Senior three (unit 1-unit 16)[上学期]

Unit 1 That must be a record!
难点突破
1. In 1951, the then director of the Guinness Brewery, Sir Hugh Beaver, wanted to settle an argument about the fastest bird in the world. 在1951年， Guinness Brewery（吉尼斯啤酒公司）当时的厂长Hugh Beaver（休 比费）先生想要结束一场关于欧洲飞行速度最快的飞禽的争辩。
1）the then director，当时的厂长。课文第四段还有the then No1 cyclist，当时的第一号自行车选手。
2）director，指导员，指挥者；长官；理事，董事；校长；社长；(工厂的)厂长；(车间)主任；（戏剧）导演；（音乐）指挥等。
3）Sir Hugh Beaver，同位语，对前面的the then director的有关信息做进一步的补充。
4）settle an argument，解决争论。
settle定居；安置；落下；使安静；澄清；解决。
My son has settled happily in America. 我儿子已在美国愉快地定居了。
We are settled in our new home. 我们住入新居。
The insect settled on a leaf. 一只昆虫落在一片树叶上。
Wait until the excitement has settled down. 等到兴奋的情绪镇静下来再说。
We have settled who will pay for the meal. 我们已经定了由谁来付饭钱。They settled the dispute among themselves. 他们自己把这个争论解决了。
The weather has settled at last. 天气终于稳定下来了；
短语联想：
settle down to dinner 坐定下来用餐；
settle down 1. 平静下来；恢复镇静。 2. 沉淀；沉。 3. 定居；成家；移居。 4. 定下心来；定心去做。
2. Instead, the editors of the book set down to the records and keep track of them in other ways. 于是，编辑们就把这些记录记下来，通过其它一些办法进行跟踪调查。
1）set down 记下，写下。例如：
I have set down the key points of the meeting. 我已经记录下了会议的要点。
set down还有 “放下，(驾驶员 )停车 (让乘客)下车” 的意思。
Set down your heavy bag and have a rest. 放下你沉重的袋子，休息一下。
The bus set down the children down outside the school gate.
汽车就在学校的大门前停下，让孩子们下车。
短语联想：
set about开始做 (某事)，着手
set aside拨出; 把……置于一旁
set off出发，启程，引爆，燃放
set out出发; 着手开始，栽 (幼苗)
set up建立; 树立，开办
2）keep back of与…保持联系，看清，听清；反意词组：lose track of失去联系，看不清，听不清。例如：
He couldn’t escape because the police keep track of him.
他逃不了的，警察在注意着他的行动。
To a scientist, the most important thing is knowing he does not lose track of what he’s doing.对于一个科学家来说，最重要的是他清楚自己在做什么。
3. There are also strange records, like the Englishman who balanced a small car weighing 159.6 kilograms on his head for thirty-three seconds! 还有一些奇怪的纪录，例如一位英国人用头顶起一辆重达159.6公斤的小汽车，持续时间达33秒!
1）balance原是名词，在这里作动词是 “使…保持平衡”的意思。英语中有很多词可以作这样的转化，现将类似的可以转化的词举例如下：
名词 动词 名词 动词
charge 费用，价钱 收费，索价
chat 聊天，闲谈 聊天，闲谈
copy 抄本，复印件 抄写，复印
delay 推迟，耽搁 推迟，耽搁
design 设计, 图案 设计
doubt 怀疑，疑惑 怀疑，疑惑
dream 梦，梦想 做梦，梦想
escape 逃跑 逃跑
blood 洪水 淹没
heat 热，热量 加热，加温
march 游行，行进 前进，行进
order 订单，订货 订货
paint 油漆 刷漆
phone 电话 打电话
pin 别针 装订
praise 赞扬，表扬 赞扬，表扬
sort 种类，分类 整理，分类
taste 味道 品尝
waste 浪费，废物 浪费
2）weighing在这里是现在分词用作定语。类似的结构还有：
a car running on the road在路上奔驰的车
a teacher giving a class正在上课的老师
a coat hanging behind the door挂在门后的衣服
3. Among the brilliant athletic achievements, a few records stand out because of the moving life stories behind them. 在卓越的体育成就中，有几项记录最为突出，因为在这些成就背后有着感人的生活故事。
stand out“杰出，突出”的意思。它还可以解释为 “显眼，醒目”，“坚持; 不屈服”。
例如：
The road sign is easy to read because the words stand out.
路标容易辨认，因为上面的字很醒目。
The students agreed that they must stand out against the decision to cut down the trees.
学生们一致同意坚决反对砍伐树木的决定。
短语联想：
stand by在场；支持
stand for代表，表示，主张
stand up站起，经久，耐用
4. Impressive as the record is, it fades next to the story of Armstrong’s struggle against disease. 尽管这项记录给人的印象很深刻，但不如阿姆斯特朗同疾病作斗争的故事那么令人瞩目。
As“尽管，虽然”，引导让步状语从句，这时候应采用倒装语序，通常是把从句中的状语和表语提到as之前，没有的话就把动词提前。相当于though或although引导的让步状语从句。例如：
Young as he is, he has already known a lot. 尽管他很年轻，他己经知道了很多东西。（Although he is young, he has already known a lot.）
Try as he would, he might fail again. 尽管他还想试一试，他很有可能会再次失败。(Though he would try, he might fail again.)
值得注意的是如果从句的表语是名词，则在名词前不加任何冠词。例如：
Child as he is，he has to make a living by himself.(Although he is a child, he has to make a living by himself.)
5. He went on to set the speed record and achieve his goal of winning the Tour de France six years in a row from 1999 to 2004.
他继续创建新的速度记录，完成了他从1999年到2004年连续六年赢得环法自行车赛的既定目标。
six years in a row“连续六年”，in a row---one after another“连续地”。
6. We want to know what is possible and find just how far we can push ourselves. 我们想知道哪些事情是我们可能办到的，并且想弄明白我们到底有多大的能耐。
push驱使，逼迫，催促(某事达到…程度，某人做某事)〔后接介词 to, 或 into doing, to do〕，例如：
My friends are all pushing me to enter politics. 我的朋友们都力劝我从政。
If you push him too hard, he may lose the confidence in his work and feel frustrated.
你如果催他太紧,他可能对工作失去信心而感到沮丧的。
I'd like to stop for a longer talk, but I'm rather pushed today.
我很想停下来多谈一会儿,不过我今天很忙。
7. Whether we are out to set a new record or simply enjoy reading about champions, the Guinness Book of World Records makes for interesting reading. 无论我们是亲自破记录，还是欣赏阅读有关别人的夺冠壮举，《吉尼斯世界记录》都算得上一本有趣的读物。
be out for / to (do)〔俚语〕努力想得到；力图要；总想(做)…。例如：
The company is out to capture the European market.该公司有意获得欧洲市场。
He’s out for your blood. 他要打你。
8. July 13, 2001 saw a very bright night that will never fade from memory.
2001年7月13日的夜晚见证了一个灿烂的时刻，它将永远不会从我们的记忆中消失。
see际遇；目睹；见证。例如：
The 19th century saw many changes. 许多变革发生于19世纪
9. It is Sunday afternoon and a group of teenagers are trying new tricks on the park’s skating ramp.星期六下午，一群青少年在公园的溜冰场上玩新的花样溜冰。
trick “戏法；快手把戏，幻术；特技；〔常贬〕秘诀，诀窍，手法，手腕；手艺”。
None of your tricks with me! 不上你的鬼当!
