词，使上下文：“意思通顺，结构完整，逻辑得当，合情合理”，并不需要正确地、完全地区分意思相近的衔接词。3. 请大家注意从第5页到第12页中提供的“例句和解释”中理解、记忆相关词汇，并在写作中运用。4. 希望各位同学要真正重视现在的基础复习和词汇积累。如有任何疑问或建议，及时找马石新老师 （现高三办公室二楼 / TEL：13326758528。或其他英语老师。）
◆“衔接词”综合词汇表（2）（说明：下面从词类的角度重新或补充列举有关词汇。）
连接代词 连接代词引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）：可充当名词性从句的主语、宾语和表语。因此，判断是否需要使用连接代词，要注意看后接从句的成分是否缺少主语、宾语或表语。
1. who2. whom3. which4. whose5. what;6. whoever7. whomever8. whichever9. whosever10. whatever11. that 谁； …的人谁； …的人哪一个；哪一种（作选择）谁的 …的所有者什么； …的东西/事情无论是谁；任何人无论是谁；任何人无论是哪一个无论是谁的; 无论谁的东西无论什么；任何东西（陈述事实/说明具体情况） Who will join us doesn’t matter. (主从)I don’t know whom he will go with. (宾从)The problem is which boy is the best in the class. (表从)He had no idea whose umbrella he took by accident yesterday.I don't care what she thinks.Whoever breaks the rule will be punished. (主从)You're responsible to whomever you teach.She'll buy whichever is cheapest. (宾从)You can write about whatever topic you can think of.That the earth travels around the sun is well-known.
注意：此时的whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever, whosever不能换成：= no matter +…who/ whom/ which/ what/ whose…
引导同位语从句通常用that一词。 She told us her hope that she would become a pianist.
连接副词 连接副词用于引导主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句，位于从句之首。连接副词引导主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句：但不充当从句的主语、宾语和表语，而是作状语。因此，判断需要使用连接代词还是连接副词，要注意看后接从句的成分是否缺少主语、宾语、表语。
1. when2. where3. how4. why5. whether 什么时候； …的时间哪里； …的地方怎么样； …的方式为什么； …的原因是否 When he will come is not know.Do you know where he lives Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station That is why he was late.Whether he would come is unknown.
关系代词 关系代词 who，whom，whose，that，which，as引导定语从句。注意：关系代词在定语从句并没有实际的、具体的含义。
指 人 指 物 所有格 指整件事
whowhomthat whichthat whose whichas
关系副词 关系副词用于引导定语从句，位于从句之首。when和where 可引导限制性及非限制性定语从句；why只能引导限制性定语从句。
1. when （…的时间）用于时间；(=in/at/on which)2. where （…的地方）用于地点；(=in/at/on which)3. why. （…的原因）用于原因。(=for which) I still remember the day when I left my hometown. This is the place where he worked ten years ago.Tell me the reason why you did it.
副词 有少部分副词，常常放在句首并与句子用逗号（，）分开时，可以起到衔接上下文的作用。下面列举的是常见的可以衔接上下文的副词（部分而已）。
1. 表示时间或顺序：immediately/ firstly（首先）/ finally（最后）/ then / and then（然后；接着）
2. 表示程度：particularly（独特地，明显地，尤其）/ especially（特别，尤其）/ generally（大概）undoubtedly（毫无疑问）/ clearly / obviously（很清楚；显而易见）
3. 表示假定或推测: probably / possibly / supposedly (可能)
4. 表示方式： basically（基本上）/ actually（实际上） / strangely（奇怪地）/ hopefully（有希望） unexpectedly （出其不意）luckily/ fortunately/ unluckily / unfortunately (不)幸运地
5. 表示动作：quietly （悄悄地；静静地）
6. 其他：已经归入前面的按逻辑关系分类的综合词汇表（1）。此略。
介词 withplusalong withtogether with includingbecause of thanks todue toowing tofrom…tofrom…tillbetween…and…according toaccording as 和; 与; 同; 跟加; 加上和…一起; 一同和…一起包括; 包含因为; 由于…的原因因为; 多亏因为因为从…到…从…一直到…在…和…之间根据根据 as foras toin spite ofin addition(to)apart frombesidesexcept instead of untilunlikebeforeaftersince 至于至于尽管除…之外, 还有…; 此外除…之外除…外又…;另外; 何况除…外, (不包括…) 代替; 而不是直到…才…与…不同在…之前在…之后自从…以来; 既然
并列连词和从属连词参考前面的按逻辑关系分类的综合词汇表（1）和从句基础复习相关内容。此略。
“衔接词”的运用(例句与解释)
◆ 因果关系：
区分提示：1. 判断是因还是果；因在前还是果在前；2. 后接的是从句还是sb/ sth / what从句；3. 标点符号与位置关系； 4.其他。
because/ for/ since/ as + 原因（从句） so/ therefore，/ thus/ hence + 结果（从句）because of/ due to/ owing to/ thanks to + sb/ sth / what从句as a result of…+ 原因（sth） as a result，+ 结果（从句） for this reason，/ for that reason，+ 结果（从句）
1. because conj. 表直接原因, 用于回答why提出的问题.
He is absent because he is ill. = He is absent because of his illness. 他因病缺席。
当主句是否定句时, because引导的从句表示的原因并非真正的原因. 要注意理解.
