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1、offer, provide, supply这组词都有“供给,装备”之意。
offer: 常用词,意为" 提出,提供,呈现",表示向别人提供可接受也可拒绝的某物,如帮助,服务或物品,这可能是对方要求也可能是自己主动提出的。offer to help sb. 表示愿意帮助某人;offer sb. sth./ offer sth. to sb.提供某人某物。例如:The river would offer power production estimated at 500,000 kilowatts if a dam were constructed. 如果筑起水坝,这条河就能提供大约50万千瓦的电力。An international corporation offered him a well-paid job, which he refused politely, since taking it would involve traveling abroad most of the time. 一家跨国公司向他许诺一份待遇优厚的工作,而他婉言谢绝了,因为接受那项工作就意味着大多数时间都得在国外出差。
provide: "供给,提供,装备,准备",强调有预见,并通过储存或准备的方式为某事做准备,以在需要时提供所需物品。常用词组:provide sb. with sth./ provide sth. for sb. 提供生活费,养活,为……做准备。例如:Through the long days his wife sought by every possible means to provide him with occupation.在漫长的日子里,他的妻子试图用各种可能的办法给他找事干。As equipment improved, satellites began providing scientists with weather maps of the entire globe. 设备改进后,人造卫星开始向科学家提供整个地球的气象图。
supply: "供给,补充,弥补",着重表示替换或不足所需之物以及弥补缺陷,满足要求的意思,还可作名词,意为“供给(量),物资,存货”。常用短语:supply the market with new commodities 向市场供应新产品;supply a want 弥补不足;supply...for把……供给。The book would be incomplete without such discussions as I have tried to supply. 如果没有我努力提供的这样一些论述,这本书就会显得不完整。What I admire most in my life is doctors and others supplying medical care to assistance recipients. 我一生中最敬佩的是那些向受援者提供医疗护理的医生和其他人。
2、opinion, proposal,advice
advice: "忠告,意见", 指凭借丰富的知识,足够的经验及正确的判断,对他人提出自己的劝告,见解。My advice to you as a friend is that you should treat your wife with more consideration. 作为朋友,我给你的忠告是你要多体贴妻子。It was only by her husband's advice that Julia had given up the idea. 只是在她丈夫的劝告下,朱莉亚才放弃了这个念头。
opinion: "意见,看法,主张,见解",可指个人或权威人士的判断,主要表示对于有争议,有疑问的事经过仔细考虑后得出的结论,但暗含其中有个人因素,可能有误会或会遭到驳斥。常用词组:in one's opinion 依某人看。The professors arguing about the cause of the disease, the young doctor listened attentively waiting for a chance to put forward his own opinion. 教授们在争论着这种疾病的病因,而那位年轻的医生专心倾听着,等待着提出自己见解的机会。Our doctor says it is due to a nervous disorder, but I think we should take another opinion. 我们的医生说这是由于神经失调,但是我认为我们应该再请一位医生诊断。
proposal:“提议,建议,请求(如求婚)”,指较为正式的建议等,提出以供别人参考,接受或实施,但也可能被拒绝。The steel industry refused to make any wage proposals until it obtained federal clearance for higher steel prices. 钢铁工业直到获得联邦政府提高钢价的许可后才不再拒绝提出任何有关工资的提议。She told me that the second proposal of marriage which she received came from an Italian prince. 她告诉我第二个向她求婚的是一个意大利王子。
3、outstanding, distinguished, 这组词都含有“杰出”之意。
distinguished: "卓越的,卓著的,杰出的", 一般指人的才华,品德达到受正式认可的水平,尤指因优越的品质而超越于同类之上,从而为公众所知。其动词词组:distinguish A from B, distinguish between A and B (分辨A和B)。例如:Dwight D. Eisenhower was a distinguished general in American history, who made outstanding contributions to the victory of World War II. 艾森豪威尔是美国历史上战绩卓著的将军,他曾为二战的胜利作出了杰出的贡献。Unlike their obscurer colleagues, distinguished composers do not have to struggle to get a hearing for their music. 著名的作曲家不像没有什么名声的同仁,无须为自己的作品得到上演而奔波。His mind could no longer distinguish between illusion and reality. 他的头脑已经不再能分清幻觉和现实。
outstanding: "杰出的,突出的",非正式的普通用词,一般指优于同类其他事物的人或事物,也可指某种与周围环境截然不同的特点。These organizations have done outstanding work in promoting friendship and cooperation between the countries. 这些组织在促进邻邦间友谊和合作方面作出了杰出的贡献。He was one of the outstanding legislators who had to resign simply because they couldn't afford to serve any longer. 他是那些由于不能继续工作而不得不辞职的杰出议员之一。
3、occupation, career, profession
occupation: "职业,事业", 是个较有概括性也较正式的词。即某人经常做或训练有素的工作。The report pointed out that society and occupation normally play an important part in determining mortality. 报告指出,社会与职业的因素在正常情况下对死亡有重要影响。You can see in her face that life was full of interest, expectation and occupation. 你可以在她脸上看到对她来说生活中充满兴趣,期望和事业。
career:“事业,职业“,指一个人为之受过训练并愿终生或相当长一段时间从事的职业。还含有 “生涯,生活历程”之意。It was a thousand pities so clever a fellow should be shut out from a career. 这么聪明的一个人不能在事业上一显身手,实在太可惜了。As far as I was concerned, it didn't make much sense to be changing careers at this point in my life. 就我个人来说,到了这个年纪改行干别的,不会有多大出息。
profession: "职业",指只有受过相当高的专门教育或训练,具有了某种专业知识和技能并有创造力的人才能从事的职业,过去专指法律,医学和神学,现在扩展到其他许多具有相当社会地位的工作,如教育,演艺等。常用词组:by profession (就职业而言)。例如:He chose to make his friends mostly among members of the advertising profession. 他喜爱主要在以设计广告为职业的成员中交朋友。He was found early that he had a vocation for the ministry, though he ended up in the law profession instead. 尽管他最后当上了律师,但人们发现他早年从事的是神职工作。
4、of one's own, one's own这两个词组都是“自己的”的意思。
of one's own中的own作名词用。整个短语表示“属于某人自己”的意思,只作后置修饰语,修饰带有a(n), this, that, some, any, no, one, two, 等限定词的名词或修饰one, nothing, something, anything 等不定代词。例如:She has a mind of her own. 她颇有主见。I have nothing of my own. 我自己一无所有。The workers took him as one of their own. 工人们把他当作自己人。
one's own既可用作名词,意指“自己的东西”;亦可用作形容词,意指“自己的”。例如:This house is his own. (= This is his own house.) 这座房子是他自己的。(= 这是他自己的房子。)I saw it with my own eyes. 我是亲眼看见的。She makes all her own dresses. 她的衣服都是她自己做的。
5、officer, officia
officer一般指“军官”或引申而指组织近乎军事化,穿特殊制服的工作人员,如警察等;也指商船的高级船员如大副,二副等。例如:He was promoted to the rank of the first officer. 他被提升为大副。
official一般指政府的“文职官员”,在美国它也可指运动会上的田径赛裁判员。例如:Everywhere he went he was accompanied by a group of officials. 他每到一处都有一群官员陪同。Nepotism and corruption among government officials can ruin a nation without foreign aggression. 政府官员的裙带关系和贪污腐化,虽无外患亦能毁灭国家。
6、on board, on the board, on the boards
on board泛指“在船上”,它还可指“在飞机(火车,共用车辆等)上”。这个习语也可接船名(如:on board the Dongfeng 在东风号上)或船的类型(如:on board a liner在油轮上,on board a warship在军舰上)。例如:As soon as I'm on board I always feel sick. 我一到船上,就总是感到恶心。He wasn't on board the ship when it sailed. 启航时,他不在船上。The plane flew off after all the passengers came on board. 飞机等到全部乘客上来后才起飞。
on the board除可表示“在(具体的)这只或那只船上”外,还可表示“在会上讨论(be discussed at a meeting)"的被动含义。例如:The plan is on the board. 那项计划正在讨论中。The problem will be laid on the board at the next meeting. 这个问题将在下一次会上讨论。
on the boards中的boards是“舞台”的意思,其本义表示“在舞台上”,现常引申为“做演员,演出”,常用在连系动词be后作表语。例如:Lily is on the boards, but Katie can get nothing to do. 莉莉当上了演员,可是凯蒂却找不到事干。The play is now on the boards in Beijing. 该剧目前在北京上演。
7、on earth, on the earth, in the earth
on earth有两个意思:1.“在世界上”,相当于in the wold。2.“究竟,到底;一点也,全然”,相当于at all的意思和用法,这时它常用于疑问句,否定词或最高级后加强语气。例如:Mary couldn't understand what on earth the teacher meant. 玛丽不理解老师说的究竟是什么意思。I feel like nothing on earth. 我感到说不出来的难过。
on the earth的意思是“在地球上”,用作地点状语或连系动词be的表语。例如:It is said that there are probably over one million living creatures on the earth. 据说地球上可能有百万多种生物。It is supposed at the present that human beings can only live on the earth. 据目前所知,人类只能生活在地球上。
in the earth尽管可译成“在世界上”,实际上它含有“在地下”的意味。因此,指世界上空间的存在物不能用它。例如:The genie said he would show all the treasure in the earth to the man who would set him free.那妖怪说,他将让放他出来的人看到世界上的所有宝藏。There is much petroleum in the earth. 地下有大量的石油。
8、on foot, on one's feet
on foot的本义为“步行”,用作方式状语,它也常常转义为“在活动中;在实行中,在进行中”,含进行时的被动意义,可用作表语或后置定语。例如:If the weather permits, I'll go to town on foot. 如果天气许可,我将步行进城。A game of this kind is never played with the remainder of the financial community entirely unaware of what is on foot. 耍这类花招是决不可能在金融界其余的人士毫无所知的情况下进行的。This is a plan on foot. 这是一项正在实施的计划。
on one's feet中的feet任何时侯不可用单数形式foot替代。它常同动词be, stand等连用,表示“站着”的意思;它还可指病人经过治疗后“恢复健康”,指经济状况“恢复正常”或某人,某企业等“经济独立”。例如:A shop assistant is on her feet for most of the day. 售货员几乎是整天站着的。In three days you will be on your feet. 三天后你的病就会好的。He stood on his feet at last. 他终于在经济上独立了。
9、on purpose, in purpose, of purpose
这三个介词短语都可用来指某人做某件事情带有一定的目的,即表示“有意地,故意地;有目的地”的意思。这时它们均在句中作状语,一般可以换用,只是on purpose最为常见,in purpose和of purpose基本废弃。试比较:"I'm sorry I stepped on your toe ; it was an accident." "It wasn't! You did it on purpose.""对不起,踩着你的脚了,我是无意的。" "不,你是故意的。"We sometimes turn back in purpose. 我们有时故意走回头路。The insult was made of purpose. 这是故意侮辱人。
in purpose还可用作方面状语,表示“在目的方面”的意思;有时还可表示“在意志方面”的意思,这时,可用of purpose替代。例如:They are similar in purpose. 他们目的相似。He is weak in purpose (or: of purpose). 他意志薄弱。Peter is so infirm of purpose that it is useless to ask him for advice. 彼得这人优柔寡断,向他征求意见是徒劳无用的。
10、out of question, out of the question
这两个短语只有一个the之差,但意思却几乎完全相反。
out of question中的question是“疑问”的意思,整个短语一起表明对一项事物或建议等的肯定,即“毫无疑问”的意思,通常用作状语或者表语,其意思和用法与without question相当。例如:Out of question, this plan can be fulfilled ahead of time. 毫无疑问,这个计划可以提前完成。It is out of question that he will be appointed Chief Engineer of the railway. 毫无疑问,他将被任命为那条铁路的总工程师。
out of the question中的question是“问题”的意思,整个短语表明对某项事物,要求或建议等的否定,即“不可能”的意思,一般用在连系动词be的后面作表语。例如:I have so much work to do that a holiday for me this year is out of the question. 我要做的工作太多,因此,今年我休假是根本不可能的事。Raising more pigs is out of the question unless the fodder question is solved. 饲料问题不解决,多养猪是办不到的。
11、only to do, only doing
only后接动词不定式和现在分词都被用作结果状语。only to do的意思是“不料(却)……,结果(却)……", 表示一个没有料到的结果。例如:I hurried to the supermarket, only to find it was closed. 我匆忙赶到超市,不料它已经关门了。He made a long speech only to show his foolishness. 他讲了一大通,结果只是显露了他的愚蠢。I went to see him, only to learn that he had left the city the night before. 我去看他,不料听人家说他已经在前夜离开这个城市。
only doing的意思是“结果就……",表示一个意料之中的结果。例如:He died, only leaving nothing but debts. 他死了,结果只留下了一身债务。He dropped the plate, only breaking it into pieces. 盘子从他手中掉下来,结果摔成了碎片。He aimed, fired, only bringing down a red-necked bird. 他瞄准,射击,结果打下了一只红颈鸟。N
1、near, nearly
near用作副词时,有nearly(几乎,差不多)的意思,等于almost, 这时候可以通用。不过,往往在表示这一层意思时,人们习惯用nearly,而很少用near,尤其是用来修饰数词时。例如:It is nearly ten o'clock. 差不多十点钟了。Dinner is nearly ready. 晚饭就要好了。I was near (or: nearly) being killed; it was a very near thing. 我几乎丧命,真悬。There are nearly enough people here to do the job. 干这项活,这里人手差不多够了。
near在作形容词时,主要用来表示场所、时间,有“在附近”和“逼近”的意思。例如:Don't go far away; stay somewhere near. 别走远,就在附近呆着。The Spring Festival is drawing near. 春节即将来临。
注意:副词nearly要尽可能靠近它所修饰的那个词或词组,否则,有可能会影响全句的意思。试比较:Our production brigade nearly lost fifty cattle in the flood. 我们生产队在发洪水时几乎损失了五十头牛。(事实上没有损失)Our production brigade lost nearly fifty cattle in the flood. 我们生产队在洪水中损失了差不多五十头牛。(事实上损失了将近五十头)
2、necessary, necessity
necessary作名词用时,尽管与necessity同义,均可表示“必需品”,“必要的东西”的意思,但用法有别。necessary尽管是可数名词,但通常用作复数形式necessaries; necessity可用作可数名词,既可用作单数,也可用作复数,但常见作复数。试比较:These are our necessaries of life. 这些是我们的生活必需品。The shop is selling daily necessaries. 那个商店正在出售日用品。Air is a necessity. 空气是必需品。Good maps are a necessity to travellers. 好的地图是旅行者必不可少的东西。Food, water and clothes are the basic necessities of life. 食物,水和衣服是基本的必需品。
necessity主要用作不可数名词,表示抽象的概念,有“必要性,必然性”的意思,necessary作名词则没有这些含义。例如:There is no necessity for me to do this. 我没有做这件事的必要。He feels the necessity to have an outing. 他觉得有必要出外游玩一次。
3、near to, next to
near to的意思是 “接近,靠近”,指时间、空间及距离上的接近。next to的意思是“紧靠着”,指位置上的相互紧靠。例如:It's getting near to our Spring Festival. 春节快要到了。The chemical works is built too near to us. 这个化工厂造得离我们太近了。As we got near to the town it began to snow. 当我们快到镇上时,天开始下雪了。The girl came and sat next to me. 这个女孩走过来并坐在我边上。The two cinemas are next to each other. 这两个电影院靠得很近。I don't like wool next to my skin. 我不喜欢直接穿羊毛衫。
next to另可表示“几乎”及“仅次于”,它常用于next to nothing结构,表示“几乎没有”,相当于almost nothing。例如:I knew next to nothing about the matter. 对这件事我几乎一无所知。Next to dancing, I like playing the guitar. 除了跳舞,我最喜欢弹吉它。New York is the largest city next to London. 纽约是仅次于伦敦的最大城市。
4、no more...than, not more...than
no more...than等于not...any more than,意为“同...一样不”,意味着两者都否定。no more后可接名词,形容词,副词或动词;than是从属连词,常引出省略的比较状语从句。两个分句的重点往往在前一个分句,翻译时要把分句的次序颠倒,才能表达出重点来。例如:A fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears. 愚人之不能自知其蠢,如同其不能自见其耳。I am no more fond of playing the guitar than he is. 我和他都不喜欢弹吉他。
no more than连用,等于not any more than, 其后多接数词,表示“只不过是,仅仅”的意思,相当于only。例如:There are no more than ten tickets left. 仅剩下十张票。
not more... than等于less...than或not so...as,表示“不及,不如;不比...更”的意思,意味着两者都肯定,但着重点往往在从句,翻译时按原来顺序译出即可。例如:It goes without saying that this subject is not more important than that one. 毋庸质疑,这个问题不比那个问题更重要。
not more than连用,其后也一般接数词,表示“不超过……,至多(=at most)"的意思。例如:I read not more than twenty pages every day. 我每天最多读二十页书。The reservoir was built by a productive brigade of not more than 200 households. 这个水库是由一个不到二百户人家的生产大队建造的。
5、no one else, no other one
这两个词组都表示“没有别人或别的东西”的意思,两者可以换用。其中的one均为代名词,指代人或物;else和other均为形容词,不同的是前者作后置形容词,后者作前置形容词。例如:There is no one else (or: no other one) to compare with him in this respect. 在这方面无人能比得上他。No other one(or: no one else) knows about it. 再没有别的人知道这件事。
值得注意的是, else作形容词时,通常用来修饰疑问代词,复合不定代词(如:somebody, anything, anyone等)或者含有数量意义的代名词(如: much, little, all等)。else也可作副词,用来修饰疑问副词或者以where 结尾的复合疑问副词(如:anywhere, nowhere等)。例如:What else did she say 她还说了什么?It must have been somewhere else. 肯定是在其他什么地方。You should put your honor above all else. 你应当把荣誉放在其他一切之上。Not much else is known. 其他都不清楚。
other作形容词时,只用来修饰名词或者代名词one/ ones, 其位置只能位于所修饰的(代)名词之前。例如:I am studying Maxism-Leninism, mathematics and other subjects. 我正学习马克思列宁主义,数学和其他课程。
注意:else和other均可用来修饰带any, some, a few等的名词。例如:I don't want any books else.(= I don't want any other books.) 我再不需要其他书了。
6、no use, of no use
这两个词组都用在连系动词be的后面作表语,表示“没有用”的意义,两者在意义上没有什么差别,可以通用,只是它们的语法结构不一样。no use作表语是因为use前面有形容词no的缘故。如果没有形容词no, use则不能单独作表语。不能说This book is use.只能说:This book is of use或者:This book is useful.再例如:This book is (of) no use. 这本书没有用。Complaining is (of) no use. 抱怨是没有用的。
of no use属于“of+抽象名词”结构,这种结构相当于相应的同根形容词。它有肯定形式和否定形式,否定形式一般也是在抽象名词前加形容词no(如of no use)。例如:This reference material is of no use to us. (= This reference material isn't useful to us.) 这种参考资料对我们是没有用的。This medicine is of no use to your cold. 这种药对你的感冒没有用。
注意:以下五句的意思相同,但用法都不一样,请注意它们的区别:
Reading without remembering is no use.
Reading without remembering is of no use.
It is no use reading without remembering.
It is of no use reading without remembering.
There is no use in / of reading without remembering.读而不记是没有用的。
7、none, no one
none主要用作代词。作代词时,可以指人,是“没有什么人”的意思;也可以指物,是“没有什么东西”的意思。none往往受of引起的介词短语的限制,of后可接复数可数名词,作主语时,谓语动词多用复数形式;of后接不可数名词时,其谓语动词只能是单数形式。none of之后的可数名词或代词必须指三个以上的人或者事物。例如:None of the passengers were aware of the danger. 这些旅客中没有人意识到危险性。None of us are interested in the story. 我们都对这个故事不感兴趣。None of the money was ever recorded. 一点钱都没有得到。
no one中的no是形容词,one是代词,常用于口语中,一般用来指人,其含义是“not even one(连一个人也不/没有)”因此它比none的意思要强。no one作主语时,谓语动词只能用单数形式。例如:No one was killed in that battle. 在那次战斗中没有人牺牲。Apart from him, I had no one to talk to. 除了他以外,我没有人可以交谈。
8、now that, only that 这是两个由“连词+that"组成的复合连词,其连词是中心词,that是一个虚词,常可省去。now that本是“副词+that"而构成的复合连词,但由于that可省略,于是now就被认为是连词了。now that引导的是原因状语从句,但它主要是说明一种新的情况,从句与主句的因果关系很小,含有“推论”的意味,因此有的语法学者把它称为“推论条件连词”。此短语一般译为“既然,由于”,相当于since。例如:Now that Jane had gone and left, or as good as left him, it would have been a comfort to see his son. 简既然走了,离开了,或者说几乎是遗弃了他,那么他就可以和儿子见面了,这是多么快慰的事。Now that the weather has improved, we'll be able to enjoy the game. 由于现在天气已经好转,我们将能观赏这场比赛了。
only that主要引导条件状语从句,与except that的意义相同,表示“要不是,除...之外”的意思,从句通常位于主句之后;它有时还可引导目的状语从句,作“只是为了”解。例如:He would probably do well in the examination, only that he gets rather nervous. 要不是他有一点紧张,他可能考得很好。I have nothing against him, only that I dislike his manner. 我除了不喜欢他的态度外,并没有反对他。He often praises others only that he may be praised. 他常常只是为了求得别人的表扬而称赞别人。
9、no tailor, not a tailor
no tailor和not a tailor在句子中充当主语、宾语时,两者均表示“没有一个裁缝”,可以替换用。如下列两句都表示“没有一个裁缝想要接受这份工作”:No tailor wants to take this job.Not a tailor wants to take this job.
当no tailor和not a tailor在句子中用在be动词后,充当表语时,两者意义完全不同。前者表示“不懂裁缝,决不是裁缝”,指某人不具备当裁缝的条件,是外行,无资格做裁缝;后者“不是个裁缝”,指某人的职业或身份不是裁缝。试比较:Don't ask me to shorten the trousers for you. I'm no tailor. 别叫我为你改短裤子,我不懂裁缝。You're mistaken! He is not a tailor. He has a job as a barber. 你弄错了!他不是个裁缝,他是个理发师。
no加上一个表示职业的名词的例子还有:She is no cook. She will probably get all the food from a restaurant. 她不会做饭,她可能会从餐馆里买来所有的饭菜。This is no joke. I am no judge. 这决不是开玩笑的事,我根本没有审理的资格。
10、noise, sound, voice
noise表示“噪音,喧闹声”,一般指嘈杂,吵闹等令人不快的声音。例如:The noise of the street kept me awake. 街上的吵闹声让我睡不着。The noise of the rain nearly drowned our conversation. 雨声大得几乎超过了我们的谈话声。
sound表示“声音”,含义很广泛,指任何可以听到的声音,包括悦耳及令人不快的声音。例如:All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry. 突然,有了枪响声和哭声。Did you hear the strange sound from the next room this morning 今天早上你是否听到隔壁房间发出的怪声音?
voice表示“嗓音”,一般指人说话,唱歌或笑的声音。例如:The little girl has a beautiful voice. 这个小女孩有一副好嗓子。The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold. 这位歌手由于重感冒而失去了银铃般的嗓音。
11、not to say, not to speak of
这两个短语形似而意义不同。not to say作“虽不能说,即使不能说”解,表示一种让步的口气。not to speak of作“更不用说,更不待言”解,相当于to say nothing of, 用来表示追补意义。例如:It is rather cool, not to say cold. 天气虽不能说冷,但也算是相当凉了。He sounded impolite, not to say rude. 他那样说话,即使不算粗鲁,也是不礼貌的。She knows German and French, not to speak of English. 她懂德文和法文,更不用说英文了。He cannot find money for bread, not to speak of fish and meat. 他连面包也无钱买,更不用说鱼和肉了。K
1、keep doing, keep on doing这两个词组均用来表示“不断做”的意思,但在涵义上有所不同。
keep doing和keep on doing都可表示“不断(老是)做某事”的意思,强调动作连续不断,每隔一会儿发生,这时两者可以换用。不同的是keep doing中的doing是动名词,作宾语。例如:John always kept (on) asking questions.约翰总是问个不停。News of successes keeps (on) pouring in.捷报频传。
keep doing还可表示连续不断的动作或持续的状态。keep on doing则没有这种用法。例如:We kept working in the fields in spite of the rain. 尽管下雨,我们还是坚持在地里干活。Why do the dogs keep barking 这些狗为什么不停地叫?
2、keep sb. from doing sth., keep sth. from sb.
keep sb. from doing sth.相当于prevent (or: stop) sb. from doing sth., 意为"阻止某人做某事"。
keep sth. from sb.则表示“将某事瞒着某人”的意思。例如:What kept you from joining me 什么事情使你不能和我在一起?We must keep them from getting to know our plans.我们必须防止他们知道我们的计划。It seems that she keeps something from us.她好像有什么事瞒着我们似的。Why did you keep the truth from me 你为什么向我隐瞒真相?
