新高考对语言能力的要求
曾用强
（广东外语外贸大学英语语言文化学院）
一、语言能力的定义
语言能力由以下几个部分组成：
语言知识：词、句和篇
语言技能：听、说、读和写
语言策略：识别、理解、推理、概括、重构、产出
语言能力的定义：不同的语言任务要求学习者使用不同的语言技能（手段），对语言输入进行语言思维的加工（条件），达到对语言知识的应用（目标）。
二、新高考题型介绍
题型1：语法填空
[题型示例]
第二节：语法填空（共10小题，每小题1.5分，满分15分）
阅读下面短文，根据上下文填入适当的词语，或使用括号中的词语的适当形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡上标号为31-40的相应位置。
Thirty-two people watched Kitty Genovese 36 (kill) right below their windows. She was 37 neighbor. Yet 38 of the 32 helped her. Not one even called the police.
John Barley and Bib Fatane went beyond the headlines to research into the 39 why people didn’t act. They found that a person has to go through two steps 40 he can help. First he has to notice that it is 41 emergency（紧急情况）. Is the smoke coming into the room 42 a leak in the air conditioning Is it “steam pipes” Or is it really smoke from a fire It’s not always easy to tell if you are faced with a real emergency. Second, and 43 important, the person faced with an emergency must feel personally 44 (responsibility). He must feel that he must help, 45 the person won’t get the help he needs.
[题型说明]
“语法填空”要求考生阅读一篇短文，然后完成10项语法填空。内容包括根据上下文填入适当的词语；或使用括号中词语的适当形式填空。
“语法填空”考查考生在篇章层面上理解并应用语法知识的能力，考试采用填空的形式，而不是选择填空。“语法填空”要求考生必须具备较好的语法分析能力，而不只是语法辨析能力。语法分析以分析句子结构为主，分析的内容主要包括句子结构的构成（包括句子的基本结构和扩展成分）；句子成分之间的一致性，比如，主谓一致、时态一致等；句子的篇章制约以及句子的意义制约。
题型2：完形填空
[题型示例]
第一节：完形填空（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从21～30各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
This is not the world we know. The world is controlled by computers. Men and women can be seen, but they are following the __21___ given to them by machines. The __22___ were designed by mad scientists, but at some point even the mad scientists were taken over by their __23___.
Does this scenario sound familiar You have probably read something like it in magazines or science-fiction books, or seen it in a sci-fi film. Why is the __24__ so popular One of the ___25___ is undoubtedly that it reflects the fears of many people: fear of the unknown, fear of what is not understood or, ___26___, fear of something that is only partially __27___. This __28__ is perhaps not very different from the way witches and black cats were feared in the Middle Ages.
The ___29___ is that every day it seems that computers take control of another area of our__30___. Some factory jobs are now done by robots __31___ and the robots are controlled by computers. Our bank accounts are ___32___ by computers. At the airport, our tickets are issued and our seats are assigned by a computer. Certainly, many of these __33___ are made more efficient by computers, but our __34___ is sometimes combined with feelings of insecurity. And this __ 35__ is caused by the fact that we do not know how computers do these things, and we really don't know what they might do later.
21. A. orders B. rules C. programs D. words
22. A. programs B. machines C. robots D. ideas
23. A. super-powers B. super-inventions C. mad thoughts D. mad world
24. A. theme B. science C. scenario D. magazine
25. A. stories B. facts C. reasons D. doubts
26. A. at most B. at least C. at all D. above all
27. A. reflected B. recognized C. completed D. comprehended
28. A. idea B. fact C. fear D. reason
29. A. idea B. fact C. fear D. reason
30. A. lives B. world C. fears D. ages
31. A. hands B. computers C. people D. robots
32. A. done B. made C. managed D. controlled
33. A. operations B. jobs C. machines D. robots
34. A. curiosity B. admiration C. expectation D. amazement
35. A. thought B. idea C. combination D. insecurity
[题型说明]
“完形填空”要求考生阅读一篇短文，然后完成15项填空，比原来减少5道题，考点将更加明确：词语在特定语境中的用法、篇章结构的衔接以及篇章意义的连贯。“完形填空”要求考生必须具备较强的篇章分析能力。
题型3 阅读理解
第一节：阅读理解（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A,B,C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
If you are a recent social science graduate who has had to listen to jokes about unemployment from your computer major classmates, you may have had the last laugh. There are many advantages for the social science major because this high-tech "Information Age" demands people who are flexible (灵活的) and who have good communication skills.
There are many social science majors in large companies who fill important positions. For example, a number of research studies found that social science majors had achieved greater managerial success than those who had technical training or pre-professional courses. Studies show that social science majors are most suited for change, which is the leading feature (特点) of the kind of high speed, high-pressure, high-tech world we now live in.
