句子成分及基本句型
句子成分与词类
句子主要成分有主语、谓语动词、主语补足语（含表语）、宾语、宾语补足语。
可作主语的有：名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、名词性从句。
可作谓语动词的有：助动词、（含基本助动词和情态动词）和主动词（主动词含连系动词，vi. 和 vt. ）
可作主语补足语的有：名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词、形容词、介词短语、名词性从句、以及10多个副词如：in, inside, out, outside, on, off, back, home, up, down, over, there, here 等。
可作宾语的有：名词，代词，数词，动名词，不定式，名词性从句等。
可作宾语补足语的有：名词，动名词，不定式，现在分词，过去分词，形容词，介词短语，名词性从句及可作主语补足语的10多个副词。
句子次要成分有定语，状语，同位语和插入语。
可作前置定语的有：形容词，名词，数词，代词，现在分词，过去分词，动名词。
可作后置定语的有：形容词短语，现在分词短语，过去分词短语，介词短语和定语从句。
可作状语的有：副词，介词短语，状语从句和形容词短语。
可作同位语的有：名词，代词+定语从句，同位语从句。
例如：
1．I like my mother, a very kind teacher.
2. I have seen a film, one that I looked forward to seeing.
3. Word came that thousands of people died in the earthquake.
(4) 常见的插入语有以下划线的词，短语或句子。
1. She is looking fit, though.
2. I can, however, discuss this when I see you .
3. China and India, for example, are neighbours.
4. By the way, where are you from?
5. He is an honest man, I believe.
6. Jack, as far as I know, isn’t clever.
7. Who do you think is fit for the job?
8. What on earth do you mean?
9. You may learn to play the violin in, let’s say, three years.
10. John plays football as well as, if not better than, David.
11. We all write, now and then, even when there’s not much to say.
此外作插入语的还有：by the way, so far( 到目前为止 ), and so on (等等), on the contrary, no wonder (不足为奇), as a matter of fact, in other words, as usual, as a result, etc.
基本句型及其扩展
主语+系动词+表语
Seeing is believing. (动名词作主语、表语)
The books are of great importance. (介词短语作表语)
The schools there were of poor quality. (there后置定语)
The three sat silent. （某些vi.也带有系动词性质，即可接adj. 此类动词有stand, lie,die, flow, look, smell, taste, turn, get, become, go, etc.）
Is your father in?
It’s getting dark.
He doesn’t seem to be a pupil.
What they will do today is to build a house.
It is good （好心）of him to help the old.
10) It is good （有益）for him to read English aloud.
11) This is where he was born.
Ex. 改正下列句子
1) Diamond is very value.
2) ----Does this machine work?
----No, it is not use.
3) What does the weather like?
4) They’re the same old.
5) The boy is in white is Li Ming.
6) The boy is standing there is my brother.
7) Are you remain a teacher?
8) He againsted slavery (反对奴隶制).
9) They stood quietly.
10) The dish smells well.
11) Last Summer we had a boat trip in the Lijiang River. We could see a strange rock that like an elephant.
12) The story is very moving and truth.
13) At the end of the film is very happy.
14) I’m very thanks for your helping me.
15) When you ill, I was very worry.
2. there be + 主语 （+后置定语、状语、同位语）
1) Are there any foreign teachers who teach in your school?
2) There may be a wonderful gift given by John on the table.
3) There lived a king long ago.(live与以下的vi. 都具有系动词的功能)
4) There stands a factory on the hill.
5) There lies/flows a stream in front of my house.
6) There exists a doubt whether I can do it. (同位语从句)
Ex. 改正下列句子：
1) There are many trees and flowers can be seen here and there.
2) There was more beautiful than I thought.
3) I saw everywhere had snow.
4) I liked those jobs and they very interesting.
5) There were many guests visited our school.
6) There have many new houses in our village.
3.主语+vi. 如：
1) He can swim in winter .
2) He had passed here by then .
3) The medicine doesn’t work.
Ex.改正错句
Where will you go to ?
Yesterday my neighbour broke out a fire.
The road in front of our school gate happened a serious accident.
Last night my mother was came back late.
The actors are all play well.
4．主语+ vt. +宾语（其中部分句子可变为被动语态）
1）He dare not do it.
2）He fixed his eyes on it. 被动——His eyes were fixed on it .
3）The officer stationed （把……驻扎）the soldiers at the station.
被动——The soldiers were stationed at the station .
We seated ourselves on the chairs. 被动——We were seated on the chairs.
5) Mum dressed her in red. 被动——She was dressed in red .
6) I had passed the post—office by then.
7) He wants to repair the house.（不定式作宾语）
8) The house wants /needs/requires to be repaired/repairing.
9) He’s finished reading the novel.
10) We found (that) the TV set had been stolen.
11) They let out a cry. 被动——They let it out. (out 是 adv. )
主语+vi.+介词+宾语也可归于此类句型，这时vi.+介词相当于一个vt.如：
He looks through the evening paper at 17 pm.
They often go to school on foot.
They’re going to swim across the river.
注意：要区别不定式和动名词作宾语。
Ex. 更正：
Hearing this, he put on it.