3、kind, sort, type这一组词都表示“种类”,常可互换使用。
kind系普通用语,其含义较模糊,它所指的种类可用任何标准区分,但着重以事物的自然属性和内在性质为标准来区分。kind常和type换用,但在表示动植物的种类,族及牌类游戏时,不能用type代替。如:There are different kinds of animals in Shanghai Wild Animal Park. 在上海野生动物园有许多不同的动物。Computers can actually do many kinds of work. 事实上,电脑能做许多不同的工作。
sort也为普通用语,比kind更口语化,其概念同kind一样很不严密,两者常可互换,但sort常掺杂说话人的主观色彩,带有轻蔑与贬低的含义。如:We talked of all sorts of subjects.我们谈了各种话题。These sorts of people are ready to eat anywhere.这种人总是走到哪里吃到哪里。
4、know, recognize
know为“认识,熟悉,知道”,表示认识或熟悉某人,某事,某地。它可作及物或不及物动词,后接名词,代词及从句作宾语,另可接含形容词及不定式的复合结构。如:Who knows, perhaps he doesn't care about me at all.谁知道呢,也许他根本不在乎我。Have you known Oliver long I knew him as long ago as the year 1984. 你很久以前就认识奥利福了吗?我在一九八四年的时候就认识他了。I didn't know you were coming today.我不知道你会来。I've never known you so cheerful.我从来不知道你这么开朗。I know her to be a fool.我知道她是个傻瓜。
recognize为“认出,认清,承认”,表示能认出原来认识或曾经见过的人,物及地方,以及承认某事物的客观存在。它只作及物动词,后接名词,代词及从句作宾语。如:You have grown so tall that I scarcely recognize you.你长成这么高,我几乎认不出你来了。Did you recognize your uncle at once 你是不是一下子就认出你的叔叔来了?Presently I recognized that we were in the Atlantic Avenue. 现在我知道我们在亚特兰大大街。
5、keep up, keep up with
keep up既可是动副型短语动词,也可是动介型短语动词,主要表示“(斗志,价格等)不低落”,“维持,继续”等意。可以用于被动语态。例如:Their spirit kept up well in spite of hardships.虽有困难,但他们并不气馁。Prices still keep up.物价仍旧上涨。I hope the weather will keep up.我希望天气继续晴朗。They entered into a correspondence which was kept up for almost 10 years. 他们开始通信了,并且把这种通信联系保持了十年之久。
keep up with是一个动副介型短语动词,后须接名词做其宾语,表示“跟上,与...同步前进”的意思,即有强调并行不悖,不掉队的意味。只用于主动语态。例如:He walked so fast that I could hardly kept up with him.他走得那么快,我简直跟不上了。We must keep up with the times. 我们应该跟上时代。
6、knock down, knock out这两个短语动词是动副型,knock既可作及物动词用,也可作不及物动词用。两个短语动词均在句中作谓语,只是意义不同。1. knock down主要表示下列几种意义:1.击倒,打倒 2.拍卖给 3.拆卸,拆散 4.(强迫)减价。例如:He was knocked down by a lorry.他被一辆卡车撞倒了。He knocked his opponent down.他将他的对手击倒。These old houses are to be knocked down.这些旧房子将被拆除。The painting was knocked down to Smith for 5 dollars.那幅画以5美元的价钱卖给史密斯先生了。The machines will be knocked down before being shipped to the Persian Gulf. 这些机器在运往波斯湾之前将被拆卸。He asked '500 for his car, but I managed to knock him down 10 percent.他的汽车要500美元,但我设法使他减价百分之十。
knock out则主要表示下列几种意义:1.敲掉,敲空;2.在拳击中“击倒”对方,使其在规定时间内不能起立 3.比喻用法:“使……震惊,惊奇”。例如:He knocked the nail out.他把钉子敲了出来。He knocked his pipe out before refilling it.再装烟丝之前,他磕出了烟斗里的烟灰。Joe knocked his opponent out in the first round of the contest. 乔在比赛的第一回合中就把对方击倒了。 For a moment he was completely knocked out by the news of his friend's death. 他被他朋友逝世的消息一下子惊得完全呆住。
7、know, know of
know作及物动词,表示“知道,懂得”的意思时,其后一般接表示事物的名词,从句,不定式复合结构。但它表示“认识,了解,熟悉”的意思时,其后多接表示人的名词或代词,也可接事物名词。例如:Do you know their names 你知道他们的名字吗?Do you know what his name is 你知道他叫什么名字吗?I never knew him to act without thinking.我从未发现他轻率行事过。I got to know him in the autumn of 1963. 我是在1963年秋天认识他的。
know of亦可解作know about,其后可接表示人或事物的名词,表示“知道(有),听说”的意思,指间接地获得的信息或情况,相当于hear of。例如:How did you come to know of this 你怎么知道有这事的?I don't know him but I know of him. 我不认识他,但听说过他。
8、known to, known for, known as这三个形容词短语在使用中均与联系动词be连用,只是在意义上有所不同。
known to表示“为...所熟知”或“闻名于”等意,值得注意的是,在由及物动词know的主动句变被动句时,就要用这种结构。例如:The use of gunpowder was known to the Chinese before the Europeans.中国人懂得应用火药是在欧洲人之前。Luxun is known to the world. 鲁迅举世闻名。
known for和known as的意义和用法与famous for和famous as相同。如:Hangzhou is known for the West Lake.杭州以西湖而闻名。He is known as a painter. 他以作为一名画家而出名。H
1、hair, a hair, hairs
hair指人或动物的“头发,毛发”。hair可指人或动物的全部“头发,毛发”,强调整体。作此解时,它是不可数名词。充当主语,用单数形式。如: What lovely hair the girl has!那女孩的头发真美! My mother's black hair was going gray.我妈妈的黑发正在变白。
a hair是指“一根头发或毛发”,此时的hair是可数名词的单数形式。如: I found a long golden hair on the tablecloth.我在桌布上发现一根金发。 The little boy has got a white hair on his head.这个小男孩的头上有一根白发。
hairs指“多根头发或毛发”,它是可数名词的复数形式,其前可有数词或表示数量的a few, several, many等词修饰。如: The cat has left its hairs all over my clothes.那只猫粘得我衣服上都是猫毛。 My aunt has a few gray hairs.我的婶婶已有几根白发。
2、hand on, on hand
hand on是一动副型短语动词,一般用作及物动词,表示“传下去;转交”等意思。例如:Everyone in class should read this, so when you have finished, please hand it on.班上每个人都应把这看一下,所以你看完后,请往下传。That family trait is handed on from father to son.那种家风是父子相传的。Would you hand on this telegram to your friend 你把这份电报转交给你的朋友好吗?
on hand是一习语,在句中作表语或状语,意为“现有在手头的;准备好了的”和“在近处,在手边;临近”等,含有即将来临的意味。例如:I am sorry I have no cash on hand.对不起,我手头没有现金。Always have your dictionary on hand when you study.学习时要随时把词典放在手边。 Soon school will end and vacation will be on hand.学期即将结束,假期就要来临。
3、happen, take place这两者都表示“发生”。
happen为“发生,(偶然)发生”,较多地用来指某个事件的突然发生,强调其偶然性,主语往往是事件,事故等一类的词汇。它也可后接动词不定式,及用于It happens that...结构,表示“碰巧”的意义。如: The road accident happened under my eyes.我亲眼目睹了这场交通事故。 I never know what's going to happen next.我永远不知道将会发生什么。 My cousin happened not to be at home.我的表兄碰巧不在家。 How does it happen that you know her 你怎么会碰巧认识她的?
take place为“发生,举行”,常指有计划安排的事情的发生与进行,不含偶然的意味。如: When does the popular concert take place 这场流行音乐会几时开始? The talk is planned to take place in the Great Hall of the People on December 9. 这次会谈将定于十二月九日在人民大会堂举行。 The conversation with the principal of our school took place several hours ago. 这个由我校校长参加的会议是在几个小时前举行的。 Great changes have taken place in our country since 1980. 自1980年以来,我们的国家发生了翻天覆地的变化。
在不强调偶然性与计划性的场合,两者有时可以通用。如: What has happened / taken place 发生了什么? The May Fourth Movement happened / took place in 1919.五四运动发生在1919年。
4、hanged, hung
动词hang的过去式和过去分词分别有两种形式,即hanged, hanged和hung, hung,但由于它们的意义不同,所以易引起混淆。hanged是动词hang作“绞杀,吊死”讲时的过去式或过去分词。例如:The judge sentenced the criminal to be hanged.法官判处罪犯绞刑。She hanged herself.她上吊死了。
hung是动词hang作 "悬、挂"的意思时的过去时或过去分词。例如:The hall is hung with red flags.大厅里挂着红旗。I hung the picture yesterday.我昨天把画挂了起来。
5、happen, happen to
happen是不及物动词,不能用于被动语态,其过去分词也不能用作形容词。它常指某事情,事故,故事等“发生”,主语往往为表示事物的名词或代词。此外,happen后亦可接动词不定式和that从句,表示“恰好,碰巧”的意思。后接动词不定式时,主语必须是表示人的名词或代词;其后若接that从句,常用it作形式主语,that从句作真正主语的结构形式,即It happens that... 。例如:Many changes have happened in our country since liberation.解放以来,我国发生了很多变化。We happened to be only two miles short of the plant.当时我们恰好离厂只有两英里。It happened that she was there.恰好她在那儿。
happen to是一习语,意为“临到,发生于”,其中to是介词,后接表示人或事物的名词或代词,主语通常是anything, something, what等。例如:If anything happens to him, let me know.如果他发生意外,就通知我。What happened to the machine 机器出了什么毛病?
6、harm, hurt, injure, wound这一组动词均表示“伤害,损害”。
harm表示引起对身体,物质或精神上的严重损害,常指伤害人的肉体,损坏东西以及损害健康,品 质,事业等。如: Hard drinking will harm your stomach.过量饮酒会伤胃。 I don't believe those fairy tales will harm our students. 我认为那些神话故事不会对我们的学生有害处。 There was a fire in the street, but the theatre wasn't harmed at all. 街上起火了,但是那家戏院完好无损。
hurt常指思想感情方面的伤害,含有引起极大苦恼之意。当指肉体上的伤害时,强调疼痛的剧烈程 度。hurt的过去分词只能作表语,不能作定语,而本组内的其他动词则无此限制。如: It hurts me when you talk like that.你那样同我说话,我很心痛。 My head still hurts.我的头仍然很疼。 She was hurt to think of her not being invited to the party. 一想到没被邀请去参加那个聚会,她就感到受到了伤害。
injure着重指人的容貌、内部器官、生理机能的损害,常与harm通用,但更强调伤势的严重。它也可指对人精神的伤害。如: You will injure yourself by smoking too much.过度抽烟对你的身体有害。 The boy injured his shoulder while playing football.在踢足球时,他弄伤了自己的肩部。 She was so injured in her pride that she rushed out into the dark street. 她的骄傲受到了伤害,所以她冲到了漆黑的大街上.
wound专指外力对身体造成的伤害,尤其指战争和灾害中的受伤,一般指外伤,不指内伤。它也可指感情,荣誉方面的创伤。如: The bullet wounded the soldier in the head.子弹击伤了这个战士的头部。 Fifty PLA men were wounded in the sea battle.在这场海战中,五十位人民解放军受了伤。 What you have said has seriously wounded the feeling of Maggie. 你说的话伤透了麦琪的感情。
7、hard, hardly这两个词词义相近,不少人常常将hardly误作hard的副词。其实hard本身也可用作副词,并且它们的用法和意义完全不同。
hard既可作形容词,意为“勤奋的;困难的”等;亦可作副词,表示“拼命地,努力地”的意思。例如:This is a hard work.这是一项艰苦的工作。He worked hard when he was young.他年轻时,工作努力。
hardly只用作副词,意思是“几乎不,简直不”,它与seldom, scarcely等词一样,本身含有否定的意义,故在句中不能另加否定词。此外,hardly 位于句首时,该句采用倒装语序。例如:I hardly know what to say.我简直不知道说什么好。What he said was hardly true.他说的话不会是真的。Hardly can I endure this weather.我简直受不了这天气。
8、have a word with, have words with
have a word with表示“和……谈谈,说几句话”的意思。这种谈话往往是不够充分详尽的,或者说是很随便的。例如:I'll have a word with you this afternoon.今天下午我要和你说几句。I had a chance to have a word with him when we met accidentally at the drugstore.上次我们在药店偶然相遇的时候,我有机会和他交谈了一下。
have words with用于贬义,表示“和……发生口角,与...争吵”的意思,相当于quarrel with 。例如:They had words with their neighbours over some trifles.他们因一些琐事与邻居发生口角。They've had words with each other, I hear.听说,他们发生过口角。
9、have, there be
have表示某人或某事物“拥有,具有,含有某人,某事物或某性质”,强调占有。如: The poor fellow had neither friends nor money.那个穷家伙既没有朋友也没有钱。 This sentence has two different meanings.这句话有两个不同的意思。 These two short stories have much in common.这两个小故事有很多相似之处。
there be表示某处“有”某人或某事物,强调存在。此结构中的there本身没有“在那里”的意思,需要 表达该意义时,句末须另加there。there be句型为倒装结构,谓语动词要和后面的主语保持人称与数上 的一致。当有几个并列的主语时,一般应以最靠近谓语动词的主语为准。此结构中还可以用助动词及情 态动词。如: There are exceptions to every rule.每个规则都有例外。 There was an apple tree and four pear trees in their courtyard. 他们的大庭院里有一棵苹果树和四棵梨树。 There used to be a chemical works there.那儿以前有个化工厂。 There can't be more than five or six hotels in this town. 在这个镇上,不可能有超过五六家宾馆。 Let's get through the work quickly. There seems to be little time left. 我们赶快把工作完成,时间好像所剩无几。
10、have sth. done, have sb. do, have sb. doing
have sth. done主要有两种用法和意义:1. 表示“使(让,要,叫)某事被做”,强调主语意志,过去分词done所表示的动作由他人完成。2. 以主语为重点,意味着对主语不利的事,常有“遭受”的含意。此时,done所表示的动作执行者不明。在使用中,done由其他实义动作执行者代替。例如:I have my photograph taken.我(让人)照了个相。I had my watch repaired yesterday.我昨天(让人)把我的表修了。He had his arm broken.他的胳膊折断了。He had his house burnt down in the fire.他的房子在大火中烧光了。
have sb. do 和have sb. doing都用来表示“让(使)某人做某事”的意思,动词do和doing的动作均由sb.执行。这两个词组不同的是前者的do表示一般意义,而后者的doing则强调一直做某个动作。在使用中,do和doing可由其他实义动词代换。例如:I had him take my photograph.我让他给我照相。He had Joe clean his shoes.他要乔给他擦鞋。Try to have her speaking!设法让她继续说话。
11、have to, must
have to 和must 都可用来表示义务,有时可通用。前者比较强调客观需要,后者则着重说明主观看法, 表示个人的意志。试比较: You shall have to work hard if they want you to get it done this week. 如果他们要你这周完成这项工作的话,你就得努力工作。(表示外界条件的客观需要。) I must go there to help the poor. 我必须去帮助那些穷人们。(表示说话人自己的看法。) 在某些不需要强调这两种差别的场合,两者可以互相换用。如: I am afraid we have to / must leave now.我们恐怕必须得走了。
must还能表示一种揣测,作“一定,必定是”解,have to则无此意义。如: This must be the book you want. 这一定是你要的书。 He must have spent a long time writing this report. 他一定花了不少时间写这份报告。F
1、fairly, quite, rather
这三个副词都可用来说明形容词和副词的程度,十分容易混淆。
1).fairly意为“相当,还算”,是这一组词中语气最轻的一个。quite为“相当,或多或少地,在某种程度 上”,语气比fairly稍强。rather为“相当,有点,颇”,在这三个副词中语气最强。试比较下列各句: This film is fairly good.这部电影还可以看看。 Your composition is quite good.你的作文还不错。 His homework is rather good.他的作业相当不错。 又如: This book is fairly easy.这本书还算浅易。 He is quite grown up.他差不多长大成人了。 That is rather hard to explain right away.要立即说明是颇有难度的
2).fairly只用于修饰褒义的形容词和副词,如可以说She is fairly clever,不可说She is fairly foolish。rather主要用于贬义,如rather poor/bad/stupid/ugly,但它也可以用在某些褒义的形容词和副词前,具有比fairly更强烈的褒义,相当于very,如rather good/ well/pretty /clever。另外,若在没有褒贬意义的词前用fairly,表示说话人赞同;若用rather,则表示不赞同。试比较: This soup is fairly hot.这汤蛮热的。 This soup is rather hot.这汤太烫了。 She is fairly tall for her age.就她的年龄来说,她长得算是高了。 She is rather tall for her age.就她的年龄来说,她长得过于高了。
3).rather可与too及比较级连用,而fairly和quite则不可。如: My mother is rather better today.我母亲今天病好多了。 This book is rather too difficult for the juniors and rather too easy for the seniors. 这本书对低年级学生说来未免太难,对高年级学生说来又嫌太容易。
4).quite和rather还可和动词连用,fairly则不可和动词连用。如: This does not quite satisfy me.这没有完全使我满意。 I don't quite follow you.我不大懂你的话。 They rather expected to win the match.他们颇想赢得这场比赛。 I rather like her.我相当喜欢她。
5). quite和rather都可修饰名词,但须放在不定冠词前。如: That was quite an accident.那是一次不太寻常的事故。 It's rather a pity.这真是相当遗憾。当名词前有形容时,quite和rather可放在不定冠词后,也可放在不定冠词前。如:They had a quite good time. 也可说quite a good time。It is a rather cold day. 也可说rather a cold day。
2、familiar with, familiar to
这两个形容词短语都表示“熟悉”的意思,但用法不同。familiar to表示“(某事)对(某人来说)是熟悉的”意思;因此,句子的主语总是表示事物的名词,介词to后接人称名词或代词的宾格形式。例如:This subject is familiar to us.我们熟悉这个课题。These are the rules that are familiar to every schoolboy.这些是一个学童都熟知的规则。
familiar with则表示“(某人)对(某事)是熟悉的,精通的”的意思。因此,句中的主语总是人称名词或代词,介词with后接事物名词。如:We are all familiar with the three states of matter.我们都熟悉物质的三态。They are familiar with English.他们精通英语。
3、fall, drop
两者均表示“落下”。fall表示物体由于本身的重量失去平衡或其他原因向下坠落,多为无意识的行为。它是不及物动词。fall也常作连系动词,表示“变得,进入某种状态”。
drop表示物体由高处往低处落下,或让物体落向低处。它既可指有意识的行为,也可指无意识的行为,当指无意识的行为时,可与fall交换使用。drop为及物动词或不及物动词。如:The man fell/dropped from the top of the building.(两者都指无意识的行为。)Her hair falls to her shoulders.(指无意识的行为。)Many trees fell in the storm.(指无意识的行为。)One after another, all three of them fell asleep. fall作连系动词。)He dropped a letter into the post-box.(指有意识的行为。)The enemy plane dropped several bombs.(指有意识的行为。)
4、famous for, famous as
这两个形容词短语都表示“以……而出名”的意思。但在用法和含义上有异。
famous for 主要有三种用法:1.主语是表示人的名词或代词时,意为“以某种知识技能,作品或特征而出名”。2.主语为地点名词时,表示“以某种特产或特征出名”。3.主语为事物名词时,表示“以其内容,特征,价值等而被人所知”。如:He is famous for his skill in playing football.他因球艺而出名。The area is famous for its green tea.这个地区以产绿茶而著称。Guilin is famous for its beautiful scenery.桂林因美丽的风景而著称。This grammar book is famous for its practical usage.这部语法书以其实用而出名。
famous as 也有三种用法:1.当主语是表示人的名词或代词时,意指“以某种身份或职业而出名”。2.当主语为地点名词时,表示“作为什么产地或地方而出名”。3.当主语为事物名词时,表示“以某种形式而出名”。如:Mark Twin was famous as a children-story writer.马克.吐温作为儿童故事作家而著称。This area is famous as a green tea producing place.这个地区作为绿茶产地而著名。This book is famous as a reference book.这本书作为参考书而出名。
5、farther, further这两个词都是far的比较级形式。1.farther和further都可指具体的距离,即空间时间上的“较远”。如: Let's not go any farther/further.我们别再走了吧。 The service desk is at the farther/further end of the hall.咨询处在大厅稍往里的地方。2.further还可用于抽象的引申义,如时间,程度和数量等,表示“进一步,更进一层”,此时,不能与 farther换用。如: I may be able to give you some further information about it. 关于这个问题,我还可以给你一些 信息。 The problem will be further discussed at the class meeting. 这个问题在班会上还将进一步讨论。
6、favourable, favoured, favourite
这三个形容词尽管词根相同,但在意义上有所差异。favourable主要有下列三种意思:1. 赞许 2.有利的 3.讨人喜欢的,良好的。例如:The teacher made a favourable report on the boy's work at school.教师报告说,该生在校成绩优良。It was a favourable time for our trip, since business was light.生意清淡,正是我们旅行的好时光。He made a favourable impression on his future colleagues.他给他未来的同事留下良好的印象。
favoured在表示“有利的(条件或地位等)”的意义时,一般可用favourable代替;有时favourite也有这一含义。此外,它还可表示“受优惠的,优惠的”意思。如:He has gained a favoured (or: favourable/favourite) position.他已取得了有利的地位。This country cannot have the treatment of the most-favoured-nation clause.这个国家不能享有最惠国条款上的待遇。
favourite作形容词时,主要表示“最受人喜欢的”意思。它还可用作名词,表示“最受人喜欢的人或物”。如: My favourite type of food is Chinese food.我最喜欢的食品是中国食品。Who is your favourite novelist 谁是你最喜欢的作家?He is a favourite writer.他是最受人喜欢的作家。This book is a great favourite of mine.这是我最喜欢的一本书。His last son, John, is his favourite.他的小儿子约翰是他最喜欢的。
7、far too, too far
1).修饰形容词和副词的too可以被far修饰,以示强调。far too即表示“实在太,过于”的意思。如: The coffee is far too hot.咖啡过于烫了。 He was at the airport far too early.他来飞机场太早了。
2).too far是“太远了,太过分”的意思。在词组结构里,副词too(过于,太)被用来修饰形容词或副词 far。如: It is too far to the music hall.离音乐厅太远了。 You've gone too far. 太过分了。
3).除far以外,too还可以被all, rather, much等修饰,表示“实在太”,或被a bit修饰,表示“有点儿”。如: The holidays were all too short.假期太短了。 You're going much too fast.你走得太快了。 This dress is a bit too small for me.这条裙子对我来说太小了点儿。
8、find, find out
find是及物动词,表示“找到,发现”的意思,其后可跟名词,复合结构或that从句。如:I have looked for him several hours, but I haven't found him yet.我找了他好几个小时,但还是没有找到。I found it necessary to learn French if you know English.我发现如果你懂英语的话,有必要学法语。
find out是一个短语动词,表示通过研究,观察或调查等一系列工作后“找出或发现”,其后一般跟名词,代词或从句。如:We soon found out that he was a secret agent.我们很快查明他是个特务。They have found out the truth.他们已经查明了真相。
9、fast, quick, rapid
这一组形容词表示“快的,迅速的”。
1).fast多指运动着的人或物体本身具有高速度的特点,或指一段时间内持续的快速运动。quick一般用于指迅速的,一瞬间的或短暂的动作与反应,侧重匆忙的含义,不强调速度。它另可指智力方面反应灵敏, 以下例句和短语中的fast和quick都不能相互替换: a fast runner, a fast train, a fast job, a quick turn, a quick answer, be quick about one's work。又如: The clock is five minutes fast.这只钟快了五分钟。 He was such a fast talker that nobody could understand him.他说话如此之快,以致于没有人能 听懂他的意思。 She is very quick at learning languages.她学语言很快。 He had a quick mind, and answered all the questions put to him by the reporter.他反应很快,回答了记者提出的所有问题。
2).rapid常与fast相互换用,但前者侧重动作本身,后者常指动作中的人或物体。rapid有急促的含义,它所指的动作可能是一个或一连串的。如:rapid progress, rapid pace, rapid practice。又如: The improvement in her health is rapid.她恢复得很快。 This school promised rapid results in the learning of languages.这所学校承诺在语言学习方面见效相当快。
3).这一组词的副词也有同样的区别。如: He speaks e here quickly! She ran rapidly up the stairs.
10、first, firstly, at first
first表示“第一,首先”的意思,可以用作形容词或副词。如:This is the first time that I've heard of it.这是我第一次听说。To answer this question, we must consider a few factors first.为了回答这个问题,我们必须首先考虑几个因素。
firstly只用于列举事实或论点,如:第一,第二,最后(firstly, secondly, lastly),此时,可与first, second, last互换使用。如:Firstly (or: First) brush your teeth, secondly (second) wash your face.你先刷牙,后洗脸。
at first表示“起初”的意思,它有at the beginning的含义,主要相对“后来”而言的。如:At first, he found English difficult.他起初觉得英语很难学。If at first you don't succeed, try, try, and try again.如果你第一次未成功,就应该多试几次。
11、fault, mistake
1).fault作“过失,缺点,毛病”解,指道德、性格和习惯上的弱点或行为上的过失,也指违反某一规定所造成的错误。如: He is still a good boy with all his faults.他尽管有这样那样的过错,但还是一个好孩子。 It was the boy's fault. He didn't obey the traffic rules.是那个孩子不好,是他没有遵守交通规则。
2).mistake作“错误,过失,误会”解,指因认识不足或判断失误而无意中犯下的错误。如: Since a lot of people make mistakes in life, I'll give you a change. 因为很多人在一生中都会犯错误,所以我会给你一个机会。 The mistake was made entirely through your fault.出了这个错完全是由于你的过失。
12、for a moment, for the moment, in a moment, at the moment
for a moment常与持续性动词连用,表示“一会儿,片刻”的意思。如:Please wait for a moment.请等一下。He read the paper for a moment and went out.他看了一会儿报纸,就出去了。
for the moment常用于现在时,意为“暂时,目前”。如:Stop discussing for the moment, please.请暂停讨论。Let's leave things as they are for the moment.让我们暂时维持现状吧。
in a moment常与终止性动词连用,一般用于将来时,表示“一会儿,立即,马上”等意义。如:I'll come back in a moment.我马上就回来。He'll meet you in a moment.他一会儿就见你。
at the moment用于现在时,表示“此刻”的意思;用于过去时,表示“那时”的意思。如:I'm busy at the moment.我此刻很忙。I was busy at the moment.我那时很忙。
13、festival, holiday, vacation
1).festival意为“节日”,指喜庆日和持续一段时间的文娱活动,如the Spring Festival(春节),the film festival(电影节),the TV festival(电视节)。
2).holiday为“假日,休息日”,主要指按风俗习惯或法律规定的纪念日及休息日。其复数形式可表示延续一段时间的“假期”,美式英语中则习惯用单数。如:a pleasant Roman holiday (愉快的罗马假日), the Christmas holidays (圣诞节假期),the school holiday (学校的假期)。
3).vacation为“假期”,指放下工作与学习的一段常时间的休息时间,常可用holidays替换。如 a paid vacation (带薪假期),the winter vacation/holidays (寒假),the summer vacation/holidays (暑假)。
14、free, freely
free用作副词时,主要表示下列两种意义:1.“自由地,随意地(in a free manner)” 2.“免费地”。如:Don't let the dog run free on the main road.不要让狗在公路上随意乱串。Babies are allowed to travel free on buses.婴儿乘公共汽车可以免费。
freely也可表示“自由地,随意地”的意思,可以与free互换。它还常用于以下四种含义:1. 自愿地,坦诚地;2. 活动和行为“没有阻力地”;3. 慷慨地,大方地;4. 大量地。如:I freely admit that what I said was wrong.我主动承认我所说的不对。You may speak quite freely in front of me. I shall not tell anyone what you say.在我面前,你可以坦诚地谈,我不会把你说的话告诉别人的。Oil the wheel, then it will turn more freely.给轮子上点油,那么它会转得更好。He gives freely to many organizations that help the poor.他对那些帮助穷人的组织慷慨援助。The wound was bleeding freely.伤口大量出血。
15、fine, good, well
这三个形容`词都表示“好”。
1).fine作“好”解时,程度胜过good。它可以指人的身体安好,还可用来指优秀,高尚,优美,文雅,令人满意,天气晴朗等。它另可表示纤弱,稀薄,细致,精致,单纯等。如fine weather (好天气), fine artist (优秀的艺术家),fine salt (精制盐),fine gold (纯金)。
2).good是一个意义极其广泛的词,几乎可用来指除“健康”以外的所有的“好”,如美好,美丽,良好, 愉快,高明,充分,完全,适当,正确,有效,亲切,有礼貌,精神好及质量好等。如:good days, good students, a good chance, a good book, good looks。
3).well用作形容词时,只能表示身体和情况的“良好”,即指身体正常或痊愈,情况顺利或处于令人满意的状态,不能用来指工作,学习与劳动等方面的“好”。它着重指一时的或某一段时间的状态。well在句中只能作表语,不能作定语。试比较: He looks good.他看来是个好人。 He looks well.他看来很健康。 I'm feeling very good.我感到情绪很好。 I'm feeling very well.我感到身体很好。又如:The patient didn't feel well after the operation.术后,病人没有感到身体有好转。I am not well.My head aches.我不太舒服,头很疼。Everything is well with us.我们一切都好。All is not well in that mountainous country.那个山村的情况不太好。J
1、job, labour, work这一组名词都表示“工作”。
job指具体的“工作,职业”,特别是指有报酬的工作。它是可数名词。如:He has a good job in a bank.他在银行有一份很好的工作。They were paid according to the number of jobs they completed.他们是按劳计酬的。
labour指艰苦的劳动,尤指繁重的体力劳动。当用来指脑力劳动时,强调绞尽脑汁的艰辛。它可作可数名词及不可数名词。如:physical labour(体力劳动), mental labour(脑力劳动),hard labour(苦役),the fruit of one's labours (劳动果实)。
work是含义极广的常用词,它可指任何一种工作,包括体力和脑力劳动。作“工作”解的work是不可数名词,没有复数形式。当作可数名词时,work指“(文学艺术)作品,著作”等;works则指“工厂”,单复数为同一种形式。如:That is not easy work.那不是一件容易的工作。What a great work of art!多好的一件艺术作品呀。His complete works have been reprinted.他的著作全集已经被发表了。It takes a lot of work to build an iron works.要建造一家制铁厂需要花许多工夫。
2、join, join in, take part in这一组词都有“参加”的意思。
join多指加入组织,团体,党派等,有作为其中的一个成员的含义。join后也可接人,表示和某人一起参加某活动。如:It's two years since he joined the club.他参加这个俱乐部已两年了。He joined the army in 1945 and joined the Communist Party next year. 他于一九四五年参军,并在第二年入党。Will you join us 跟我们一起来,好吗?