Social science majors are not only experiencing success in their long-term company jobs, but they are also finding jobs more easily. A study showed that many companies had filled a large percentage of their entry-level positions with social science graduates. The study also showed that the most sought-after quality in a person who was looking for a job was communication skills, noted as "very important" by 92 percent of the companies. Social science majors have these skills, often without knowing how important they are. It is probably due to these skills that they have been offered a wide variety of positions.
Finally, although some social science majors may still find it more difficult than their technically trained classmates to land the first job, recent graduates report that they don' t regret their choice of study.
41. By saying that "you may have had the last laugh" in the first paragraph, the author means that you may have _______.
A. earned as much as computer majors
B. stopped joking about computer majors
C. shared the jokes with computer majors
D. found jobs more easily than computer majors
42. Compared with graduates of other subjects, social science graduates ______.
A. are likely to give others pressure
B. are equally good at computer skills
C. are better able to deal with difficulties
D. are ready to change when situations change
43. Which of the following is true about the communication skill
A. Social science majors do not know they have had these skills.
B. Many companies prefer to employ those with good communication skills.
C. These skills have been considered very important by social science majors.
D. Computer majors have been offered a wide variety of positions because of these skills.
44. According to the text, what has made it easy for social science graduates to find jobs
A. Part-time work experience.
B. Skills in expressing themselves.
C. Willingness to take low-paid jobs.
D. Readiness to gain high-tech knowledge.
45. The underlined word "land" in the last paragraph probably means _______.
A. successfully get
B. lose regretfully
C. immediately start
D. keep for some time
B
The Eskimo has lived on the coasts of Baffin Island for the last 4,000 years or so. Although a European, Martin Frobisher, seeking gold and a new route to China, reached the south coast of Bffin Islandin 1576, Europeans had little influence on the Eskimo’s way of life until the mid-nineteenth century. The Eskimo continued, as he had for thousands of years before, to manage to live in one of the unfriendliest parts of the world. They hunted with weapons made of bone and lived in snow houses or tents of skin. And their clothes were made from skins and furs. He had neither metal nor wood, and depended entirely on the flesh, fat and bones of the animals he could catch from the Arctic sea or land in order to survive.
During these years, the Esikimo developed the best dwellings and clothing. No one has so far been able to develop anything better than that even by using modern scientific knowledge. Living in small groups of either one or several families, he provided for all his own needs. The leader of a group used to be its best hunter, and each person had his own job to do; the short-sighted did the unskilled tasks; the women cooked and made clothes. Within the group everyone had a fair share of its produce.
More and more Europeans came in the second half of the nineteenth century to hunt whale. They also began trading with the Eskimo, giving him metal cooking pots, guns and cloth in return for skin, and adding tea, sugar and flour to the meat which had been almost his only food.
The Eskimo came to rely more and more on these new goods from abroad, but still did not change his way of life in any important way. He still lived in small groups in the best hunting areas, still lived off the land. His life was certainly a hard one, and if he was careless or unlucky, his family could die of hunger. He also suffered from disease, especially germs introduced by the Europeans, and whole groups were killed off.
Then, in the fifties of this century, the Canadian Government suddenly became interested in its Eskimo population. Since then it has built towns near the Arctic Circle with schools and cheap wooden houses for Eskimos, and more and more of them have come to live in them. Fewer and fewer Eskimos want to go hunting now, but in the Arctic townships many of them find there is no other kind of work for them to do.
46. The Eskimo’s way of life began to change in important ways __________.
A. in 1576
B. 4,000 years ago
C. in the fifties of this century
D. in the second half of the nineteenth century
47. Short-sighted Eskimos used to do the unskilled tasks because __________.
A. they could not read
B. they could not see well enough to hunt
C. some illnesses killed off whole groups
D. they didn’t have modern scientific knowledge
48. Europeans used to trade with the Eskimos to obtain __________.
A. gold B. whales
C. skins D. tea, sugar and flour
49. Which of the following is the chief reason why the Eskimo could not change his way of life for thousands of years
A. He had no chance to trade.
B. He relied on goods from abroad.
C. Many Eskimo were short-sighted.
D. His clothes were not good in the Arctic weather.
50. Which of the following statements is true
A. Eskimos live by hunting whales.
B. All Eskimos now live in towns or townships.
C. The leader of an Eskimo group usually had good eyesight.
D. Martin Frobisher wanted to change the Eskimo’s way of life.
C
Nigel’s Mother
Nigel had been born an only child. His father had died when he was small, and when his mother, although still not old, died too, he was like a man lost, a car without a steering-wheel, a prisoner set free after a lifetime in prison. While she lived, all decisions about his daily life, his friendships, his fortune, had been taken by that overbearing woman. In all things her word had been law. Nature had made her the sort of person to captain industry or an army; instead, she was Nigel’s mother.