2) ----- Have you turned on the light?
----- Yes, I’ve turned on it.
3) John will marry with Mary.
His eyes didn’t fix on the blackboard.
They seated in the front of the theatre.
We consider to go and see Paul.
He suggested us to open the window.
She feels like to dance.
We suggested that he went to school by boat.
Some unexpected guests dropped in me yesterday.
We look forward to pass the exam.
We needn’t to go to school on Sunday.
We have two week no see her.
I’m miss her very much.
I began very like this city.
I am very thank you.
Finally we took the bus go home.
I wonder when did you study at a famous drama school.
A 13-year-old girl insteaded of Mr. Gao to teach the children in a poor village
If human beings without love and friendship, they will feel the world will be dark and lonely.
We through the park gate and then saw a big lake in front of us.
5.主语+某些vt.+ 间接宾语+直接宾语
(间接宾语用名词、代词，表人；直接宾语用名词、代词、名词性从句表物)
仔细学习一下例句，注意介词for与to的固定搭配：
I paid him two yuan for the vegetable
I paid two yuan to him for the vegetable.
He was paid two yuan for the vegetable.
Two yuan was paid to him for the vegetable.
I told him a story.
I told a story to him.
He was told a story.
He bought her a bike.
I bought a bike for her.
The bike was bought for him.
It took us a long time to complete it.
My classmates made me a model ship.
My classmates made a model ship for me.
A model ship was made for me.
Please give me something to eat.
Ex. 判断对错：
He showed his new computer to us.
Who taught maths for you last term?
The singer sang a good song for us.
I hope him a happy new year.
Please explain me this rule.
Will you give me whatever I want?
Will you give me all that I want?
Grandma always gave me happy.
I hope you can teach our English forever.
He gave me it.
6.主语+某些及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（宾语+宾语补足语为复合宾语）
eg. 1).The engineer got his assistant to do the experiment alone.
(His assistant did the experiment.)
2). We saw the rat run around the circle.
The rat was seen to run around the circle.（被动）
3). We saw the rat running around the circle
The rat was seen running around the circle.（被动）
4). I saw the rat eaten by the cat.
The rat was seen eaten by the cat.（被动）
5). I found the TV set stolen.
I found that the TV set had been stolen.（复合句）
6). I’ll paint the door red.
The door will be painted red.（被动）
7). We call him John.
He is called John. （被动）
8). I’ll show him around our school.
He will be shown around our school. （被动）
9). Let me show you out. ( let和show都带复合宾语)
10). My classmates made me monitor.
(I became a monitor.) （注意区别于made me a model ship）
11). What has made China what she is today?
Ex.
I hope him to help me.
He named John.
The government should tell the people to keep the city cleanly.
The official ordered the book to be burned.
The boss often made his men working from early morning to midnight.
变异句型：主语+某几个及物动词+形式宾语it+宾补+真正宾语
Eg. 1. He finds it hard to travel in Melbourne.
2. You should make it clear when to have the meeting.
3. We don’t consider it possible to set back the clock of history.
4. He felt it hard that his father went sight-seeing in Melbourne.
Do you make it clear when we will have the meeting?
注意： 祈使句要去掉句子主语， 但它也要归属于某一基本句型。如let me think.是主语+vt.+复合宾语句型。省略句如补回省略部分， 也是符合以上基本句型的。
三、并列谓语和并列句
Eg. 1) He can swim and often teaches others.（此简单句含二个句型）
2) He likes to swim and teaches others how to swim. （此简单句含二个句型）
3) There is a river in front of his house and he often goes there to swim.
（第一并列分句是there be 句型，第二并列分句是主语+vi.句型。）
四、主从复合句
鉴定主从复合句是否正确，必定要分析整个复合句是否符合基本句型，各个分句是否符合基本句型，与状语从句或定语从句相对应的主句是否符合基本句型。如果不， 那么句子就不正确。
Eg. 1)Do you remember the museum where we visited last January?
分析：主句属于“主语+vt.+宾语”正确， 定语从句we visited in the museum不正确，因为visited vt. 需要宾语，in the museum是介词短语，在此只能作地点状语。
2) Guangzhou, which is a beautiful city.
分析：有定语从句、没有主句。主句中缺了谓语部分，如加上lies in the south of China之类，才是正确的。
3) When I saw you, you were riding
分析：状语从句属“主+vt.+ 宾语”句型，主句属“主语+vi.”句型，正确。
4) No matter what you want is OK.
分析：因为no matter what 只引导状语从句，状语从句是“主+vt. +宾语”正确，但主句缺主语，不正确。可改为No matter what you want, it is OK. 或 Whatever you want is OK. (此属于主语+系+表语)
5) I wonder how he is like.