join in指参加某项游戏,活动,讨论等,in为介词或副词。此短语常用于join sb. in...结构,in后可接名词或动名词,介词in短语有时可以省去。如:Do join us (in the game).跟我们一起做游戏吧。They joined me in congratulating you.他们与我一道向你表示祝贺。Let's join in and give them a warm welcome.让我们也一起给他们以热烈的欢迎。The whole crowd joined in singing the popular song.整个人群都唱起了这首流行歌曲。
take part in多指参加和参与群众性的活动、运动、会议及战争等,含有以主人翁的态度加入其中并发挥一定作用的意思。如:The Union took an active part in the strike.工会在这次罢工中发挥了积极的作用。They took a leading part in the efforts to strengthen the national defense. 他们在加强国防力量方面出了很大力。He took part in the students' movement in the early forties. 在四十年代初,他参加了学生运动。The Swiss didn't take part in the two World Wars. 瑞典没有参加两次世界大战。
3、journey, tour, trip, travel这一组词都表示“旅行”。
journey一般指在陆地上进行的长途旅行,常表示所花的时间及所走的路程都相当长,而且有最终不一定要回到原出发地的含义,常蕴涵辛苦的意味。有时它也被用来指海上与空中的旅行。如:He decided to make the journey to Dunhuang, and it was rather difficult. 他决定去敦煌旅游,但旅途会很艰难。Life is a long journey from birth to death. 从出生到死亡,人生是一个漫长的旅程。
tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,距离可长可短,常用来指观光与商业旅行等。如:She made a tour of Korea.她去韩国旅行了一次。He has gone on a walking tour.他去参加了步行旅游。
trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如因公出差及游览度假等,它可指海陆空的旅行,并往往暗示会回到原出发地。在比较通俗的用法中,常可代替journey表示长途旅行。如:I am going to make a trip to Hangzhou.我准备去杭州旅游。He took several trips to Shanghai in 1997.在一九九七年,他去了几次上海。
travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤指到国外的旅行,它无定向的目的地,有到各地游历的意味。它表示具体的旅行时常用复数形式。作不可数名词时,常被用来泛指旅行这一行为。如:Did you go to Santiago during your travels 这次旅行你去了圣地亚哥了没有?Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.在茂密的森林中穿梭是很危险的。U
1、under control, under the control of, in control (of)
under control意指"在控制下,被控制住",是一表示被动意义的介词短语,通常用作连系动词be的表语。如果表示"在某人的控制下",亦可用under one's control来表示。under control现在常常引申为"情况正常,状况良好"的意义。例如:The fire which threatened part of the business district this morning is now firmly under control.今早危及部分商业区的这场大火,现在已被控制住了。I noticed that his legs are not well under control.我发现他的两条腿不听使唤。My oldest son is no longer under my control.我的大儿子已不服我的管教了。You can go right back to sleep now, everything's under control.你可以回去睡觉了,一切均已恢复正常。
under the control of亦可解作in the control of,其后通常须接人或部门等名词,表示"受……控制,受……管辖"的被动意义,它一般用作表语或补语。例如:The university is under the direct control of Ministry of Education.这所大学直属教育部门管理。He was in the control of evil men who forced him to do wicked things.他受了坏人的控制,他们强迫他干坏事。 根据具体语境的不同,
in control既可表示"控制,管理(别人)"的主动含义,亦可表示"受控制"的被动含义。如果表明被控制的对象,其后须接of短语。例如:Mr. Zhang will be in control when I am out.我外出时由张先生负责。But the next moment he had himself in control.但是他马上就控制了自己。They were in control of the southern side of the mountain.他们控制着南山坡。
2、under one's arm, in one's arms
这两个介词短语中的arm是指"胳臂",而不是"武器"的意义。注意不得任意改变两个短语中arm和arms的单复数形式。
under one's arm意为"在某人腋下的"。例如:The man who is carrying a parcel under his arm is my elder brother.(腋下)挟着一只包裹的那个人是我哥哥。He keeps the dictionary under his arm. 他把词典挟在腋下。
in one's arms意指"(小孩或东西)被搂在怀里"。例如:The woman who is coming here has a child in her arms.往这儿来的那位妇女抱着一个孩子。He has the big dictionaries in his arms on his way to the room.在去寝室的途中他怀里抱着几本大词典。
3、under repair, in repair
这两个介词短语一般都作表语,补语或后置定语。
under repair属于表示进行意义的介词短语,有被动的含义,等于being repaired(在修理中)。例如:The department store is now under repair (= is now being repaired) and it will be reopened on May Day.百货公司正在修缮,将于五一节重新开业。The machine is under repair.那台机器正在修理。
in repair表示某物处在一种"维修良好"的状态之中,常用in good repair,其反义语为in bad repair或out of repair(失修)。例如:They always keep the road in repair.他们总是把公路保养得很好。The pagoda that was built four hundred years ago, is still in (good) repair.那座四百年前建造的塔现在还完好无损。
4、under the sun, in the sun
under the sun亦可解作beneath the sun。它是个习语,决不可译作"在太阳下"。它有两个意思和用法:1.表示地点,意为"在世界上,任何地方";2.用于加强语气,常放在疑问词之后,意为"到底,究竟",等于on the earth。例如:The President's assassination shocked everyone under the sun.总统遇刺,全世界都为之震惊。In his opinion, California has the best climate under the sun.依他看来,世界上要数加利福尼亚的气候最好。What under the sun did he do it for 他做那件事到底是为了什么?
in the sun是"在太阳光下"的意思,指某人或某物处在太阳光的照耀下或之中,因此,它可引申为"晒太阳",还可转义为"显要的,有利的"的意思,因为太阳光耀眼夺目并有益于人类。例如:His character is as fickle as the icicle in the sun.他的性格就象阳光下的水柱一样说变就变。Don't read in the sun.不要在阳光下看书。The cat likes to sit in the sun.猫爱晒太阳。The new generation of writers has achieved a place in the sun.新一代的作家已经功成名就。
5、up and down, ups and downs
up and down是副词词组(如果其后接有名词,则为介词词组),只有作状语,意为"上上下下地,前前后后地,来回地,到处"。它还可引申为"彻底地,完全地,坦率地"的意义。例如:The float bobbed up and down on the river. 筏子在江面载浮载沉。He thrust his hands into his pockets and walked up and down the office with measured steps.他把双手插在口袋里,迈着方步在办公室里踱来踱去。Where have you been I have looked for you up and down for nearly half an hour.你刚才到哪里去了?我到处找你差不多有半个钟头了。Here is his hometown which he knows up and down.这儿是他十分熟悉的家乡。
ups and downs是名词词组,可用作主语和宾语,其前可加限定词my, your, the, this等。它的本意是指"高低,起伏"的意思,但它常用作喻意,表示"盛衰,成败,苦乐,好坏"等意思。例如:Life is full of ups and downs.人生充满苦和乐。The family suffers those ups and downs to which the great houses of Scotland have been ever liable.这个家庭遭遇的兴衰,是苏格兰许多大家族难以避免的。The fluctuations of market prices, their deviations from values, their ups and downs paralyze and compensate each other.市场价格的上下波动,市场价格的背离价值,市场价格的涨落都是相互抵消和互相补偿的。
6、useful for, useful to
这是两个形容词词组,通常用作动词be或become的表语或后置定语,都表示"对...有用的"的意思,但在用法上有所区别。
useful for中的for表示目的或用途,其后通常接动名词或事物名词。例如:These books are useful for writing.这些书对写作很有用。Those old dusters will become useful for polishing the car. 那些旧掸子来掸汽车上的灰倒挺合用的。
useful to中的to表示对象,其后接表示人的名词或代词。useful for 有时也可接人的名词表示对象,这时两者可以换用。例如:Your suggestions have been most useful to us.你的建议对我们极有用处。This grammar book is particularly useful for foreign students.这本语法书对外国学生尤为有用。
7、up, down
up和down既是介词,又是副词,它们除了可分别表示"向上"和"向下"外,还有其他的意义。
1). up和down都可表示"沿着",相当于along;或表示"在远端",相当于at the far end of。例如:They are walking up/ down the street hand in hand.他们手牵手沿着街漫步。 Can you see the post office up/ down the road 你能不能看到这条路末端的邮电局?
2). up还常用来表示向高处,向重要的地方,向北方,向城市,向安静的住宅区及大学等。down则常用来表示向低处,向次要的地方,向南方,向乡村,向热闹的商业区及离开大学等。例如:He is flying up to Beijing from Nanchang.(指向重要的地方。)They went down to the countryside.(指向乡村。)I wouldn't consider going up north this summer.(指向北方。)She went down town to do some shopping.(指向商业区。)My son will go up to the university next year.(指向大学。)P
1、part of, a part of
这两个词组后可接单,复数名词或不可数名词,名词前要有the, these, your等限定词;亦可跟代词宾格。它们都表示“部分”的意思,但在词意范围上有所不同。
part of意为其中“一部分”,可能是整体的一半,一半以上或一半以下。例如:He is a philatelist; part of his collection is rare sets of postage stamps of the Qing Dynasty.他是一位集邮家。他藏品的一部分是罕见的套头的大清国邮票。The Chinese revolution is part of the world's proletarian revolution. 中国革命是世界无产阶级革命的一部分。
a part of意为其中的“一小部分”,仅指整体的一半以下,这时可用part of代替。例如:(A) Part of the textbooks have arrived.(一小)部分教科书已经到了。I read only (a) part of the story.这篇小说我仅仅看了(一小)部分。
2、permit, allow
这两个词都是“许可,允许”之意,用法正式;而且都表示有能力或权威去阻止的含义。
permit意为“准许,允许”,比前者更为正式,严肃,指有权允许的一方积极、明确地从正面允许或持肯定态度。例如:We do permit our employees to gather in the hobby and sing carols on Christmas Eve. 我们确实准许雇员们于圣诞前夜在大厅里集合唱圣诞颂歌。You are indeed not sensible enough to allow your teenage son to stay out until midnight and even permit him to use the family car. 听任你十几岁的儿子在外逗留直至午夜甚至还准许他使用家里的汽车,你这样做实在是太不明智了。The distance between the two cities was in those days too great to permit of frequent contact.这两个城市的距离太远,在那时不可能有频繁的接触。In the wall of the cabin there is a hole to permit light to enter. 小屋的墙壁上有一个小洞,光线可以射进来。
allow意为“许可,准许”,其实表达的意思是并不反对,不加阻止或客观条件的可行性,偏重“听任”,意义较消极。可用于复合结构,即allow sb./sth. to do sth.。常用词组:allow for考虑到具体情况;allow of (no delay/ no dispute)许可,承认(刻不容缓,没有争论余地)。例如:His weakened condition would not allow of his being questioned by the police.他身体虚弱,受不了警方的质询。The nurse allowed the visitors to remain beyond the hospital visiting hours, though it was not permitted.尽管医院并不允许,但这位护士还是默许探视者们过了探视时间依然留在医院。I want to get a good business or profession which allows me to get away when I want to.我想找一份我想离开时就能允许我离开的行当或职业。Being the principal of a high school, Jane's position allowed of no unseemly behavior in public.作为一座高等学府的校长,简的职位不允许她在公共场合有任何不得体的举止。
3、personal, private, individual
这一组词都可译作“个人的”。 personal意为“个人的,私人的,亲自的”,着重强调属于或涉及本人,而非他人所能代表或代替的事物。例如: According to etiquette in western countries, it's good manners to avoid making personal remarks.按照西方礼仪,避免发表涉及个人的评论是礼貌的。I have something personal to discuss with you because it's related to either my own or your intimate interests.我有点私事和你商量,因为它有关你我的切身利益。What is special about the meeting is that the prime minister will make a personal appearance.此次会议与众不同之处在于首相亲自出席。Susan wondered if she could ask Anna a personal question such as the marital status.苏珊在想她能否问安娜一个诸如婚姻状况一类的私人问题。
private意为“个人的,私有的”,表示与公共的或公有的相反,也含有明确的隐私,不愿或不应公之于众的意思。例如:He has asked the secretary of the state to apply to the president for a private interview.他已要国务卿向总统提出申请,要求秘密会见。In the United States, the rich tend to send their children to private schools regardless of their expensive tuition.在美国富人们愿意让孩子上私立学校,不论其费用有多昂贵。This file is highly confidential because it contains all the private information concerning the election.这份文件高度机密,因为它包含了与选举有关的所有个人材料。
individual意为“个体的,个人的”,区别于集体,整体或普通,明确指某类单一的,个别的人物,常用作定语。例如:She was determined to do good, not to any individual person but to a country.他决心为国家而不是为任何个人做好事。Some people claim that the individual rights are more important than the public interests as a whole.有些人声称个人利益比公众利益更重要。What I admire most is that my sister has an individual style of arranging her hair.我最羡慕姐姐的是她梳的发型很有个性。
4、passed, past
passed是动词pass的过去式和过去分词,当它用作分词,修饰某个名词时,有强调该名词的意味。例如:On our way home we passed through a picturesque village.在回家的路上,我们经过了一个风景如画的村子。I consider that the days passed in this way are memorable.我认为以这种方式度过的日子是值得纪念的。
past不能用作动词,但可以用作介词,副词,名词和形容词。作形容词时,既可放在所修饰名词的前面作定语,也可用作连系动词be的表语。例如:In the past, only men had a vote.过去只有男子才有选举权。He dashed forward, paying no attention to the bullets that whizzed past him.他冲向前去,不顾耳边飞过的枪弹。During the past few days, many visitors have flocked into the town.在过去的几天当中,许多参观者涌入城里。Those times are past.那样的时代过去了。注意:当past作形容词,其前面有定冠词时,past放在所修饰的名词之前;没有定冠词时,past放在所饰的名词之后。试比较下面的短语:for the past few months 过去的几个月during the past week 过去的一周期间for some time past过去的一段时间in times past 在过去的年代里
5、play, play with
play是一个多义动词。在表示“玩”的意思时,既可作不及物动词(主语一般是儿童);也可作及物动词,这时,后面通常跟乐器名词(有冠词),球类名词或者棋,牌等。例如:The children are playing on the ground.孩子们在操场上玩。She played the piano quite beautifully.她钢琴弹得棒极了。Sometimes they played bridge together.有时他们在一起打桥牌。
play with也可表示“玩”的意思。一般用于小孩和动物,指一种不自觉的“玩耍;开玩笑“的意思。用于前者时,后接具体的东西;用于后者时,后接表示人的名词。例如:The little girl is playing with her toy bus. 小姑娘在玩她的玩具汽车。It was mean of him to play with her affections.他玩弄她地感情是卑鄙的。Don't play with him, he is in a bad humor.别和他开玩笑;他情绪不好。注意:play with后接人的名词时,有时容易产生歧义。请比较下面一句的意义:They are playing with each other.他们在相互玩弄。/ 他们在相互开玩笑。/ 他们相互在一起玩。
6、prepare, prepare for, prepared for
prepare和另两个词组都是“准备”的意思,但含义和用法有别。prepare用作及物动词,后接名词时,表示“准备;调制,配置”的意思,它亦可接带to的动词不定式(表示“准备干某事”)或接不定式复合结构(表示“为某人做某事作准备)。例如:I can't see you tonight, I shall be preparing my lessons.我今晚不能见你,我要预备功课呢。After the discussion they prepared to write an article to air their views.经过讨论,他们准备写一篇文章来提出自己的看法。The nurse is preparing the child to go to hospital.保姆正在为孩子住院作准备。
prepare for和prepared for后均接名词或代词,都含有“为将来即要发生的某一行动或某种情况作准备”的意味。两者一般可以互换,不同的是prepare for是个动介型短语动词,作及物动词用,动作意味很强,可直接用作谓语;prepared for中的prepared是一个形容词,须借助动词be作表语,表示状态。例如:We were given two days to prepare for the examination.我们可以有两天的时间来准备考试。They were prepared for the worst.他们已准备好应付最坏的情况。注意:prepare for可分开来写,即prepare...for, 这时prepare是及物动词。当prepare后接表示物的名词时,prepare...for通常表示“为(某人)准备(什么)”。当prepare后接人的名词,介词for后接事物等名词时,它通常表示“培养或指导(某人)准备(什么)”。例如:We must prepare a room for our guest.我们必须为客人准备一个房间。They are preparing their child for college.他们培养孩子准备上大学。
7、price, cost, expense
这组词都指“价钱,花费”。price意为“价格,定价,价钱”,主要指卖主给商品定的价格,一般都高于成本(cost),也可引为做某事而付出的“代价”。例如:Labor was the first price, the original purchase money that was paid for all things.劳动是最初的价格,是人们购买一切东西所支付的最初货币。What a price she paid for saving the factory from the fire!为了使工厂不至于被火烧掉,她付出了什么样的代价啊!
cost意为“成本,费用,价钱”,多指对要价的支付,也指产品本身的成本,即设计,生产,运输付出的所有劳动及原材料的价值总和。引申为“代价”,即付出的牺牲。常用词组:at the cost of 以...为代价;at all costs (any cost)不惜一切代价。例如:We have paid a very high cost but we have also made very great achievement.我们付出了很高的代价,但也取得了巨大的成就。He rescued the boy from drowning at the cost of his own life.他救了这孩子,使其免于被淹死,却牺牲了自己的生命。
expense意为“费用,花费,开支”,常指为某物实际支付的金额总数,也可指各种花费,尤指金钱,也可包括时间,精力等。例如:They built a runway in a shorter time and at less expense than originally planned.他们修筑了一条跑道,所用的时间比原计划短,花的钱也少些。The board of the directors decided to cut down expenses by combining the three offices into one.董事会决定把三个办公室合并成一个,以节省开支。In order to meet the expenses for her studies, Kessy had to do extra work at night.为了支付学习费用,凯西只好晚上去加班工作。
8、pretty, fairly, rather
这组词都有“相当地”之意。pretty意为“相当,非常”,是个非正式的用法,表示程度相当高。常用短语有:pretty well, pretty soon, pretty certain。例如:People in the city can hardly imagine what a pretty rough life the countrymen live.生活在城里的人难以想象农村人的生活有多苦。We can safely draw a conclusion from her facial expression that she is pretty satisfied with the election result.从她面部表情我们可以有把握地得出这样的结论:她对选举结果相当满意。
fairly意为“相当,还算”,语气最弱,表示适度、尚可,不能与too及形容词,副词的比较级连用。还可以讲作“公正地,明白地”之意。常用短语:be fairly beside oneself几乎疯了;fairly and squarely光明正大地。例如:The children were fairly beside themselves with joy as they caught sight of their parents. 孩子们见到父母简直欣喜若狂。In our school most of the teachers were fairly young except for a few older teachers.除了几位老教师外,在我校大多数是很年轻的教师。
rather意为“相当,颇”,用来含蓄地表达某种想法,以避免直截了当的表达方式,但其所表示的程度实际上却颇高。rather通常修饰表示否定的词或本身为否定的意义,而fairly则修饰即表示肯定意义的词或本身为肯定的意义。常用短语:rather too...稍微太...一点;rather than:与其...不would rather...than宁愿。例如:I have got a fairly good memory for names, but I'm rather bad on dates.我记名字记得相当牢,可是记日期却不行。Before then, air pollution may have become an international, rather than national problem.在那以前,空气污染与其说是国家问题,倒不如说是一个国际问题。W
1、work on, work at
这两个短语动词都可以用作及物动词,均可表示“从事于,致力于”的意思,其后须跟名词,代词或者动名词作宾语,一般情况下可以互换,例如:They have been working on a design for a lighter plough.他们一直在设计一种比较轻的犁。They are working on a report of their investigation of synthetic rubber.他们在写一份合成橡胶的调查报告。He is working on a new novel.他正在写一本新的小说。They have worked on this subject for many years.他们研究这门学科已经有好多年了。She is working at some exercises.她在做练习题。They worked at it whenever regular field tasks are not pressing.日常的农活不紧迫时,他们就干这个。
work on除表示“从事于”的意思外,常见的意思还有“继续工作”。这时,on是副词,其后不能跟宾语。例如:They'll work on until sunset.他们将继续工作,直到日落。
2、worth, worthy to, worthy of, worthwhile
worth是“值得”的意思,一般看作介词(也有人认为是形容词),后面通常接(金额,时间,精力之类的)的名词或动名词。接动名词时,要用主动形式,表示的却是被动的意义。有时为了强调,worth前还可以用适当的副词修饰。例如:What is worth doing at all is worth doing well.凡是值得做的,就值得好好去做。This precision instrument is worth 10,000 yuan.这台精密仪器值一万元。The research work is worth our while.我们在这项研究工作上花了精力是值得的。
worthy to和worthy of除表示“值得的”的意义外,还有“配得上,相称的”等意思。前者后通常接被动不定式,间或接主动不定式。后者后通常接名词(但不能接有关钞票数目的名词)或动名词的被动形式,有时也接动名词主动形式。例如:It is a thing worthy to be seen.这件东西值得一看。Nothing occurred worthy of being mentioned.没有发生什么值得一提的事。She is worthy of this necklace.她是配得上这条项链的。
worthwhile是形容词,可用作表语,其主语可以是名词,代词,动名词或不定式;它亦可用作定语。此外,worthwhile还可以分开,在while前加物主代词。例如:It is worthwhile visiting Hangzhou.杭州值得一游。This is a worthwhile experiment.这是一项值得进行的实验。It is worth our while to read the book.我们读这本书是值得的。
3、war, battle, fight
war“战争”解,每个war之中可以包含许多次的battle。battle作“战役”解,指在war进行之中的各次战役及大的战斗。fight作“作战,战斗”解,一个battle之中可以包含多次的fight,尤指短兵相接的肉搏战。这一组词不但可表示具体的战争和战斗,亦可用于抽象意义。例如:Russia was beaten in the war with Japan.在与日本的战争中,俄国被打败了。He led the battle against poverty and disease.他领导着这一场与贫困和疾病斗争的战役。There had been two or three sea fights between the two countries.这两个国家已有过两三次海战了。
4、what ever, whatever
what ever指“到底(是)什么,究竟(是)什么”,用于疑问句中,其中的ever被用来加强语气,表示惊奇,愤怒等感彩。例如:What ever do you think you're doing 你究竟在干什么?What ever do you mean 你到底是什么意思?
whatever指“无论什么,任何的”,常用来引导名词性从句及状语从句,在引导名词从句时相当于anything that,引导状语从句时相当于no matter what。例如:Whatever you say is wrong.不管你说什么总是错的。Whatever problem you have, you can always come to me for help.无论你有什么问题,都可以找我帮忙。
5、would rather, prefer
这两者均可表示“宁愿,更喜欢”。
would rather是一个情态词组,后接省去to的不定式,表示某个具体的特定行为。prefer是一个实义动词,后接带to的不定式,也表示一个具体的特定行为。例如:He would rather join you in the research work.他宁愿加入到你的研究工作中来。Which would you rather have, bread or rice 面包和米饭,你更喜欢哪一个?We prefer to living this way.我们更喜欢这种生活方式。He preferred to go on a picnic with the girls.他更喜欢和女孩们去野餐。
两者接不定式时,可分别与than和rather than搭配,表示“宁愿...而不愿”,would rather...than与prefer...rather than的后半部分均接省去to的不定式。例如:He would rather work than play.他宁愿工作也不愿玩。He would rather be poor than get money in such a dishonest way.他宁愿受穷也不愿以这样一种不诚实的方法弄到钱。They preferred to die of hunger rather than take his bread.他们宁愿饿死也不愿接受他的面包。She prefers to be trouble rather than be taken care of by her parents.她宁愿有麻烦也不愿让父母照顾她。
prefer后能接名词或动名词作宾语,用动名词时,表示一个习惯性的动作。它也可与介词to搭配,表示“喜欢...而不喜欢。would rather则不能接名词及动名词。例如:Do you prefer coffee or tea 你喜欢咖啡还是茶?She prefers being alone.她喜欢一个人呆着。I prefer orange to red.相比于红色,我更喜欢橙色。He prefers reading novels to watching TV.相比于看电视,他更喜欢看小说。
prefer可跟带不定式的复合结构,而would rather则没有这种用法。例如:I prefer you not to come.我宁愿你不要来。I should prefer you not to stay there too long.我宁愿你别在那儿待得太久。
would rather和prefer后都可接从句,从句中要用虚拟语气:在would rather后的从句里,要用过去时态表示现在和将来,用过去完成时态表示过去;在prefer后的从句里,则用should加动词原形的形式,should 也可以省去。例如:I would rather you came next month.我宁愿你下个月来。We'd rather you hadn't done that.我们宁愿你没做过那件事。I prefer that the plan be fully discussed before it is carried out.我更希望这个计划在实施之前先对其进行充分的讨论。He preferred that we do it some other way.他更希望我们换一种方式做这件事。B
1、base与basis
这两个词在作名词时可表示"基础;基地",但其意义是不同的。base用来指某物体的具体"基础"或底部的"支柱"。
例如:We camped at the base of the mountain.我们在山脚下扎营。
Our company's base is in New York , but we have extended many branches all around the world.我们公司的总部设在纽约,但是分公司遍及全世界。
而basis则用来表示抽象意义上的"基础",常用于比喻句。
What's the basis of your opinion 你的意见的根据是什么?