I didn’t go there because I was afraid. (我不是因为害怕才去了那里.)
2. for 表明附加或推断的理由, 它只连接句子, 且不能放在句首.
Leaves are turning yellow，for it is now autumn． John has made much progress，for he is polite now．
for 和 because的区别：这两个词的意思很相近，通常是可以互换使用的。但for引导的从句不能直接说明某一特定动作发生的原因，而只能提供一些起帮助解释作用的附加说明。它的用法要受到下面一些限制：
A. for引导的从句不能位于它所解释的动词之前：
Because it was wet he took a taxi．因为下雨，他叫了一辆出租车。（不用 for。）
B. for引导的从句不能位于not，but或任何连词之后：
He stole，not because he wanted the money but because he liked stealing．
他偷东西，并不是因为他想要钱，而是他有这种毛病。（这里不能用for。）
C. for引导的从句不能用于回答问题：—Why did you do it？ —I did it because I was angry． （不用for。）
D. for引导的从句不能单单用来复述已讲过的话，而必须包括新的内容：
He spoke in French．She was angry because he had spoken in French．他讲法语。因为他讲法语，她生气了。（不用for。）
但是说：She was angry，for she didn’t know French．她生气了，因为她不懂法语。（这里用for是正确的，也可用because。）
3. since：因为, 既然, 侧重主句, 从句表示显然的或已知的理由. Since everyone is here, let’s start.
4. as：由于, 鉴于, 主句说明结果, 从句说明原因. As it is late, I have to go.
5. so：原因在so前说明, so后面的是结果. He was ill in hospital, so he didn’t come to school.
6. therefore：表示结果，在句子中使用时，其前面通常有冒号或分号，否则需加and。
He was busy; therefore he could not come. =He was busy, and therefore he could not come.
7. thus ad.. 如此,这样, 以此方式 He didn't work hard. Thus he was fired. 他工作不努力,因此被解雇。
They told her to water the flowers every morning, and she did it thus. 他们吩咐她每天早晨浇花,于是她照办了。
8. hence ad. 因此;由此 This is a gold necklace, hence it is expensive. 这是根金项链,因此很贵。
9. as a result表示“结果、因此”，作插入语。其前面通常要用句号。as a result of + 原因：由于
He was late as a result of the snow. = It snowed. As a result, he was late. 由于大雪他迟到了。
10. MORE EXAMPLES：
The wind blew hard，therefore（or owing to these circumstances）many huts were damaged．
Beggars are numerous in this city，therefore（or for this reason）the government must do something for them.
We must educate our children，therefore（or for this purpose）we set up schools．
I have not enough money，so I cannot buy it． They have different ideas，thus（=so）they don't agree.
Have you worked hard？Then（or In that case） you must be very tired．
◇ 成语介词because of/ due to / owing to/ thanks to表示“因为”、“由于”，但他们在用法上有区别。
1. because of 用在句首或句子后面，表示原因。例如：
Because of the heavy rain, the sports meet has been put off. 因为大雨，运动会已推迟。
I came late because of the heavy rain. 由于交通阻塞我来晚了。 They are here because of us. 他们是为了我们才来到这里。
2. due to sth/sb: 因为,由于；由某人（某事物）引起的；由于某人（某事物）例如：
The team’s success was largely due to her efforts. 该队的成功在很大程度上是由于她的努力。
They arrived late due to the storm. 他们由于风暴而来迟。 Her absence was due to the storm.由于风雨交加她没来。
3. owing to: 由于；因为 Owing to the rain, the meeting has to be put off. 会议因雨而推迟了
I couldn’t attend the meeting owing to illness. 我因病不能出席会议。
owing to与 due to的用法基本相同，但与because of 的用法有些差别。一般说来，owing to 只 引导一个修饰全句的状语，而后because of引导的状语又可修饰句子中的一部分。例如：
You mustn’t punish the child because of such a small mistake. 你千万不要因为这样一个小错误而惩罚孩子。
4. thanks to 由于，因为；幸亏，多亏 常位于句首，表感谢或讽刺意味。例如：
Thanks to your help, we finished the work head of time. 多亏你的帮助，我们提前完成了任务。
Thanks to the bad weather, the match had been put off. 多亏这倒霉的天气，比赛推迟了。
5. on account of 由于; 因为Bill cannot come to the meeting on account of illness. 比尔因病不能到会。
◆ 转折、让步关系：
1. but
A. 作并列连词: 但是;可是;而是. He is poor but honest．He works slowly but steadily．I would like to go, but I can’t.
B. 作从属连词,表示唯一的条件: 而不;若不;除非;如果. Nothing will do but I must leave.
C. 作介词: 除…之外. All of them but me had been there before. I have no choice but to go home.
Last night I did nothing but watch TV. (有实意动词do时省to) The doctor told me nothing but to stop smoking.
与besides的区别：besides（也是介词）意为“除……外又……”。它位于名词／代词／动名词之前：
Besides doing the cooking I look after the garden． 除了做饭之外我还得管园子。
besides（副词）意为“又，另外，反正”，通常位于它引导的从句之前，有时也可位于其后：
I can’t go now；I’m too busy．Besides，my passport is out of date.我现在不能走，我太忙了。何况我的护照过期了。
2. yet ad.