分析：I ,主语. wonder，vt. how he is like 似乎是宾语从句，分析一下这个从句， like 解“象”是介词， how 是adv. 不能作介词的宾语，此句有毛病。
以上只是列举一些较简单例子，但都是从学生作业中收集出来的。同学们解任何牵涉到句法的题目，都可以用还原法去分析一下句子是否符合基本句型，从而判断他人或自己写的句子是否正确。
课件20张PPT。句法复习Period I 句子成分一. 句子成分: 1、主语：表示句子主要说明的人或事物。一般 是由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。 例如：The students study hard. He usually goes to school at 7:30. One and one make two. To tell a lie is wrong. Learning a foreign language takes a long time. Who taught you English last year? 2、谓语：说明主语的动作或状态。谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。如： （1）由动词的各种时态语态表示。 He goes to school every day. They are swimming. She caught up with the others very quickly. This kind of machine is made in China. (2) 由“情态动词+动词原形”表示。 We must work hard at English. The recorder can be repaired in two days. (3) 由“连系动词+表语”表示. My father is a doctor. He feels better today. 3、表语：表语和连系动词一起构成谓语，表示 主语的性质、特征、身份等。一般由名词、形容词或相当于名词、形容词的词或短语充当。常见的连系动词有：be, feel, look, sound, become, get, appear, keep等。如： Her uncle is a teacher. He became angry. The weather is getting warmer and warmer. 4、宾语：表示动作的对象或行为的承受者。一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。如： The child needs help. They all helped us. I hope to see you again. Tom likes swimming. 有些及物动词需要两个宾语，一个指物，一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语，指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前，但为了强调间接宾语，可把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，这时要在间接宾语前加介词to或for. eg:He gave me a map of the world. I’ll lend it to you tomorrow. My mother bought a skirt for me 5、宾语补足语：有些动词除需要一个宾语外，还得有一个宾语补足语，句子意义才能完整。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上有主谓关系，这是宾语和宾语补足语的主要依据。如： We found the story quite interesting. We asked him to help us. I saw a child playing on the grass. 6、定语：定语修饰名词或代词。英语中放在被修饰词（中心词）前面的成为前置定语，放在被修饰词后面的称为后置定语。一般来说，单词作定语放在中心词之前（副词除外），词组、句子作定语多放在中心词之后。如：
Our classroom is clean and bright.
The students’reading-room is on the second floor.
The book here is very interesting.
The man in a brown jacket is my father.
This is the house where I lived three years ago.
但当定语修饰some, any, every, no等所构成的复合不定代词时，定语需后置。如：
I have something important to tell you.
There is nothing wrong with the sentence.
7、状语：修饰动词、形容词或副词，也可以修饰整 个句子。状语说明地点、时间、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式、程度等。如果状语和地点状语同时出现，一般是时间状语放在最后，地点状语放在时间状语之前。如：
He was born in shanghai in 1970.
The meeting is to be held in Room 401 tomorrow evening.句法复习Period II 句子结构句子类型1、简单句：
2、并列句：
3、复合句：
1. Miss Chen and I teach in PY.
2. The boy opened the door and came in.
3. He didn’t go to school yesterday.
1. Does he read English every day?
2. What have you been doing these days?
3. Is he a worker or a teacher?
4. He is an actor, isn’t he?
1. Don’t talk in class.
2. Do be quiet, please.简单句:一.五种句式陈述句疑问句祈使句 1. What fine weather it is!
2. How hard he works!
1. There is a computer on the desk.
2. There are many desks in the classroom.
3. There lived an old man in the house.
4. There seems to be some misunderstanding about the matter.
5. There have occurred many great changes in my home town.感叹句There be句型:二、五种基本句型：1. 主系表
2. 主谓
3. 主谓宾
4. 主谓宾+宾补（复合宾语）
5. 主谓+直宾+间宾（双宾）
Swimming in summer is the best sport.
I am a teacher.
They are astronomers.
He stopped at the school gate.
She can swim in the river.
I like singing.
He likes English.
We learned to speak English in 1976.
123He told me to do the work.
Teacher advised me not to smoke.
I saw him playing basketball.
I found my wallet stolen.
He gave me a book. ( to me)
He show me his shoes. ( to me)
He bought me a computer. (for me)54并列句：1.I help him and he helps me .
2. He failed many times but he wasn’t discouraged.
3. We must hurry, or we shall miss the train.
4. Not only did he write to us but also he came here yesterday.
5. Either he didn’t speak clearly or I didn’t hear well.6. He is ill, so he can’t go to school today.
7. Our class play went over very well, for all the actors had good pronunciation.
8. He has difficulty in learning English, however, he works hard and is making rapid progress.
9. I see your point; still, I think I am right.
10. The worker had hunted for jobs for 9 months, and yet he couldn’t find any way in New York.复合句1.名词性丛句：主语从句、宾语从句、
表语从句、同位语从句
1) What he said just now is right.
2) He said that he had seen the film.
3) This is why he didn’t go to school.
4) The news that he has passed the exam made me happy.2. 形容词性从句：定语从句
1) The man who is standing there is White.
2)The building which was built is a school.
3) This is the place where I lived.
3. 副词性从句：状语从句
(条件、时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、让步状语从句）
1)引导名词性从句的连词有:
that,who, whom,whose, when ,how, where, why.
2) 引导定语从句的连词有：
who, whom, whose, that, which, when, where, why.
3)引导状语从句的连词有：
when, while, as, as soon as, after, since, until, till, where, if, unless, because, in order that, so…that…, though, wherever,whenever, as …as, not so…as, than