If a new suit was to be bought, she knew the right style, material and color for him, and never failed to go with him to the tailor. When it was time to change a book he had borrowed from the library, he relied on her to suggest what he should read next; and, if that book did not happen to be available, he would come home empty-handed rather than risk making a choice of which she might not approve.
His friends, she picked out for him; his occasional outings with them, she planned and accompanied. Their holidays, which they more often took in England than abroad, they spent together. His meals, she bought, cooked, and served, and then instructed him in every detail how they should be eaten. As a result, he grew up as thin as she was.
She had also shown him step by step how to win the love of the girl she thought she would like him to marry; but, on the day she was sure the girl would agree to be his wife, she realized the danger she was in, and stopped him asking her so that she would not have to risk sharing her control over him with another woman.
And then, suddenly, she was dead. He was on his own. Once before Nigel had been in this terrifying situation. His mother had had to go into hospital for a week and lay for part of that time unconscious. On the Sunday, Nigel had not known whether to go to church twice, as they had always done in the past, or only once in the morning so that he could visit his mother in the afternoon. He had spent the whole day worrying over the problem and in the end went neither to church nor to the hospital. His mother never forgave him, and gave him no chance to repeat such a mistake.
51. The passage tells us the Nigel __________.
A. needed his mother
B. disobeyed his mother
C. decided things for his mother
D. looked after his mother nearly all the time
52. The passage tells us that Nigel’s mother__________.
A. ruled him
B. obeyed him
C. let her son make many decisions
D. could not look after the house without his help
53. Why did Nigel’s mother die
A. The reason is not given in the passage.
B. Because Nigel didn’t visit her in hospital.
C. Because Nigel did something without asking her.
D. Because she had an accident in a car without a steering-wheel.
54. Nigel’s mother__________.
A. let him read any books he liked
B. didn’t like him to read books at all
C. always liked the books he chose for himself
D. liked him to read only the books she chose for him
55. Which of the following statements about Nigel is true
A. Nigel used to lost his way often.
B. Nigel used to drive a car without a steering-wheel.
C. Nigel, after his mother’s death, was put into prison.
D. Nigel was used to relying on his mother to make decisions.
三、广东省高中学生英语语言能力调查
四、英语语言能力的培养
1．语言基本功的训练：词、句、篇
2．语言思维的培养：语言分析、语言理解、语言重构、语言产出Maoming, Oct. 2006
On English Writing and Grammar Teaching
Wen Binli
Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
I. Outline:
Students’ writing: examples
On how to teach writing
On grammar teaching
Summary
(i) What is a good composition
a) Content
Rich and specific, with one running thread
b) Organization
Clear, coherent, reading well
c) Language
Grammatical, with correct use of words and right sentence structure
(ii) On grammar teaching
a) On weakening the “sense of grammar”
b) On raising grammar awareness
c) How to raise grammar awareness
(iii) On raising grammar awareness
a) Balance: fluency vs. accuracy
b) Attitude: observant and careful
c) On idiomaticalness
II. Data
No. 01 “Half”
……
First, don’t always follow what your classmates do, for instant, smoking, drinking or stealing. But, like studying-hard, arrive at school on time those good habbit you can follow.
Second, you don’t only consider to pass the examination but also to develop a good character. Not to beat others, do something bad to your friends.
Finally, have a good attitude towards your student period. You don’t need to worry about you can’t past the examination, late for school or the teacher telephone to your parents complain your bad score. You just think that your student period is a preparation for your future time, not for your parents, teachers or society. You just do what you think is right, but not to brake the rule.
In conclusion, the student period is a preparation for our future life. As for students we must have a active attitude towards this period. There is where the significante lies. I advocate that only in this way can the students develop in a sound way.
No. 02 “What a good time!”
After reading passage B, I’m moved by what author wrote, and I’m fully agree with what he or she thought: student period is the best in the whole life-time of a man and student period as a preparation period for student’s later life. It is said that students usually carefree since their parents wish to give them a very peaceful and contented life. What’s more, students can also have lots of special advantages. And there is always a tendency on the part of the public, to look with a certain amount of leniency upon the vagaries of the students.
However, there are more reasons to explain why student period is a good time. First of all, students can dream freely, without worried about other’s attituds. They want to be an artiest, they can study art, want to be a singer, they can study music. Students no need to think about their present life if their families are not too poor, even if, the country, the government has many special measures to help poor or disable students.
There is no denying that students are learners, so students can make mistakes without accept too much complaintion. They are learning so they can have more advise and avoid step on a wrong way which can not go back and will make them pain all life long.
Besides, student period full of fresh, exciting and adventures. Everything is new, everything is waiting for them to explored. They never know what happen to they next after they make a decition, but, anyway, sometimes they can start again if the result is too bad.