The moon has not risen yet. 月亮还没有升起。 (用于否定句)还(没)
Has he finished the work yet 那工作他做完了没有 (用于疑问句)现在,已经
My room is small yet cosy. 我的房间很小,但很舒适。 (而,然而)
There is hope for her yet. 她的事仍有希望。 (依然, 还)
I don't know him, yet I can get his help. 我不认识他, 但我会得到他的帮助。(可是,却,然而)
3. still1 ad.
Her grandmother is still living. 她祖母仍然健在。 (还,仍旧) They are still working in the fields. 他们还在田里工作。
He is good-natured, still I don't like him. 他脾气很好,可是我还是不喜欢他。 (尽管如此,然而;(虽然...)还是)
It's hot today, but it'll be still hotter tomorrow. 今天很热,但明天会更热。 (强调比较级)还要,更
still和yet的用法：still和yet（连词）位于它们所引导的从句之前。
still（连词）意为“虽承认某事／尽管如此”。yet（连词）意为“不管，不顾／同样／尽管如此”。
You aren’t rich；still you could do something to help him． 你虽然不富有，但你仍可以给予他帮助。
They are ugly and expensive；yet people buy them． 它们既难看又昂贵，但人们还是买。
4. nevertheless ad. 仍然,不过,然而
She was angry; nevertheless, she listened to me.她很生气,但还是听了我的话。
We can't act on your advice. Nevertheless, thank you for giving it.我们不能照你的建议去办。不过承蒙您提出来,十分感谢。
5. though / although/ as
共同之处：Though／Although they’re expensive，(yet / still) people buy them．尽管／虽然它们很昂贵，人们还是买。
用法区别:
though意为“但; 然而; 还”， 连接两个主句, 有时放句首，大多数情况下放句末though，但although不能这样用。
He says he’ll pay，though I don’t think he will．=He says he’ll pay；I don’t think he will，though．
他说他要付钱，然而我认为他不会付的。
though可以用在倒装句中, 构成“形容词 + though + 主语 + be”的结构. （although不能这么用）
Young though he is, he is quite experienced. 他虽然年轻, 但很有经验. （=Though / Although he is young, …）
as只有在“形容词+as+主语+to be／to seem／to appear…”这一结构中，as才意为though／although（尽管）：
Tired as he was he offered to carry her．
=Though he was tired he offered to carry her．尽管他很累了，他还主动提出要背着她。
6. Despite/ in spite of + 名词／代词或动名词：
Although it was windy... 尽管有风……=In spite of the wind...
Although it smelt horrible... 尽管味道很难闻……= In spite of the horrible smell... 任凭味道多难闻……
Although it was dangerous... 尽管这很危险…… = In spite of the danger... 哪怕有危险……
Though he was inexperienced... 虽然他没有经验…
=In spite of his inexperience／his being inexperienced... 哪怕他没有经验……
He went to work despite his illness. 尽管生病, 他还是去工作。
Despite advanced years, she is learning to drive. 尽管年事已高,她还在学开车。
I went out in spite of the rain. 尽管下雨我仍外出了。
◇though／although/ but/ however/ nevertheless和in spite of/ despite（+ n）连接两个相反的或对照的陈述语的用法比较:
1) He had no qualifications, but he got the job． 他没有资格证明，但他却得到了这份工作。
2) He had no qualifications；however he got the job/he got the job，however. 他没有资格证明，但仍然得到了这份工作。
3) He had no qualifications；nevertheless he got the job． 他没有资格证明，然而他还是得到了这份工作。
4) He got the job although/though he had no qualifications.
= Although/Though he had no qualifications, he got the job． 尽管他没有资格证明，他还是得到了这份工作。
5) In spite of having no qualifications, he got the job．=He got the job in spite of having no qualifications．
7. regardless of 不管;不顾 + n. Regardless of danger, he climbed the tower. 他不顾危险地爬上了高塔。
8. even though/ even if (尽管, 即使;虽然). Even though I didn’t understand a word, I kept smiling.
He will come on time even though it rains. 即使下雨,他还是会准时来的。
9. all the same还是,依然 (放句末) He's a bit naughty, but I like him all the same.他有点顽皮,可是我还是喜欢他。
◇at the same time. 1. 然而（放句首、句中） 2. 同时
He may be very rude sometimes but at the same time he is very kind. 有时候他可能很粗鲁, 然而他还是很善良。
◇for all that 尽管如此 （放句末）
She may have some shortcomings, but she is a good mother for all that. 她可能有一些缺点,尽管如此,她还是一位好母亲。
10. However conj. 然而,可是,不过； 无论如何,不管怎样； 不管用什么方法；究竟怎样,到底如何
结构形式：，/. However， however + adj / adv + 主 + 谓
I feel a bit tired. However, I can hold on. 我有点累了, 但我能坚持下去。
However hot it is, he will not take off his coat. 无论多热,他也不会脱掉外衣。
However he tries, he never seems able to work satisfactorily. 不管他怎么努力,他好像总不能令人满意地工作。