We are willing to develop economic relations with all countries on the basis of mutual benefits.我们愿意在互利互惠的原则下同各国发展经济关系。
2、be about to这个短语与"be to do","be going to do"两个短语都可用来表示"将要做某事,但含义和用法有所不同。be about to 从时间上来讲,等于be just going to do,意思是"即将,马上就要去做"。因此,在由这个短语构成的句子中,一般不可再加上表示时间的状语(如at once, next)
例如:I am about to leave for Shanghai.我将要去上海。
be to do主要表示安排或计划要在将来做的事情,它还可以表示命令等语气,相当于should, must 等。它可以同将来的时间状语连用。
例如:The US President Bill Clinton is to visit Japan next week.美国总统比尔 克林顿将于下周访日。The letter is to be handed to him in person.这封信必须面交他本人。
be going to do 一般可以和be to do 换用,它在通常情况下表示计划,安排或准备去做某事的意向,但并不一定马上去做。它一般都与时间状语连用;此外,它还可以用来表示某种推断或可能性。
例如:What are you going to do for your holiday 假期有什么打算吗?It's going to rain soon, look at those black clouds.看那些乌云,快要下雨了。
3、beat; hit; strike这三个词都有"打;击;敲"的意思,但仔细分辩,还是有其各自的用法。beat 表示"连续不断地打击";尤其指心脏的跳动。hit表示"撞击"(尤指一次性的)或命中(目标)。而strike除了与hit同义外,还可以理解为划(火柴);给人深刻印象等。
例如:The man looked dead but his heart was still beating.这个人看上去已经死了,可心脏还在跳动。He hit the ball so hard that it went over the wall.他使劲地击球,结果球越过了墙。
She struck (or: hit) him hard on the head with a vase.她用一只花瓶使劲地往他头上一敲。
He went in, struck a match and lit a candle to give light. 他进屋,划了根火柴并点燃了蜡烛照亮了房间。The foreigner was deeply stricken by the beauty of the West Lake.外宾对西湖之美印象极深。
4、before long; long before这两个词组只是在顺序上有所颠倒,其含义却完全不同。before long = soon ,表示"不久以后"。
例如:I hope you will be back before long.我希望你不久就回来。
而long before = long time ago很久以前,
例如:I saw that American film long before.我很久以前就看过那部美国电影了。
有时long before后面可以跟一个句子,这时候before是连词,引出一句时间状语,表示"在…… 前很久"的意思。
例如:He had been a party member long before he came to our school.他到我们学校来之前早就是一个党员了。
5、begin这个词看来再普遍不过了,但它用于某些词组时,其意思就会有所不同,让我们看一下:
1.begin by 作"先(做某事)"解。
例如: I must begin by telling you about the factory itself. 我先给你们谈一谈工厂本身。
2.begin with它的意思是以…开始。
例如:Knowledge begins with practice.知识从实践开始。
3.to begin with
1). 首先We can't go. To begin with, it's too cold. Besides, we've no money.我们不能去。首先天太冷。此外,我们没有钱。
2). 开始时To begin with, they had little support but later on people began to trust them.开始时支持他们的人很少,但后来人们开始信任他们了。
6、believe与believe in。 believe作及物动词时,其后可跟名词,表示相信的意思;后接从句时表示认为。
例如:I don't believe his story.我不相信他所说的。I believe he told us the truth.我认为他告诉我们的是真的。
而believe in是一个动介型短语动词,这时believe是不及物动词,一起表示信任即trust" 的意思。
例如:She doesn't believe in God.她不信奉上帝。
They believe in astrology and let it rule their lives completely.他们相信占星术并且由它来绝对支配他们的生活。
believe与believe in的后面均可接人的名词或代词,但其意义不同。试比较:I believe in him. (= I trust him.) 我信任他。I believe him. (= I believe what he says.)我相信他的话。
7、beside与besides这两个词都是介词,且只相差一个字母,但意义却相差甚远。beside的意思是在……旁边 和与……比较起来。
例如:May I sit beside you 我可以坐在你的旁边吗?
This year's profits don't look very good beside last year's results.与去年相比,今年的利润看来不太好。
besides的意思是除……之外(还),相当于 "in addition to"。
例如:There were three other people at the meeting besides Mr. Smith.与会的除了史密斯先生外,还有三人。
注:besides还可作副词用,解释为此外,而且。
例如:I don't feel like dancing tonight. Besides, I will have an exam tomorrow.我今晚不想跳舞,再说我明天还要测验呢。
8、blow up与blow out。blow up一词的含义颇多,可归纳为:
1. 炸毁The soldiers blew up the bridge with dynamite.士兵们用炸药把桥炸毁了。
2. 发脾气,责骂 When we arrived a little late, our boss blew us up.我们晚到了一会儿,老板就骂了我们一顿。
Mary was two hours late home from the party and his father really blew her up.玛丽聚会后回到家里比她答应的时间晚了两小时就遭到她父亲的一顿骂。
3. 打气 Be sure to blow up the type before you drive off.开车之前,一定要把轮胎打足气。
而blow out则表示吹灭。
She blew out the candle on her birthday cake.她吹灭了生日蛋糕上的蜡烛。
Blow out the lamp, please.请吹灭灯。
9、break into与break in这两个词组长得很像,有人甚至认为它们完全可以互换,其实则不然。 "break into"表示破门而入,闯入。
例如:A house was broken into between midnight and 5am.在午夜到早上5点这段时间,有人闯入一家房子。
The robbers broke into his home and robbed him of many possessions.强盗们闯进他的家中,抢走了许多财物。
但它还有一个意思,就是突然开始……",即to suddenly start to do sth."。
例如:The audience broke into cheers as the band came on stage.当这支乐队一出场,观众就报以热烈的掌声。
而 "break in"的另外一个意思是打断(话);插嘴。
例如:Don't break in when he is telling the story.他讲故事的时候,别打断他
There's no doubt about it," he broke in."那是毫无疑问的,他插嘴说。
Excuse me for breaking in on your conversation.请原谅我打断了你们的谈话。
10、burn out与burn up这两个词组都是动副型动词,在表示烧光,烧尽时,可通用。
例如:The big fire burned out (up) two tall buildings.这场大火把两座高楼烧掉了。
burn out主要指灯泡,设备等烧坏;它还可以表示放火将……赶出。
例如:Any electric light bulb will eventually burn out.任何灯炮最后总会烧坏。
I turn on a switch but the light had burnt out.我打开电源,但电灯已经烧坏了。
Hundreds of families have been burnt out of their homes.有人放火使数百人无家可归。
11、but do与but to do这两个词组都可表示除了做……之外的意思,相当于except do与except to do。它们属于 "but不定式结构,即but是介词,后接带to的不定式和不带to的不定式。比如在but前面的句子中出现了实义动词do, but后一般接不带to的不定式。反之则用but to do的形式。
例如:He could do nothing but wait.他除了等,别无它法。
He had no choice but to kill himself.他除了自杀外,别无其它选择。
12、by heart与at heart这两个词组在句中均作状语,在意义上却有所不同。by heart 指靠记忆(by memory),常与动词get, learn, know等连用。
例如:The students have learned many new words by heart.学生们已背熟很多新单词了。
He has made the speech so many times that he knows every word of it by heart.这篇演讲他讲过好多次了,因此,他能把里面的每句话记得清清楚楚。
at heart有两种意义:一是在本质上;二是在内心深处;关心的。
例如:His manners are rough, but he is a kind man at heart.他态度粗鲁,但在本质上是个善良的人。When I say "Don't eat sweets", I have your health at heart.当我说你不要吃甜食时,我是在关心你的健康。
He has the welfare of the poor people at heart.他把贫苦人民的福利放在心里。
13、by turns与in turn。by turns表示轮流地,交替地的意思,相当于alternately, 多用来强调某一时期反复发生的动作,
例如:We clean the classroom by turns.我们轮流打扫教室。
She went hot and cold by turns.她一阵发热一阵发冷。
in turn有两种意义:一是依次地;轮流地,含有one after another和in proper order的意义;二是转而,反过来。
例如:They spoke at the meeting in turn.他们依次在会上发了言。
Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.理论以实践为基础,反过来又为实践服务。
14、by chance与by any chance。by chance表示偶然地,意外地,碰巧的意思,相当于by accident,在句中作状语。
例如:I had no idea he was there. I met him by chance.我不知道他会在那儿,我是偶然碰见他的。
The news came to my ears by chance.我是偶然听到这个消息的。
by any chance表示万一;也许的意思时,在句子中作插入语,它一般用于否定句或疑问句中。
例如:If, by any chance, he failed to come, we'll ask John to work the machine.万一他不来,我们就叫约翰开机器。
Have you by any chance a map of Shanghai 你也许有上海的地图吧?
15、but for与but that。but for表示要不是的意思,相当于if it were not for, if it had not been for。它常用于虚拟语气。for 是介词,其后只能接名词(词组)。
例如:But for your help and guidance, I should fail.要不是你的帮助与指导,我早就失败了。
but that 表示除……以外,除非等意思,相当于except that; 也可以表示要不是的意思。but that后接从句。例如:We ask nothing from you but that you should give a clear statement of the facts.我们什么也不要你的,就是要你把实情清楚地交代出来。
He would have helped us but that he was short of money at that time.要不是他当时没有钱,他就帮助我们了。
It will go hard but that we shall bring more land under cultivation.除非我们扩大耕地面积,否则事情就不好办。R
1、rather than, other than, would rather(...than)
rather than是连词,前后两端所连的词性是一致的,通常译为“而不是”或“与其说是……不如说是”,有时可用短语介词instead of替代。例如:He was engaged in writing a letter rather than(= instead of) reading the newspaper.他那时是在写信而不是看报纸。John ought to go rather than(= instead of) Jean.应该去的是约翰,而不是吉恩。These shoes are comfortable rather than pretty.这些鞋子谈不上漂亮,但穿起来倒很舒服。Evans is a historian rather than a writer.埃文斯与其说是个作家,不如说是个史学家。
other than有两种意思:一是用来表示否定意义,即“不同于(= different from),非(= not)";二是用来表示排除意义,即“除了”,相当于except。例如:The truth is quite other than what you think.事实真相和你们想的完全不一样。They are patriotic and support socialism, although many of them come from other than working class families.他们是爱国的,是拥护社会主义的,尽管他们当中有许多人并非出身于工人阶级家庭。She can hardly be other than grateful.她除了感激之外还能怎么样呢。He has visited every country in Asia other than Japan.除了日本之外,他访问了所有的亚洲国家。
would rather表示选择或主观上的愿望,其中的would亦可解作had。它表示“宁愿,宁可”的意思。如果要把取舍的双方都表达出来,则应该用would (or: had) rather … than,表示“宁愿……也不……”的意思。例如:My aunt invited me to the movies, but Isaid I had rather go on a picnic with thegirls.我的姑妈邀请我去看电影,可是我说我倒愿意跟女孩子们一起去野餐。I am sure they would (or: had) rather die than give up.我深信他们一定会宁死不屈。He would rather resign than take part in such a dishonest transaction.他宁愿辞职,也不愿参与那样不诚实的交易。
注意:would rather 后亦可接that从句,that通常省略,从句中用动词用过去时形式表示虚拟。 would rather...than的连词than后亦可接that从句。例如:I would (or: had) rather he came on Monday.我宁愿他星期一来。I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell one lie.我宁愿丢失一打樱桃树也不愿听你说一句谎话。
2、reach at, reach for
这两个词组都有“伸手去拿(取)”的意思,但涵义有所不同。
reach at的意思是“伸手企图去触摸或达到(try to touch or attain by reaching)"。例如:He reached at the flowers in my hand.他伸手想触摸我手中的花。She reached at the glass, but it had dropped.她想把那个玻璃杯子抓住,但还是掉下去了。
reach for没有“企图”的含义,它指一般意义上的“伸手去拿(取)某种具体的实物”。例如:The boy stood on tiptoe and reached for the map on the wall.男孩踮着脚,伸出手去拿墙上的地图。Then, reaching for a pencil, he wrote down his telephone number.然后,他伸手拿了支铅笔,写下了他的电话号码。
3、refer to, refer...to
refer to中的refer是不及物动词,与介词to一起构成及物动词词组。它主要有三种意思:1.查阅,参考书 2. 指...而言,适用于 3.提到,提及。例如:In this connection, please refer to our letter of May 6.关于这个问题,请参阅我们五月六日的来信。Here he was referring to two different world outlooks.这里他所说的是两种不同的宇宙观。The author referred to his teacher twice in his essay.作者在文章中两次提及他的老师。
refer … to 中的refer是及物动词,to为介词,它主要有两种意思:1.“把……提交给”,to后接组织,团体等名词 2.“把……归功于”,相当于owe … to。例如:The Local Court decided to refer the case to the High Court.地方法院决定把这案件提交高级法院处理。They referred their success to the correct leadership of the Party.他们把取得的成就归功于党的正确领导。
4、regret doing, regret to do
regret doing是指“做了某事而感到遗憾或后悔”的意思,即v-ing 的动作发生在regret的动作之前。有时v-ing用完成形式。例如:She regretted missing the train.她为没有赶上火车而感到懊恼。I regretted having left the work unfinished.我为没有完成这件工作而感到有些遗憾。
regret to do是指当时或现在“遗憾地做某事”。尽管regret在这儿是动词,但常译为副词的意思,相当于regretfully。例如:The comrade regretted to inform us that Xiao Lin had been severely injured.那位同志遗憾地通知我们,小林受了重伤。I regret to tell you that we cannot stay here any longer.我遗憾地告诉你,我们不能再在这儿多呆了。
5、reply, answer, respond
reply:“回答,答复”,正式用语,指以书面形式答复,也指用行动回击,在辩论中回敬。除了后面带直接引语和that引导的宾语从句外,一般只作不及物动词。常用作拟人化,常用词组:in reply to回答,答复。I answered your letter by sending a postcard last Sunday and havebeen waiting for time to reply to it.上周我寄了一张明信片来回复你的信,此后一直等时间复信。Do you intend to reply to this attack on your character 对这种对你品行的攻击你打算回敬吗?
answer:“回答,答复”,普通用词,常指口头回答问题,答复争论或指责,或要求给予辩护,inanswer to回答,响应。Usually you use words to answer a question but not always. You might answer by shaking your head or shrugging your shoulder.通常你用言语回答问题,但并不是总这样,你可以摇头或耸肩以示回答。These figures were given in answer to the question from the opposition spokesman.列举这些数字是为了答复反对党发言人的质问。
respond:“反应,响应”,指通过口头或行动做出相关反应,并且常常是即刻地或毫不犹豫地做出反应。I should like to respond to my opponent's remarks about the government's actions.对于我的对手就政府所采取的行动所说的那番话,我愿意做出答复。Is it true that antiquated legal ideas prevent the government from respondingeffectively to the demands which modern society makes up to it 过时的法律观点真的会妨碍政府对当代社会向其提出的要求做出积极的反应吗?When Martin insulted the referee, he responded by ordering him off the field.马丁辱骂裁判时,裁判以令其退出比赛场地作为答复。
6、responsibility, duty, obligation
responsibility:“责任“,一般由于法律,职业或道德等要求而必须尽的责任,而且含有要对后果负责任的意思。常用短语有:accept/ assume/ take the responsibility 任但责任、负责任;decline all responsibility about拒绝对……负任何责任。例如:I will lend you my camera if you will assume full responsibility for it.如果你能负完全责任,我愿把照相机借给你。The manufactures disclaim all responsibility for damage caused by misuse.使用不当而造成的损坏,生产厂家不负任何责任。
duty:“义务,责任,职责”,通常强调由于道德、伦理、法律规定等而产生对自己及他人乃至社会的义务或责任,还指在工作中应尽的责任(常用复数)。例如:The delivery on confidential letters was a duty that he never relegated to anybody else.他从未把投递机密信件的责任推给任何其他人。The first thing to do is to acquaint yourself with your new duties and colleagues.第一件要做的事情就是熟悉你的新职务和同事。
obligation:“必须履行的义务、负担、责任”,强调由于现实的压力如诺言、誓言、契约、法律及社会习惯的约束而对他人应尽的义务或应当承担的责任。常用短语有:fulfill an obligation 履行义务;express sb's deep obligation to 向...表示深切谢意;a matter of obligation 义不容辞的责任。例如:I'm under obligation to Professor Hawkins for some useful criticisms upon the first edition of this book.我感激霍金斯教授对于本书初次出版的若干有益的批评。It was plain that Green was carrying out what he regarded as a fixed obligation.很明显,格林当时正在尽一种他认为是不可推卸的义务。
7、reserve, conserve, preserve
reserve:“保留,保存”,指储藏或保留座位,物品,问题,意见,权利等留待以后需要时再用或指限制目前或他人使用。例如:reserve (one's strength) oneself for the next battle 养精蓄锐以利再战;all rights reserved 版权所有,不得翻印。This is the force of will which had enabled her to reserve the fund intact.正是这种意志力使她能够不动用专款。It's well known to all of us that the runners should reserve some of their energy for the final sprint. 众所周知,运动员应为最后的冲刺保留一些体力。
conserve:“保存,保重”,指为了避免不必要的或过多的变化、损失、损耗而采取措施加以保护,而且通常表示保存得完好无损。例如:In my opinion, our constitutional can be conserved only by an intelligent electorates.依我看,宪法权威只能由有才智的选民来维护。John slipped his coffee, made from his carefully conserved supply brought with him from England.约翰慢慢地品尝他从英国带来的并保存得很好的咖啡。
preserve:“保护、防护、维护、维持、保存”,强调防御破坏的含义,指采用某些方法以保持某物的存在不受损毁,破坏,还指用各种方法防止食物腐烂。如:There is nothing like routine and regularity for preserving one's peace of mind.日常事物和规律性活动最能保持人的心境平衡。We have done our best to make repairs and preserve these cultural relics and historical sites.我们已尽了最大努力来修理和保护这些文物古迹。
8、respective, respectful, respectable
这三个形容词都是由动词respect分别加后缀派生而来的,在含义和用法上是有区别的。
respective是“各自的,个别的,分别的”的意思,只用作定语,而且几乎总是修饰复数可数名词。例如:Go to your respective places.各就各位。My husband and I are each going to visit our respective mothers.我丈夫和我都分别准备去看望我们各自的母亲。He and I contributed the respective sums of six dollars and four dollars.他和我分别捐了六美元和四美元。
respectful是表示:“尊敬(或尊重)的(showing respect)”的含义,可作定语或表语。作定语时,所修饰的名词一般是非生物名词,句中的主语只能是人。例如:When he raised the problem, she kept a respectful silence.当他提出那个问题时,她恭敬地保持着沉默。The boy were well mannered and respectful toward grown-ups.那些男孩们彬彬有礼,尊敬长辈。
respectable:“值得尊敬;受敬重的”意思,含被动的意味,可用作定语或表语,其所修饰的名词或句中的主语应该是人。它还可形容人“名声好的;正派的”,或指某种东西是“尚可的,质量还不错的”等意思。例如:He is a respectable old cadre.他是一位可敬的老干部。How dare you talk to a respectable woman like that 你怎么可以对一个受人尊敬的妇女说那样的话?What he did is not quite respectable.他做的事不很正派。His work is respectable but not outstanding.他的工作干得不错,但还不算突出。
9、responsible for, responsible to
这两个词组中responsible是形容词,一般多用在连系动词be后面作表语。两个词组均表示“对……负责”的意思,但用法有别。
responsible for后接表示事物的名词或动名词,表示“对某事负责”的意思。此外,在主语与介词宾语都是事物名词时,其主语和宾语常含有因果关系,翻译时则要灵活对待。例如:The pilot of the plane is responsible for the passenger's safety.飞机驾驶员应对旅客的安全负责。The bad weather is responsible for the small attendance.由于天气恶劣,所以出席人数不多。The gale was responsible for the ship being 36 hours late.大风使该船晚点三十六小时。
responsible to后接表示人的名词或代词,表示“对某人负责”的意思。例如:We must be responsible to the people.我们应该对人民负责。Their duty is to hold themselves responsible to the children.他们的责任是对孩子们负责。 这两个词组可合并在一起,构成responsible to sb. for (doing) sth.结构,表示“为所做的事或受托的事向某人或某团体负责”。例如:I am responsible to the parents for the child's safety.我要为这个孩子的安全对他的父母负责。
10、result from, result in
这两个词组均为动介型短语,均表示主语和介词宾语之间的一种因果关系,但其在用法上是不同的。
result from意指“是……的结果,由于……而发生”,即主语表示结果,介词from的宾语则表示原因,即主语的结果是由宾语的原因引起的。
result in意指“结果是,导致;结果造成”,其主语表示原因,介词in的宾语则表示结果,即主语的原因导致或造成了宾语的结果。试比较以下两句的转换: His death resulted from an overdose of drugs.他的死是由于服用药物过量引起的。These measures resulted in a great victory.由于采取了这些措施,结果打了一个大胜仗。
11、run out, run out of
这两个词组都有“用完”的意思,但用法不同。 run out是动副型短语动词,作不及物动词,表示“被用完了(become used up)”的被动含义,其主语通常是时间、金钱、食物等无生命名词。例如:His money soon ran out.他的钱很快就花完了。E
1、excuse, forgive, pardon这三个词都表示“原谅,宽恕”。
excuse:“原谅”,指有意放过人们在社会,习俗方面的具体行为。如错误,疏忽或失职,不予以指责和惩罚。常用词组:excuse for原谅;excuse from/to do免除。如:Please excuse me for using your telephone without asking permission. I thought you wouldn't mind.请原谅,我没有得到你的允许就用了你的电话,我想你不会介意吧!The meeting lasted so long that Mr. Laurence had to excuse himself to keep an appointment.会开了好久,因此劳伦斯为了赶另一个约会,不得不请求先行离去。
forgive:“饶恕,宽恕,赦免”,感彩较浓,表示不但放弃一切报复要求,而且打消一切复仇的心理,不再愤恨,强调主观和内心的宽恕。She was so kind as to forgive her intimate friend who had betrayed her when she was in a great difficulty.她如此善良,竟能原谅在她处境最艰难时背叛她的挚友。He forgave injuries so readily that he might be said to invite them.他如此爽快地宽恕了那些伤害,简直可以说,他是在招惹伤害。
pardon:“原谅,宽恕”,正式用语,指放弃处罚要求,予以赦免,尤其指由上级按法律正式赦免过失或过错。作原谅讲时,同excuse。It became necessary to fly our lives, but we couldn't expect to be pardoned.我们有必要逃命,但我们不能指望得到宽恕。Please pardon my asking, but isn't my text book on your desk 对不起,请问,我的课本是在你的桌子上吗?
2、easy, easily
easy作副词用时,不能与easily混淆。easy作副词用时主要用于口语和习语中,常与单音节的简单动词连用。它有“轻易地,安适地,慢慢地,小心地”等含义。如:We often talk about reducing our costs, but it is easier said than done.我们经常谈论降低成本,但说来容易做来难。Take it easy!别紧张!Easy come, easy go.来得容易去得快。Go easy here!走慢一点!