In my part, student period is golden time in the whole life-time of a man, not only good, but also prepare for man’s later life.
No. 03 “The Importance of Clothing”
After reading Passage A, I realize that the author intends to tell us that people in all cultures use clothing and other forms of bodily decoration to communicate status, intensions and other messages. The writer uses many examples to explain how important that clothes is in social activities.
As far as I am concerned, I fully agree with the author. Clothing plays an unreplacable part in modern society. Just like what the writer has said, putting on certain types of clothing can change your behavior and the behavior of other towards you. In my opinion, clothing is the first step for others to know about you. What’s more, clothing will give other people an impression of you. If you dress correctly, you may get more and more popular with them. Whether others want to communicate with you or not depends on your clothing and behavior, I think.
Actually, I believe that clothing exerts a far-reaching influence on social activities. Wearing the right clothing is your entrance ticket to some extent. Though our forefathers told us not to judge a person by his clothing, we should take a fresh look at this matter. There is no denying that clothing means a lot to us. We need clothing to exchange each other’s messages. Clothing is an essential part which consists our life and the social activities.
In summary, clothing plays an important role in our society. As what I have said in this composition, we can safely draw the conclusion that people in all cultures use clothing to communicate with others. No one can ignore the importance of clothing.
No. 04 “Summary of The Guid Scots Tongue”
This chapter is mainly about the degeneration of Scots: an once national pride and prosperous tongue now “has lost its place as a written language”. The reasons beyond can vary from historic to political ones.
An objective reason is the rise and standardization of English. The essential need for establishing an academy to regulate English language was associated with the rapid advancement of science and literature in England. Unfortunately, the idea never gained ground. But Dr. Johnson devoted his life to the compliment of the Dictionary, which signified the beginning of standardization and the reign of English to its neighbor languages.
The critical swift of Scots’ fate could trace back to historic event when James I moved to England and took his crown as James VI. He encouraged the spread of southern English, which immensely assimilated and infiltrated many regional varieties including Scots.
Many scholars, for instance, Burns and Sir Walter Scott contrived to restore the place of Scots by means of Scottish literature, but the trend of Anglicization was unstoppable. Scots has to be succumbed to its destiny. Nowadays, Scottish-rooted immigrants sustained their distinctive tongue by country music. To some extend, they keep pursuing the “Auld Lang Syne”—the good old days.
No. 05 “Resemblance”
1. Tina bears a striking resemblance to her mother.
2. What happens in the film bears little resemblance to what actually happened.
3. Although the fish have little external resemblance to each other, skeletally they are quite similar.
4. The Japanese maple leaf bears a striking resemblance to a marijuana leaf.
5. He was dressed in the garb of a Catholic priest and he bore an uncanny resemblance to the now legendary Spencer Tracy.
6. In its structure and methods, the program bears a strong and not accidental resemblance to the United States Peace Corps.
7. The policies of central banks in the post-cold war years bear an uncanny resemblance to those of the 1920s.
8. The Soviet ambassador to the United Nations and other officials noted the resemblance between the two proposals.
No. 06 “Problem sentences”
1. The period of the 2 World War were the prime time of radio, making British the dominant voice in the English-speaking world.
2. The article analyses the development of the English language in the 16th to the 18th Century in Briton and the New World – Americas.
3. When James I came to the throne, he ordered to publish the Authorized Version of the Bible.
4. This article tells us the development of English.
5. When the language English first began to flourish, some tended to set a standard for people to pronounce it – RP was set to be the standard pronunciation. At the very beginning, broadcasters of BBC and VOA broadcasting also tried to use the standard pronunciation to speak to the audience.
6. Later, it turned out that it was not necessary for doing so.
7. The famous writer Shakespeare in that time also contributed a lot for the development of English.
8. Though weaknesses exits in English, it could not prevent it being the world’s widely used language even in the far-east countries like China, Japan.
9. In the text, it refers to the great influences that Shakespeare and his works as well as the King James Bible had on the development of the English language.
10. During Elizabeth I and James I’s reigns, it was the golden age of the English language.
11. The scientific revolution happened in this period brought new words to English and made it enriched.
12. Renaissance introduced the printing press to the world, which made English popularized and made the vocabulary expended; the Reformation kept the existence of English with a lot of foreign borrowings; England, whose maritime power was quite strong, discovered the New World, which made English have more varieties and made it develop into a new branch – American English.
13. Elizabeth I came to throne with a standard English.
14. The Renaissance, a cultural revolution, as well as a scientific revolution, created new words to the lexicon. … Apart from the development in the born place, English was also introduced to the New World as the settlement of new colony.
15. It was he who led to the establishment of the first English-speaking communities in the New World.
16. The Renaissance, took place during her reign, promoted the dissemination of the English language.
17. John Bois joined other scholars produced the Authorized Version of Bible during James I’s reign.