However did you know that 你到底怎么知道那件事的
11. Otherwise ad.
1. 用别的方法;不同样地 We'll get there somehow, by boat or otherwise. 我们总要设法去那里的,乘船也好,用其他办法也好。
2. 在其他方面;除此以外
The rent is a bit high, but otherwise the house is satisfactory. 这所房子租金贵了点,但在其他方面倒是令人满意的。
3. 否则,不然
I'm not feeling very well today -- otherwise I would do it myself. 今天我身体不太舒服,否则这事我就亲自去做了。
12. while可意为but，用于表示强调对比：
Some people waste food while others haven’t enough． 一些人糟踏食物而另一些人却食不果腹。
while可以意为although，这时常放在句首：
While I sympathize with your point of view I cannot accept it． 尽管我认同你的观点，但我不能接受它。
◇ when可以意为seeing that／although（鉴于）。因此它同while 很相似，但主要用于引导使另一个动作显得不合理的陈述句。它常用在一个问句里。
How can you expect your children to be truthful when you yourself tell lies？你自己都在撒谎，怎么能指望你的孩子们诚实？
It’s not fair to expect her to do all the cooking when she has had no training or experience．
她没有受过烹调方面的训练，也没有这方面的经验，让她把做饭的事全部承担下来是不公平的
13. whereas conj.
1. (公文用语,常用在句首)鉴于； Whereas the following incidents have occurred ... 鉴于下列事件业已发生...
2. 反之;却;而 Some people like fatty meat, whereas others hate it. 有些人喜欢肥肉,而有些人却不喜欢。
14. after all 毕竟;终究;到底 It turned out he went by train after all. 结果他还是乘火车去的。
even so 即使如此 The book is rather old; even so, it is very useful. 这本书已很旧,尽管如此,它还是很有用。
on the contrary正相反 You're quite free now, I think. On the contrary, I have tons of things to do!
我想你现在一定很空。正相反,我有一大堆事要做!
15. Instead ad..
1. 作为替代 He is too busy, let me go instead. 他太忙了,让我去吧。
2. 反而, 却 He didn't give John the money, but he gave it to me instead. 他没把钱给约翰,却给了我。
◇ instead of 代替；而不是； 反而；
Instead of disturbing her, the news had a strangely calming effect. 这消息非但没令她不安,反而产生了一种奇怪的镇定效果。
◆ 比较、对比：
◇ likewise 1. 同样地,照样地 2. 也,亦,又
I told him to watch me and do likewise. 我叫他仔细看着我,并且照样做。
To achieve this goal, you must have ambition; likewise you need to exert great efforts.
要实现这一目标,你必须有雄心壮志,同时还得十分努力。
◇ Similarly ad. 同样地;相仿地 My brother was similarly threatened. 我兄弟也遭到同样的威胁。
◇ Equally ad. 1. 相同地;同样地 2. 公平地;平均地 3. 同时...也
They can both run equally fast. 他俩能跑得一样快。 The two boys are equally clever. 这两个男孩同样地聪明。
On his death the land was divided equally among his sons. 他死后这土地就平分给了他的几个儿子。
We must work hard, but equally we must get sufficient rest. 我们必须努力工作,但同时也要有足够的休息。
◇ Unlike a. 不同的;不相似的,相异的；prep. 不像,和...不同
They gave unlike accounts of the incident. 他们对这事情的描述各不相同。
It's unlike you not to say hello. 连招呼都不打这不像是你。
His new novel is unlike all his previous ones. 他新出的这部小说与他以前的不同。
◇ as if 犹如;好像 She treats him as if he were a stranger. 她待他如陌生人。
◇ as though. 犹如;好像 He treats his elder sister as though she were a stranger. 他待他姐姐如陌生人。
◇ just as 正像；正当…的时候： just as you say 正如你说的
Just as Darwin discovered the law of natural evolution, Marx revealed the law of social evolution.
◇ in the same way 以同样的方法；以此类推
◇ the same… as…/ the same… that…
This is the same pen as I lost. (这只笔跟我丢的一模一样。同样的但不是同一只笔。)
This is the same pen that I lost. (这只笔就是我丢掉的那一只。)
◆ 条件假设关系：
1. if:
A. 如果（表示真实条件，一般用一般现在时代替一般将来时；只是在表示“愿意”、“不愿意”时，if后才可跟will, won’t. If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home. If you won’t come, I’ll go alone.
B. 是否： I don’t know if the answer is right.
C. 假如（表示假设条件，需使用虚拟语气。当if引导的从句的谓语是were、had、should时，可把if省略，并把were、had、should提前到句首。）
If I were you (=Were I you), I would help her.
If he had not missed the train (Had not he missed the train), he would have got home by now.
If any one should call (=Should any one call), please let me know.
◇ if与whether的用法区别：
a. if除了有“是否”的意思外，还有“如果、假如”的意思；whether除了有“是否”的意思外，还有“不管、无论”的意思。
b. 当它们表示“是否”的意思时，有时可通用；但下列情况中，if不能替换whether使用：
(1) 在正式文体中，句中有or not时：I wonder whether it is big enough or not.
(2) 引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语时：Whether it is true remains a question.
(3) 作介词宾语时：I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back home.
(4) 作discuss的宾语时：We discussed whether we should close the shop.
(5) 放在不定式前与不定式组成词组时：She hasn’t decided whether to go or not.
2. if only：但愿；要是…就好了；要是，若是。 If only I had the chance!
If only I had more money I could buy a car.
