宁海中学高二英语选修六U1-3阶段性测试题(07.1)[上学期]

文档属性

名称 宁海中学高二英语选修六U1-3阶段性测试题(07.1)[上学期]
格式 zip
文件大小 29.3KB
资源类型 教案
版本资源 通用版
科目 英语
更新时间 2007-01-29 14:49:00

图片预览

文档简介

宁海中学高二英语月考试卷(Jan. 5, 2007)
(满分120分)
第一卷(共85分)
第一部分:听力(共两节,满分20分)
第一节 (共5小题;每小题1分,满分5分)
请听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
1. How did the man feel about the lecture
A. He thought it was boring. B. He thought it should have been longer.
C. He thought it was interesting.
2. What does the woman agree to do for the man
A. To tell him the time. B. To take care of his bag.
C. To help him find his books.
3. What is the possible relationship between the two speakers
A. Manager and secretary. B. Wife and husband. C. Waiter and customer.
4. What does the man imply about Sally Hill
A. She doesn’t have an apartment. B. Her apartment isn’t far away.
C. She must live somewhere else.
5. What does the woman mean
A. She is sorry that the man asked her. B. She is going to ask for a new number.
C. She doesn’t have a phone number at this time.
第二节 (共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分)
请听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。在听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟;听完后,每个小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料,回答第6至7题。
6. What’s the woman’s problem
A. She lost her key. B. She can’t get into her flat. C. Her friend has come.
7. What does the man advise the woman to do
A. To call her friend to cancel the dinner.
B. To take a taxi to ask her husband to come back C. To take it easy.
听第7段材料,回答第8至10题。
8. Where are the two speakers
A. At a swimming pool. B. At the seaside. C. At a lakeside.
9. What has the woman been doing
A. Fishing. B. Cooking. C. Swimming.
10. What is NOT true according to this dialogue
A. The man has caught a cold instead of a fish.
B. The woman thinks he is unable to catch any fish.
C. They are going to have lunch outdoors.
听第8段材料,回答第11至13题。
11. Who is the man
A. A foreigner who wants to learn Chinese.
B. A foreigner who has stayed in Chinese for a long time.
C. A foreigner who works as an English teacher.
10 -- 1
12. What have the woman and the man decided to do
A. To change the arrangement. B. To take an English course.
C. To exchange lessons.
13. How often will they meet
A. Once a week. B. Twice a week. C. They haven’t decided yet.
听第9段材料,回答第14至16题。
14. What is the discussion about
A. Whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks.
B. Whether gates and walls should be built for parks.
C. Whether gates and walls of the parks will do harm to the appearance of a city.
15. How many students are against the idea of entrance fees
A. Two thirds of the students. B. Two fifths of the students.
C. Three fifths of the students.
16. According to some students, whom will some of the charge be given to
A. The manager of the park. B. The gardeners and other workers. C. The students.
听第10段材料,回答第17至20题。
17. What’s this passage mainly talking about?
A. Pets. B. Animal doctors. C. Animals in the zoo.
18. In order to keep pets from getting sick in the city, what should animal doctors do
A. Give them shots. B. Give them good food. C. Give them water regularly
19. What will a helper do before an animal doctor can get close to a sick lion
A. Tie the sick lion to the cage. B. Let the sick lion sleep.
C. Put the sick lion in a small cage.
20. Which of the following is TRUE
A. The animal doctors who work in cities don’t work hard.
B. Animal doctors who work on farms often work very hard.
C. Zoo animals don’t need doctors.
第二部分 英语知识运用 (共两节,满分35分)
第一节 语法与词汇知识 (共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分)
从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白
21. In general, nobody likes ____.
A. making fun of B. to be made fun C. being made fun of D. making funny
22. Parents like to buy toys that will help to keep the baby ____.
A. amused B. amusing C. amusement D. amuse
23. The boy went out , ____ his father closely.
A. followed B. being followed C. following by D. following
24. The ____ look on her face suggested that she ____ being interrupted.
A. annoying; should hate B. annoyed; hated
C. annoyed; should hate D. annoying; hates
25. In ____ people ate meat without cooking it, that is, they ate uncooked meat.
A. the ancient time B. ancient time C. ancient times D. the ancient times
26. In my opinion, you have reached the point ____ a change is needed.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
27. ____ their house in London, they also have a villa (别墅) in Spain.