He is at his tricks again. 他又在玩鬼把戏了。
短语联想：
(the) tricks of fortune 意外的侥幸，命运的恶作剧。
a dirty [dog's] trick 卑鄙手段。
the night trick 夜班。
know a trick or two 相当精明，相当有办法。
play a trick on＝play [serve] sb. a trick 跟(某人)开玩笑；欺骗。
the whole bag of tricks 全部，统统。
trick sb. out of his money 诈骗某人的钱财。
trick or treat! 不请客就捣乱〔万圣节前夕孩子们挨户要礼物时用语〕。
trick sb. into 骗人去…[骗取…]
10. Skateboards have been around since the 1970’s, but they have recently become popular again.
二十世纪七十年代以来各地就有滑板运动了，但到最近滑板才又再次流行起来。
around---here and there (美口)各处，四处；活跃着。
He came around to see me. 他到这里来看我。
Will you please wait around for me 请在附近等我好吗？
She hasn't been around lately. 她最近不活跃了。
短语联想：
look around 环视，四顾。
a car circling around 一辆在兜着圈子的车。
bring sb. around 使某人恢复知觉。
all around 四处，到处；全面地
all the year around 整年
fool around 〔口语〕吊儿郎当。
hang around 在附近徘徊。
the other way around 〔美国〕从相反方向；用相反方
leave the books around the house 在房子里到处乱丢书。
get around 绕过(障碍)，解决(困难)，回避(事实)。
11. A new generation of sports is capturing the hearts and minds of people who are willing to try something new. 新一代的运动项目抓住了那些愿意尝试新事物的人们的心理。
1）generation代〔约30年〕，世代，时代；同时代的人。
短语联想：
a generation ago 约三十年前。
the present generation现代；现代人。
the last/past generation上一代。
the first generation第一代 (the first generation university students 第一代大学生).
future generations 后代。
the beat generation“垮掉的一代”（美国青年中的颓废派）。
the rising/coming generation下一代。
the younger/older generation年轻/年老的一代。
for generations 一连好几代，祖祖辈辈。
generation after generation ＝ from generation to generation 世世代代。
2）capture俘获，捕获；记录，以影片、文字等保存原状
The criminal was captured when trying to escape from the city.
罪犯在企图逃离这座城市时被捕获。
The state visit by the premier captured the headlines of all newspapers.
总理的国事访问各报都用大标题登出。
In his traveling report, he tried to capture the beauty of the Great Waterfalls.
他努力在他的这篇游记中记录下大瀑布的美。
12. These new sports are called “extreme sports” and all center on the “X-factor”---the pure joy of doing something that you did not think you could do and overcoming your fears.
这类新型运动被称为“极限运动”，一切都围绕“极限要素”---即做一些你原以为不可能、需要克服你内心恐惧的活动，从中获得乐趣。
center on/upon把…集中，使聚集于一点 (in, at, on, round, about)。例如：
Our thoughts are centred on one idea. 我们的想法集中在一点上。
Their talks always center on politics. 他们的谈话总是围绕着政治。
center sth. on /upon 将某物集中在…上/集中于….
比较：concentrate vt. 集中；集中(思想/注意力…) 于…
concentrate (thought/attention…) on/upon…
We must ~ our attention on efficiency/studies.. 我们必须把注意力集中在效率上。
concentrate on/upon全神贯注;专心致志于；全力以赴；专心
She couldn't concentrate on a book very long. 她不能长时间专心读一本书。
13. Instead of simply trying to defeat the other team or set a new record, many extreme sports are about beauty, harmony and thrills. 极限运动不是需要击败对方，或创造新的记录的运动，它们是具有美感、和谐和刺激性的运动。
1）harmony---agreement“和谐”； be in harmony with 与…协调一致； be out of harmony with 与…不协调一致；live in harmony 和睦相处。
2）thrill一阵毛骨悚然的感觉，一阵激动的感觉；(由于恐怖或快感的)紧张感。
We got/felt/experienced a thrill of surprised pleasure out of the mountain-climbing.
在那次爬山中我们感觉到一种意想不到的快乐。
The news sent a thrill of joy to my heart. 这消息使我心中感到一阵激动的欢乐。
14. Watching Lin Yong and his friends fly through the air makes you wonder whether the sport
is too dangerous. 看着林勇和他的朋友们在空中穿梭运动会使你感到奇怪，怀疑这项运动是不是太危险。
Watching Lin Yong and his friends fly through the air, 动名词短语做主语。watch sb do sth，
看着某人做某事（过程）；watch sb doing sth, 看着某人做某事（正在做）
补充：哪些成分可以充当主语
主语是句子的主体，是一个句子中需要加以说明或描述的对象。主语一般是由名词、代词、数词充当。例如：
The plane has just taken off at the airport. 飞机刚从机场起飞。
They are students from Europe. 他们是来自欧洲的学生。
Fifteen divided by three is five. 十五除以三等于五。
但在多数情况下，做主语的名词带有各种修饰语使句子的主语不易被识别。因此，必须确定被修饰的中心词是句子的主语。例如：
The girl in a red sweater is our monitor. 穿红色毛衣的女孩是我们的班长。
The photo of Mr Smith and his Chinese students greatly interested us.
史密斯先生和他的中国学生的合影引起我们极大的兴趣。
2）动词非谓语形式（动词不定式、-ing形式、过去分词）和名词性从句都可以充当句子主语。
To have the English news recorded takes up much of my spare time.
将英语新闻录音下来占了我很多业余时间。（动词不定式）
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。（-ing形式）
The wounded must be taken good care of. 一定要照顾好伤员。（过去分词）
What they said seems reasonable. 他们说的似乎有道理。（名词性从句）
It is difficult for Jim to work out this problem. (it形式主语代替后面的动词不定式)
15. Once you are X-experienced, your life will truly change. 一旦你有了极限运动的经历，你的生活确实会有所改变。
X-experienced，极限运动的经历。
语法点拨
主语
主语是句子的主体，是一个句子中需要加以说明或描述的对象。
1．主语一般是由名词、代词、数词充当。例如：
The plane has just taken off at the airport. 飞机刚从机场起飞。
They are students from Europe. 他们是来自欧洲的学生。
Fifteen divided by three is five. 十五除以三等于五。
2．动词非谓语形式（动词不定式、-ing形式、过去分词）和名词性从句都可以充当句子主语。
To have the English news recorded takes up much of my spare time.
将英语新闻录音下来占了我很多业余时间。（动词不定式）
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。（-ing形式）
The wounded must be taken good care of. 一定要照顾好伤员。（过去分词）
What they said seems reasonable. 他们说的似乎有道理。（名词性从句）
It is difficult for Jim to work out this problem. (it形式主语代替后面的动词不定式)
但在多数情况下，作主语的名词带有各种修饰语使句子的主语不易被识别。因此，必须
确定被修饰的中心词是句子的主语。例如：
The girl in a red sweater is our monitor. 穿红色毛衣的女孩是我们的班长。
The photo of Mr Smith and his Chinese students greatly interested us.
史密斯先生和他的中国学生的合影引起了我们极大的兴趣。
4．主语从句。
1) that 引导的主语从句
通常以it作形式主语，将that引导的从句置于句末。
① It +形容词+that从句。这类形容词常有clear, obvious, likely, true, probable, possible等，也可以把that从句置于句首。
It is obvious that he misunderstood me. 显然他误解了我。
That he misunderstood me is obvious. 显然他误解了我。
当形容词为surprising, strange, natural, necessary, important等时，that从句中谓语动词常用于虚拟语气。
② It+be+said/believed/reported/hoped/considered/known/announced…that…
It is believed that Indians were the first settlers in America.
一般认为印第安人是美洲大陆最早的居民。
③ It + seem/happen+appear+that…
It happened that this type of car had been sold out. 这种汽车恰好售完。
④ It + be +名词+that从句
It is a pity that he failed to get full mark because of a mistake in calculation.