3. only if：只有。 You’ll succeed only if you put all your heart into it.
4. Unless conj. 如果不, 除非 I won't apologize unless she apologizes first. 除非她先道歉,否则我不道歉。
5. now that 既然
You ought to have a good rest now that you've finished the work. 既然已完成了工作, 你就应该好好休息一下。
6. seeing that 因为;鉴于 Seeing that he could hardly win the game, the man decided to give up.
Seeing that it is eight o'clock, we'll wait no longer. 由于时间已到八点,我们将不再等了。
Seeing that he is ill, we'll do the work for him. 由于他病了,我们来代他做这件工作。
7. on/upon condition that只要;以...为条件
You can use the bicycle on condition that you return it tomorrow. 只要你明天归还,自行车你可以拿去用。
8. providing that假若 I will go providing that my expenses are paid. 要是我的费用有人代付我就去。
provided that 倘若;以...为条件 I will go, provided that you go too. 你也去的话我就去。
provided conj. 以...为条件;假如
Provided (that) there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. 假如无人反对,我们就在这里开会。
Providing conj. 以...为条件;假如 I shall go providing (that) it doesn't rain. 假如不下雨我就去。
9. suppose假定[+(that) Suppose the car should break down again. 假定汽车又出毛病了。
Supposing that you get a loan from a commercial bank, you are now a debtor until you repay the principal and interest.
10. so long as(=as long as)只要（引导条件状语从句） You may use the room so long as you clean it up.
◆ 时间顺序：
◇ afterward(s)之后, 以后, 后来
You left before eleven. What did you do afterward 你十一点之前离开后做什么去了
Afterward they had lunch in the garden. 然后他们在园子里吃午饭。
◇ since ad. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时) 1. 此后;从那时到现在 2. 之前,以前prep 3. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时)自...以来,从...至今 4. conj.. (常用于现在完成时或过去完成时)自...以来,从...至今；既然;因为,由于
She left school three years ago and has worked as a nurse ever since. 她三年前毕业,从那时起便一直当护士。
I haven't heard from him since last year. 我自去年以来未曾收到过他的信。
It's been ten years since they married. 他们结婚到现在已经十年了。
She has been living a hard life since her husband died. 她自从丈夫死后,一直过着艰苦的生活。
He must have taken the book since it isn't here. 他一定是把书拿走了,因为书已不在这里了。
Since it is so hot, let's go swimming. 既然天气这么热,我们去游泳吧。
◇ until prep. 1. 直到...时,到...为止 2. (用于否定句)在...之前,直到...(才) 3. conj. 直到...时,到...为止 4. (用于否定句)在...以前,直到...才
Will this fish keep until tomorrow 这鱼能搁到明天吗
She didn't go to bed until eleven o'clock. 她直到十一点才上床睡觉。
He worked in Hong Kong until his father found him a job in Canada.
在他父亲给他在加拿大找到差事前,他一直在香港工作。
She didn't go to bed until her daughter came back. 她一直等到女儿回来才去睡觉。
◇ till / until (意思相同：直到…为止；在…以前；直到…才。区别主要在于：放句首时，一般不用till。)
注意：在肯定句中，谓语动词需是延续性动词，即该动词表示的动作必须能持续进行，而不是瞬间结束。在否定句中，谓语动词则一般是非延续性动词。如：
I lived in that city until / till I was fifteen. (live能持续进行)
I didn’t leave that city until / till I was fifteen. (leave是瞬间动词，一“离开”就结束了。)
◇ when
1. (用作疑问副词)什么时候,何时
I'd like to know when they'll let him out. 我想知道他们什么时候放他。
When did you last see Margaret 你上一次见到玛格丽特是什么时候
2. (用作关系副词,引导关系从句) 当...时
There were times when I didn't know what to do. 有些时候我不知道该怎么办才好。
3. conj. 当...时 John got engaged to her when travelling last winter. 去年冬天旅行时,约翰与她订了婚。
Don't get excited when you talk. 你说话时别激动。
4. 既然,考虑到
How can he get the promotion when his boss dislikes him 既然上司不喜欢他,那他怎么会获得提升呢
5. 虽然,然而
I had only fifteen dollars on me when the book I wanted cost twenty.