A. In addition to B. Besides (prep.) C. Apart from D. All the above
28. The performance by the “Supergirls” was broadcast ____ on TV last night.
A. live B. lively C. alive D. lovely
10 -- 2
29. After the accident, the seriously injured driver was ____ to a top hospital in the city.
A. running B. driving C. rushed D. hurrying
30. Before you leave the room, remember to _____ the computer.
A. turn down B. turn up C. open D. log off
31. There will be a dance party in the gymnasium tomorrow evening. All those who want
to ____ it, please raise your hands.
A. join B. take part C. participate D. take part in
32. --- Is Tom still smoking
--- No. By next Saturday he ___ for a whole month without smoking a single cigarette.
A. will have gone B. will go C. goes D. has been going
33. --- Did you meet the famous young singer you liked
--- ____ I had come here earlier!
A. If not B. If only C. But for D. For fear
34. John is a newcomer, who is from Hainan, I suppose it will take him a while to ____
himself to the new surroundings.
A. adopt B. adapt C. adjust D. Both B and C.
35. The way of life he got used to _____ a lot and it is hard for him to deal with it.
A. changing B. being changed C. has changed D. had changed
第二节 完形填空 (共20小题; 每小题1分,满分20分)
阅读下面短文,从短文后所给各题的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A high school history teacher once told us, “If you make one close friend in school, you will be most fortunate. A true friend is someone who stays with you for life.” 36_______ teaches that he was right. A good friendship is not easily 37_______.
It is possible that we simply do not stay in one place long enough for a 38________ friendship to 39_______. However, there can be 40________ disagreement on the need for each of us to think carefully about the kinds of friendships we want.
To most of us, friendships are considered very important, but we need to be clear in our 41_______ the kinds of friendships we want. Are they to be close or 42________ at arm’s length Do we want to 43________ ourselves or do we want to walk on the surface For some people, many friendships on the surface are 44________ enough — and that’s all right. But at some point, we need to 45________ that our expectations are the same as our friends’ expectations. The sharing of 46_______experience 47_______ our tears as well as our dark dreams is the surest way to deepen friendships. But it 48________ be undertaken slowly and carried on only if there are 49_________ of interest and action in return.
What are some of the 50________ of friendship The greatest is the attraction to expect too much too soon. Deep relationships 51________ time. Another “major difficulty” is the selfishness to think one “possesses” the other, including his time and attention. Similarly, friendships 52________ actions in return. In 53________ words, you must give as much as you take. Finally there is a question of taking care of the friendship. Unless you spend 54________ time together, talking on the phone, and writing letters, friendships will die 55_________.
36. A. Knowledge B. Teachers C. Experience D. Parents
10 -- 3
37. A. understood B. formed C. realized D. produced
38. A. true B. common C. deeply D. actually
39. A. design B. intend C. develop D. appear
40. A. no B. some C. any D. none
41. A. hearts B. thoughts C. actions D. minds
42. A. remained B. left C. kept D. stayed
43. A. own B. owe C. share D. spare
44. A. that B. very C. quite D. not
45. A. make sure B. remember C. expect D. check out
46. A. social B. ordinary C. good D. personal
47. A. includes B. to include C. including D. included
48. A. can B. need C. will D. must
49. A. marks B. sights C. scenes D. signs
50. A. difficulties B. differences C. advantages D. things
51. A. cost B. spend C. ask D. take
52. A. require B. request C. depend D. suggest
53. A. some B. many C. other D. different
54. A. enough B. comfortable C. less D. a lot
55. A. for B. away C. out D. from
第三部分 阅读理解 (共20小题; 每小题1.5分,满分30分)
阅读下面短文,从每题所给的四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A
LOST AND FOUND ROOMMATES
FOUND: Suitcase, 30cm×50cm, black. Found near Sound Lab. Steve, 800-4661. FEMALE ROOMMATE WANTED Own room near campus. Available December 1. Rent $80 per month until March 1st. $129 thereafter. Call Jill for details. 800-7839.