可惜他由于一个计算错误没有得满分。
2) wh- 疑问词引导的主语从句
wh- 疑问词如whether, what, who, where, when, why等引导的主语从句可以位于句首，也可以用it作先行词的结构。注意这类主语从句用陈述句语序。
Who will be our new director hasn’t been decided. 谁当我们的新厂长尚未决定。
It hasn’t been decided who will be our new director. 谁当我们的新厂长尚未决定。
过关测试
词汇过关
I. 把下面的词汇与它们后面的同义词或解释连接起来。
1. set down a) group; sort
2. keep track of b) focus on
3. stand out c) become paler; lighten; darken
4. concentrate on d) record；keep an eye on；follow
5. fade e) be obvious; stick out; be noticeable
6. curiosity f) keep; steady
7. category g) put aside; lay down; put down
8. feat h) unbelievable; hard to believe
9. balance i) distant; faraway
10. remote j) interest
11. incredible k) achievement; accomplishment
12. inspect l) excited; eager; wholehearted
13. confirm m) official document; diploma; record; permit
14. certificate n) prove; back up; make firmer
15. enthusiastic o) examine; look over; study
16. bid p) government; organization; management
17. fascinate q) slope
18. grab r) grab
19. administration s) effort; undertaking; endeavor; try; attempt
20. ramp t) grasp; take hold of; seize; capture
21. capture u) attract; interest; charm
II. 用方框内单词的正确形式填空。
globe tight conclude committee certificateconfirm energetic beard decade burst
1. While reading, we should sometimes pay special attention to the implied meaning of a sen- tence or paragraph in order to ______ the full meaning of the passage. This is sometimes called "reading beyond the lines".
2. These trousers are too ______. I can't put them on.
3. A passport is a ______ that shows who you are and which country you come from.
4. The president ______ that the election would be held on June 25 as planned.
5. 1988-1998 was the happiest ______ in her life.
6. Since Helen was blind and deaf, her teacher taught her the word "laugh" by making her ______ into laughter.
7. My new teacher is an ______ woman---she never seems to get tired.
8. He is on the ______ that controls council spending.
9. It is necessary for every country to pay attention to the climate of the ______.
10. In ancient China, men with long ______ were often thought to be wise.
III. 用方框内词组的正确形式填空。
set down in a row in the first place apply forburst into sth centre on/upon concentrate on
1. I have _______ everything that happened, as I remember.
2. If you don't _______ more ______ your job, you will de dismissed.
3. When IOC President Samaranch announced that Beijing would host the 2008 Olympic
Games, all Chinese watching him on TV ______ cheers.
4. Soldiers stood ______ to welcome their officer.
5. A student who wants to study abroad must ______ a student visa.
6. The parents said: "Our thoughts ______ the young girl about to be married."
语法过关---代词
1. If you want to change for a double room you'll have to pay ____$ 15.
another B. other C. more D. each
2. -- Why don’t we take a little break
-- Didn’t we just have ______
it B. that C. one D. this
3. The Parkers bought a new house but ____ will need a lot of work before they can move in.
A. they B. it C. one D. which
4. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _____ I will always treasure.
A. that B. one C. it D. what
5. -- There's coffee and tea; you can have ____.
-- Thanks.
A. either B. each C. one D. it
6. We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made ______ from some wood we had.
A. it B. one C. himself D. another
7. She doesn’t know anyone here. She has got ______ to talk to.
A. anyone B. someone C. everyone D. no one
8. I like _______ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.
A. this B. that C. it D. one
9. I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but ______ of them came.
A. neither B. either C. none D. both
10. The Foreign Minister said, “_______ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”
A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is
综合过关
完型填空。
Some people take lots of exercise. Others keep to strict diets. But according to recent research, the best way to live a long and happy life is 1 . Get a dog.
"We have known for many years that the 2 of a pet can increase well-being in 3 ways," says Dr. Bonnie Beaver, an animal behavior specialist at Texas University. "For example, the 4 rates of heart attack victims with pets are much greater than those of people without pets."
According to Dr. Beaver, pet 5 are less likely to need a doctor. They recover more 6 when they do get ill. They have 7 blood pressure, take more exercise and are more 8 active.
9 , they are happier. Seventy percent of the families Dr. Beaver surveyed (调查) said that their family environment was happier after they got a pet. And this is what Dr. Beaver and other researchers are trying to 10 . They want to find a scientific link between human 11 and a long life.
There is no 12 answer to this question yet, but it seems to be something to do with emotional(情感的) 13 . People with someone or something to 14 live longer. "There are many forms of animal-human relationship and some are very helpful," says Dr. Beaver. It seems that the more 15 an animal is, the more it 16 our health. As the saying goes, "If you want to be loved, get a dog.
“Pet 17 helps men and women equally. Other life experiences 18 the sexes,” says Dr. Janice Glaser of Ohio State University. “It seems to be that a woman is better off with a good dog than a bad husband. Yet in some ways, men are 19 to dogs. They like getting dirty. They forget birthdays. They can 20 for days on end. How can they be better trained ”
1. A. complex B. easy C. different D. simple
2. A. encouragement B. company C. expectation D. requirement
3. A. a number of B. large quantities of C. a large amount of D. a dozen of
4. A. death B. survival C. success D. failure
5. A. buyers B. specialists C. lovers D. trainers
6. A. quickly B. slowly C. regularly D. rapidly
7. A. thinner B. higher C. heavier D. lower
8. A. politically B. socially C. officially D. internationally
9. A. In all B. After all C. Above all D. First of all
10. A. settle B. solve C. value D. achieve
11. A. relationship B. health C. happiness D. behavior
12. A. correct B. final C. possible D. short
13. A. ties B. development C. power D. problem
14. A. support B. share C. love D. remember
15. A. lovely B. creative C. energetic D. gifted
16. A. harms B. damages C. advances D. benefits
17. A. training B. behaving C. research D. keeping
18. A. divide B. damage C. control D. mix
19. A. faithful B. used C. similar D. close
20. A. work B. travel C. disappear D. spare
阅读理解。
As the oceans are the source of life on earth, the estuaries are our planet's nurseries. An estuary is the body of water where a river meets the ocean. Salt water from the ocean and fresh water from the river mix together in an estuary. This mixing of fresh and salt water creates a unique environment filled with life of all kinds --- a zone between the land and the sea. Estuaries are the homes of thousands of animals and plants. Many cities and towns are built near estuaries, and a lot of fish is caught in estuaries.
Estuaries are great places for nature's young ones. Here, animals can enjoy all the benefits of the oceans without having to face many of the dangers. Tides provide energy for the ecosystems, but estuaries are protected from waves and storms by islands, mud or sand. Nutrients arrive in estuaries from both the land and the ocean. The density of living creatures is higher than in any other habitat on earth. The diversity of life in estuaries is incredible --- birds, fish, marine mammals, shellfish and other species all come here to live, feed and reproduce.
Estuaries are also important because they absorb nutrients and pollutants from water coming from inland sources, thus cleaning our water. Unfortunately, this function also makes estuaries very sensitive to environmental pollution. Since estuaries protect animals and plants from storms and floods and prevent erosion, protecting estuaries is very important.
Finally, estuaries provide both recreation and education for human beings. Most of us enjoy fishing, swimming and having fun on the beach, and scientists and students have endless opportunities to study a variety of life in the habitat. Estuaries also contribute to the economy through tourism and fishing.
1. What might you not find at the place of an estuary
People enjoying themselves, and researchers studying living things there.
Much polluted water from upper rivers.
Fishes laying eggs.
Penguines (企鹅) and some other marine mammals.
2. Which of the following is not true
Islands, mud and sand contributed a lot to the estuaries.
Living creatures in the estuaries are safe from pollution.
There are more creatures in the estuaries than in any other place on earth per kilometers.
A variety of creatures can be found in the estuaries.