easily是在表示“容易地,舒适地”等意义的easy的基础上通过加后缀构成的副词。在表示“不费力地,毫无困难地”等意义时,相当于with ease。它还有“舒适地,流畅地,顺利地,很可能”等意义。如:He won the match easily.他轻而易举地赢得了比赛。The machine is running easily.机器运转得很好。He may easily be late today.今天他很可能迟到。
3、each, every
这两者都表示“每个”,有时可互换,有时却不能。
1). each可作形容词及代词,而every只能作形容词,但它可与-one,-body,-thing等构成合成代词。each 用在代词或复数名词前要用介词of连接,如each of them, each of the boys; 而every则不能直接跟of 连接,如不可说every of them,而要说every one of them或each of them。
2). each通常用指两个人或物,而every则指三个或三个以上的人或物,不能指两者。如each end of the bridge和each side of the road中的each均不能用every代替。
3). each指一个整体中的每一个,强调个体;而every着重于全体的总和,强调整体。试比较: Each has a different book. (强调各有不同。) Here every child at the age of six can go to school. (侧重整体,无一例外。)
4).every另可表示“每隔”,后接基数词加复数名词,或接序数词加单数名词,如:every four weeks, every three months等,此种结构中的every不能用each代替。
4、economic, economical
两个词都可译成“经济的”,但含义不同。economic用以指与贸易、工业或财富等有关的“经济上的”或“有关经济学方面”的意义,一般用作定语。如:They are faced with many economic problems.他们面临许多经济问题。The country is in a bad economic state, so we must reduce profits.国家经济状况不佳,所以我们应减少利润。
economical则指与“节约”同义的“经济”,相当于not wasteful。既可指人也可指物,既可作表语也可作定语。如:This is an economical stove.这是一种经济煤炉。She is an economical housekeeper and feeds her family cheaply.她是一个节俭的家庭主妇,她全家的花销不大。
5、each other, one another
这两个代词词组都作“互相”解,较多地在句子中充当宾语。each other一般只用于两个人或事物之间,one another则用于超过两个人或事物的场合。试比较:Wagner and Strauss often exchanged gifts with each other. (指两者。)The members in our group learned from one another. (指超过两者。)又如:They sat down opposite to each other.他们相对而坐。They were not suited to each other.他们俩不合适。We have known one another since we were children.我们在小的时候就相互认识了。这两个词组的差别目前已不是很严格,有时可互相替换。
6、effective, efficient
这两个形容词虽然都可译成“有效的”,但含义有所不同。effective指某物有一种显著的,预期的效果或是取得了预期的效果,它还可表示“有战斗力的,得力的”的意思。如:Her efforts to improve the school have been very effective.他为改善学校而做出的努力是卓有成效的。This machine is an effective remedy for acid indigestion.这是一种治疗胃酸过多的良药。He has become an effective assistant.他已成为一名得力的助手。
efficient主要指某人办事效率高,不浪费时间和精力等,也可指机械设备“有效率的”。如:A good leader should be both competent and efficient.一名好领导应该精明能干,办事效率高。Our efficient new machines are much cheaper to run.我们所买的高效机器运转消耗要小得多。
7、elder, older
这两个词皆是形容词的比较形式。1).elder为“年长的”,只指人,用来比较年龄长幼,尤指兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。它只能用在名词前作定语,不能用于than引导的比较状语从句。older为“年纪较大的,较老的,较旧的”,可指人也可指物,可作定语也可作表语,能用在than引导的 比较状语从句中。 Which is the elder of the two sisters 两姐妹中,谁是姐姐? The older of the two sisters led me into the sitting-room.两姐妹中的姐姐把我领进了客厅。
2). eldest和oldest的区别也是如此:前者表示年龄的长幼关系,后者表示年龄及时间或年代上的长久。 如: She has three children, and her eldest has just started school. 她有三个孩子,最大的刚开始读书。 It is the oldest building in our college. 这是我们学院最旧的楼。
8、exhausted, tired, tiresome
这三个词都与“疲劳,疲倦”有关。exhausted:“筋疲力尽的,疲惫不堪的”,语气最强。形容人因劳累过度而再无剩余精力或耐力继续做某事。在句中可作表语,状语。当它形容物,如资源等时,意为“耗尽的,用光的”。The athletes were too much exhausted to wake easily when once asleep.运动员们疲惫不堪,一旦入睡便很难醒来。The enemy troops being exhausted and demoralized, our troops won a series of victories.敌军疲惫不堪,士气低落,我军连战皆捷。
tired:“累的,疲倦的”,普通用词,泛指由于工作紧张或其他原因导致的疲乏,在英语中,也可表示“厌倦,不耐烦。常用于下列短语:be tired of (doing) sth. 厌倦做某事。I'm sure you must be tired after cycling all that distance.骑了那么远路,我想你肯定累坏了。When I first got to Wisconsin, I was tired of eating such kind of food as hamburger every day.初到威斯康星时,我对每天都吃汉堡类食品而感到厌倦。
tiresome:“令人厌倦的,讨厌的”,描写毫无趣味,易让人生厌的人或事物,也指单调重复的工作使人感到疲劳。The difficulty of grasping abstract statements made my learning very tiresome.难以理解的抽象表述使我对学习感到厌烦。The lecture lasted three hours and it was really tiresome.讲座持续了三个小时,的确令人劳累。
9、electric, electrical
1 ). electric为“电的,用电的,带电的”,指任何电动的或发电的装置,被修饰的物体本身可带电。如: electric light, electric stove, electric piano, electric motor, electric bell。又如: Please connect the two electric wires.请将这两根电线接起来。 With this electric blanket, the grandpa won't feel cold in winter.有了电热毯,到了冬天爷 爷就不觉得冷了。
2). electrical为“电的,与电有关的,电气科学的”,指与电有关的事物,被修饰的词本身并不能带电。 如:electrical engineer, electrical energy, electrical engineering。又如: All the electrical work was done by my younger brother.所有的电工活都由弟弟来干。 He buried himself in an electrical book.他埋头读一本电学方面的书。
10、especial, special
在表示事物不寻常,过分或特殊时,这两个词可以互换使用,只是special较especial普遍。不过,我们通常用special表示一种特别的目的。如:She paid special (especial) attention to clothes.她特别讲究穿着。That's my father's special chair in his office.那是我父亲办公室的专用椅子。These are special shoes made for John.这是专门为约翰做的鞋子。
11、energy, strength, power
energy为“精力,活力,能量”,指人或动物所积蓄的内在或释放的活力,也指物理学上的能量。strength为“力气,力量”发挥的内在素质与体质,也可指物理学上的强度。试比较:He has so much energy that he can work as hard as three men. (energy指精力)The successful carrying out of the work is due to his youth and energy. (energy指活力)The energy of the sun has been widely used now. (energy指能量)All the passengers pushed the bus with all their strength, but it refused to move. (strength指力气)As the saying goes, "Unity is strength", let us work hard together to overcome the difficulties. (strength指强度。)
power为“力,力量,能力,权力”。 它是力的总称,指各种力,如电力,动力或某事物的能力。它也可指人所具有的力量,能力,权力及势力等。当指人所具有的力气时,它与strength同义。如:A football player needs power/strength to run with the ball. (power指体力。)I'll do everything in my power to help that old lady. (power指能力。)Electricity gives us power and makes machines work. (power指电力。)
12、everyone, every one
everyone亦作everybody,只指人。它可译作“每个人,人人,大家”。在句子中,只作主语和宾语,其后一般不跟of短语。如:He spoke so slowly that everyone could understand him.他说得很慢,每个人都能听懂。I know everyone in the college.我认识学院的每一个人。
every one不仅可以指人,还可指物,即“每个(人或物),所有的”,其后可跟of短语。如:I don't know every one of them.这些人我并不是个个都认识。I have five pictures. Every one of them is very beautiful.我有五张照片,每一张都很漂亮。
13、engaged in, engaged to
1).engaged in表示“从事,忙于”,用在连系动词be后作表语,指一种状态,介词in后接表示工作、活动的名词或动名词。如: Sister Liu is engaged in making clothes for an orphan.刘大姐正忙于替一位孤儿做衣服。
2).engaged to表示“与……订婚”,用于连系动词be, get等后作表语,用be时表示状态,用get时表示动作,介词to后接一个人的名词或代词,如: When travelling in Europe he got engaged to an Italian girl.他在欧洲旅行时与一位意大利女孩订婚了。 Shelley is engaged to Scott.雪利与斯高特订婚了。
14、except, except for, excepting
这三个词都表示“除……之外“的意思,其含义和用法有别。except是一个介词,指从整体里“减去”一部分,与介词besides(“除了……还”)相对。其后可接名词,代词,副词,介词短语等。如:All except Comrade Wang are present.除了王同志全体都到了。I looked everywhere except there.除了那里以外,我到处都看了。I went nowhere except to the factory.除了去工厂外,我哪儿都没去。His books seem to be everywhere except where they ought to be.他的书似乎放得都不是地方。
except for是一短语介词,常常用来引述一个相反的原因或细节,因而部分地修正了句中的主要意义。如:This machine is of a new type except for a few short-comings here and there.这台机器是新型的,除了某些地方有些缺点。Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.你的作文除了少许拼写错误外,写得很好。
excepting是分词介词,一般用于句首或not, without, always等后面,其后多接名词或代词。如:There is nobody in the room excepting John.除了约翰外,房子里没有其他人。Everybody must study, not excepting those who have a better grasp of Marxism.每个人都必须学习,对马克思主义懂得较多的人也不例外。Excepting Sundays the stores are open daily.除星期日以外,这些商店每天都开门。
15、English, the English
1). English指英国人的国语“英语”,如learn English, speak English。 the English指某种特别的英语,如the English of Shakespeare (莎士比亚的英语),the English of the sixteenth century (16世纪的英语)。 又如: What's the English for the Chinese?(相当于the English word。) The book is translated from the English. (相当于the English original。)
2).the English还可作“英国人”解,指总称,被看作为复数名词。如: The English drink more tea than any other nation.英国人比其他民族更爱喝茶。 The English have a wonderful sense of humor.英国人非常有幽默感。
16、exhibit, exhibition
exhibit在用作名词时,往往与exhibition混淆。其实它们的词义是不同的。exhibit表示一件或一宗“展览品,陈列品”,构成exhibition(展览会)的一部分,有时可以指小型的“展览会”。如:Don't touch the exhibits!勿摸展品!We visited an exhibit of oil painting yesterday.我们昨天参观了油画展览。
exhibition主要表示一种大型的“展览会”,如商品,珍品或艺术品展览会等,它亦可表示一种“展览”或“表演”的动作。In Beijing they went to the art exhibition. 在北京,他们去参加了美术展览会。The country holds an economic and trade exhibition every year.这个国家每年举行一次经贸展览会。They placed artistic handcrafts on exhibition last month.他们上个月展出了手工艺品。An exhibition match of Ping Pong will take place next week.下星期将举行一次乒乓表演赛。
17、enter, enter into
这两者都可指“进入”。
1).enter可作及物动词,一般指进入一个具体地点或事物,如场所,建筑物等。它也可指“参加”,含有到里面去工作或学习等意思,如参加战争,军队,入学,入院等:enter the room / town / shop / party / army / war / university / hospital。
2).enter into常用于抽象或借喻的说法中,如进入生活,谈话,讨论,解释及参加某项活动等:enter into public life/conversation/discussion/explanation/politics。enter into也可用于特别强调深入某具体场所或某物的场合。如:We entered into a woody mountain.我们置身于一个树木繁多的山林中。Some poison has entered into his body.一些毒素已侵入他的体内。
18、even, even though, though
这一组词十分容易混淆。
1).even是副词,作“甚至”解,用来强调语气。它在句中的位置应靠近所强调的词或短语,否则会引起歧 义。体会以下各句意思: She would not even enter my room.她甚至不进我的房间。 Even she would not enter my room.甚至连她也不进我的房间。 She would not enter even my room.她甚至连我的房间也不进来。
2).even though (= even if)和though都为连词,前者为“即使,纵使”,表示退一步设想,引导一个条件状语从句,含有不肯定的意味;后者为“虽然”,引导一个让步状语从句,表示的是一种事实。参见下列两个例句,前一句表示一种设想与假设,后一句表示“他确实知道”的事实。 He will not tell us the secret, even though/even if he knows it.即使他知道这个秘密,他也不肯说出来。 He will not tell us the secret though he knows it.虽然他知道这个秘密,但却不肯说出来。G
1、gather, collect
gather为“收集,聚集”,可用于人或事物,指把零散的人或事物聚集起来。
collect为“收集,采集”,只能用于事物,不能用于人。当指一般性的收集,即把分散的事物集合在一起时,与gather同义,可以相互换用。如gather/collect flowers(采花),gather/collect fallen leaves(聚拢落叶)。它另可指为某种目的而有选择地收集,着重计划性和选择性。试比较:gather books 把书聚集在一起 -- collect books 收集藏书gather money 攒钱 -- collect money 筹募资金gather stamps 把邮票集中在一起 -- collect stamps 集邮gather thoughts 集中思想 -- collect thoughts 组织思想
2、gaze, glare, stare
gaze为“凝视”,指聚精会神地注视,含有倾慕,神往或惊喜等意味。它常和介词at, on, into连用。如:He gazed into the blue sky.他出神地望着蓝天。She gazed at/on the film star with admiration.她带着倾慕的眼神看着那个影星。
glare为“怒视”,指凶狠愤怒地注视,强调敌对的态度。它常和介词at连用。如:The angry farther glared at his daughter.怒气冲冲的父亲愤怒地看着自己的女儿。The men who were fighting glared at each other.正在打架的两个人愤怒地看着对方。
stare为“盯着看,呆看”,指出于惊奇或痴呆,无礼地,目不转睛地看。它常和介词at, on, into连用。如:His eyes were staring at her like those of a wild animal.他的眼睛像野兽般地盯着她看。He stared on the foreigner in wonder.他好奇地盯着那个外国人看。
3、get in, get on
这两个短语均可表示“上车”。get in后接小轿车,出租车等小型车辆。由于其车身较低,只有进入的概念,没有上的概念。get on后接公交车,火车等大型车辆,以及飞机,自行车,摩托车,马匹等,指上车上马时要脚登上阶梯或踏脚等。表示“下车,下马”时,也相应地用get out of a car/taxi 及get off a bus/train/horse等。如:They invited us to get in the car and go to the amusement park.他们邀请我们上车去游乐场玩。When the singer got out of the taxi, he was welcomed by a group of young people.当这位歌手走出车门时受到了一群年轻人的欢迎。They are calling us to board the plane; let's get on. 他们在叫我们登机,我们走吧。
4、get into trouble, go to the trouble
get into trouble为“出事,遇到麻烦”,指由于行为不慎等原因而招惹麻烦,陷入困境。如:If you go this way, you might get into trouble with the police.如果你这么做的话,警方会找你的麻烦。He has got into trouble; let's go and help him.他遇到了麻烦,我们去帮助他吧。此结构中的get也可作及物动词,后接宾语,表示“使某人陷入困境”。如:His bad habit was always getting him into trouble.他的坏习惯使他惹上了麻烦。
go to the trouble为“费事,不辞辛苦”, 指主动地去承担麻烦,后可接动词不定式或接of短语。它与take the trouble同义。如:The host went to the trouble to make me comfortable.主人为了我的舒适而不辞麻烦。She went to the trouble of shortening the trousers for her younger brother.她主动揽下了把她弟弟的裤子改小的任务。为了加强语气,此结构中的trouble前可用a lot of等修饰语代替the。如:I'll stay here for dinner, but please do not go to a lot of trouble for me.我会留下来吃饭,但请别特地为我做很多菜。
5、gift, present
这两个词皆可作“礼物”解,常可互换使用。gift的基本含义是强调give(给),表示一种“赠与”,它可指新的,珍贵的礼物,也可指一件旧的物品。它不强调给予者与受予者之间的关系,不具有为所接受的东西付酬谢的含义,也排除了回报之意。如:He gave gifts of money to the poor. 他将钱赠予穷人们。The gold chain was a Christmas gift from her aunt. 这条金链子是她阿姨送给她的圣诞礼物。
present专指为表达敬意、亲情、友谊而赠送的实物,强调赠送者与接受者之间的亲密关系。如:Students exchange presents on New Year's Eve. 除夕之夜,学生们互赠礼物。
6、give away, give way
这两个动词词组意义完全不同。give away是一个及物动词词组,后需接宾语,它的主要意义为“分发(奖品,考卷,书本等物品),失去(机会),泄露(底细,机密,想法)”。如:The principal gave away the prizes at the sports meeting.校长在运动会上颁奖。You have given away a good chance.你失去了一个良机。The heroic girl refused to give away the secret to the enemy.女英雄在敌人面前拒绝泄漏秘密。
give way是一个动宾结构的词组,后面不能再接宾语。它主要用来指人显示谦让和屈服的“让路,让步”,以及具体事物的“崩塌"。如:The boy gave way to the old lady.这男孩给一位老太太让路。It's his mother's fault for giving way to him too often.老是迁就这孩子是他妈妈的错。The old wall gave way and injured three children.这堵墙崩塌了,致使三个孩子受伤。
7、give in, give up
这两个短语动词作“投降”讲时,通常可以互换使用。如:Completely surrounded by our troops, the enemy finally gave in / up.由于我军将敌军团团围住,他们终于投降了。
give in还可表示“屈服;让步”的意思,此时它作不及物动词用,后不能跟宾语。如:Stubborn as he was, he finally gave in.他虽然很固执,但最后还是让步了。Both sides argued with reason, and neither would give in.双方都振振有词地辩论着,可谁也不服谁。
give up 则还可表示“放弃(希望);戒除”的意思,作及物动词用,其后接名词或动词作宾语。如:All hope of finding the missing aircraft was given up and the search abandoned.要找到那架失踪的飞机已经毫无希望,于是搜索停止了。He soon gave up smoking when he heard the medical report.他听了那次医学报告后,不久就把烟戒了。
8、give off, give out
这两个短语都表示“散发,发出”之意,一般可以换用,但侧重点有所不同。give off通常用来表示“散发,发出”某种气体或气味。如:Boiling water gives off steams.开水散发出蒸汽。This milk must be bad, for it is giving off a nasty smell.牛奶一定变质了,因为它散发出一种令人恶心的气味。The chimney no longer gives off volumes of waste gas into the atmosphere, as protective filters are being used.加装了防护过滤器以后,这烟囱已不再向空中散发成股的废气了。
give out 则通常用来表示“散发”某种光,声,热,信号等物理现象。此外,它还可以表示“分发,宣布,耗尽”等现象。如:The leaves gave out a whirring sound.树叶发出沙沙声。The sun gives out light and heat to the earth.太阳向地球发出光和热。The ship gave out radio signals for help.船发出无线电信号求助。The government gave out food to people out of work.政府向失业者分发食品。He gave out that the president was dead.他宣布说总统去世了。It was feared that food supplies would give out before the besieged town could be relieved.都害怕在那城市解围之前断了粮。Both the man and the horse gave out after the long ride.赶了很长一段路后,人马俱乏。
9、glad, happy, pleased
glad为“高兴的,乐意的”,指一时短暂的强烈喜悦,只能用于人。它只能作表语,不作定语,后可接介词of短语,不定式或that从句。如:I'm glad of your success in the games.你在比赛中获得胜利,我为你感到高兴。We're glad that you have won the gold medal.我们很高兴你能获得金牌。
happy为“幸福的,高兴的”,隐含一种强烈的满足感,可用于人或事物。它可作定语及表语,后可接介词 about, at, over, with短语及不定式或that从句。如:The story has a happy end.这个故事的结局皆大欢喜。I am so happy that you could visit us.很高兴你能来看我们。
pleased为“喜悦的,满足的”,指持续时间较长的喜悦,只能用于人。它多作表语,很少被用作定语,它的后面可接介词at, about, with短语,不定式或that 从句。如:There is nothing to be pleased about.没什么可高兴的。Mother was pleased with my full mark in arithmetic.我算数得了满分,妈妈很高兴。
10、go on doing, go on to do, go on with
这三个词组都表示“继续”的意思,但用法和含义上有差异。go on doing指做某一事情因故暂停,尚未做完,再“继续”做下去。它还可表示“一直做某事”。如:Although it was late, she went on working.虽然很晚了,她还继续工作着。After a short break, he went on reading the text.暂停了一会儿后,他又接着读课文。You shouldn't go on living in this way!你总不能一直就这么生活下去。
go on to do则表示某一件事已做完,再“接着”去做另一件事。如:He went on to talk about the world situation.他接着又谈了谈世界形势。Father said mother had gone to the hospital, and went on to say that grandmother was coming to take care of us.父亲说母亲已经住院去了,接着又说祖母将来照料我们。
go on with 是一个动副介型短语动词,其后通常接名词或代词作宾语。如:May I go on with my work now 我现在可以继续做我的工作了吗?Please go on with your story.请继续讲你的故事。
11、gold, golden
gold为“金的,金制的”,表示是真金的质地;golden 为“金的,金色的”,指金黄色的外表。golden还常用于引申意义,含有贵重,重要,幸运等意思。试比较:a gold watch 金表 -- a golden watch 金色的表再如:gold coin (金币), gold bar (金条), gold mine (金矿), gold chain (金链条), golden hair (金发), golden sunlight (金色的阳光), golden age (黄金时代), golden years (金色的年华), golden saying(金玉良言)。
12、go to school, go to the school
这两个词组只有冠词之差,但意义迥然不同。go to school是习语,表示“上学(求学)”的意思;go to the school是指到一所特指的学校去,不一定是去求学,可能是因为有什么事情需去办等等。如:Is he old enough to go to school 他够入学年龄了吗?I'll go to the school to talk with the master.我将去学校与校长谈谈。
13、go to sea, go to the sea
go to sea属习语,它表示“去当水手,出航”的意思。
go to the sea 则表示“去某一特定的海边”的意思。试比较:The boy was tired of looking for a job near his home and eventually decided to go to sea.这孩子不愿在他家附近工作,最后便决定当水手。Owing to a high wind, the ship could not go to sea.由于大风,船不能启航。They usually go to the sea in midsummer.他们通常在仲夏时到海滨去。
14、good at, good with
good at 指“擅长于,善于某一科目、某种业余消遣或某种活动”,其后接名词或动名词。如:He is good at maths.他擅长数学。We are not only good at destroying the old world. We are also good at building the new one.我们不但善于破坏一个旧世界,我们还善于建设一个新世界。
good with 通常指“善于使用,处理某物或对待某人”,其后通常接表示工具,人体器官或人的名词。如:He was good with his hands and heads.他心灵手巧。He is good with these tools.他善于使用这些工具。She understands children, so she is good with them.她了解孩子们,所以与他们相处得很好。
15、good for, for good
good for是一个形容词短语,可以表示下列三种意义:1.价值为...;有支付...能力的2.有效的;对......有利3.有必需的精力,意愿例如:It is a coupon good for 100 pounds.那是一张价值一百英磅的息票。He is good for a thousand dollar contribution.他能捐献一千美元。This battery is good for three months.这种电池大约可用三个月。The return half of the ticket is good for three months.回程票有效期为三个月。This dictionary is good for your English study.这本辞典对你的英语学习有益。This kind of medical herb is good for T.B.这种草药对结核病有疗效。He is good for several years' more service.他还有精力再服务几年。
for good是一个介词短语,for是介词,good是名词;在句中充当时间状语,表示“永久地,一劳永逸地”的意思。如:He says that he is leaving the country for good.他说他此次出国将不再回来了。He hoped that the repairs would stop the leak for good.他希望这次修好后,漏处不再漏了。
16、gone, lost, missing
gone表示“丢了,没了”,含有一去不复返的意味,在句中可作表语和补语,但不能做定语。如:My fever is gone, but I still have a cough.我的烧已经退了,但还有些咳嗽。She looked down at her dress and found her necklace gone.她低头看了一下自己的衣服,发现项链不见了。
lost 表示“丢失”,含有失去后难以回归的意味,在句中可作定语,表语和补语。如:The parents found the lost child at last.父母亲终于找到了自己丢失的孩子。His elder brother was lost at sea.他的哥哥在海里失踪了。
missing表示“失踪了,不见了”,强调某人或某物不在原处,在句中可作定语,表语和补语。如:My Japanese-Chinese dictionary is missing.我的日汉词典不见了。The police are trying their best to find the missing school-girl.警方正在尽力寻找这个失踪的女生。
17、grateful to, grateful for
grateful to指“对……表示感激”,其中的介词to表示对象,宾语通常是人或组织团体,to 也可用towards代替。
grateful for指“为……表示感激“,其中的介词for表示原因,宾语通常是某一件事。如:I shall be deeply grateful to our Workers' Union as long as I live. 我一辈子都深深感谢我们的工会。I'll be very grateful to you if you will give me an early answer. 如果您能早点给我答复,我将非常感激您。We're grateful for all that you've done to us.对你所做的一切,我们表示万分感谢。介词to和for可同时与grateful连用,to短语应置于for短语之前。如:I'm very grateful to you for having taken so much trouble.对您的不辞麻烦我们表示非常感激。They were particularly grateful to us for our timely help.他们对我们所给予的及时的帮助表示了特别的感谢。C
1、can, be able to
这两个词都可以表示“能够”。can通常用来表示现在的一般能力。如:Look, I can do it.嗨,我会做这事啦。而当表示将来能力时,一般要用will be able to。此外,be able to 还表示要经过一番努力才能做到的事。如:If I concentrate on the work, I'll be able to work out the problem.如果我集中思想于工作的话,我就可以想出这个问题的解决方法。I'll be able to speak French in another few months.再过几个月我就可以说法语了。
2、call on, visit
call on:“拜访”,为社交用语,强调较正式的访问。如:I hope to call on you at your office at three o'clock today.我希望今天下午三点钟到办公室去拜访你。
visit:“访问,参观”,指为一定目的去访问某人或参观某地。如:Professor Li is often visited by his students.学生们常去看望李教授。
注意:call at与call on都可以作“访问”解,但call at后接地点;call on后接人。如:I called at the bank and drew some money today.今天我去银行取了些钱。
3、centre, middle
centre“中心”,指圆和球体的中心点并可用作比喻,指事物或活动中心。如;He placed the flowers in the centre of the table.他把花放在桌子的中央。At the centre of the park there is a monument in memory of the hero.在公园的中央有一个英雄纪念碑。London is the political, economical and cultural centre of Britain.伦敦是英国政治,经济和文化中心。
middle:“中间”,指空间或时间意义上与两端等距离的中间部分。如:He telephoned me in the middle of the night.他半夜给我打来电话。Soon they were in the middle of the river.不久他们来到河中央。
4、chance, opportunity
chance表示“机会;可能性(强调偶然性)”,如:If we can swim, the chances are that we can save our lives.如果我们会游泳的话,我们就有可能得救。Harold has lost a lot of money so he wants to take a chance on stock exchange.海洛得丢了很多钱,因此他想在股票上碰一碰运气。
而opportunity表示机遇(强调好时机),既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词。如:This has been my only opportunity to practise speaking English.这一直是我练习英语口语的唯一机会。I am very glad to have had the opportunity to talk to you.我很高兴能有机会与你交谈。
5、certain, sure
certain表示“有把握的,确信的”,语气较强,主语可以是人也可以是物,表示有充分的信心。有时也有“某些”的含义。如:It is certain that the temperature will rise.气温一定会上升。He is certain to come.他一定会来。
sure“确信的,无疑的”,作此义解时,主语常为人而不是物。如:He is sure to succeed.他一定会成功。注意:certain和sure在接不定式和of短语时意思上有差别。试比较:They are certain/sure to succeed.他们一定会成功。They are certain/sure of success.他们有成功的把握。第一例用不定式表示说话人对某事的推断,有“一定,必然”的含义;第二例用of短语表示主语本人的信念,有“确信,对...有把握”的含义。再如:The strike is certain/sure to take place.罢工必然会发生。They are certain/sure of victory.他们确信会获得胜利。
6、care about, care for
这是两个动介型短语动词,后接名词或代词作其宾语。在表示“为...担忧”的意思时,两者可交换使用。
care about主要用来表示“对...感兴趣;关心;在乎”的意思。如:I don't much care about going.我并不很想去。I don't care about what people think.我不在乎人们怎么认为。
care for则主要用来表示“喜欢,对...中意”和“照顾”等意思。如:She doesn't seem to care for him.她好像不喜欢他。Small children are well cared for in nurseries when their parents are working.当父母在工作时,孩子们在托儿所里受到良好的照顾。
7、carry on, carry out
carry on意为“进行,继续”,强调一个行为的进行过程。它可以不跟宾语,也可接表示“工作,讨论,竞赛,战斗”等一类的名词作宾语,相当于continue。它另可作“经营”解,相当于manage。如:Don't let me interrupt you, just carry on.别让我打断你,请继续。I'll try to carry on the work in spite of difficulties.尽管有困难,但我还是会继续这项工作。Rising costs make it hard to carry on the business.成本上升给生意经营带来了困难。
carry out意为“进行,贯彻,实现”,含有按照某个要求或准则进行的意思。它必须接宾语,且宾语往往是表示“工作,活动,职责,命令,计划”等一类的名词。此词语相当于put into practice。如:I have some difficulties in carrying out her order.我感到执行她的命令有些困难。The government was trying to carry out the policy of "family planning".当时,政府正尽力贯彻“计划生育”政策。
8、catch up with, keep up with
catch up with为“赶上(某人或某事)”,有追上并可能超过的含义。如:We'll do out best to catch up with the advanced industrial countries.我们将尽力赶超先进的工业国家。
keep up with作“不落后于(某人或某对手)”解,有与之并驾齐驱的含义。如:The girls had to run to keep up with the boys.这些女孩子不得不加快脚步以赶上男孩子们。
9、cause, reason
cause指造成一种事实或现象的“原因”,尤指自然原因或客观原因。如:What's the cause of his success 他成功的原因是什么?
reason指说明一种看法或行为的“理由”,它往往是通过逻辑推理得出的。如:Give me your reasons for refusing.给我你拒绝的理由。This is the reason why he killed the woman.这就是他杀掉那个女人的原因。
10、clothes, clothing, cloth
这三个词都与人们穿的“衣”有关,但含义却不同。clothes永远以复数的形式出现,指人们穿的各种衣服包括裤子,内衣,衬衫等;其前不能用数词修饰。如:These clothes are new.这些衣服是新的。Do I have to change my clothes for the meeting 我去参加会议要换衣服吗?