Lost: Gold wire rim glasses in brown case. Campus area Reward. Call Gregg 800-2869. NEED PERSON to assume lease for own bedroom in apt. Near campus, $92/mo. Starting Jan. 1. Call 800-6157 after 5 pm.
FOR SALE HELP WANTED
MOVING: Must sell. TV b/w 12’, $50; AM/FM transistor radio A/C or battery, $15; cassette tape recorder, $10; music records. Call John or Pat, 800-0739 after 5 pm or weekends. BABYSITTER-MY HOMEIf you are available a few hours during the day, some evenings and occasional weekends to care for 2 school-age children, please call Gayle Moore days 800-1111, evenings and weekends 800-4964.
56. Where can you probably find this text
A. In a guide book B. In a school magazine
C. In a national paper D. In a university daily newspaper
10 -- 4
57. You will call _________ if you want to buy a radio.
A. 800-0436 B. 800-0739 C. 800-4661 D. 800-4964
58. What was lost in campus area according to the classified ads
A. A cat B. A radio C. A pair of glasses D. A cassette tape recorder
59. Which of the following is TRUE according to the ads above
A. You can call Gayle Moore to take care of the two-year-old children.
B. The girl who will share the room will pay $80 per month before March 1st.
C. Gregg found a pair of glasses on campus. D. John and Pat want to buy a radio.
B
Shanghai --- Shanghai officials are welcoming a new national-water law that they say will help them protect the upper reaches of the Huangpu River and other water ways in Shanghai.
The new law, which came into effect yesterday, updates a law enacted(颁布) in 1988 that focused on supplying water to needy areas, but didn’t pay a great deal of attention to environmental protection.
The previous law, for example, gave local authorities power over waterways in these areas, but didn’t pay attention to the sources of those rivers and lakes. So, Shanghai was responsible for cleaning and protecting the lower reaches of the Chang Jiang River but had no say (权) in how the river’s upper reaches, which feed into Shanghai, are maintained.
The new law will make it easier to control the amount of waste that ends up in local rivers and reduce inefficient use of waterways, said Zhang Jia-yi, director of the Shanghai Water Affairs Bureau (局), on the bureau’s website commenting on law yesterday.
Zhang said the new law focuses on the efficient use of water sources and emphasizes the harmonious (和谐) development of China’s population, its economy and environment.
Zhang also emphasizes the city will crack down on companies and individuals that pollute the city’s water sources. The bureau sets up a special force to investigate (调查) water pollution in March.
So far this year, the bureau has published more than 3 million in fines on various polluters, Zhang said.
60. The best title for the news report should be ______.
A. A New Law Is Born B. A New Water Law to Protect Rivers
C. It Is Necessary to Protect the Rivers D. Make Full Use of Water Sources
61. The underlined phrase “crack down on” means _____.
A. bring up carefully B . speak highly of
C. deal with seriously D. destroy completely
62. Which of the following is NOT true
A. The law in 1988 is suitable for the new requirements.
B. The new law will stop waste being poured into the Chang Jiang River.
C. A lot of polluting units have been fined this year.
D. The new law and the old one are not the same in protecting the environment.
63. We can infer from the passage that _____ .
A. the problem of protecting the water sources wasn’t paid much attention to
B. no laws were carried out to manage the water sources in Shanghai.
C. the new law mainly emphasizes how to make use of the water sources.
D. companies or individuals that polluted the water sources didn’t get fined
10 -- 5
C
A new research shows that in Britain more and more people are returning to the old tradition that the whole family have a meal at table. Worrying about the obesity (肥胖症) and breakdown of a family, people change their eating habits so greatly, according to analysis. They find the number of the family having a meal together increases by 5% from 2002 to 2004, and most people who have meals with their family come from the rich social class.
The new discovery makes doctors and the people struggling against obesity extremely excited. Giving up the tradition that the whole family have a meal together is exactly one of the reasons for a series of problems including children’s overweight. If a child has a meal in front of the television or the computer alone, he will often eat some fast food.