3. What does “unique” mean in the passage
A. perfect B. strange C. clean D. special
4. According to the passage, the main functions of estuaries are as follows except_____.
it can prevent erosion
it can provide fun for people
it can cause environmental pollution
it can protect animals and plants
5. Which can be the best title
A. Nature’s Nursery---Estuaries.
B. Living creatures in Estuaries.
C. Estuaries are Important
D. We must Protect Estuaries.
书面表达。
你们家养了一只可爱的小鸟。你每天都会花点时间去陪鸟儿说几句话，现在你和鸟儿成
了好朋友。请向你们班的同学介绍你观察鸟儿的有关情况并给打算培养此业余爱好的同学们提点建议。要点如下：
1．每天记录鸟儿的生活习性等情况；
2．现在我能从中得到很多乐趣；
3．爱好一件事情，兴趣永远是最重要的。
Unit 2 Crossing limits
难点突破
1. When Captain Cook landed in New Zealand in 1769, he took possession of it in the name of the British Crown.
当库克船长于1769年登陆新西兰时，他以英国皇室的名义宣告了所有权。
1) take possession of 拥有；占有；占领；宣告对…的所有权
We didn’t take possession of the car until a few days after the auction.
拍卖过后几天我们才正式拥有那辆车。
短语联想：
come into possession of something = come into one’s possession 占有或者获得
另见课本15页第三行。
That lovely cottage by the seaside has been in the possession of their family for more than
eighty years. 那个海边的可爱小别墅80多年来一直为他们家所有。
something be in one’s possession = something be in the possession of somebody
某物为某人所占有
The stolen goods was found in her possession / in the possession of her.
被偷的货物是她的。
That information is not in our possession.
那条信息不是我们私人的。
短语联想：
somebody be in possession of something 某人占有某物
2) in the name of 以…的名义，常用于表示不赞成的做法
Cruel experiments on animals were carried out in the name of science.
有些残酷的动物实验是以科学的名义进行的。
The house is in my husband's name.
这座房子属于我丈夫的名下。
2. Trade and curiosity have often formed the foundation for mankind’s greatest endeavour.
贸易与好奇常常成为人类伟大努力的基础。
1) foundation 地基；基础；基金会；成立
It took the builders three weeks to lay the foundations.
建筑工人们花费了三周的时间打地基。
the British Heart Foundation 英国心脏病基金会
The school has served the community since its foundation in 1835.
自1835年成立以来，这所学校一直在为当地的社区服务。
短语联想：
prvide the foundation(s) for (of ) something 奠定基础
shake/rock something to its foundations = shake/rock the foundation of something
动摇基础；完全改变人的思维方式或者行事方式
2) endeavour, 也作endeavor (AmE.)
作不可数名词时，表抽象概念，译作“努力”。
human endeavour 人类的努力； creative endeavour 创造性的努力
做可数名词时，表示具体的努力行动，等同于effort。
Despite our best endeavours, we couldn't start the car.
尽管我们尽了最大努力，还是无法发动汽车。
短语联想：
make every endeavour/effort to do something = make endeavours/efforts to do something
努力做某事
endeavour to do something = try hard to do something 努力做某事
3. It is well known that Africa had contacts with India and the Red Sea civilizations from the earliest times. 众所周知，非洲从早时开始，就已经同印度和红海文明有过接触。
1) contact n. 联系；交流
have contact with 与…有联系
Few people have daily contact with mentally disabled people.
日常情况下，很少有人与精神病人有接触。
短语联想：
be /get/stay/keep in contact with 与……保持联系
lose/be out of contact with 与……失去联系
make contact with 与……取得联系
2) contact 可作动词，与….联系
Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any queries.
如果你有疑问，请你马上与我联系。
3)见第四段第一句话
The Arabic contacts to the African coast led to the next meeting between black people and a
Chinese. 阿拉伯人与非洲沿海地区的联系导致了黑人与一个中国人的又一次接触。
contacts复数形式, 表示人与人或者组织间一种良好的关系，容易联系上的状态。
We have good contacts with the local community. 我们与当地社区有很好的联系。
He goes to great lengths to maintain these contacts.
他尽了很大的努力来保持这种联系。
另：上面例句中的a Chinese指的是文章中下面一句话中提到的Du Huan。
4. Silk from China found its way over land along the Silk Road to India, the Middle East and Rome, in exchange for spices and glass.
中国的丝绸通过丝绸之路由陆路运往印度、中东和罗马，用来交换香料和玻璃。
1) find its way to someplace 经过一段时间后到达，主语多是物。
Only one of her inventions has found its way into the shops.
她所有的发明中只有一种变成了商品。
find one’s way to/into/out of (somewhere) 找到或者发现到达某处的正确途径
She couldn’t find her way out of the building. 她找不到这幢大楼的出口了。
2) in exchange for 交换
He gave her French lessons in exchange for her teaching him English.
他教她法语，然后她教他英语。
exchange也可作动词
短语联想：
exchange A for B 用A交换B
exchange looks/words with somebody 与某人对视/与某人交流
5. Ceylon, with its central position, was the place where Chinese merchants met with Arab merchants and heard about the westernmost lands. 锡兰，由于它处于中心位置，是中国商人同阿拉伯商人聚集开会的地方，在这里他们听到了西方最远的大陆的情况。
1) with its central position
with的复合结构，在这里作原因状语，对主语的状态进行附加说明。
Mr. Brown, with his shabby clothes, is always laughed at by others.
布朗先生，穿着很寒酸，总是受到别人的嘲笑。
I can not fall asleep with the noise going on. 吵闹的声音使我睡不着。
With a lot of work unfinished, I was really anxious.
还有很多活没做完，我真的是很着急啊。
2) meet with 在此表示为商议某事而聚集开会
Representatives of EU countries will meet with Senior American politicians to discuss the
trade crisis. 欧盟各国的代表们将和美国的高级官员会面来讨论贸易危机。
另见Speaking部分第一行。
In their work, scientists meet with situations about which they have to make decisions.
在工作中，科学家们(经常)会碰到他们必须作出决定的情况。
短语联想：
meet with something / be met with something 遭遇某种情况
meet with disapproval /support / success / failure
3) hear of 和hear about
Teresa heard about the decision later. (听到，了解到)
I have heard of a job which would be just right for you. （听说，知道相关信息）
我刚听说有一份很适合你的工作。
6. In the eleventh century, the Africans make several voyages to the court of the Song Dynasty.
在11世纪时，非洲人多次通过海路来到宋朝朝廷。
court 此处指国王或者女王休息、工作的地方；宫廷
the royal courts of Europe 欧洲王室
7. It was a major development that the Africans were reaching out to China.
这是非洲人了解中国的一次重大发展。
reach out to 表现出对……感兴趣
So far, his administration has failed to reach out to hardline Republicans.
到目前为止他的管理还是没能引起共和党右翼分子的兴趣。
8. By the beginning of the fifteenth century the time was ripe for a grand meeting.
1) The time is ripe (for something). 时机成熟，适于做
The time is ripe for a review of progress up to now.
现在是对到目前为止的进展情况做一个回顾的时候了。
短语联想：
be ripe for 准备好的
The police forces are ripe for reform. 警方已做好了改革的准备。
2) grand在此表示重大的。
grand还可译为 great ; big。
The party was a grand affair. 这个晚会是一次盛宴。
9. The wonderful gift and the contact with the black court so excited China’s curiosity about
Africa that Zheng He sent a message to the king and to other African states, inviting them to send ambassadors and open embassies in the new Ming capital, Beijing.
这件绝妙的礼物以及同黑人朝廷的接触强烈地激起了中国对非洲的好奇心，以至于郑和向
这位国王和其他非洲国家发出了邀请，请他们派使者来，并在明朝京城北京开设使馆。
so excited … that… 在这里so修饰动词excite，表程度，that引导结果状语从句。
The tsunami so shocked the tourists that they did not know where to shelter themselves.
海啸使得游客们处于极度的恐慌之中以至于他们都不知道该到哪儿去躲避了。
The girl so likes chocolate that she eats it every day.