clothing是集体名词,为衣物的总称,是一种区别于其他事物的概念。除了衣裤之外,它还包括帽,袜,手套,被褥之类的东西,如:The shop sells articles of men's clothing.这个商店卖男式服装。In winter, children need warm clothing.冬天,孩子们需要暖和的衣服。
cloth一般用作不可数名词,指“棉布,毛织品”;它亦可作可数名词,指“某一特定用途的一块布”,复数形式是cloths。如:He will take three yards of cloth to make a suit.他做一套衣服要三码布。She cleaned the window with an old cloth.她用一块旧布擦窗户。
11、chief, main
这两者都表示“主要的”。chief表示所指的对象在重要性、地位、等级方面高于其他同类事物,暗示其他事物处于从属或次要地位。
main多用来形容事物的某一组成部分,表示该部分在重要性、力量、大小等方面超过其 他部分,起着主体的作用。The chief reason for going to school is to learn. 去学校主要是去学习的。The president is chief of the armed force.总统是武装部队的首脑。Our main meal is in the evening.我们的主餐是在晚上。Note down the main points of the speech.请记下讲演的要点。
12、choose, select
choose为“挑选,选择”,使用范围较广,指从众多的对象中挑选,这种挑选取决于个人的意志与判断,不强调客观标准。它所选择的对象可以是不同种类的,可以是有形的或无形的。choose带有最终选定的含义,即表示选定后不再变化。如:In the new department store there is a lot to choose from.在新的百货商店有很多可供选择的商品。He chose Miss Li for his wife.他选李小姐为妻。You have to choose between life and dead.你必须在生与死之间作出选择。
select为“挑选,精选”,语气比choose重,多用于正式场合。它指仔细地,审慎地精选,强调客观性,而不是主观性。它所挑选的对象可以是有形的或是无形的,但一定是同一种类的。如:The best machines were selected and sent to the exhibition.最好的机器被选去参展了。He selected a birthday present for his dear daughter.他为他亲爱的女儿挑选了一个生日礼物。
13、come to one's help, come for one's help
come to one's help表示“来帮某人的忙”,与come to help someone意义相同。如:When they heard my cry, they immediately came to my help.他们一听到我的叫声就赶忙来帮忙了。When one man is in difficulties, ten thousand come to his help.一人有难,万人帮忙。
come for one's help表示“来求某人帮助”,与come to ask someone for help意义相同。如:When he is short of money, he often comes for my help.他缺钱花的时候,他常来找我帮忙。She couldn't solve the problem, so she came for our help.她不能解决这个问题,因而来找我们帮忙。
14、continual, continuous
这两个形容词均可表示“连续不断”的意思,但它们在含义上有区别。continual指某一动作不时重复,重复之间有短暂停顿的含义;还有使人不愉快的含义。如:We are not happy with those continual interruptions.我们对那些不断的打扰很生气。My work has been delayed by his continual visit.我的工作被他频繁的拜访给耽搁了。
continuous指某一动作在一段时间内没有中断的含义,表示“持续不断”的意思。如:We felt tired after two days' continuous flight.经过两天不停的飞行,我们感到很累了。There was continuous fighting on the frontier all day yesterday.昨天一整夜,边界上的战斗没有停过。
15、compare...to, compare...with
compare...to为“把...比喻为,把...比成“,指不同类事物的比较,表示抽象的比喻。compare...with为“把...与...比较”,指两个同类的事物相比较,表示人和人,事物与事物之间异同的程度。Life is compared to a voyage.生命常被比作一次航行。People compared him to a little white cat.人们把她比作一只小白猫。Compared with many women, she was indeed very lucky.与许多其他女人相比,她的确很幸运。Compare your translation with his, you'll find how many mistakes you've made.与他的翻译相比,你会发现你的有很多错误。
16、consider, regard as, treat as
consider和regard as都表示“认为是”,两者常可换用。前者偏重经过考虑后的看法,后者则偏重“把...看作”的含义,且必须与介词as连用。如:They considered Miss Shen a good English teacher.他们认为沈小姐是一位优秀的英语教师。I regard her as my own sister.我把她看作自己的亲妹妹。They regarded me as their best friends.他们把我看作是最好的朋友。
treat as表示“对待,当作”,指在某种认识的基础上对待某人某物,着重点在行动,而不是看法。treat as 中的as也可用like代替。如:Don't treat me as/like a child.别待我象孩子似的They treated me as/like a member of the family.他们待我像家里人一样。
consider 后可接从句,也可跟带有名词,形容词,不定式及介词短语的复合结构;regard as后除接名词外,还可接形容词,分词及介词短语等;treat后则只能接名词。如:I consider that he is the most suitable man to do this work.我认为他是担任此项工作最适合的人选。They considered my opinion valuable.他们认为我的观点很有价值。I regard him as stupid.我认为他很蠢。She considered herself to be correct.她认为自己是对的。We can't regard the matter as settled.我们不认为事情已经解决。He regarded it as of little use.他觉得这没什么用。
17、coloured, colourful
虽然这两个形容词的词根均是colour,但它们的含义不同。coloured表示“有某种颜色的(having the colour specified)"的意义,常用以构成复合词。如:She is wearing a cream-coloured dress today.她今天穿着奶油色的衣服。Coloured people were looked down upon at that time in America.那时在美国有色人种被人瞧不起。
colourful表示“富有色彩的(full of colours),色彩鲜艳的”等意思。如:The girls looked very attractive in their colourful dresses.女孩子们穿着色彩鲜艳的衣服显得非常漂亮。Colourful wall paper would brighten up your room.色彩艳丽的墙纸会使你房间焕然一新。D
1、damage, harm, hurt, injure, spoil
乍看这几个词,觉得意思都差不多。它们都有“损害,伤害,破坏”的意思。其实,它们之间还是有不同的。damage: “毁坏,损坏”,主要指造成价值,效用,完整性方面的损坏。例如:Mr. Smith, I wonder if we could arrange a talk about the damaged cargo sometime.史密斯先生,我们能不能安排个时间商谈破损货物的问题。The water they had thrown over everything to put out the fire damaged the books.为了灭火,他们把水往一切东西上泼,把书也损坏了。
harm: “损害,伤害”,词义具体,强调带来损失,病痛或痛苦。Though he knows clearly that smoking harms his health, he simply cannot give it up.虽然他很清楚吸烟对身体有害,但他就是戒不了。
hurt: “疼痛,伤害”,尤其指感情或身体遭受创伤。Nothing hurts more than a bad tooth, so he had to go to the dentist to have it pulled out.没有比牙齿坏了更疼痛的了,所以他不得不找牙医拔掉那颗坏牙。My little boy fell off a ladder and hurt himself.我的儿子从楼梯上摔了下来,把自己摔伤了。
injure: “伤害,损害”,一般常指不公正地对待或冤屈某人,即有意识地侵害别人的权利或毁坏别人的健康、成就等,也可以指外表、健康、安逸等遭受破坏。The gas polluted the surroundings and injured the health of workers and residents of the area.这种气体污染环境,损害工人和该地区居民的健康。
spoil: 有强烈的“毁坏,毁灭”之意。指不仅造成价值,精力,兴致的“损伤”,还意味着可能造成某种毁灭或彻底破坏,也有“宠坏”的意思。John joined the party and spoiled the pleasure of everyone by his impolite behavior.约翰参加了这个晚会,他的不礼貌行为破坏了大家的兴致。Quarreling completely spoiled the dinner, which broke up in discord.争吵完全破坏了了宴会的气氛,结果宴会不欢而散。I do hate to spoil your fun, but I've got something urgent to tell you.我真不愿扫了你的兴,但我有紧急的事必须告诉你。
2、dare not , don't dare
dare是“敢”的意思,它既可作情态动词,也可作实义动词。dare not中的dare是情态动词,后接动词原形。dare作为情态动词,其过去式为dared。 如:I dare not think of it.我不敢想这事。He dared not go near the woods in the daytime.白天,他不敢到灌木丛附近去。作为情态动词的dare除用于否定句外,还可用于疑问句和条件句,但不能用于肯定句。 如可以说 Dare you say so before your parents 和Jump now if you dare,但不可以说I dare touch it.
don't dare中的dare是实义动词,后面要接动词不定式。如:I did not dare to move.我不敢动。He had never dared to ask her to go anywhere with him.他从来不敢要求她跟他去任何地方。作为实义动词的dare与其它实义动词一样,可以用于肯定句,疑问句和条件句等。如:She dared to go there alone.她敢一个人去那里。Do you dare to come here 你敢一个人来这儿吗?
dare与普通实义动词的不同之处在于:在否定句和疑问句中,dare后的不定式往往可以省去 to。如:He didn't dare (to) say that to my face. 他不敢当面对我说这些。Do you dare (to) climb that high mountain 你敢爬那座高山吗?
3、dangerous, in danger
dangerous是形容词,意为“危险的”, 指一切能或者可能引起危险的人或事物等,有对某人或某事物构成威胁的意味。例如:He is a dangerous person.他是一个危险的人物。It is dangerous to smoke.吸烟是危险的。
in danger是一个介词短语,意为“处于危险中”,在句中作表语,其后还可以跟of短语。在使用中,danger可由形容词great, real等修饰。其反义语是out of danger。如:The sick man's life had been in danger, but now he was out of danger.病人的生命曾处于危险之中,现在已脱离危险。He is in great danger of losing all his money if he continues to buy useless objects.如果他继续买这些无用的东西,他就有失去所有钱财的危险。
4、date, day这两个词都表示“日,天”的意思,但它们之间是有区别的。date通常指具体的日期,一般以单数形式出现。它包括某年、某月、某日。因此,在回答 What's the date 或What's the date today 的问句时,应该把年、月、日全部说出。What's the date today 今天几号?It's June 4,1992. 今天是1992年6月4日。
day主要用来泛指日子,a day是“一天”的意思。days是“一些日子”的意思。在问“星期几”时,应该用它。如:What day is today 今天星期几?It's Friday. 今天星期五。
5、deadly, deathly
deadly和deathly都可作形容词,表示“死一般地”,指死的表象。如:The deadly/deathly silence filled the meeting-room.会议室里一片沉默,没有一点声音。两者都可以充当形容词及副词,表示“非常,极度”,强调极端性。如:I have deadly/deathly fear of snakes.我非常害怕蛇。The man is deadly/deathly ill. 这人病得很重。
deadly另可表示:“致命的,势不两立的”,指导致死亡与毁灭的事物,表示死亡的可能性。 如deadly poison(致命的毒药),deadly illness(致命的疾病),deadly weapon(致命的武器)。 又如:Fog is one of the sailor's deadliest enemies.雾是海员一个最大的敌人。The sad news was a deadly blow to the poor old lady.这条消息对这个可怜的老太太是致命一
6、deal in, deal with
deal in主要“做……买卖,经营(to buy and sell, trade in)"的意思,后接事物名词,表示经营,买卖的内容。如:This shop deals in textile good.这家商店经营纺织品。This import and export corporation deals in general merchandise, paper, building material, electrical appliances, light, etc.这家进出口公司经营日用百货,纸张,建筑材料,电器用品和灯具等。
deal with的主要意思有:1)“与……做生意(do business, esp. trade with...), 后接集体名词或人物名词,表示做生意的对方;2)“对付,处理”;3)关于,论及(be about, be concerned with)"等。如:I've dealt with this store for 20 years.我与这家商店做了20年的生意。Children are tiring to deal with.带小孩最令人讨厌。Deal with a man as he deals with you.以其人之道还治其人之身。This article deals with an important subject.这篇文章谈论到一个重要的问题。
7、demand, request, require
demand为“要求,查问”,语气较重,是强硬、断然的口气。它可接名词,不定式及用虚拟语气表示的宾语从句,当以被要求的人作宾语时,要加介词of。如:She demanded that we give him an immediate answer.她要求我立即给他回复。All of us demand of him whether he had heard from her recently.我们大家都问他最近是否收到她的来信。
require为“请求,恳求”,语气较和缓,指非常礼貌地正式请求。它可接名词及不定式的复合结构,也可以后接用宾语从句,但宾语从句中要用虚拟语气。当以被要求的人作宾语时,要加介词of。如:We'll do all that is required of us.我们会把要求做的全部都做完。
与demand和request的用法不同,require另可接动名词作宾语,其主动形式表示被动意义。它也可接不定式作宾语,但仍要用被动形式来表示被动意义。如:The car requires repairing/to be repaired.这辆车需要修理。
8、display, exhibit, expose这些词都指以展示的方式吸引注意,亦有“表现”之意。display:“展示,陈列”,指将物品最充分、有效地展示在人的视线或便于看清楚的位置。此外,此词还有体现、表现之意。If a child displays negative behavior by hitting someone, adults must try to persuade him to use reasoning to solve future conflicts.假如孩子有打人的不良习惯,成年人必须规劝他用讲道理的方式来解决今后发生的争执。She is so fascinated by the beautiful dress displayed in the shop window that she cannot help looking at it admirably whenever she passes there.她对橱窗里展示的那套漂亮衣服非常痴迷,每次经过,她都忍不住羡慕地看看它。
exhibit:“展出,表现出”,往往指出于某个特殊目的而公开地推出某些事物。Although the supervisor said he needn't be responsible for the result, John still exhibited signs of stress.尽管督查员说约翰不必为此事负责,他还是显现出承受压力的迹象。
expose:“显示出,展出,显露”,指让某物从藏匿、隐蔽状态中显示出来;也有使某些不妥当或被隐匿之事显露于众,即“揭露,暴露”之意。It's too bad that children are exposed to films and reports about crime and violence.让孩子耳濡目染电影与新闻报道中的暴力与犯罪行为是很糟糕的。It was my duty to leave no stone unturned to discover and expose the awful truth.我的责任就是想方设法发现这可怕的真相并公之于众。
9、die from, die of
这两个动词词组都表示“因……而死”。die from和die of都可表示因疾病,饥饿,寒冷,年迈,疲劳过度等造成的死亡。如:die from/of illness/hunger/cold/old age/overwork/poison。再如:It is reported that as many as 1 out of 10 heavy cigarette smokers will eventually die from/of lung cancer.据报道,有十分之一烟瘾很重的人会死于肺癌。In a severe winter, wild animals can die from/of lack of food.在严冬,野生动物可能会因食物不足而死。
die from另可表示由外因而造成的死亡,象事故,损伤,环境条件,自然灾害等。如:die from a traffic accident/a wound/carelessness/an electric shock/an earthquake。再如:The young driver died from the wounds he received in the road accident.这个年轻的司机因交通事故致伤而死。The 3-year-old child died from her fall out of the high window.这个三岁的小孩从高楼的窗户摔下来而死。
die of另可表示因内在感情而造成的死亡,像失恋,失望,羞愧,大喜大悲等。如:die of love/disappointment/shame/joy/grief/a broken heart。再如:Grandma Zhou died of grief soon after her husband's death.周奶奶在她丈夫死后不久因悲伤过度也去世了。They drowned themselves in the sea and died of love.他们跳海殉情了。
10、deep, deeply
deep用作副词时,易和deeply混淆。这两个副词在修饰具体动作时,一般可以换用。如:We shall probe deep (or: deeply) into the matter.我们要深入地探索这件事。deep通常用来形容静止状态,多用来修饰作状语的介词短语,带有far into之意。如:They danced deep into the night.他们跳舞跳到深夜。He stood there thinking, his hands deep in his pockets.他站在那儿思索,两手深深地插在口袋里。
deeply常常用来修饰形容词或过去分词,作程度状语。如:We were all deeply disturbed when we heard the news.我们听到那消息都感到极为不安。I'm deeply grateful for the advice you gave me.我非常感激你给我的劝告。
11、different, various
different为“不同的,有差异的”,是普通用语,常指在性质上及在其他方面不同,它强调本质的差异,着重独特性与单独性。它常用于be different from结构,以表示对比的差异。如:People in different countries play the same game in different ways.同样的运动,不同国家的人用不同的方式进行。Things today are greatly different from what they used to be.今天的情况与过去大不相同。
various为“不同的,各种各样的”,强调同一范畴内的品种或数量的不同,而不强调相互间本质的差别。如:I did that for various reasons.由于种种原因我才这样做的。You may solve the problem in various ways.你可用各种方式来解决这个问题。
different也可用来指品种数量的不同,而不强调本质上的差别,此时可与various换用。如:I came across different/various people .我碰见过各种各样的人。There's different/various kinds of flowers in his garden.他的花园里,花的品种繁多。
12、discover, invent
discover意为“发现,看出”,常指通过调查,实验等发现原已存在,但尚未被人了解,认识或挖掘到的事物,含有该事物阻挡人们视线的意思,也常指发现抽象的事物。如:A new coal-mine has been discovered in this district.这地区发现了一个新的煤矿。The police discovered an iron box hidden under the floor.警方发现地下藏着一个铁盒子。We discovered the lady to be quite careful in her work.我们觉得这个女士对她的工作非常仔细。
Invent意为“发明”, 指通过思考,实验和研究等发明了新的有用的物品。此外,它还有“虚构,编造”的意思。Bell invented the telephone.贝尔发明了电话。T
1、take a chair, take the chair
take a chair是"拿一把椅子" 坐一会儿"的意思。例如:He has just taken a chair into the room.他刚才拿了一把椅子进了房间。Won't you take a chair 你请坐一会儿,好吗?
take the chair是一个习惯用语,表示"担任主席,主持会议"的意思当然,在一定场合,它也可以表示"拿(这)把椅子"的意思。例如:We hope you will be so kind as to take the chair.希望你会乐意主持这次会议。Who took the chair at the conference 那次会议谁担任主席?Please take the chair out.请把这把椅子搬出去。
2、take...as, take...for
这两个关联短语都是指"把...看作,把...当作"的意思,但含义有所不同。
take...as是一般地看待某人或某物,相当于regard...as。例如:They take us as little kids who count for nothing.他们把我们看作是无足轻重的孩子。We mustn't take success and failure as a personal matter.我们不应当把成败看作是个人的事。
take...for有把某物或者人错看成或错当成的含义。例如:At first they took him for a foreigner. Several months later, they came to know he is a true Chinese.开始他们都把他当成外国人,几个月后,他们才知道他是一个真正的中国人。Do you take me for a fool who believes that tale 你是不是把我看成个傻瓜,以为我竟会相信那种谎言?
3、take note, take note of, take notes (of)
take note是动名型短语动词,可用作不及物或及物动词。作前者时,一般独立使用;作后者时,通常其后接不定式或that从句。其意义和作用相当于take care,即表示"注意,留心"的意思。例如:Take note, keep children away from the water's edge.注意,勿让孩子在水边逗留。Take note not to wake the baby.留神,别把孩子吵醒了。Please take note that this city is in the north, not in the south of China.请注意,这座城市是在华北,不是在华南。
take note of是动名介型短语动词,作及物动词用,其后须跟名词,代词等作宾语,其作用和意义相当于pay attention to。例如:Your remarks have been taken careful note of, and I hope we'll soon reply to each of them in detail.你的讲话已受到充分注意,我想不久以后逐一详细答复。Nobody took any note of the old man's death.没有谁注意到那老人死了。
take notes表示"记笔记"的意思,用作不及物动词;take notes of意为"把...记下来",其后须跟所记下的内容,作宾语。例如:He spoke so rapidly that it was difficult to take notes without missing something of what he said.他讲得太快,要把他的话毫无遗漏地记录下来是困难的。Do you take notes of the lectures 你听课记笔记吗?Since there was no textbook for the course, his students had to take detailed notes of everything the professor said.由于这个课程没有课本,学生们只好详细记录教授的讲课内容。
4、take the place of, take place
take the place of是"代替"的意思。若所代替的对象是代词,则通常采用take one's place的形式。例如:Electronic computers have taken the place of thousands of working people.电子计算机代替了千万个人的劳动。Last night, our monitor didn't come and I was asked to take his place.昨晚我们班长未到,大家要我代替他。
take place表示"发生,举行"的意思,是不及物短语动词,不可用被动语态。它仅用于历史上的事件,集会等,而不用于地震等自然界的现象。它常可与happen换用。例如:In 1919,the May 4th Movement took place in China.1919年,中国爆发了五四运动。Battle after battle took place in which the enemy suffered heavy losses.战斗一个接一个地进行,在这些战斗中敌人蒙受了重大损失.
5、tell...of, tell...about, tell...from
tell...of和tell...about中的动词tell后须接表示人的名词或代词,介词of和about后接谈到的情况或内容,这两个词组在一般情况下可以换用。但在表示提起某事时,倾向于tell...of,在表示详细地讲述有关情况时,倾向于用tell...about。例如:She told us of / about the difficulties she had met with in her work.她给我们谈了谈她在工作中碰到的困难。We must tell them of/ about our decision.我们应当把我们的决定告诉他们。He told us about the present situation.他给我们谈了当前的形势。
tell...from表示对好坏,优劣,真假或两种事物加以 "区分"的意思。其中tell后的宾语与介词from后的宾语一般都是一对相反或相近的意义的词。例如:Can you tell her from her twin sister 你能分得出她和她的孪生姐妹吗?But through practice one can tell the true from the false.但通过实践我们可以区别真伪。
6、terrified of, terrified at 这两个词组中的terrified均为形容词化的过去分词,同连系动词be连用。 terrified of是"害怕"的意思,相当于afraid of, 其后可接名词,代词或动名词,表示原因。例如:The child was terrified of being left alone in the house.那孩子害怕把他一个人留在家里。 She was terrified of being killed in an air raid.她很害怕在空袭中被炸死。
terrified at后除可接名词,代词或动名词,表示"因听到(看到)...而害怕"。常有terrified at the thought of/ at the idea of/ at the prospect of, etc.等搭配,即表示"想到...而惊恐,想象...而惊恐,展望...而惊恐"等意思。例如:She was terrified at the deafening explosion.她被那震耳欲聋的爆炸声吓了一跳。The old lady was terrified at the thought of crossing such a busy road.老妇人想到要穿过这样一条繁忙的马路便感到害怕。
7、title, topic, subject, theme
theme:"主题,论题,题目",指人们为了进行文学或艺术方面的论述而选取的主体,如诗的思想,主张,乐曲的主旋律或绘画的基调,它与subject, topic的区别在于它有时暗示在立意,形式,效果等方面进行了比较,如an overworked theme(老生常谈的题目)指立意上与别的作品相比并无新意。This is a one-man show of paintings whose theme was the vulgarity of modern life.这是一个以现代生活的庸俗为主题的个人画展。The graduates wrote a number of essays whose theme was man's will-power.研究生们写了以人类的意志力为主题的一系列论文。
title:"标题,题目",指书,绘画,剧作等创作作品的名称;还可讲作"头衔,称呼,权利"。短语:an essay under the topic of 题为...的文章。例如:It was the book's eye-catching title that helped me make up my mind to buy it.正是这醒目的书名才使我下决心买下这本书。This is a picture that requires no title; I think everyone knows what the author really wants to show.这是一幅无需任何标题的图画,我相信人人知道作者想展示什么。
topic:"话题,题目,主题,论题",指人们普遍感兴趣或对之持有不同观点,因而可供讨论的题目,也指为了对之进行独特而有创意的论述而选择的话题,可指整篇作品的主旨,也可指某个章节,段落乃至单句包含的要点。The topic of your article is very good, but your spelling and style must be improved.你文章的题目很好,但拼写及风格必须改进。I cannot remember in a very long conversation what topic has been touched upon and what has not.我不记得在拖得很长的谈话中什么话题涉及到了,什么没有涉及。
subject:"题目,主题",在这组词中词义最广,最不确切,泛指在某一范围内的主题,以及取舍并处理某种材料的指导原则,涉及面广,概括性强,一般包括若干topic。例如:When someone rang at the door, he was doing research on the subject matter which would be under discussion in his next day's philosophy class.有人按门铃的时候,他还在为第二天哲学课所讨论的主题寻找资料。He chose "A Reform in Teaching Methods" as the subject of his lecture.他选择"教学方法的改革"作为讲话的题目。
8、though, although
这两个词都有"虽然"之意,均不能与but连用,但可加yet, still等词以加强语气。
although:"尽管,虽然",只作连词,较正式,一般情况下可以用though替代。He passed the exam although he had been prevented by illness from some classes.虽然他曾因病耽误了学习,但他考试还是及格了。Although he was seriously wounded, he still held out on the battle-field.他虽然身负重伤,但坚持不下火线。
though:"虽然,尽管,即使",还可以与even连用,even though即使,纵然。作副词时,一般不能置于句首,译作:"然而,不过",相当于nevertheless。I can see that New York must seem dull to her though the family won't admit it.我看得出来纽约对她来说一定很单调乏味,虽然家里人不愿承认这一点。She won't leave the TV set, even though her husband is waiting for his supper.即使丈夫等着吃饭,她也不愿离开电视机。
9、thoughtful, considerate
这组词均有"周到的"之意。
considerate:"周到的,体贴的",指对他人的感情或处境周到,能设法减轻他人的悲伤或分担他人的苦恼。常用句型:It's considerate of sb. to do;常用词组:be considerate towards / about sb.对...体贴的。It was very considerate of you not to play the piano while your mother had a bad headache.你在母亲头痛得很厉害时不弹钢琴,真是考虑得非常周到。He was too courteous and considerate to make stubborn subordinates bend to his will.他对人很客气,体贴,不迫使固执的属下服从他的意愿。
thoughtful:"体贴的,关怀他人的",指无私地关心他人,为他人的安逸,舒适着想,能推测了解到别人的愿望或需用。常用句型:It's thoughtful of sb. to do;常用词组:be thoughtful about/ for 对...(考虑)周到的。It was very thoughtful of you to make all the necessary arrangements for us.你们考虑得很周到,为我们做好了一切必要的安排。It was very thoughtful of you to warn me of your arrival.你来之前先通知我,真是考虑周到。
10、thanks for, thanks to
这两个短语中的thanks是名词,实际上可看作I'd like to express my thanks for/ to...的省略形式。由于它们常用在口语中,尤以简洁为宜。
thanks for中的介词for表示原因。其后须接名词或动名词,表示"感谢"的缘由。例如:A thousand thanks for your kindness.非常感谢你的善意。Well, I must be going now. Thanks for your time.我得走了。谢谢你为我花费了时间。
thanks to中的to为介词。它有两种意义和用法:一是表示"谢谢"的意义,其介词to后须接表示人的名称或代词,即"谢谢"的对象;二是作短语介词用,表示原因,其后须接名词,代词或动名词,常译为"由于,因为"或"多亏"的意思。例如:You helped me a lot. Many thanks to you.你给予了我许多帮助,非常感谢你。It was thanks to your stupidity that we lost the game.正是由于你的愚笨害得我们输了这场比赛。Thanks to a good teacher, she passed the exam.多亏有位好老师,她才通过了考试。
11、the reason why, the reason that
这两个短语中的why和that分别引导的都是同位语从句,它们均表示"...的理由(或原因)"的意思,两者可以通用。例如:The reason why/that it should be so is now clear.应当如此的理由现在清楚了。The reason why/that idealism and metaphysics are held to be obstacles to truth is that they discourage scientific inquiry into truth.唯心论和形而上学之所以被认为是真理的障碍是因为它们阻碍对真理的科学的探讨。
值得注意的是the reason why/that后接表语从句时,多数语法学者认为应该用that引导,有的语法学者则认为用because引导也是可以的。以下是摘录的原文例句:The reason why I am dealing with so many pictures tonight is because I happen to have seen them all just recently.我今晚之所以谈这么多的影片是因为我恰好最近都看过。The reason why he's late is that/because there was a breakdown on the railway.他之所以迟到是因为火车出了故障。