Jason Collins is one of the persons returning to the old tradition. Collins is a manager of a bake (烘面包) house. He finds after he gets used to having a meal at home with his child, the child becomes much more obedient (听话的). Dr. Jin is a child psychologist (心理学家), and she expresses welcome to this result of the study. She says it can make parents have a very good chance to chat with the child when the whole family have a meal together.
64. What makes people change their eating habit back to the old tradition in Britain
A. Worrying about their children. B. Worrying about some social problems.
C. Worrying about the living expense. D. Worrying about health and family problems.
65. We can infer from the passage that _______.
A. people’s eating habit has much effect on their family
B. most rich people have meals with their family
C. most children have the problem of overweight
D. most children don’t like having dinner with the parents
66. How do the people who hope to lose weight feel about the new discovery
A. They feel glad. B. They feel surprised.
C. They feel sorry. D. They feel disappointed.
67. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage
A. The child having dinner with his parents doesn’t like watching TV.
B. Children become overweight all because of having dinner alone.
C. The family having dinner together is more united and friendly.
D. The reason a child has dinner alone is that he likes fast food. D
Looking back on my childhood, I am convinced that naturalists are born and not made. Although we were all brought up in the same way, my brothers and sisters soon left their pressed flowers and insects. Unlike them, I had no ear for music and languages. I was not an early reader and I could not do mental arithmetic.
Before World War I we spent our summer holidays in Hungary. I have only the dim (模糊的) memory of the house we lived in, of my room and my toys. Nor do I recall clearly the large family of grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins who gathered next door. But I do have a clear memory of the dogs, the farm animals, the local birds, and above all, the insects.
I am a naturalist, not a scientist. I have a strong love of the natural world and my enthusiasm had led me into varied investigations (调查研究). I love discussing my favorite topics and enjoy burning the midnight oil reading about other people’s observations and discoveries. Then something happens that brings these observations together in my conscious (清醒的) mind. Suddenly you fancy you see the answer to the riddle, because it
10 -- 6
all seems to fit together. This has resulted in my publishing 300 papers and books, which some might honor with the title of scientific research.
But curiosity, keen (敏锐的) eyes, a good memory and enjoyment of the animal and plant world do not make a scientist: one of the excellent and essential qualities required is self-discipline, a quality I lack. A scientist, up to a certain point, can be made. A naturalist is born. If you can combine the two, you get the best of both worlds.
68. The first paragraph tells us the author ______.
A. was interested in flowers and insects in his childhood
B. lost his hearing when he was a child
C. didn’t like his brothers and sisters D. was born into a naturalist’s family
69. The author can’t remember his relatives clearly because _______.
A. he didn’t live very long with them B. the family was extremely large
C. he was too young when he lived with them
D. he was fully occupied with observing nature
70. It can be inferred from the passage that the author was _______.
A. a scientist as well as a naturalist B. a naturalist but not a scientist
C. no more than a born naturalist D. first of all a scientist
71. The author says that he is a naturalist rather than a scientist probably because he thinks
he _______.
A. has a great deal of trouble doing mental arithmetic
B. lacks some of the qualities required of a scientist
C. just reads about other people’s observations and discoveries
D. comes up with solutions in a most natural way
E
Americans, generally speaking, make an effort to be friendly with their colleagues, neighbors and other people they often run into. This often takes the form of a simple greeting like “How’s it going ” or “What’s up ” This is simply a way of saying I see you and I recognize you.
Americans also show this friendliness in “small talk”. Small talk is a casual conversation that Americans engage in when they meet on the street, in the shop or in the office before a meeting. Usually the topics of such small talk will be something that everyone is familiar with, the weather, sports, traffic, hobbies or what’s on television. The topic of the conversation is not as important as the effort make to spend a few minutes with the other person. Small talk shows that you are a considerate person who is interested in others and who is willing to take the time to get to know people.