这个小女孩太喜欢巧克力了，她每天都要吃。
2) inviting them to… 在that引导的结果状语从句中，现在分词短语作状语，可表示为
连词引导的一个分句，即 …that Zheng He sent a message to the king and to other African
states, inviting them to send ambassadors and open embassies in the new Ming capital, Beijing. 可以理解为：He sent a message to the king and to other African states, and invited them to send ambassadors and open embassies in the new Ming capital, Beijing.
10. In return, the Ming court sent gold, spices, silk and various other presents.
作为回礼，明朝朝廷回赠了金子、香料、丝绸和许多其他的礼物。
in return (for something) 作为对……的回报或者奖励
He is always helping people without expecting anything in return.
他总是不求汇回报的帮助别人。
Liz agreed to look after the baby in return for a free room.
利兹同意照看小孩，条件是得到一间免费的房间。
11. In return, Zheng He presented the ruler with many gifts.
作为回报，郑和赠予了统治者很多礼物。
present somebody with something 给予
She was presented with an award. 她被给予了一次奖励。
短语联想：
present something to somebody 给予某人某物
The computer center presented a cheque for $500 to cancer research.
电脑中心为癌症研究赠送了一张500美元的支票。
12. Some suggested it could not be accomplished. 有人曾说过这是不可能完成的
1) suggest 在此作“表明，暗示”讲, 后面跟的宾语从句用真实语气。
The latest figures suggest that the business is improving.
最新的数据表明这项生意在越做越大。
The evidence suggests that single fathers are more likely to work than single mothers.
有证据表明单亲父亲比单亲母亲们更倾向于有一份工作。
2) accomplish 做成，完成。
We have accomplished all we set out to do. 我们已经完成了所有的工作。
13. Apart from the cold, thin air and low oxygen levels can cause mountain sickness, which can
kill. 除了寒冷外，空气稀薄和含氧量低都可能诱发致人死亡的高山病。
apart兼有except for和besides的意思，表示除了……外，除了……外还有。
It is a piece of good work, apart from a few slight faults.
除了一些细微的不足之处外，这确实是一份不错的工作。
Apart from being too large, the trousers don’t suit me.
这条裤子太大，也不适合我(的身份等)。
Apart from his nose, he is good-looking. 除了鼻子，他长得还是很好看的。
14. Some people can never go above 4,000 metres because their body is unable to adjust to these
extreme conditions.
有些人永远都不能上到4,000米的地方，因为他们的身体无法适应这种极端的条件。
adjust 调整，使…适合
I must adjust my watch. 我必须校对我的手表。
adjust to something/ doing something 适应于
He soon adjusted to living in an apartment. 他很快就适应了住在公寓里。
短语联想：
adjust oneself to something/ doing something
You should adjust yourself in the school. 你应该调整你自己，以适应学校的生活。
15. They had no idea what they were up against. 他们对将要面临的状况毫无所知。
come/be up against somebody/something 不得不处理某些困难或者问题
You see, this is what we are up against---the suppliers are just not reliable.
你看，这就是我们不得不面对的问题---这些供应者们一点也不可靠。
短语联想：
against的常见用法：
表示反对，be against，(表示赞成 be for) 违背意愿或者规律。
They got married against their parents’ wishes. 他们违背父母的意愿结婚了。
The use of certain drug is against the law. 有些药物的使用违反了法律。
fight/compete agains，“对抗”，“与某物接触，表支撑”。
She is leaning against the wall. 她靠在墙上。
16. The New Zealander Edmund Hillary and the Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, as members of a British
team, were the first to make it to the summit of Mount Qomolangma.
新西兰人艾德蒙希拉里和夏尔巴人登舍诺吉作为英国登山队的成员，是第一批登上珠穆
郎玛最高峰的人。
make it 成功做成某事
If we run, we should make it. 如果我们跑起来，我们就会赶到那儿。
With blood pouring from his leg, he made it to a nearby house.
他的腿血流如注，但是他还是(挣扎着)到了附近的一栋房子。
17. Whenever he was asked, Sherpa Tenzing Norgay’s answer was, ‘we climbed as a team,
period.’
每当人们问到夏尔巴人登舍诺吉的时候，他总是回答说：“我们是作为一个集体登山的。”
period ，用作结束语，表示不愿再多谈，或者强调作出决定。
I’m not going, period. 我不走了，(就这样)。
18. After 1953, several hundred people have succeeded in climbing the mountain, some to be the
first of their nation and many in attempts to climb the mountain over different slopes.
从1953年以来，已经有好几百人成功登上了这座山，有的是第一个登上峰顶的妇女，有
的是自己国家的第一人，还有许多人试图从不同的山坡爬上去。
in attempts to do something / in an attempt to do something 努力做某事
In an attempt to diffuse the tension I suggested that we break off for lunch.
为了尽可能地缓解压力，我建议说，我们吃午饭去吧。
短语联想：
attempt to do something /attempt at doing something 努力做某事
In this chapter we will attempt to explain what led up to the revolution.
在这一章里，我们将（努力）向大家解释什么导致了革命。
语法点拨
谓语
1．谓语是对句子的主语加以说明，提供有关信息的部分。谓语通常由动词充当，位于主语之后。
We enjoy the football World Cup every four years.
每四年我们都要享受足球世界杯的盛会。
2．谓语动词不只限于单个动词，也可以带有助动词。
We will go outing this Saturday. 星期六我们要去郊游。
They have known each other for nearly 40 years. 他们彼此认识已40年了。
3．句子一般都必须有谓语动词。当英语和汉语表达习惯有差异时，不可以遗漏谓语动词。而且，其他词类不能充当谓语动词。
Mike interested in rock’n roll. (interested是形容词)
Mike is interested in rock’n roll. 迈克喜欢摇滚乐。
Everyday I past the store on my way to school. (past是介词)
Everyday I passed the store on my way to school.
每天我上学的时候都会经过那家小商店。
过关测试
词汇过关
I. 把下面的词汇与它们后面的同义词或解释连接起来。
1. evaluate a) prosperous, rich, having wealth
2. various b) attempt, effort, try different
3. key c) realization, understanding
4. origin d) total, amount of money
5. endeavor e) of several kinds, more than one
6. wealthy f) assess, calculate the value or degree of
7. wander g) complete successfully, achieve
8. awareness h) very important, essential
9. existence i) devotion
10. accurate j) group of warships, submarines
11. fleet k) free from error, careful and exact
12. command l) appear, originate
13. sum m) starting-point, source, person’s parentage, background,
14. dam n) proof, indication, fact
15. accomplish o) roam, stroll, move aimlessly around in
16. sacred p) any machine or structure that can fly in the air and is regarded as a vehicle
or carrier
17. dedication q) continuance, survival, state or fact of existing
18. aircraft r) solemn, important, respectful, connected with religion
19. arise s) order, instruction, control, mastery
20. evidence t) barrier built across a river to hold back the water and form a reservoir,
prevent flooding
II. 用方框内词组的正确形式填空。
find one’s way in exchange for lead to date from set sail in return for prosper take prisoner develop into trade with
1. The fleet _______ other countries and gained a lot of wealth.
2. Since the foreigner came, we have been giving her Chinese lessons _______ her teaching us English.
3. Under new management, the business is _____.
4. He could not_______ out of the forest.
5. All the temples here_______ the Song Dynasty.
6. They _____ for France at high tide.
7. I bought him a drink ______ his help.
8. When he was captured by the enemy, he ______ until the end of the war.
9. The argument______ a bitter quarrel.
10. An old saying goes “All roads_______ Rome.”
III. 用方框内单词的正确形式填空。
origin volunteer exist embassy various evidence endeavor symbol command wander
1. I had to sign________ documents before they would let me into the country.
2. AIDS became widespread in the 1980s, but no-one is certain of its ________
3. Joan opened the letter, ________ to appear calm.
4. She may ________ off and become lost.
5. It also exposes the fallacy of thinking that every possible world might come into ________ sooner or later.
6. But meantime the story is rich in_______ significance for the travails of our age.
7. It is_______ that the machine aesthetic played more than just a stylistic part in the revolution.
8. She had friends in high places everywhere, contacts in ________
9. I need someone to rake the yard. Any ________
10. I_______ that you should pay more attention to your work.
语法过关---动词时态和语态
1. All the employees except the manager ______ to work online at home.
A. encourages B. encourage C. is encouraged D. are encouraged
2. Let' s keep to the point or we _______ any decisions.
A. will never reach B. have never reached C. never reach D. never reached
3. －What’s that terrible noise
－The neighbors _______ for a party.