12、three weeks ago, three weeks before
这两个词组均属于"一段时间+副词"结构。类似的说法还有five years ago, five years before; two days ago, two days before等。 "一段时间+ago"是以现在为准,表示"自今...前"的意思,它常与一般过去时的动词连用。若状语是"since+一段时间+ago"结构,或者谓语有情态动词,动名词或虚拟语气等,其句子有时可用完成时态。例如:Several million years ago, our country was covered by thick forests.几百万年前,我们的大地被茂密的森林覆盖着。He has been there since two weeks ago.两周以来,他一直在那儿。He must have seen the film two days ago.他两天前一定看过这部影片。I remember meeting you somewhere two years ago.我记得两年前在哪里见到过你。I had thought that he had died at least twenty years ago.我原以为他二十年前就去世了。
"一段时间+before"是以过去某时候为准,表示"那时的...前"的意思。常用于过去完成时。例如:Mr. Li went abroad in 1978. I had met him two years before.李先生1978年出国的,在那两年前我见过他。When I visited her, she told me that she had graduated from the college three years before.当我去拜访她时,她告诉我她是三年前从那所大学毕业的。
13、till, until till和until
都可以用作连词和介词,用于肯定句和否定句。用于肯定句时,只与持续性动词连用,表示"到...为止"。用于否定句时,通常与瞬间动词连用,也可与持续性动词连用,表示"直到...才"的意思。这两个词一般情况下可以相互换用。例如:We waited for him until/till six o'clock.我们等他到一直等到六点钟。The pupils will not begin the meeting till/until their class supervisor comes.学生们等到班主任一到就开始开会。They didn't talk until/till the interpreter came.直到译员到,他们才交谈。He did not go to bed until/till he had made sure that nothing was wrong with the pipes.他检查水管,确准它们没有毛病,才去睡觉。
当until用于句首时,一般不能用till代替。在以not开始的从句或短语里,till一般也不可代替until,而且这种句式要用倒装语序。例如:Until the last minute of the match we kept playing.直到比赛的最后一分钟,我们仍然坚持奋战。Not until he had finished his work did he go home.他直到把工作做完,才回家去。
14、tiresome, tiring, tired
这三个形容词均可用作定语,表语或补语。
tiresome和tiring都表示"令人讨厌的,令人疲乏的"的主动含义,其行为主体或所修饰的词多为事物,有时也可以是人。两者一般可以换用。例如:The job is tiresome (or: tiring).这工作真累人。That is a tiresome (or: tiring) talk.那是一次令人厌倦的谈话。He is a tiresome (or: tiring) fellow.他是个令人讨厌的家伙。
tired的意思是"疲倦的,劳累的",其主语或者所修饰的词通常是人。它还有"厌倦"的意思,其后常接介词短语。例如:He has worked the whole day, so he feels very tired.他工作了一整天,感到非常劳累。The tired man has gone to rest.那个疲惫不堪的人休息去了。Such a long lecture would make the audience tired.这么冗长的讲话会使听众感到疲乏。
15、to date, up to date, up-to-date
to date是介词短语用作副词,在句中作状语,通常用于句首,意为"到目前为止,到现在为止"。up to date也有这一意义和用法,这时,两者可以通用。例如:To date (or: Up to date) twenty students have been accepted into the school.到目前为止已有二十名学生被接受入学。Up to date (or: To date) we have no news of him.到现在为止我们还不知道他的消息。
up to date起形容词的作用,一般在句中作表语或补语,定语通常用up-to-date。它们均表示"最新的,现代化的,最近的,符合最新发展的"的意思。例如:That car is a beauty and quite up to date.那辆小汽车式样美观,新颖。He is always right up to date in his information about this subject.在这个学科上,他一向掌握最新的情报。The yearly supplement keep the dictionary up to date.逐年的增补使这部词典的内容能随时跟上形势的发展。What he has used is a up-to-date method of language teaching.他使用的是一种最新的语言教学法。
16、to one's mind, on one's mind
这两个短语中的one's根据主语的不同可有单复数变化形式,如my, your, his, our, their等,但其中的mind却只能用单数形式。
to one's mind是介词短语,有两种用法和意义:1.起副词的作用,在句子中作状语,表示"照某人的看法,据某人的意见"的意思;2.起形容词的作用,一般在句中作补语或表语,表示"合某人的心意,为某人所喜欢"的意思。例如:More people agree with him but to my mind he's quite young.大多数人都赞同他,但依我看来,他太年轻了。So now, the house, to his mind, had a most pleasing and comfortable appearance.因此,这座房子,在他看来,有着一种使人愉快和舒适的外观。He found life in the countryside very much to his mind.他发现乡村生活很合自己的口味。The event is just to their mind.这事正和他们的心意。
on one's mind亦可解作upon one's mind, 其本义为"在心上",用作位置状语,常同动词have, get连用;亦可用作连系动词be的表语。它往往被引申为"惦记,操心,焦虑"的意思。例如:He looks as if he has something on his mind.他仿佛有什么心事似的。Something was obviously on his mind, but he was reluctant to say what it was.他显然是在担心什么事,但他却不愿说。
17、to safety, in safety, for safety, with safety
这几个由介词加名词safety构成的介词短语,因使用的介词不同,其含义和用法也就有区别。 to safety相当于to a safe place,表示"到达安全地带或地方",常同动态意味很强的动词,如move, transport等连用。例如:They have moved to safety.他们已经转移到安全的地方。The valuables have been transported to safety.那些贵重物品已经运到安全地带。
in safety主要表示某人或某种事物"处于安全的状态或地位",常用作连系动词be的表语。例如:We are now in safety.我们现在安全了。Don't worry, they are in safety.别着急,他们很安全。
for safety是指"为了安全,为了确保安全,为了安全起见"的意思。例如:While the family were away from home they placed all their valuables in the bank, for safety.当全家人外出时,他们为了安全起见,把所有贵重物品都存入银行。He placed all his money in the safe for safety.为了确保安全,他把所有钱都放进了保险柜。
with safety属表示-ly副词意义的介词短语,意为"安全地,不冒任何风险地",相当于safely。in safety也有这一含义,这时两者可以通用,只是with safety更常见。例如:They crossed the road with (or: in) safety.他们安全地穿过了马路。Cut off by the rising waters, the two boys climbed on to a ledge of rock, where they remained with (or: in) safety until they were rescued.两个孩子被不断上涨的洪水截断了归路,他们爬上岩壁,安全地在上面呆到被营救出来为止。 注:with safety有时还可以表示"无误地"的意思。例如:I think we can reckon with safety on at least ten people supporting us.我想我们能准确无误地指望至少有十个人支持我们。
18、together, altogether
这两个均用作副词,在句中作状语。
together主要表示三种意思:1.一起(in company) 2.同时(at the same time) 3.一致地,统一地。其前可加all以加强语气,即all together。例如: The family together earned one hundred dollars a week.一家人合在一起每星期挣一百美元。Let's work together.让我们大家一起工作。The bells rang out together.钟声齐鸣。The arguments does not hang together well.这论点前后不尽一致。
altogether也有三个意思:1.完全地,全部地( entirely, wholly );2.总而言之,总之 (on the whole);3.总共。它常同数词连用,all together也有这个意思,此时两者可以互换。例如:He felt not altogether satisfied.他并不完全满意。It was raining, but altogether it was a good trip.尽管下着雨,但总的来说还是一次愉快的旅行。There are five apples on the plate altogether.盘子里总共有五只苹果。
19、too much, much too
too much可分别用作形容词(后接不可数名词),代词或副词。它主要有三个意思:1.太多的,过分的。2.极好的,激动人心的。3.(估价)太高的。例如:Don't give him too much praise.不要给他太多的赞扬。Too much is as bad as too little.过犹不及。We cannot admire his courage too much.我们怎样赞美他的勇气也不过火。Don't think too much of yourself.不要自以为了不起。
much too表示"(实在)太"的意思,常用作副词,修饰形容词或副词。例如:The coat is much too large for me.这件上衣我穿实在太大。He studies English much too hard.他学习英语实在太刻苦了。 注意:下面一句中由于在much too和名词之间有一个表示数量意义的little,所以这句话也是正确的。例如:I am afraid that you have given much too little care to your work.我很担心你工作太不细心了。
20、tremble with, tremble at, tremble for
tremble with是"因……而发抖"的意思,其后通常接anger, cold, hunger, fear, excitement等名词,表示原因。例如:He is trembling with cold.他冻得发抖。His voice trembled with excitement.他兴奋得声音发颤。 tremble at表示"因(听到,看到)……而害怕(发抖)"的意思,因此常以tremble at the thought of (at the idea of, at the sight of, etc.)的形式出现。例如:She trembled at the idea of having to go through that ordeal again.她一想到再受那种折磨就害怕。He trembled at the sound of bursting bombs.他听到炸弹爆炸的声音吓得发抖。
tremble for表示"为...而担忧"的意思,接近于be worried about,其后可接安全,生命等名词外,还可接表示人的名词。例如:His parents tremble for his safety.他父母为他的安全担忧。I told him I trembled for the children not being back.我告诉他,孩子们没回来,我很着急。
21、troubled, troublesome
这是一对由trouble派生的形容词,但两词的含义有所不同。 troubled主要指人的神色,表情或说话声等"不安的,忧虑的(worried)"的意思。它还指"混乱的,动乱的"形势,状态等。例如:His troubled look frightened me.他那种忧虑的神情使我大吃一惊。He looks troubled.他看上去神色不安。The present situation is in troubled waters.当前形势正处于混乱的状态之中。
troublesome是"令人烦恼的,令人讨厌的(causing trouble or anxiety)"的意思。它还可表示"困难的,麻烦的(difficult)"等含义。例如:The cough is quite troublesome.这咳嗽真讨厌。He is a troublesome child.他是一个恼人的孩子。The troublesome problem will soon be solved.这道难题很快就会解决的。 注意:形容词后缀-some的含义是"有……倾向的",它加在某些动词或名词后面,使该词变为具有主动意义的形容词,如:bothersome,tiresome, meddlesome等。
22、tune in, in tune
这是一对同素反序词语,其意义和用法则完全不同。
tune in是动副型短语动词,一般起不及物动词的作用,表示"调谐(收音机或电视机等)"的意思,一般译作"收听,收看"。若要言明收听或收看的内容,则往往在tune in后加介词to或on,即tune in to (or: on),后接收听或收看的内容。此外,它还有"使协调,使和谐"的意思,这时一般用其被动形式,即be tuned in。例如:We usually tune in to the news.我们一般收听新闻节目。Let's tune in to (or: on) Radio Beijing.让我们收听北京广播电台。They are tuning in (to) the public channel.他们在收看公众频道。He's not very well tuned in to his surround.他和周围的环境有些格格不入。The lecturer could see from the expressions on the faces of his audience which students were really tuned in to what he was saying.演讲者从听众的面部表情上可以看出哪些学生对他所讲的内容是真正产生共鸣的。
in tune是介词短语,其中tune是名词。它的本义为"音调准确,合调",常转义为"一致,协调,和睦,融合",与介词with短语连用,即in tune with, 表示"与……一致"的意思。此短语一般同连系动词be连用作表语。例如:Our grand piano is in tune.我们的大钢琴声音很准。The piano and the violin are quite in tune.钢琴和小提琴很合调。Bessie's mind was not quite in tune with the profundities of that learned journal.蓓西的头脑理解不了这本深奥的学术性杂志。Our policies are in tune with the needs and the aspirations of the people.我们的政策和人民的需要与愿望是一致的。
23、turn down, turn off
turn down表示"拒绝",后接表示人及请求,提议等一类的名词;它令可表示"减弱",用于调低,开小收音机,煤气等场合。
tune off表示"解雇,辞退",后接表示人的名词;它令可表示"关掉",用于关上收音机,煤气,自来水等场合。试比较:I didn't get the job. The company turned me down because I did not know English.由于我不懂英语,所以这家公司没有录用我。The boss thought him a trouble-maker and turned him off.老板认为他是一个惹麻烦的人而把他辞退了。Turn the gas down! The meat is nearly done.把煤气开小些!肉几乎已熟了。Don't turn the radio off. I'd like to hear the evening news.别把收音机关掉。我想听晚间新闻。
24、turn in, turn out
这两个动词短语的意义完全不同,且毫无关系。
turn in可作"交上,上缴"解,其中的in为副词。它另可作"拐入"解,此时 in为副词或介词。如:Don't forget to turn your copy-books in.别忘了交上你们的抄写本。The soldier should turn in his equipment on leaving the army.士兵在离开军队时须交还装备。The driver had difficulty turning in such a narrow street.司机好不容易把车拐进这样窄的街道。
turn out的意义是"生产,赶出去,证明是",其中的out为副词。如:The factory turned out 2,000 motorbikes a month.工厂每月生产2000辆摩托车。I'll have you turned out if you make any more trouble here.如果你们再在这里捣蛋,我就把你们赶出去。The boy turned out successful after all.毕竟那孩子最终变得很有出息。
25、technique, technology
technique为"技术,技巧",指做某事的具体技术或方法,也可指艺术家和运动员的表演。technology为"技术,工艺",统指工业技术和生产工艺,不指具体的做某一件技术及方法。以下句子中的technique和technology均不能互换:Doctor Bernard has got marvelous technique.This musician has perfect technique but little expression.We must develop science and technology.The scientists call the age we live in the age of technology.S
1、satisfactory, satisfying, satisfied
这三个形容词均可作定语,表语或补语。 satisfactory和satisfying都表示“令人满意的”的主动含义,两者一般可以换用。当用作表语或定语时,其句中的主语或修饰的名词大都是表示事物的名词。例如:The explanation is a satisfying / satisfactory one.这是一种令人满意的解释。The child's reading ability is satisfying for his age level.孩子的阅读能力以其年龄来说是令人满意的。That is a satisfying performance.那是一场令人满意的演出。
satisfied的意思是“满意的;满足的”,指用作主语的人本身对某事或别人所做的事感到满意。在用作表语或定语时,其句中的主语或修饰的名词一般都是表示人的名词,少数为非生物名词。此外,它还有“确信的”的意思,其后接that从句或介词短语。例如:The satisfied boy has just left.那个感到满意的小孩刚走。The customer was satisfied with the pair of shoes.这位顾客对他买的那双鞋子感到满意。I was satisfied thathe was guilty.我确信他有罪。
2、satisfied with, satisfied of
这两个词组中的分词形容词均用作表语。
satisfied with后可接人或事物的名词,表示“对……满意”的意思,等于pleased with。例如:She is never satisfied with anything for long.她对任何东西从来也不会长期感到满意的。Are you satisfied with his answer 你对他的回答感到满意吗?
satisfied of后一般接事物名词或抽象名词,表示“确信”的意思,相当于sure of。例如:I am satisfied of the truth of his story.我确信他所讲的事的真实性。I am satisfied of your ability to do the work.我确信你有做这种工作的能力。
3、say sorry to ,be sorry to, be sorry for
say sorry to表示“向……表示道歉(歉意)”的意思,sorry是名词,to是介词,其后接表示人的名词或代词。例如:I'd say sorry to you, I must go.我要向诸位表示歉意,我得走了。Don't scold him, he had said sorry to us.不要责备他了,他已经向我们道歉了。
be sorry to和be sorry for都表示“由于……而感到遗憾”的意思,其中sorry均为形容词。不同的是前者接动词原形,后者接名词或动名词。例如:I'm sorry to hear his failure.听说他失败了,我感到很遗憾。I'm sorry for giving so much trouble.对不起,给你添了这么多麻烦。
4、scene, scenery
这两个词都是名词,都有“景色”的含义,然而,它们所指的景色范围是不同的。
scene是可数名词,通常指一片“景色”,一个“风光”,舞台的一幕“布景”等,它还可用于指戏剧,电影等中的“一场”或“一段情节”。它也可用于指故事,事件等发生的“地点,场所”。例如:There were distressing scenes when the earthquake occurred.地震发生后到处是悲惨的景象。The scenes are changed during the intervals.幕间换了布景。The picture presents the bleak, bare, grayish scene of a February morning.这幅画描绘了二月一个早晨的荒凉、光秃、灰暗的景色。The scene on Hamlet is Denmark.哈姆雷特的故事发生在丹麦。A dark lane was the scene of the murder.凶杀的现场是条黑洞洞的小巷。
scenery是集合名词,为不可数名词,通常指户外一个地区整个的自然“景色”,而不是个别的局部的风景,它也可指“舞台(全堂的)布景。例如:The scenery is imposing.景色壮丽。The scenery pictures a garden in the moonlight.舞台全堂布景表现了一个月光下的庭园。
5、search, search...for, in search for
非介词搭配的search是及物动词,表示“搜查”的意思,其后通常接地点名词或人物名词。例如:He even searched my home without any reason.他甚至毫无理由地搜查了我的家。The policeman searched the thief, but found nothing.警察搜查了那个贼,但是一无所获。
search for中的search是不及物动词,与其后的介词for结合,构成及物性短语动词,表示花费极大的气力去“搜寻,寻找”某个特定的目标的意思。search … for有时可以分开使用,即search … for后接具体事物名词,表示“在(某地)搜寻(某东西)”的意思。例如:For a whole day they searched for the lost child.这个丢失的孩子他们寻找了一天。We searched the woods for the missing child.我们在森林里寻找那个走失的孩子。The puppet soldiers searched the village for our underground workers.伪军在全村搜寻我们的地下工作人员。
in search for为短语介词(其中search为名词),表示目的,常译作“(为了)寻找或寻求”,for亦可用of代替。例如:They went out to Australia in search for/of gold.他们到澳大利亚去寻找黄金。
6、select, elect
这两个词都有“选”的意思,但其含义和用法有异。
select指在广泛的范围中进行有斟酌的“精选”,淘汰的意味较重,其后须跟名词或代词作宾语。例如:Most of the delegates to the conference are selected from advanced workers.出席大会的大多数代表是从先进工作者中挑选出来的。It is difficult to select good materials for middle school students to read.为中学生选出阅读的好材料是困难的。
elect的最普通意思是通过正式手续或投票形式的“选举”,其后须跟人或职称名词作宾语,亦可跟名词+名词,名词+as短语,名词+不定式短语的复合结构。例如:We elected him monitor.我们选他为班长。They elected Jimmy Carter (as) President.他们选吉米卡特为总统。They elected him to take part in the competition.他们选他参加竞赛。
7、send, send for
send作及物动词时,是“寄;送;派遣”的意思。其句式可以是send sb. sth., send sth. to … 或send sb. to do。例如:They have sent me some pictures for Guilin.他们寄给了我几张桂林的图片。They have decided to send him to the university.他们决定送他上大学。We'll send the young teachers to work in the countryside.我们将派青年教师去乡下工作。
send for是动介型短语动词用,表示“派人去请,派人去听,派人去拿”的意思,其后接表示人或事物的名词。例如:He is ill, please send for a doctor.他病了,请人叫医生来。The following day they sent for Professor Li.第二天他们派人去接李教授。
8、sensible, sensitive
这两个形容词都有“感觉的”含义,均可在句中作定语或表语。
sensible通常指人用感官去察觉,感觉到的对象一般是比较复杂或抽象的事物,其后常接of介词短语或to介词短语,分别表示“知道的,觉察的”和“对……有感觉”的意思。它还可用来说明是“通情达理的,明智的”或“懂事的”,用来说明事物是“合理的,行得通的”等。例如:She is sensible of her shortcomings. 她知道自己的缺点。He is sensible that he has made a grate mistake. 他觉察到自己犯了一个重大错误。His left eye is sensible to light.他的左眼对光线有所感觉。You should be sensible and not make exorbitant demands.你应该通情达理,不要作过分的要求。She is far too sensible to believe these ridiculous lies.她很聪明,不会相信这些荒谬的谎言。From the economic point of view, we may regard this as a sensible plan.从经济观点看,我们可以认为这个计划是合理的。
sensitive强调感觉的敏锐激烈,常译为“敏感的”,其后常接介词to短语;它还可指价格,要求等“易拨动的”,仪器等“灵敏(度高)的”等。例如:His pallid skin was sensitive to the glaring sun.他苍白的皮肤对耀眼的阳光很敏感。Don't be so sensitive, I was only joking.别太敏感,我只不过是开个玩笑。The cost is not sensitive to batch size.价格不因批量变化而发生拨动。A barometer is sensitive to changes in atmospheric pressure.气压计对气压的变化很灵敏。
9、separate...from, separate...into
separate … from意思是“把……和……分隔”,与可divide … from互换,但前者更常见。例如:Theory should by no means be separated from practice.理论绝不应该脱离实际。We'd better separate the good ones from the bad ones.我们最好把好的和坏的分开。
separate … into意为“把 ……分成(为)……”,即把一个整体分成几等分,可与divide … into互换,但后者比前者常见。例如:Let's separate ourselves into three groups.我们分成三个小组吧。Physiographically the United States may be separated into three major divisions.从地形上美国可以分成三个主要地区。
10、set about, set out, set off
这几个短语动词各自的意义都比较多,但在表示“开始,着手;动身,出发”的意义,往往容易混淆。
set about是“开始(做某事)或“着手(做某事)”的意思,是短语动词作及物动词用,介词后要接名词,代词或动名词。例如:That evening he set about writing the report.那天晚上他开始写报告。
set out也表示“着手,开始”的意思,但其后须接带to的动词不定式。例如:We now set out to climb the hill.现在我们开始爬山。He sets out to write his novel at seven at night.他每天晚上七点开始写小说。 set off是短语动词作不及物动词用,表示“出发,动身”地意思。set out也有这一种意思,这时候它们可以互换。例如:I set off/ out immediately.我立即就动身。We set out /off at dawn.我们黎明时动身了。
11、set fire to, catch fire
这两个动词习语都在句中作谓语,均有“着火”的意思,但其涵义和用法有所不同。
set fire to中的to为介词,其后须跟名词作宾语。它表示一种有意识的破坏性的行动,即“放火烧,使燃烧”的意思;它还可以引申来指人的一种感情活动,即“使兴奋,使激动”的意思。它亦可解作set … on fire,但必须注意,原介词to后的宾语则变为动词set的宾语。试比较:The despot set fire to his house beforehe took to flight.= The despot set his house on fire before he took to flight.恶霸逃跑前,放火烧了自己的房子。The sparks set fire to the oily rags.火花使油布燃烧起来了。The orator set fire to the audience.演讲者使听众情绪激昂。
catch fire 中的catch可改用take,它亦可解作catch on fire。 catch fire是不及物动词习语,其后不能跟任何宾语,因为实际上它已是一个动宾结构了。它表示一种不受外界干涉或影响的自行“着火”或“燃烧”,它也可引申为“激动,兴奋”的意思,但都是指一种自觉的行动或活动。例如:Cotton catch fire easily.棉花容易着火。First the curtains caught on fire and then the bedclothes.窗帘首先着了火,接着被褥也烧着了。The poet caught fire from the philosopher's talk.诗人听了哲学家的话激动起来了。
12、shoot, shoot at
shoot用作及物动词和shoot at都有“射击”的意思,其后均可接人或事物名词。 shoot着重动作的结果,意为“射死,射中”。不过,其后接枪,剑等名词时,也可表示动作的过程,即“发射,射出”的意思。此外,它还有“狩猎”的意思。例如:He was shot in the head.他头部中弹。The hunter shot the rabbit.猎人把那只兔子射死了。They are going to shoot live ammunition today.他们今天要实弹射击了。He is in Africa shooting lions.他在非洲狩猎狮子。
shoot at着重动作本身,指“对……射击”,但不一定射中;它还有“以……为目标;为……而努力”的意思。例如:The hunter shot at the tiger, but it ran away.那猎人向老虎开了枪,但老虎跑了。They are shooting at targets.他们在打靶。When it is achieved there will be other plans to shoot at.这一点实现以后,还要为实现别的计划而努力。They are shooting at a high output.他们在力争高产。
13、scarce, rare
scarce:“稀有的,缺乏的”,指有用的东西原本常见,而现在变得稀少缺乏,供不应求,常用作表语。例如:During wartime, many kinds of life necessities such as food, sugar and salt ran scarce.在战时,许多像食物,糖,盐等生活必需品都极其短缺。Water being scarce in the mountainous area in the dry seasons, we built many reservoirs.因为旱季山区水源缺乏,所以我们修建了许多水库。
rare:“异常的,珍奇的,珍贵的”,指某物的例子,样品或事物很少找到,常含有uncommon之意。例如:He sometimes gave very precious wines to the rare guests he received in his luxurious villa.在那栋豪华的別墅里,他有时用珍贵佳酿来接待稀客。The air onthe mountain top was so rare that the mountaineers breathed very hard.山顶的空气如此稀薄,登山运动员们的呼吸非常困难。
14、short, shortly
short用作副词时,同副词shortly一样,都可用来表示谈话,演讲等方面的一种言简意赅的表达方式,即“简要地,简短地”的意思,但在用法上两者稍有不同。short通常用来修饰简单的(一般是单音节的)动词;而shortly则可修饰两个音节以上的动词。例如:He talked short with his manager.他同他的经理进行了简短的交谈。Don't speak short at meeting.在会上不要讲得简洁了。He explained his meaning shortly but clearly.他简要明了地解释了自己的意图。short还可表示“达不到目标地”及“突然地,出其不意地”等意。例如:The shells fell short.炮弹没有打到目标。The thief was caught short.那盗賊出其不意地被抓住了。
shortly的主要意义是“立刻,马上,不久”,此外,它还有“不耐烦地”等意。例如:He will leave here shortly.他马上就离开这儿。He answered shortly that he didn't care what I thought.他很不耐烦地回答说,他不在乎我怎么想。
15、shout at, shout to
shout at常含有贬意,表示辱骂,抱怨,后接表示人的名词或代词,常译作“冲着...吼叫,叫骂”。例如:He was angry and shouted at me.他生气了, 冲着我大喊大叫。He tried to talk to the men, but they shouted at him.他设法和他们交谈,他们却冲他嚷嚷。
shout to是一个中性短语动词,其后也接表示人的名词或代词,表示对某人大声喊叫,常译作“高声叫”。例如:He shouted to me and warned me of danger. 他向我大声喊道,要我当心危险。Don't shout to him. 不要高声喊他吧。
16、show off, show up
这是两个动副型短语动词,均可用作及物动词和不及物动词,而且都有“显露”的含义,可实际上,它们的含义是有区别的。
show off主要用于贬义,指人的一种自我表现,即“卖弄”或“炫耀”自己的才华,财产等;它也可用作中性词语,表示“陈列,展览”或“使显眼,使夺目”的意思。例如:He never shows off.他从不卖弄自己的才能。She loves to show off her new dresses.她喜欢炫耀自己的新衣服。These ivory carvings will show off well against black velvet.这些象牙雕刻在黑丝绒的衬托下会非常醒目。
show up指一般正常的“显露” 或“显示”,如显露某人的性格或某物的特征等;它也可用于贬义,表示“暴露,揭露”的意思;它还可指某人在会议等场所上的公开“露面” 。例如:At times like these the true character of the man shows up.在这种时刻,人的真面目就显露出来了。The mark shows up only in the strong sunlight. 那痕迹只有在强烈的阳光下才显现出来。His show-off only serves to show up his ignorance. 他的卖弄只不过暴露了他自己的无知。He showed up only after everyone else had finished eating. 等大家都吃完了,他才露面。
17、shy of, shy with, shy from
shy of中的shy是形容词,用作表语,这个词组表示“对...有顾虑;因...而畏缩不前”或“对...有戒心”的意思。在美国口语中,它还可表示“对...感到不足,缺少”的意思。例如:Don't be shy of telling us what you want.你需要什么尽管告诉我们,不要有顾虑。She is shy of such a thing.她对这样的事情有戒心。I am a bit shy of that sort of person. 她对那种人有戒心。The company is shy of funds. 这个公司资金不足。
shy with中的shy也是形容词,这个词组表示“在...面前害羞(shy in the presence of)”的意思,其后一般接表示人的名词。例如:She is shy with strangers.她在陌生人面前怕难为情。He is shy with women.他和女人们在一起怕羞。