Small talk is used in the business world to create a friendly atmosphere and to put everyone at ease before the serious matters of business are discussed. Often businessmen will spend a few minutes talking about the weather or sports before a meeting. This form of small talk only lasts a few minutes before the American businessman wants to “get down to business.”
Asians are very skilled at making casual conversation. However, they often find it difficult to make small talk with Americans because they don’t know what to say, how to say it and who to say it to . Americans may see Asians who are reluctant to make small talk as unfriendly and cold.
72. American people ask others how it is going because ____.
A. they are curious about others’ affairs
10 -- 7
B. they are eager to help others
C. they want to start a long conversation
D. they only want to show their kindness
73. Businessmen talk about weather before a meeting ____.
A. so that everyone present will feel relaxed
B. in order that everyone will be warned against the possible bad weather
C. because weather is very important to American people
D. in order to make people fresh
74. The word “reluctant” means
A. willing B. eager C. unwilling D. skilled
75. Which of the following is not true according to the passage
A. You should keep the conversation short.
B. Asians are not friendly and don’t like to talk with others.
C. “To get down to business” means to start the work.
D. The topics of the small talk are not very important.
第二卷 主观题(共35分)
第一节:单词填空。
(根据所给单词首字母和汉语意思,补全所缺单词)(共10空;每空1分,满分10分)
1. A________ from his carelessness sometimes, he is a dedicated worker.
2. No matter what difficulty he is faced with, he always has a good a______ towards life.
3. Her c_________ of struggling with illness is admirable and inspiring.
4. Next day was to be the great mass-meeting in c___________ of the Russian revolution.
5. Crystal’s a__________ to improvise leads to his success.
6. Crosstalk, a _____ (独特的) art form in China, has developed a lot of foreigners in recent years.
7. Considering the injuries he’s had, there can be little ______ (期待)of him
winning the race.
8. He says sitting on an __________(看不见的) bench is very comfortable.
9. The teacher looked annoyed when his student ___________(漫步) over to the
courtyard instead of following him.
10. One __________(鲜为人知的) fact is that he was once a famous artist.
第二节:对话填空。
(根据上下文对话语境及所给单词首字母,补全所缺单词)(共10空;每空1分,满分10分)
A: Hi! Nice to meet you. You’re...
B: Well, the bridegroom is a friend of mine.
A: So am I. So now we are friends too.
B: The w____________ (11) ceremony is splendid, isn’t it
A: Yes, look, the newly-weds are giving p________(12) to the guest, let’s go and have one.
B: Why, I’m p__________ (13). In my country, the new couple will r___________(14) a
10 -- 8
lot of presents from the guests.
A: It’s not surprising, the bridegroom and bride are from I__________ (15). It is a typical
example which is quite d___________(16) from other countries.
B: You must have known a lot about c___________(17) and traditions of other countries.
A: You know, we come from the East, we should pay attention to cultural differences to
a__________ (18) to the life abroad.
B: How can I get the information
A: Surf the Internet or c__________ (19) with your friends online.
B: Don’t you think it’s a good idea to fix a date to surf the Internet together, and then you
may introduce your online friends to me
A: Good idea. Besides I need to a___________ (20) some more information for my
graduation essay. Will this Sunday suit you
B: Sure.
第三节:写作 (15分)
国内某家英文报纸设有一个求助信箱(Dr Helper’s Mailbox)。请根据一份学生现状中列出的部分信息,以高三学生王勇的名义,给Dr Helper写一封信。
学生现状:
1. 每日在校时间超过10小时; 2. 每日作业时间3到4个小时;
3. 几乎没有课外活动时间; 4. 每日睡眠时间不足
负担过重原因:
考试压力大,作业多,家长期望高。
注意:1. 词数:100词左右
2. 信的开头和结尾已经给出,不计入总词数。
3. 参考词汇:负担过重(overload);压力(pressure)。
Dear Dr Helper,
I am a Senior 3 student. I am now in great need of your help because I can hardly stand the great pressure.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I write this letter only to wish that I could have someone to talk to. I am looking forward to your advice.