我身上只带了十五元钱,可是我想买的那本书定价二十元。
6. 在那时, 然后；突然
I was about to leave when it began to rain. 我正要离开突然下雨。
7. pron. 什么时候,那时 Since when has she taught here 她从什么时候开始在这儿教书的
◇ while conj.. 当...的时候,和...同时；而,然而；虽然,尽管
She listened closely while he read the letter. 他读信时,她听得很仔细。
I'll take care of your children while you are away. 你不在时我会照顾你的孩子的。
We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们必须趁热打铁。
I like tea while she likes coffee. 我喜欢喝茶,而她喜欢喝咖啡。
While I like the color of the hat, I do not like its shape.虽然我喜欢这顶帽子的颜色,但我不喜欢它的形状。
◇ as
1. 跟...一样地,同样地 Sam is as rich as Alexander. 山姆像亚历山大一样富有。
2. 如同;例如Such animals as foxes and squirrels have bushy tails. 有些动物,如狐和松鼠,有蓬松的尾巴。
3. prep. 作为,以...的身份She works as an interpreter in that company. 她在该公司里担任翻译员。
4. 当作She didn't think much of him as a painter. 她对他作为一位画家评价不高。
5. 像;如同The old woman was dressed as a young lady. 这位老妇人打扮得像一位年轻人。
6. conj. 像...一样;依照;像You ought to do as Paul tells you. 你应按照保罗吩咐的做。
The work is not so difficult as you imagine. 这工作不像你想像的那么困难。
7. 当...时As she left the room she remembered that book. 她离开房间时想起了那本书。
8. 随着 As the sun rose the fog dispersed. 太阳一出来,雾随之消失。
9. 因为 We didn't know what to do as we were just visiting there. 我们不知道该怎么办,因为当时我们仅仅在那里作访问。
10. 虽然 Tired as he was, he sat up late. 他虽然疲倦,可仍然很晚才睡。
11. 与such, the same, as等连用, 引导关系从句)： 与...相同的事物(或人)
He has earned as much money as I have. 他赚的钱和我赚的一样多。
She felt just the same as he did. 她和他的感受相同。
There is a general rise in prices such as occurred in the late 60's. 物价普遍上涨,跟六十年代末一样。
◇ when/ while/ as的区别：
A. when表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生或先于主句动作，可以指一段时间也可以指特定的时间点；while表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生，表示“一边…一边…”，通常指一段时间。
例如：Jack stayed with us when /while he was in Beijing. He called us when he arrived in Beijing.
B. as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
C. 当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。
When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
D. 从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as，不用when 或while。
As the day went on, the weather got worse. 日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。
◇ in the meanwhile/ meanwhile 其间; 同时
In the meanwhile I'll visit an old friend of mine. 在这期间我将去拜访我的一位老朋友。
Mother went shopping; meanwhile, I cleaned the house.母亲去买东西;我打扫屋子。
◇ once conj. 一旦,一经...便
Once you get into a bad habit, you'll find it hard to get out of it.一旦染上坏习惯,想改掉就难了。
◇ directly 一...就 He came directly I called. 我打了电话他就来了。
◇ instantly conj. 一...(就) I came instantly I saw the need. 我一发觉有必要走一遭马上就来了。
◇ immediately conj.一...(就...) Return immediately you are done. 事情一做完就回来。
◇ hardly…when/before, no sooner…than和as soon as
I had hardly got home when it began to rain. =I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
=As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意：如果hardly或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
◇ the moment： I’ll give the message to him the moment he comes back. 他一回来，我就会把信息给他。
◇ once 一…就…；一旦 Once he arrives, we can start. 他一回来我们就可以开始。
◆ 强调、递进、引申：
1. Indeed ad.. (加强语气)真正地,确实,实在; (表示让步)当然,固然; (表示进一层的意思)更确切地;甚至
A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难之交才是真正的朋友。
He is indeed young, but he is competent. 他固然年轻,但他很称职。
I am hungry; indeed, I am almost starving. 我饿了,我简直要饿死了。
2. Furthermore ad. 而且,此外,再者
Furthermore, he felt that he wasn't really an authority on preventive medicine.
此外,他觉得自己并不真正是预防医学的权威。
He is inefficient, and furthermore he is innocent of any sense of responsibility. 他办事效率很低,而且没有丝毫责任感。
3. Moreover ad. 并且, 加之, 此外
He was, moreover, a poet of promise. 此外,他还是一个有前途的诗人。
Bicycling is a good exercise; moreover, it doesn't pollute the air. 骑自行车是很好的运动;而且还不污染环境。
4. Besides ad. 此外,而且,加之；在其他方面；prep. 在...之外,除...之外； (同时参考but转折关系中的说明解释。)
The driver couldn't see either. Besides, the roads are nearly impassable. 刚才司机也看不清楚。而且这些路简直无法通行。
Besides, I want you to promise me one thing. 此外,我要你答应我一件事。
What has he done, besides reading the paper 除了看报,他还做了什么
He had other people to take care of besides me. 除我之外,他还要照顾别人。
5. anyway ad. 1. 无论如何,不管怎样,至少,反正； 2. 不论以何种方式,不论从何种角度
That wasn't my fault, anyway. 反正那不是我的过错。
It may rain, but we shall go anyway. 也许会下雨,可我们无论如何要去。
You can do the job anyway you want. 这工作你想怎么干都行。
6. anyhow ad. 1. 无论如何,不管怎么说； 2. 不管从什么角度(或用什么方法),总之
It may snow, but anyhow I will go to town. 可能下雪,但我无论如何要进城。
He couldn't convince her anyhow.他怎么想办法也不能使她信服。
7. above all 首先;尤其是;最重要的是。 He is strong, brave and, above all, honest. 他强壮,勇敢,最重要的是他诚实。
8. no doubt 无疑地;我确信 No doubt I will succeed in the end. 我确信我最终会成功。
9. in any case无论如何 In any case, book the tickets first. 无论如何先把票订好。
10. by the way 顺便提一下
By the way, do you have any idea where the post office is 顺便问一下,你知道邮局在哪儿吗
11. (and) what is more 而且
She learns quickly, and what's more, she remembers what she has learnt. 她学得很快,而且所学的全都记得。
12. in particular 特别地;尤其 She stressed that point in particular. 她特别强调了那一点.