A. have prepared B. are preparing C. prepare D. will prepare
4. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy _____ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.
A. had considered B. has been considering C. considered D. is going to consider
5. The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics _____ by 2006. A. has been completed B. has completed
C. will have been completed D. will have completed
6. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you ___ advertisements showing happy families.
A. will often see B. often see C. are often seeing D. have often seen
7. -- I hear Jane has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday.
-- Oh, how nice! Do you know when she
A. was leaving B. had left C. has left D. left
8. More patients ___________ in hospital this year than last year.
A. treated B. have treated C. had been treated D. have been treated
9. I ______ you not to move my dictionary -- now I can' t find it.
A. asked B. ask C. was asking D. had asked
10. Sales of CDs have greatly increased since the early 1990s, when people_____to enjoy the advantages of this new technology.
A. begin B. began C. have begun D. had begun
综合过关
完型填空。
Michel Van Velde and Elles Albering are now in Beijing. They finished a 30,000-km journey last month after more than six 1 on the road. They began 2 to make their long journey after visiting a local SOS Children’s Village. Following the 3 Silk Road route, they drove through 10 countries, passing 4 France, Turkey, Italy, Greece, Iran, Pakistan and India before finally arriving at their 5 .
“Children there were really happy, and they looked like a real 6 ,”observed Elles. “We wanted to help more.” They visited many SOS Children Villages during the 7 . This international organization is 8 in more than 130 countries around the world.
May 17,2004 was the day they went away from home, enjoying a party 9 by friends in a local restaurant before 10 . Their parents, friends, and the crew of the local SOS Children Village came to 11 them off.
Michel and Elles arrived in Paris the following day. There they filmed on the famous Champs Elysees. In Afghanistan, they 12 a visit to an SOS Children’s School and a primary medical facility.
Elles said, “ 13 we drove through, we watched in 14 how these people enjoyed living there.” In the SOS Children’s School, all the classes were 15 with girls. The reason lies in a long- term philosophy. These girls will probably become 16 in the future. Being properly-educated, these girls will 17 teach their children. It also hopes to give women a more important place in 18 .
They arrived in Beijing on November 26. 19 , Michel said, “ Driving around the famous Tian’anmen Square is amazing! We have been driving for 20 seven months with this square as our main destination.”
1. A. years B. months C. weeks D. days
2. A. choosing B. allowing C. turning D. planning
3. A. imagined B. ordinary C. historical D. modern
4. A. from B. over C. on D. through
5. A. hometown B. destination C. motherland D. city
6. A. village B. school C. family D. organization
7. A. trip B. day C. party D. class
8. A. passive B. active C. potential D. commercial
9. A. given B. introduced C. caused D. led
10. A. arriving B. coming C. leaving D. returning
11. A. welcome B. see C. stop D. look
12. A. received B. arranged C. did D. paid
13. A. Before B. After C. Since D. As
14. A. amazement B. sympathy C. doubt D. belief
15. A. satisfied B. expected C. filled D. considered
16. A. mothers B. travelers C. teachers D. farmers
17 A. out of turn B. on the turn C. in turn D. to a turn
18. A. family B. village C. school D. society
19 A. Disappointed B. Excited C. Bored D. Hopeful
20. A. almost B. over C. just D. only
阅读理解。
Let's pretend we're sailing down the Rhine River on a pleasure boat. The Rhine is one of the main waterways of Germany, and the river traffic is heavy. It's interesting to watch the many boats going up and down the river. But the river traffic is not nearly so interesting as the beautiful scenery along the banks and hillsides. The boat is passing many old castles. We can see people working in the vineyards (葡萄园) on the hillsides. There are vineyards as far as the eye can see. Wine from the Rhine Valley is famous all over the world.
Suddenly our boat slows down and begins to turn a little. We are coming to a sharp bend in the river. On our right we can see a rocky cliff over 400 feet high. At first it looks quite ordinary, but there is nothing ordinary about it. There are many stories, poems, and songs about the cliff. We are looking at the Lorelei.
Then someone on the boat begins to sing in German, the song of the Lorelei. It is a song about a beautiful siren (美女) who has lured many sailors to their deaths.
The siren is supposed to sit on the rock combing her long golden hair and singing. The sailors who hear her forget to steer, and the current of river hurls their boats on the rocks and dashes them to pieces.
Soon other people on the boat begin to sing. The beautiful song adds to special magic to the moment, and you begin to realize why so many people have made this trip down the Rhine to see the rock of the Lorelei.
1. The more interesting thing to those who are sailing down the Rhine River on a pleasure boat is .
A. to watch many boats going up and down the river
B. to see the beautiful scene along the banks and hillsides
C. to hear a song about beautiful siren
D. to see a beautiful siren combing her golden hair
2. Which of the following is famous all over the world
A. The Rhine River. B. The River Traffic.
C. Wine from the Rhine Valley. D. The Lorelei.
3. We can see a rocky cliff over 400 feet high .
A. on our right when coming to a sharp bend B. on the Rhine hillsides
C. from the Rhine Valley D. on the boat
4. The song of the Lorelei is about .
A. The Rhine wine B. a rocky cliff
C. the beautiful scenery along the Rhine River D. a beautiful and dangerous woman genie
书面表达。
每年高考之前总会出现"高考移民"，他们设法到录取分数线较低的省份参加考试。你班同学就此展开讨论，提出了以下两种相反意见：
赞同 反对
1、想上好大学，应予理解；2、录取分数不一，对高分地区学生不公平；3、学生也是公民，应该有此权利和机会。 到其他地方会增加当地升学压力；2、对当地学生不利，也是一种不公；3、主要有利于有权势者，对普通百姓不公。
Unit 3 The land down under
难点突破
1. the land down under （南方之国）指澳大利亚，这个名称的由来是因为澳大利亚在地球
上的位置是赤道以南，与欧洲相对或者是在欧洲的下方。
2. In the second part of the tape, you will hear an experienced outback guide give advice about
safety and equipment.
在录音的第二部分，你会听到一个有经验的澳大利亚内地导游给你关于安全和装备的建议。
outback n. 内地, (指澳大利亚等偏僻而人口稀少的地方)
3. Sydney is perhaps Australia’s most famous city, but the capital of Australia is Canberra, a city
located between Sydney and Melbourne. 悉尼可能是澳大利亚最著名的城市，但是澳大利亚的
首都却在堪培拉，一坐位于悉尼和墨尔本之间的城市。
located between Sydney and Melbourne 在此是分词短语作后置定语，功能相当于定语从句，
which is located between Sydney and Melbourne.
be located in/near etc something = be situated 位于，坐落于
The company is located right in the center of town. 公司位于城镇的的正中心。
4. Six of the points represent the states and the seventh stands for all the territories.
六个角代表六个州，第七个角代表区。
1) stand for 和 represent 作同义词，都表示to be a sign or mark that means something，即象
征。
Brown areas represent/stand for deserts on the map. 地图上的棕色区域代表沙漠。
2) stand for 表示字母、符号象征什么；支持某个观点或者处于什么立场
What does PLA stand for PLA代表什么？
It's hard to tell what the government stands for these days.
很难分清楚政府现在的立场。
3) represent 代言；法庭上为某人辩解；出席，参与
Mr Wang was chosen to represent the company at the conference.