Your sincerely,
Wang Yong
10 -- 9
姓名_________ 班级____ 学号_________
第二卷 主观题(共35分)
第一节:单词填空。(共10空;每空1分,满分10分)
1. _____________ 2. _____________ 3. _____________ 4. _____________
5. _____________ 6. _____________ 7. _____________ 8. _____________
9. _____________ 10. _____________
第二节:对话填空。(共10空;每空1分,满分10分)
11. _____________ 12. _____________ 13. _____________ 14. ______________
15. _____________ 16. _____________ 17. _____________ 18. ______________
19. _____________ 20. ______________
第三节:写作 (15分)
Dear Dr Helper,
I am a Senior 3 student. I am now in great need of your help because I can hardly stand the great pressure.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
I write this letter only to wish that I could have someone to talk to. I am looking forward to your advice.
Your sincerely,
Wang Yong
10 -- 10
宁海中学高二英语月考试卷(Jan. 5, 2007)
参考答案
1--20 A B A C C B C B C A A C B A C B B A C B
21--35 C A D B C B D A C D D A B D C
36--55 C B A C A D C C C A D C D D A D A C A B
56--75 D B C B B C A C D A A C A D A B D A C B
主观题:
1. Apart 2. attitude 3. courage 4. celebration 5. ability
6. unique 7. expectation 8. invisible 9. wandered 10. little-known
11. wedding 12. presents 13. puzzled 14. receive 15. Italy
16. different 17.customs / cultures 18. adjust / adapt
19. chat / communicate 20. accumulate
第一节:单词填空。
(根据所给单词首字母和汉语意思,补全所缺单词)(共10空;每空1分,满分10分)
1. Apart from his carelessness sometimes, he is a dedicated worker.
2. No matter what difficulty he is faced with, he always has a good attitudes towards life.
3. Her courage of struggling with illness is admirable and inspiring.
4. Next day was to be the great mass-meeting in celebration of the Russian revolution.
5. Crystal’s ability to improvise leads to his success.
6. Crosstalk, a unique (独特的) art form in China, has developed a lot of foreigners in recent years.
7. Considering the injuries he’s had, there can be little expectation(期待)of him
winning the race.
8. He says sitting on an invisible (看不见的) bench is very comfortable.
9. The teacher looked annoyed when his student wandered (漫步) over to the
courtyard instead of following him.
10. One little-known (鲜为人知的) fact is that he was once a famous artist.
第二节:对话填空。
(根据上下文对话语境及所给单词首字母,补全所缺单词)(共10空;每空1分,满分10分)
A: Hi! Nice to meet you. You’re...
B: Well, the bridegroom is a friend of mine.
A: So am I. So now we are friends too.
B: The wedding (11) ceremony is splendid, isn’t it
A: Yes, look, the newly-weds are giving presents (12) to the guest, let’s go and have one.
B: Why, I’m puzzled (13). In my country, the new couple will receive (14) a lot of presents from the guests.
A: It’s not surprising, the bridegroom and bride are from Italy (15). It is a typical
example which is quite different (16) from other countries.
B: You must have known a lot about customs / cultures (17) and traditions of other countries.
A: You know, we come from the East, we should pay attention to cultural differences to
adjust / adapt (18) to the life abroad.
B: How can I get the information
A: Surf the Internet or chat / communicate (19) with your friends online.
B: Don’t you think it’s a good idea to fix a date to surf the Internet together, and then you
may introduce your online friends to me
A: Good idea. Besides I need to accumulate (20) some more information for my
graduation essay. Will this Sunday suit you
B: Sure.
宁海中学高二英语月考试卷(Jan. 5, 2007)
参考答案
1--20 A B A C C B C B C A
A C B A C B B A C B
21--35 C A D B C B D A C D D A B D C
36--55 C B A C A D C C C A
D C D D A D A C A B
56--75 D B C B B C A C
D A A C A D A B D A C B
主观题:
1. Apart 2. attitude 3. courage
4. celebration 5. ability 6. unique
7. expectation 8. invisible 9. wandered
10. little-known
11. wedding 12. presents 13. puzzled
14. receive 15. Italy 16. different
17.customs / cultures 18. adjust / adapt
19. chat / communicate 20. accumulate