13. by no means 决不；无论如何也不
Our government adheres to that we will by no means be the first to use nuclear weapons.
我国政府坚持在任何情况也决不首先使用核武器...
◆ 总结：
1. altogether ad. 1. 完全,全然; 2. 全部,合计; 3. 总之, 总而言之
I am altogether on your side in this matter. 在这个问题上我完全支持你。
He bought altogether 500 hectares of land. 他总共买了五百公顷土地。
Altogether, exports are looking up. 总的说来, 出口贸易在好转。
2. in fact 事实上 I think so; in fact, I am quite sure. 我想如此,事实上我十分相信如此。
3. as a matter of fact 事实上 As a matter of fact, I've never been there before. 事实上我从未到过那儿。
4. in general 一般地 In general, I prefer a comedy to a tragedy. 一般说来,我喜欢喜剧甚于悲剧。
5. generally speaking 一般而言 Generally speaking, I think you're right. 一般而言,我认为你是对的。
6. in brief 简言之
7. in short 总之 In short, we must be prepared. 总之, 我们要有准备。
8. in a word 简言之,一言以蔽之 In a word, he's useless. 简言之,他毫无用处。
9. in conclusion 最后;总之
In conclusion, I'd like to thank you for all you've done for me. 最后,我要感谢你们为我所做的一切。
10. on the whole 总的看来;基本上 On the whole, I like it. 总的看来,我喜欢这个。
11. on balance总的来说 On balance, we have a good chance of winning the race. 总的来说, 我们很有希望赢得比赛。
12. He has made serious mistakes．He has lost all his friends. In a word（or In short，In brief，In sum，In conclusion），he is dead．
Joan was sick．In short．she had no warm dress to wear and therefore caught cold．
◆ 解释：
1. in this case 既然这样 In this case, let's start earlier. 既然这样,我们就早点开始。
2. in that case 既然那样
You have finished, haven't you In that case, you may have a rest. 你已经完工了, 是不是 既然那样, 你可以休息一下
3. that is 那就是 We'll meet you in a week, that is, on March 1. 我们一星期后见,即三月一号那天见。
4. that is to say 那就是说 Three weeks from today, that is to say, the 1st of May, you have to turn in the paper.
从今天起三星期后,即五月一日,你必须把报告交上来。
5. as far as 尽...; 就... I'll help you as far as I can. 我将尽我所能帮助你。
6. no wonder 难怪 No wonder you can't sleep when you eat so much. 你吃这么多难怪睡不着。
◆ 列举：
1. namely ad. 即,那就是Only one person can answer the question namely you. 只有一个人能回答这个问题,那就是你。
2. as follows 如下The results are as follows, ...结果如下...
3. for example 例如
Many great people rose from poor backgrounds -- Lincoln for example. 很多伟人出身贫寒,林肯就是一例。
4. for instance 例如You can't depend on her: for instance, she arrived late yesterday. 她靠不住:举例说,昨天她就来迟了
◆ 结果：
1. so…that…/ such…that… 如此…以致（因而）（表示结果）
The mark was so small. (=So small was the mark)that I could hardly see it.
such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much，little连用，形成固定搭配。
The boy is so young that he can't go to school. = He is such a young boy that he can’t go to school.
=The boy is too young to go to school.= The boy is not old enough to go to school.
2. so…as to/ such… as to 如此…以致…（表示结果） He was so angry as to be unable to speak.
3. too …(for sb.) to 太…而不能….
The box is too heavy for the boy to carry =The box is so heavy that the boy can't carry it.
=The box is not light enough for the boy to carry.
4. but for要不是 But for your help, we would have lost the game. 要不是你们的帮助,我们会输掉这场比赛的。
But for your help, our experiment wouldn't have been so successful.
But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier. 要不是碰到暴雨我们会到得早一些。
◆ 目的关系：
1. in order to 为了 We started early in order to arrive before dark. 为了在天黑前到达,我们很早就动身了
2. so as to(=in order to) 以便；结果是；以致…（表示目的） Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
The test questions are kept secret, so as to prevent cheating. 试题必须保密,以防作弊。
3. so that以便；目的是；为的是… I hired a boat so that I could go fishing.
4. for fear of 担忧 She asked us not to be noisy for fear of waking the baby. 她要我们别吵闹,惟恐吵醒婴儿。
5. lest conj. 惟恐;免得；担心
We dare not play jokes on him lest he should become angry. 我们不敢开他玩笑生怕他动气。
I was afraid lest the new bike should be stolen. 我担心新自行车会被偷走。
6. in case 假使；免得 In case she comes back, let me know immediately. 假使她回来了,立刻告诉我。
Take the raincoat in case it rains. 带着雨衣, 以防下雨。
7. in case of 如果发生… In case of fire, open this safety door. 一旦发生火灾时,打开这扇安全门。
◆ 并列关系：
1. and
(1) 表示并列或对称关系：和，与，同，加；并，又。father and son; wife and husband ;
He is honest and intelligent. He did it quickly and effectively．We talked and laughed and drank．
(2) 强调连续、反复：（单词+and +同一单词）
He stayed abroad for months and months．（很长时间） He travelled for miles and miles．（很长距离）
She waited and waited and waited．（反复的动作）
(3) 在祈使句后表示结果：（祈使句+and +陈述句<用一般将来时>）
Go straight on and you’ll see a bridge. Study hard and you’ll make progress.