王先生被选为公司的代表去出席会议。
He decided to represent herself (=speak for herself without a lawyer) during the trial.
他决定在审讯时自辩。
All the local citizens were represented in the parade. 所有的当地居民都参加了游行。
5. Some Australian Aborigines still live in a similar way to their ancestors, while others live in cities, towns and the country in the same way as their fellow Australians.有些澳大利亚的土著居民仍过着与他们祖先相似的生活，而另外一些人像其它澳大利亚同胞一样住在城镇和农村。
1) while 在此表示前后对比。
The soles are leather, while the uppers are canvas. 鞋底是皮革的，而鞋面是帆布的。
2) while 作连词还可表示：尽管，虽然；只要；在……时间里。
While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.
尽管爷爷奶奶疼爱孩子，他们还是对孩子要求很严格。
见文章最后一段/
While some of the Aboriginal languages have been lost, people are trying hard to protect
and record what is left. 尽管土著的语言失去了，人们还是努力去保护和记录依然留下的。
3) fellow adj. people that you work with, study with, or who are in the same situation as you,
other people in general 与你一起工作、学习，与你有相同处境的人或者泛指别的人。
fellow workers/students 工作伙伴、同学
We all have obligations to our fellow men. 我们对同伴有义务。
4) fellow n. a man/ a member of a society connected with some branch of learning or of certain
university colleges/ someone with whom one shares a activity or spends time in a place/(BrE)a boyfriend 男人；（学术团体的）会员；（大学的）研究员；同伴；（英）男朋友
She and I were schoolfellows. 她和我过去是同学。
How are you, old fellow 你身体好吗，老兄？
6. In 1770, Captain Cook claimed the east coast of the continent for the British Crown.
1770年，詹姆斯库克船长声称这个大陆的东海岸属于大不列颠王国。
claim vt. to state that you have a right to take or have something that is legally yours (根据权
利)要求, 认领
Lost property can be claimed between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m.
丢失的物品可以在上午9点到下午5点间认领。
to state that something is true, even though it has not been proved声称, 主张
Two young girls claim to have seen the fairies. 两个年轻的女孩声称她们见过仙女。
The company claims that their product 'makes you thin without dieting'.
公司宣称他们的产品可以“让你减肥不节食”。
7. As a consequence, the original Australians suffered. 结果，原来的澳大利亚人吃尽苦头。
1) as a consequence = as a result 结果
短语联想：
as a consequence (of something)/in consequence (of something) 由于，作为。。。的结果
Animals have died as a consequence of coming into contact with this chemical.
由于接触了这种化学制品，动物死了。
take/suffer/face the consequences (of something) (=accept the bad results of something you
have done) 接受所做的事情带来的不好后果
She broke the law, and now she must face the consequences of his actions.
她违背了法律，现在她不得不接受她的行为所带来的恶果。
of little/no/any etc consequence ( not very important or valuable) 不重要
Your opinion is of little consequence to me. 你的观点对我来说一点都不重要。
2) suffer vt. vi. 在此表示“遭受身体或精神上的痛苦”。
She's suffering a lot of pain. 她遭受了很多痛苦。
I'm suffering from a bad back. 我承受着背部不灵活带来的痛苦。
suffer 还可表示“经历不幸或者困难”。
New York employers were suffering from a desperate shortage of school-leavers.
纽约雇主们急缺大学毕业生。
8. In the early twentieth century, Australia resembled the USA of the eighteenth century: it was a “new world” society. 在20世纪初期，澳大利亚就像18世纪的美国一样，是一个“新世界”。
resemble vt. to look like or be similar to someone or something “象；类似”。无进行时态，也无被动语态的变化。
She grew up to resemble her mother. 她越长越像她的母亲。
It's amazing how closely Mary and Kelly resemble each other.
玛丽和凯利如此相像实在太让人惊讶了。
9. In 1901, the Commonwealth of Australia was formed. 1901年澳大利亚联邦成立了。
the Commonwealth of Australia 是Australia的全称。
Commonwealth of Nations英联邦包括英国、它的属国以及共同忠于英国国王现为独立
王国的许多前英国殖民地的联合。由威斯敏斯特法在1931年正式建立。
10. After the Second World War, Australia began to transform itself into the modern country it is today. 第二次世界大战以后，澳大利亚才开始把自己转变成今天这样的现代化国家。
transform vt. to completely change the appearance, form, or character of something or someone,
especially in a way that improves it 完全改变外形、形式或性质，以使其改善。
Increased population has transformed the landscape. 不断增加的人口改善了这里的景致。
Success and wealth transformed his character. 成功和财富改变了他的性格。
短语联想：
transform somebody/something (from something) into something 把……（从……）变成……
The movie transformed her almost overnight from an unknown schoolgirl into a megastar.
这个电影一夜间把她从一个女学生变成巨星。
11. Perhaps the best known example of Australian English is the friendly “G’ day mate” that a visitor to the land down under is sure to hear. 也许澳洲英语中最有名的例子是表示友好的“朋友，你好”，这是到澳洲来访的客人肯定会听到的。
G’ day mate 是澳大利亚英语习惯说法，表示你好。类似还有：
Hoo-roo 再见 Good on ya mate 朋友，做得好 Ta or Tar 谢谢
12. Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals that cannot be found anywhere else in the world. 因为澳大利亚同其他大陆已经分离了几百万年，所以澳洲大陆上有许多动植物是世界其他地方找不到的。
Having been separated from other continents for millions of years 在这里是过去分词短语作
原因状语，完成时态强调分词动作先于谓语动词动作发生。
Having finished his homework, he left the school. 完成作业以后，他离开了学校。
Having been read for many times, the book is worn out
在被阅读了多次后，这本书破旧不堪了。
13. In area it is approximately the same size as the USA (without Alaska), which, however, has more than fourteen times as many people. 澳大利亚的面积相当于美国（不包括阿拉斯加），而美国的人口却是澳大利亚的14倍多。
1) approximately adv. near; about 大约地；大概地, 类似about
The plane will be landing in approximately 20 minutes 飞机大约20分钟后着陆。
2) 本句省略了more than fourteen times as many people (as Australia)中的as Australia.
3) 英语中倍数的表达法：
倍数+as+adj.（原级）+ as
Tom is two times as old as Jerry. 汤姆的年龄是杰瑞的两倍。
倍数+as+adj.（比较级）+ than
Tom is twice older than Jerry. 汤姆的年龄是杰瑞的两倍。
倍数+n.(比较的尺度大小等名词)+of
Tom is two times the age of Jerry. 汤姆的年龄是杰瑞的两倍。
倍数+that/those of
Tom’s age is two times that of Jerry’s. 汤姆的年龄是杰瑞的两倍。
14. A long fence runs for hundreds of kilometers across Australia.
成百上千公里的长篱笆横越澳大利亚。
run vt. vi. something long such as a road or wire runs in a particular direction, that is its
position, or that is where you put it 后面常跟副词或者介词，表示延伸的方向
The road runs along a valley. 道路沿着山谷延伸。
The Sierra mountain range runs the length of the north west coast of Majorca.
峰峦起伏的山脉向着马略卡岛的西北海岸延伸。
15. The climate is different depending on the area. 气候情况因地区不同而各异。
depending on the area 在句中作伴随状语，其逻辑主语是句子的主语the climate。
I feel comfortable staying with you. = When I stay with you, I feel comfortable.
和你待在一起我感觉很舒服。
语法点拨
表语/主语补足语
1．表语也叫主语补足语，说明主语的身份或特征。位于连系动词后，一般由名词或形容词充当。
My name is Li Hua. 我叫李华。
Things got worse and worse. 情况越来越糟糕。
2．有时候，副词、介词词组、非谓语动词短语以及从句都可以在连系动词后面充当补语。
Lily isn’t here. She’s out. 李莉不在这儿，她出去了。(副词)
The pencil is in the pencil-box. 铅笔在铅笔盒里。(介词词组)
His work is to design new machines. 他的工作是设计新机器。(动词不定式)
That’s what he told me yesterday. 那就是昨天他告诉我的事情。(名词性从句)
3．连系动词除了be动词外，还有seem, feel, smell, look, sound, taste, come, go, fall, keep, remain, get, grow, become, turn, run, stay等。
The dog’s hair grows thick. 够的毛发很厚。
She stays slim by going on a diet. 她通过节食保持体态苗条。
The begger often went hungry. 乞丐常常挨饿。
注意，连系动词不能用副词作表语。
4．表语从句。
1）名词主语+be+that 从句。常用作主语的名词有表示事实、真理的名词fact, truth或表示看法、观点的名词idea, opinion, belief, view, feeling, plan等。
The fact is that I was in the garden when the robbery happened.
事实是抢劫发生时我在花园里。
2）wh-引导的主语从句+be+that从句。
What surprised me most was that all the pupils were unusually quiet.
使我十分惊讶的是所有的学生异乎寻常的安静。
3) wh-疑问词引导的表语从句。
This is how you make Italian pizza. 这是如何做意大利馅饼的方法。
The trouble is where we can get the things we need.
麻烦是我们到何处去弄到我们需要的东西。
过关测试
词汇过关
I. 把下面的词汇与它们后面的同义词或解释连接起来。
1. the outback a) to like, to be similar to
2. territory b) to completely change
3. claim. c）middle, average to state
4. criminal d) whole, complete
5. resemble e) the Australian countryside far away from cities, where few people live
6. commonwealth f) to cook meat, ect, on a barbecue
7. diverse g) the total number of people who immigrate
8. transform h) land that is owned or controlled by a particular country, ruler, or
military force
9. immigration i) different, various, varied
10. strengthen j) wild Australian dog
11. mate k) wall, fence , a thing that prevents or controls progress or movement
12. wilderness l) to work or grind between the teeth
13. aborigine m) idea underlying sth; general notion
14. concept n) someone who belongs to the race of people who have lived in
Australia from the earliest times
15. chew o) a large area of land that has never been developed or farmed
16. entire p) wrong, dishonest, and unacceptable
17. dingo q) to increase in value, in force:, to improve
18. barbecue r) an association of countries with political or economic connections
19. barrier s) companion, colleague, the sexual partner of
20. medium t) to officially demand or receive
II. 用恰当的单词填空。
1. During the 1950s and the 1960s, many Chinese had a p____ of Chairman Mao on the wall at
home.
2. If no one c____ the lost umbrella, the person who found it can keep it.
3. Couples who have stayed together for a long time sometimes r____ each other both in
appearance and in character.
4. The United States is like a melting pot, with people from all over the world bringing their own
culture and forming a d____ society.
5. American English, Australian English, and Britain English are similar but d____ in
pronunciation and spelling.
6. C_____ should be re-educated as well as punished.
7. When our cat is hungry, she starts c____ at my legs.
8. To c____ something means to bite it with your teeth, usually in order to taste its flavour.
III. 用方框内词组的正确形式填空。
transform into as a consequence differ from benefit from feed on depend on round up
1. ______ of his carelessness, he lost his luggage when traveling abroad.
2. Two of the five thieves involved in the bank robbery had been arrested, and some days later, the other three were ____ in a village.
3. I don’t know whether we could have a barbecue outdoors this weekend. It ______ the weather.
4. Traveling can broaden one’s mind and one can ____ traveling.
5. In only 10 years, this once small company has been ____ a large multi-national company.
6. She ____ her baby ____ milk to make her grow stronger.
7. People _______ one another in their ability to handle stress.
语法过关---名词性从句（1）
1. A computer can only do ____ you have instructed it to do.
A. how B. after C. what D. when
2. I have always been honest and straightforward, and it doesn’t matter _____ I’m talking to.
A. who is it B. who it is C. it is who D. it is whom
3. Parents are taught to understand _____ important education is to their children’s future.
A. that B. how C. such D. so
4. We cannot figure out _____ quite a number of insects, birds, and animals are dying out.
A. that B. as C. why D. when
5. I think Father would like to know _____ I've been up to so far, so I decide to send him a quick note.
A. which B. why C. what D. how
6. A modern city has been set up in _____ was a wasteland ten years ago.
A. what B. which C. that D. where
7. After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth, ______ our astronauts desire to do is walk in
space.
A. where B. what C. that D. how
8. A story goes ______ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.
A. when B. where C. what D. that
9. The shopkeeper did not want to sell for ______ he thought was not enough.
A. where B. how C. what D. which
10. Some researchers believe that there is no doubt ______ a cure for AIDS will be found.
A. which B. that C. what D. whether
综合过关
完型填空。
Speeding off in a stolen car ,the thief thinks he has got a great catch．But he is in a big surprise．The car is fitted with a remote immobilizer（使车辆不能调动的装置）and a radio signal from a control center miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine _1_ ，he will not be able to start it again．
For now ,such devices _2_ only available for fleets of trucks, and specialist vehicles are used on construction sites．But remote immobilization technology could soon start to trickle(慢慢移动)down to ordinary cars．and _3_ be available to ordinary cars in the UK _4_ two months．
The idea goes like this．A control box fitted to the car incorporates, _5_ miniature cellphone，a microprocessor and memory, and a GPS satellite positioning receiver．_6_ the car is stolen．a coded cellphone signal will tell the unit to _7_ the vehicle’s engine management system and prevent the engine _8_ restarted．
There are even plans for immobilizers __9__ shut down vehicles on the move，though there are fears over the safety implications of such a system．In the UK．an array of technical fixed is already making _10_ harder for car thieves．“The pattern of vehicles crime has changed，”says Martyn Randall of Thatcham, a security research organization based in Berkshire that is funded in part _11_ the motor insurance industry. He says it would only take him a few minutes to _12_ a novice(新手) how to steal a car, using a bare minimum of tools．But only if the car is more than 10 years old．
Modern cars are a far _13_ proposition（棘手的事），as their engine management computer will not _14_ them to start unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out by the ignition(点火)key．In the UK，technologies like this _15_ achieve a 31 per cent drop in vehicle-related crime since 1997．
But _16_ criminals are still managing to find other ways to steal cars．Often by getting hold of the owner’s keys in a burglary (夜窃行为)．In 2000,12 percent of vehicles stolen in the UK were taken using the owner’s keys double the_17_ year’s figure．
Remote controlled immobilization(使车辆不能调动)system would _18_ a major new obstacle in the criminal’s way by making such thefts_19_．A group that includes Thatcham，the police，insurance companies and security technology firms have developed standards for a system that could go on the market sooner than the _20_ expects．
1. A. off B. on C. at D. of
2. A. is B. was C. were D. are
3. A. can B. have to C. need to D. should
4. A. after B. for C. in D. at
5. A. the B.／ C. a D. an
6. A. With B. If C. But D. And
7. A. block B. open C. start D. switch
8. A. helping B. being C. get D. be
9. A. whose B. who C. that D. when
10. A. life B. Cars C. warning D. problem
11. A. about B. to C. by D. on
12. A. use B. inform C. ask D. teach
13. A. rougher B. tender C. softer D. tougher
14. A. let B. allow C. make D. give
15. A. have helped B. have made C. have promoted D. have forced
16. A. clever B. determined C. brave D. decisive
17. A. same B. next C. previous D. before
18. A. speak B. have C. link D. put
19. A. helpless B. hopeless C. careless D. pointless
20. A. lawyer B. doctor C. customer D. specialist
阅读理解。
Increasing number of children are taking up in-line skating，and it is those new skaters who are most at risk for injuries，according to a statement from an American research institute．
Some 17.7 million people younger than age 18 participated in the sport in the US in 1996，a 24％ increase over the previous year．Also in 1996，in-line skating injuries sent 76，000 skaters under the age of 21 to th