Leave a basin of water outside in freezing weather and it will soon be covered with ice.
(4) 用于句首，起承上启下的作用：而且；于是。And because of that（而且正因为此）, they didn’t come.
(5) 在动词go、come、try等之后 + 另一个动词，代替不定式，表示目的：Come and have a look. Try and get some water.
(6) 构成的短语：and so on (等等); and yet (可是，但); both…and…
2. both…and：两者都。 She plays (both) the piano and the guitar. （both有时可省略）
3. not only…but (also) 不但…而且）。He is not only（or not just）a soldier，but also a writer．
She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.
注意：not only…but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。即：
not only + 助动词/情态动词 + 主语 + 谓语 +…（倒装语序），but also + 主语 + 谓语 + …（陈述语序）
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.
4. neither...nor意思为"既不…也不…"谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。
Neither you nor he is to blame.
5. On the one hand he tried to smuggle drugs，and on the other hand he tried to bribe the officials．
◆ 选择关系：
1. or conj. 1. 或者;还是 2. (用于否定句)也不 3. 否则, 要不然 4. 也就是说,换言之
Either you or I am to go. 你我之间总有一个人要去。 You may spend two or three days there. 你可以在那里呆上两三天。
Mary never skis or skates. 玛丽从不滑雪,也不溜冰。 Hurry up, or you'll be late. 快点, 否则你会迟到的。
She studies biochemistry, or the science of life. 她学生物化学,也就是生命科学。
与otherwise的区别：
otherwise（副词）常常位于动词之后：
It must be used in a well-ventilated room．Used otherwise it could be harmful．
必须在通风条件好的房间里使用。如不这样使用则可能是有害的。
otherwise（连词）意为“要是不/否则/要不然”；前面可以使用句号、逗号或分号：
We must be early；otherwise we won’t get a seat． 我们得早点去，否则我们就没有座位了。
We must be early or（else）we won’t get a seat.
有时候，可以使用or otherwise，意思不变。
Jim must have been brave, or otherwise he wouldn’t have a great fighter.
Jim 肯定胆子很大，不然他就不会成为一个伟大战士了。
2. either…or…"或者…或者…"。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。
Either you or your father must see this young man today. 你或是你的父亲今天必须见这位年轻人。
She is coming either today or tomorrow. 她不是今天就是明天来。
Either you or I am right.
He can’t（either）read or write．（=He can neither read nor write．）他既不认得字也不会写字。
You can（either）walk up or take the cable car． 你走上去或乘缆车上去都可以。
either (用在否定句中)也, 而且; If you don't go, I won't either. 你如不去,我也不去。
It won't do them any good, but it won't do them any harm either. 这对他们没有好处,但也没有坏处。
3. whether…or not Whether he drives or takes the train, he’ll be here on time.
whether or no： 无论如何；不管怎样（=in either case） I will go, whether or no. 无论如何我得走。
4. whether…or: 是…还是…；或者…或者…；不是…就是…；不管…还是
It is uncertain whether she will pass or fail in the exam.
5. not…but… What I want is not the book but the pen.
6. instead of 代替He will go instead of you. 他将代你去。
7. instead ad. 1. 作为替代 2. 反而,却
He is too busy, let me go instead. 他太忙了,让我去吧。
He didn't give John the money, but he gave it to me instead. 他没把钱给约翰,却给了我。
8. rather than
He told me that he would stay at school rather than go back home during the winter holidays.
9. other than 除了 There's nobody here other than me. 这儿除了我没有别人。
10. not so much ... as .... 与其说……不如说…… （了解本内容即可）
The chief reason for the population growth isn't so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.
人口增长的主要原因与其说是出生率的上升，还不如说是由于医疗保健的改进而使死亡率下降。
◆ 其他：
1. from…to / till..
2. between...and… (指时间、空间、顺序等) 在...之间；(指数量、距离、程度等)介乎...之间；来往于...之间
These books were written between 1736 and 1770. 这些书写于一七三六至一七七零年之间。
He is a man between sixty and seventy. 他的年龄约在六十到七十之间。
There is a path between the house and the road. 有条小路将房子与出路连接起来。
3. according to 1. 根据;按照 2. 取决于 3. 据...所载;据...所说
They divided themselves into three groups according to age. 他们按年龄分成三组。
Please arrange the books according to size. 请按大小将书分类。
He will be punished according to the seriousness of his crime. 他将据其罪行的轻重受到处罚。
We will go or we won't, according to circumstances. 我们或去或不去,都将视情况而定。
According to the Bible, Adam was the first man. 据《圣经》记载, 亚当是人类始祖。
According to her, grandfather called at noon. 据她说,祖父在中午打来电话。
4. according as 根据; 取决于；如果; 倘若
We will play golf or stay home according as the weather is good or bad.我们是去打高尔夫球还是呆在家里取决于天气是好是坏。
You will be able to do it according as you have the courage. 只要你有勇气,你就能做这件事。
5. as for 至于; 关于 As for my past, I'm not telling you anything. 关于我的过去, 我什么都不会告诉你。
6. as to 至于; 关于 As to that, they haven't decided yet. 关于那一点,他们还未作决定。
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“衔接词”基础复习要点 第4页 (共12页)