shy away from,其中的shy是动词,一起构成动词词组,表示“由于羞怯,恐惧等而躲开或避开( avoid or move away out of shyness, fear, etc.)”的意思。例如:It is impossible for him to shy away from the problems.他要避开这些问题是不可能的。He shied away from such a hazardous venture. 他不想冒险去干这种有风险的事。
18、sit, seat
seat作动词用时,往往容易与sit相混淆。sit一般作不及物动词,其后不能跟宾语;间或它也可用作及物动词,表示“使坐下”的意思,相当于seat,但它决不可用过去分词sat作表语或补语。例如:The patient is sitting on the chair.那位病人坐在椅子上。The mother sat the child at a little table. 母亲把孩子放到小桌旁坐下。
seat只作及物动词,表示“使坐下,使就座”的意思,其后必须跟宾语。作表语或补语时,必须用过去分词seated. 例如:She seated her baby on her knees. 她让孩子坐在她膝盖上。He is seated at the desk.他坐在桌子旁。I found the boy seated on the chair. 我发现那个小孩坐在椅子上。
19、sit up, sit up for, sit up with
这几个以动词sit为中心词的词组都有“熬夜”的意思,在用法上也有一定的联系,但也有些不同。
sit up是动副型短语动词,用作不及物动词,其后不能跟宾语;它还有“坐起来”的意思。实际上,“坐起来”是它的本义,“熬夜”是它的引申义。例如:She sat up late that night to write a detailed account of the unforgettable moment. 那晚,她迟迟没睡,详细地写下那难忘时刻的情景。The patient is able to sit up and take some foodnow. 病人现在已经能够坐起来吃东西了。
sit up for 是sit up and wait for(深夜不睡而等待着)的合成意思,其后须接人或事物名词作宾语。例如:I shall get back very late, so don't sit up for me.今晚我回来很迟,所以你不必等我回来再睡觉。I shall sit up for a while, in case I am wanted.我先不睡,说不定会用得着我。
sit up with 是sit up and sit with 的合成意思,即表示“熬夜照看”的意义,其后只接表示人的名词。例如:She sat up with the sick child all night.她彻夜不眠地陪着生病的孩子。The doctor sat up all night with the patient.医生彻夜守护病人。
20、sleep, sleepy, asleep
这三个词都有“睡”的意义,但其涵义,词性和用法有异。
sleep是动词,可作及物动词时,其后须跟表示人的名词,反身代词或同源名词作宾语。用作不及物动词时,还可作“死”的委婉语,在诗歌中常见。例如:She didn't sleep until midnight. 她直到半夜才睡。I slept a good sleep last night.昨晚我睡得很好。He still sleeps in the old graveyard. 他依旧长眠于那古老的墓地。
sleepy是形容词,既可作表语,亦可作定语。用作前者,意为“困乏的;想睡觉的”用作后者,意为“贪睡的;好睡觉的”。例如:He was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes open.他磕睡得很,两只眼睛都快睁不开了。He is a sleepy guy.他是一个贪睡的家伙。
asleep也是形容词,一般用作表语,意为“睡着”,强调动作的结果,它不能用very修饰,只可用much, fast, sound 等词修饰。例如:Don't talk loud when others are asleep.别人睡着的时候,不要大声讲话。The baby is soundly asleep.那婴儿睡得很熟。
21、slow down, slow up
这是一对动副型短语动词,均可用作及物和不及物动词。看上去,它们似乎是一对反义词,因为其中的副词down 和up 往往含有相对或相反的意思。其实,它们在表示机器,车辆的速度“减慢” 或“使减慢”的意思时,却是一对同义词,可以换用。例如:The machine slowed down and stopped.机器逐渐减速,终于停住了。There were signs at every curve in the road warning motorists to slow up.每个弯道上都有路标,警告驾驶员减速。Their objections are slowing down the progress of the negotiations.他们的反对使谈判进程放慢下来。
slow down和slow up在指人的动作,智力等“迟钝”时,也是同义词,可以换用。但slow down还可指生活“松散”,工作“ 松劲”;slow up 则可表示生意,事务等“变得不那么忙”的意思。例如:He has slowed down a lot since his heart attack.从发过心脏病以后,他动作迟钝得多了。You must find some way of slowing your father down, he is far too busy now. 你得想法让你父亲轻松一点;他现在太忙了。Business slows up at the stores after Christmas. 过了圣诞节商店里就不那么忙了。
22、sometime, some time, sometimes
sometime是副词,表示“曾经;某时;有朝一日”的意思,常同过去或将来时连用,即表示过去或未来某一不定时刻。例如:The same thing happened sometime during the war.同样的事情曾经在战争时期发生过。It will happen sometime and somewhere.这总会在某地某时发生的。
some time是名词词组,通常表示一段时间”的含义,多用作介词for的宾语,一起作时间状语;亦可用作连系动词be的表语或动词take, spend 的宾语,表示“一些时间”的意思。例如:I will live there for some time.我将在那儿住一些日子。It will be some time before the work is finished.要完成这件工作要相当长的时间。It will take you some time to do the work.你需要花些时间来做这项工作。
sometimes是副词,意为“有时侯”,常在句中连用。例如:The students talk sometimes in English and sometimes in French.学生们有时用英语交谈,有时用法语交谈。The birds sometimes sings.这鸟不时啼叫。
23、stare at, glare at
stare at意指“凝视”,表示由于惊奇,羡慕或恐惧而张大眼睛,目不转睛地注视。这种注视可能有意无意地表现出无礼或粗鲁的态度。例如:It's rude to stare at other people.盯着别人看是不礼貌的。The old man stared at us without saying a word. 老头注视我们,一句话也没有说。
glare at是“怒视”的意思,表示凶狠地或恐吓地注视,强调敌对或威胁的态度,有时。例如:Don't glare at her.别向她瞪眼。They stood glaring at each other. 他们站着互相怒目而视。
24、start with, to start with
start with是动词词组,可直接用作谓语,其意为“以...开始,从...着手,将...作为开头”等。例如:He started with the aim of injuring others only to end up by ruining himself. 他本想损害别人,结果只害了自己。Starting with very simple equipment, they produced a number of high-quality machines.从简陋的设备起家,他们生产了不少高质量的机器。
to start with是不定式短语,用作插入语或状语,位置比较灵活,其意为“首先,从一开始时”,相当于at first, at the beginning。例如:He pulled hard, to start with, but after a time he began to lose interest and let go of the rope.他起初拉得很起劲,但过了一些时候他就开始失去兴趣,于是把绳子放掉了。You have no right to raise this question, to start with.首先,你们无权提出这个问题。 begin with 和to begin with的意思及用法与start with和to start with的意思及用法基本相同。例如:The first word of a sentence should begin with a capital letter.句子的第一个词应以大写字母开头。To begin with, let me introduce to you Mr. Li of our corporation.首先,让我给你介绍我们公司的李先生吧。
25、stay in, stop in
第一个词组表示“留在家里(remain at home or inside),课后留在学校(remain in school after class)”。这时in为副词,其后不需要接地点名词。在表示“停留或逗留(某地)”的意思时,两者一般可以通用,这时它们为动介型动词词组,其后须跟地点名词(一般是国家或城市等名词)作宾语。例如:I'm staying (or: stopping) in this evening. I have a lot of work to do.我今晚呆在家里,我有许多事情要做。If this noise goes on any longer you'll all have to stay in after school.如果你们再吵闹下去,放学后就得全部留下来。We stopped (or: stayed) three days in Chicago.我们在芝加哥逗留了三天。 若表示“去某地的途中中途逗留一会儿”,则应用stop in。此外,stop in还有“顺便拜访(drop in) ”的意思。例如:I shall stop in Wuhan on my way to Beijing.我要在去北京的途中在武汉停留一会儿。I'll stop in on my way home. 我将在回家的路上顺便去看看。 stay in还有“固定在适当位置(remain in position)”的意思。例如:When the nails are screwed in, they will stay in.螺钉拧进去以后,就固定不动了。
注意:在表示“在(某旅馆,饭店,饭馆)停留或逗留”的意思时,英美人习惯用stay/ stop at,而不用stay/ stop in。例如:We arranged to stop (or: stay) at a hotel.我们打算在一家旅馆投宿。
26、step in, in step
这是一对同素反序词组,其意义和用法迥然不同。 step in是动副型不及物短语,其后不能跟宾语。它有三个意思:1.走进(enter a room or a house) 2.作短时间的非正式访问,串门(drop in) 3.(未经邀请)插手,介入或干涉。例如:The clerk stepped in and asked for Mr. Black.办事员走进来要找布兰克先生。If you happen to be passing by, be sure to step in and have a chat.如果你正好路过的话,请一定进来谈谈。The United Nation may step in and try to settle the dispute.联合国可能会插手进来设法解决争端。
in step中的step是名词,同介词一起构成介词短语,在句中用作状语或表语,表示“同步,步调一致”的意思,其后常紧跟with短语,即构成in step with结构,表示“与...步调一致”的意思。例如:Lawrence was tall and Charles was short so that it was quite amusing to see them try to keep in step.劳伦斯很高,而查尔斯很矮,因此看他们走路时竭力保持一致的步伐是十分有趣的。If he expects to remain in office, a politician must keep in step with the times.一个政治家要指望能够继续执政,就必须跟上时代的步伐。
27、stick at, stick to
stick at一般指“坚持工作,学习,劳动”等,其后除接名词,代词外,还可接动名词。它还有“对...犹豫不决”的意思,作此义解时它通常用于否定句。例如:He sticks at his work more than ten hours a day.他每天坚持工作十小时以上。He sticks at nothing.他毫无顾忌。
stick to通常指坚持”立场,观点,原则,方法或规定等,其后一般接名词。它还有“坚守(岗位);信守(诺言,合同);忠于(某人);粘在...上”的意思。例如:Sticking to this principle, he has written many more songs.他坚持这个原则,写出了更多歌曲。Teachers must stick to this rule.教师必须坚守这条规定。He will stick to her whatever happens.不管发生什么事,他都忠于她。Dandelions stick to woolen suits.蒲公英易粘附在毛衣上。
28、substitute...for, substitute...with
substitute A for B 和 substitute A with B 都是表示“用...代替”的意思,一般指同类事物的代替,其中substitute为及物动词,其后接介词for或with后须跟宾语。这两者可以通用,但其用法有所不同;前者,substitute 后的宾语为代替的对象,介词for后的宾语为被替代的对象;后者,substitute后的宾语为被替代的对象,介词with后的宾语为代替的对象。试比较以下例句:We substituted red balls for blue, to see if the baby would notice.(= We substituted blue balls with red, to see if the baby would notice.)我们用红球替代蓝球,观察婴儿是否注意到它们的区别。We must substitute experiment and observation for speculative theories.(= We must substitute speculative theories with experiment and observation.我们应该用实验和观察代替纯理论。
substitute for是“代替,替换”的意思,其中substitute是不及物动词,同介词for一起构成及物动词词组。其主语为代替的对象,其宾语为被代替的对象。2006高考英语必会词汇精讲系列
A
1. above all 表示“最重要的是;尤其”的意思。
例如:The local government faces many tough problems, and above all, pollution problem.这一地区的居民面临许多问题,但首当其冲的是污染问题。
A capable candidate should be outstanding in many ways, and above all, confidence.一个称职的竞选者应在许多方面表现突出,但最重要的是自信心。
2. according to。according to是一个短语介词,意思是“按照或根据”。
例如:He will be punished according to the seriousness of his crime.他所受的惩罚要根据其犯罪的严重程度而定。
I will take the medicine according to the instruction.我会按说明来服药的。
我们又常常会碰到"according as"这一短语,那么这两者又有何联系呢?according as 是短语从属连词,后接从句。作“根据……而”或 “视……而定”解。例如:You will be praised or blamed according as your work is well done or not.根据你的工作表现好坏,将给予奖励或惩罚 。
3. account for这个词的意思比较多,归纳起来,有以下用法:
1). 解释,说明。例如:She was unable to account for '5000.她无法解释那5000美元的去处 。
2). 是……产生的原因,解释为什么有(某种情况)。例如:The police tried to account for the blood spot.警察试图解释这血迹是怎么来的。
3). 占。例如: Students account for 50% of our customers. 在我们的顾客中,学生占了一半。
The tuition accounts for two thirds of his income. 学费占了他三分之一的收入。
4. act out 表示表演出来比划着(用手势及语言表演或表达)”的意思。
例如:The children were told to act out their favorite story.孩子们被要求表演他们最喜爱的故事。
The football fan is trying to act out the match he saw on TV.这个足球迷正试图连比带划地把他在电视上看到的比赛讲出来。
说到表演,则使人想起一个与之意思相关的另一个词组,也是高中阶段常用的词组之一,那就是"act as",意思是充当,担任,扮演……的角色。例如:She acted as a princess in the short play.她在这部短剧中扮演公主。Many college students act as guides during their summer vacation.许多大学生在暑假里担任导游。
5. add to add to中的add是不及物动词,to为介词,一起构成及物动词词组,表示增加,增添的意思。
例如:They also raise fish and poultry, thus adding to the total income.他们还养鱼,饲养家禽以增加收入。
Her son's death added to the old lady's sadness.这位老妇人因儿子之死而更加悲伤。
注意区别它与add…to以及add up to 的不同含义。add…to的意思是把……加到……上去。例如:Would you please add a few notes to the article 请您给这篇文章加几条注释好吗 而add up to的意思是加起来等于,总计达。其中,add是不及物动词,up是副词,to是介词,一起构成及物动词词组。例如:The various building programs add up to several thousand new homes.各种各样的建筑项目构筑成了几千座新屋.The total figures add up to 270.总数加起来是270。
6. adventure与venture这两个词都有冒险的意思,都可用作名词和动词。那么它们之间究竟有何不同呢 adventure多用于褒义场合,指危险中非常激动人心的经历。
例如:He talked about his adventure in the desert.他讲述了他在沙漠中的一些冒险经历。
venture主要用于商业上的冒险和投机活动,特别指那些不是一下子发迹就是输得精光的投机活动。作动词时,还可表示冒昧,敢于的意思。
例如;One lucky venture in Australia made his name overnight.在澳洲一次幸运的投机使他一夜成名。I venture to say that by the year 2500 there will be men living on the moon.我敢说,到公元2500年会有人在月球上居住。
7. afford 高中课文中出现的与此单词组成的词组是afford sb. to do sth.,表示提供某人某物。
例如:Those efforts afforded us useful experience.这些努力使我们得到了一些有益的经验。These activities afforded him great pleasure in his old age.这些活动给他的晚年带来了很大的乐趣。在很多场合,afford表示有经济条件做某事。
例如:Before liberation many people could not afford to send their children to school.解放前很多人由于付不起学费而不能送孩子上学。In those days we were too poor to afford medical treatment.那时候我们太穷,治不起病。
8. agree to表示同意某一建议,安排等,意思接近consent to。
例如:We agreed to their suggestion.我们同意了他们的建议。Under no circumstances can we agree to such a principle.在任何情况下我们都不会同意这一原则。
注意:在agree后接不同介词,词义会有所不同,如:agree with,表示同意某人的意见,我们可以说:I quite agree with him.我完全同意他的意见。又如: agree on或agree upon,它表示在某一点上取得或具有相同意见,可以说:They finally agreed upon the terms of the contract.他们最后就合同的条文达成了协议。I don't agree with you on many things.在许多问题上我同你的意见有分歧。
9. aim at提到"aim at"这个词组,便会使人想到"aim for"这一词组,两者都表示目的是,旨在的意思,但也存在一些细微的区别。aim at 是动介型短语动词,其后可接名词,代词或动名词。它除了表示目的是,旨在的意思外,还有瞄准之意。
例如:He aimed at the lion and fired but missed it.他对准狮子开枪,但没有击中。
He picked up a stone and aimed it at the dog.他捡起一块石头朝狗扔去。
又如:We are aiming at a 50% increase in production.我们打算使产量增长百分之五十。
10. allow. allow 既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词(多用于及物动词),它主要有三种意义:
1)(1). 允许;许可(1) 跟名词,动名词或代词。
例如:We cannot allow such a thing.对这样的事我们不能袖手旁观。
(2) 跟名(代)词+不定式。
例如:Please allow me to congratulate you on your success.请允许我祝贺你的成功。
(3) 跟名词(代词)+副词
The doorman allowed us in one by one.看门人让我们一个一个地进去。
2). 给予; 让……有How much money does your father allow you for books 你父亲给你多少钱买书
They allowed us twenty minutes for lunch.他们给我们二十分钟的时间吃午饭。
3). 承认(1) 跟名词或代词The judge allowed the claim.法官同意了这一要求.
(2) 跟从句The officer allowed that it was an American tank.那军官承认这是一辆美国制造的坦克。
(3) 跟带不定式的复合结构You must allow yourself to be in the wrong.你必需认错。表示允许的词很多,比如: permit,let,admit等。下面我们来看一看它们之间的差别。allow指“听凭”,“不禁止”,含有消极的意味。例如:My parents do not allow me to go out at night.我父母不允许我晚上出去。permit指正式地“允许”或根据法律规定“许可”, 比allow来得积极。例如:Smoking is not permitted in the cinema.电影院内禁止吸烟。试比较:Hunting is allowed in this area, though not officially permitted.这个地区是可以狩猎的,尽管法律上不允许。而let表示“允许”、“让”,指不予以阻止或反对,它比allow更具有口语色彩。
11. answer for "answer for" 与 "answer to" 是两个比较容易混淆的词组。这两个词都是动介型短语动词,介词后接名词或代词作宾语。answer for是“对……负责”、“因……(错误)而负责”的意思。
例如:Do you think parents should have to answer for their children's behavior 你是否认为父母应对子女的行为负责
You will have to answer for your wrongdoing one day.终有一天会你会为你的错误行动付出代价。而"answer to"是“适应,符合”和“与……一致”等意思。
That answers precisely to our need.这正好符合我们的需要。
This is the answer to the question.这就是问题的答案。
12. a number of表示数量短语,意思是“若干,许多,大量”,其后一般接复数可数名词。
例如:A number of scholars have done the experiment.许多学者已做了这项实验。
A number of new products have been trial-produced.许多新品已试制出来了。注意区别它与the number of的不同用法。the number of是一名词短语,意为“……的数目”。复数的形式为the numbers of。 作主语时,谓语动词应随the number的单复数变化。例如:The number of students is increasing.学生人数正在不断增加。The numbers of the machine parts are not available.这些机器零件的号码找不到了。
13. apply for. apply for是一个大家都很熟悉的词语,意思是“申请,请求”。
例如:I want to apply for the position.我想申请这个职位。
如果把这个词组中的for改为to,那么又是什么含义呢 “apply to”可以表示“敷上,涂上”。
例如:Apply some medicine to his wound.在他的伤口上敷一些药。它还可用来表示“努力,专心”,相当于 “devote…to”。
例如:He applied himself to the research.他很卖力地做此项研究。
14. ask for表示“请求得到,请求见到”或“需要”等意。
例如:If you get into difficulties, don't hesitate to ask for advice.你要是碰到困难,要赶紧向人请教。
They all asked for the job.他们都要求做这项工作。
A young man was here earlier, asking for Mary.一位年轻人刚刚来过这里,说要见玛丽。
The matter asks for immediate attention.这件事需要立即处理。
ask是一个使用频率较高的字,在高中阶段,ask after 与ask about 也是常常容易弄错的词组。请注意它们的区别。这两个词组都表示“问候,问起”的意思。但在意义上稍有不同。ask after 一般只指对第三者的问候,ask about则既可代替ask after 指对第三者的问候,也可用来表示对对方的直接问候。例如:He asked after your health. 他向你问候。He asked about me when I met him yesterday.我昨天碰到他时,他问起我的情况。
15. at all与after all这两个是介词短语,都在句中作状语,起加强语气的作用,但其用法和意义是有区别的。前者常用于否定句,疑问句和条件句中。用于否定句时,表示“根本”;用于条件句时,译为“当真,实在”。
例如:I didn't understand him at all. 当时,我根本不明白他的意思。
If you want to keep your job at all, do it well.若你要保住这份工作,就得好好做。
after all常常用来表示“毕竟,终究”的意思。Don't blame him, he is a little boy after all.别责备他了,他毕竟还是个孩子。So you see I am right after all.你看,终究还是我对。
16. at a time作“一次,每次”讲,常用于“数词+at a time”的结构中。
例如:Enter two at a time.每次进来两人。
He checked them off one at a time as they came in.他们进来时,他一个一个地核对。
注意它与at one time 的区别。at one time一般指“过去某一时期,曾一度(once)”或“同时”的意思。如表示“同时”,则两者可通用。例如:At one time I used to like her, but not any more.我曾一度很喜欢他,现在可不喜欢了。I
1、if only, only if
由这两个词组引导的条件从句虽然都可以用来表示主句所需要的 "条件",但是两者在表示说话人的语义意图方面却有差异。1. only if 引起的条件状语从句,是一个对“条件”限制更严的“限制性条件状语从句”,表示“只有...(才);只有在...的时候,唯一的条件是...”的意思;与if引起的一般条件句相比,它有一种增强主句语势的作用。例如:He will succeed only if he does his best.他只有尽力而为才能成功。I'll come only if you really need me.只有当你真正需要我的时候,我才来。Only if the case is urgent should you call out the doctor in the middle of the night.只有患者情况紧急时,你才可以在半夜叫医生看病。
if only引导的条件句,通常用来表示说话人对某事所寄予的某种强烈愿望,相当于as long as。它可以独立使用,用来表示由于客观条件限制,为某事不大可能或完全不可能实现而感到惋惜或遗憾的复杂心情,常用虚拟语气。例如:If only I were as clever as you!要是我像你一样聪明该多好啊!If only you had not told Tom what I said, everything would have been all right. 要是你没有把我的话告诉汤姆就好了,那样就不会出什么问题了。It is hard to avoid mistakes; if only they are conscientiously corrected, it will be all right.错误总是难免的,只要认真地改正,也就好了。
2、if, whether
这两个词都是指“是否”,用来表示犹豫不定,引出包含正反两面的疑问。
1).一般情况下两者可以替换使用,但whether显得正式一些。例如:I am not sure if/ whether the sports meet will be held tomorrow. 我不知道明天是否会举行运动会。
2).但在引导表语从句,同位语从句,在不定式之前,介词之后及句首时,只能用whether。如:The question is whether it is worth doing.问题是这样做是否值得。We had no idea whether he had gone without Jane.我们不知道他有没有带着简一起走。He doesn't know whether to accept the offer or not.他不知道该不该接受帮助。It depends on whether we have enough time to do it. 这取决于我们是否有足够的时间去做这件事。Whether he comes or not doesn't concern me.他来不来与我无关。
需注意,当if置于句首时,只能引导状语从句,表示“假如”,不能引导名词性从句。
3).倘若引导的是一个选择疑问句,则以用whether更为妥当。若要用if引导的话,if和or not中间必须有词语隔开,不能连写。如可以说 I wonder whether/ if he has come or not. 不可以说 I don't care if or not your car breaks down, 而须将if改成whether。
4).有时用if可能会产生歧义,如Tell me if you want the book.可有两种解释:“假如你需要这本书,请告诉我”,或“请告诉我你是否要这本书”。若用whether的话,则只能作第二种解释。
3、in addition, in addition to
这两个词组都可表示“除了,此外,另,又,还”等意思,用来表示两个事物或动作之间的增补关系。但两者的语法功能和用法不同。
1)in addition是一介词短语,作副词用,相当于词组as well,其后不能跟名词或其他任何成分,一般位于两个句子中间或位于句末。位于两句中时,常用一逗号与句子隔开。例如:There are many shops around the railway station. In addition, there are some newly-built hotelsthere.火车站附近有很多商店,此外,还有一些新建的旅馆。Aunt Mary gave us sandwiches for our picnic and a bag of cookies in addition. 玛丽舅母为我们去郊游准备了三明治,另外还准备了一袋甜饼。
2) in addition to是一短语介词,其后接名词或代词等作其宾语,意义大体相当as well as和 besides。如:In addition to English, he has to study a second foreign language. 除了英语以外,他还必须学习第二外语。They have one hour to read newspapers in addition to their ordinary work. 除了日常工作以外,他们有一小时读报的时间。
4、ill, sick这两个形容词都有“生病的,身体不适”的意思。
ill作上述解释时,通常在句中作表语或补语,不作定语,它的后面可接with和from表示原因。若ill 作“坏的,恶劣的,邪恶的”解时,只能作定语。如:He has long been ill with high fever.他一直在发高烧。That ill woman killed her own daughter.那个坏女人杀了自己的女儿。She became ill from anxiety.她由于焦虑而病倒了。
sick和ill一样,可在句中充当表语或补语,但它还能作定语,保持原意义不变。它作表语或补语时,另有“呕吐,恶心”的意思。sick后可用with表示原因,用for表示“渴望”,用of表示“厌倦,厌恶”等。如:She got 500 yuan a month for looking after the sick man. (此处的sick不能用ill代替。)她照顾这个病人每月可赚五百元。My daughter was sick with a cold.我的女儿是因感冒而病的。He began to feel sick as soon as the ship started to move.船一启航,他就开始晕船了。The little girl is obviously sick for home.很明显,这个小女孩想家了。I am sick of his bad manners.他的不良举止真让我厌恶。The old man was sick of life, and wished he were dead.那个老人对生活感到厌倦,真想死了算了。
5、intend, mean, propose这组词都有“打算,有心做某事”之意。
intend:“打算,有...意向,意欲”,指经过考虑后打定主意要做某事或获得某物,常带有坚定的决心。常跟不定式及其复合结构,常用短语:intend for 打算送给/供...使用;intend...as...打算...He explained to her at length what he intend to do in the following week. 他详细地向她解释了下周打算做什么。Having always been musical from an early age, the singer seems to have been intended for theconcert stage.那位歌手有音乐天赋,好像生来就是为了登台演唱的。
mean:“打算,想象,有...意图”,不如intend正式,强调心里想做的意思,但不强调决心,短语:mean...for 准备让...做...Everyone believed that it'll be a very suitable match because John and Julia were obviously meant for each other.每个人都认为他们的结合会很般配,因为约翰和朱利亚显然是天生的一对。He shouldn't have done it, of course, but he was thoughtless. And he meant to pay the money back.当然,他本来不该那么做,但他考虑不周到,再说他是打算还钱的。
propose:“打算,建议”,指宣布或明确确定某人的意图,含有公开宣称或清楚这一意图之意。可接名词,动名词,不定式及从句。Summarizing the year'swork, the managing director in the company proposed a greater project of the next year.公司的总经理总结了一年的工作,提出了下年度更大的工程计划。Generally speaking, what's reached in the end may be better or worse than what was proposed.一般来说,最终所达到效果总要比计划的好或差。
6、in advance, in advance of
in advance是介词短语,在句中作副词用,作方式状语,表示“事先,预先,提前”等意。例如:It is desirable that we should read descriptions of particular instruments in advance.我们最好是事先阅读特殊仪器的说明。The iron mine fulfilled the state production plan one month in advance.这个铁矿提前一个月完成了国家生产计划。
in advance of是一短语介词,后接名词或代词作宾语,表示“在...前面,超越”等意。例如:In the parade, the band will march in advance of the football team. 游行中,乐队将走在足球队的前面。Galileo's ideas were in advance of the age in which he lived. 伽利略的想法超越了他所生活的时代。
7、in case, in case of, in the case of
in case主要有两种用法:1).用作复合从属连词,引导一个条件状语从句和表示否定意义的目的状语从句,表示“万一,倘若,如果”和“免得,以防”的意思;2).作副词用,在句中充当状语,常位于句末,通常我们可以说just in case,意为“以防万一,为了提防”。例如:You'd better take your umbrella, in case it rains. 你最好带上伞,以防万一下起雨来。It may rain, you'd better take an umbrella just in case. 可能会下雨,你最好拿把伞,以防下雨。The bus is usually on time, but start early, just in case. 这辆公共汽车一般是准时的,但是要早点动身,以防万一。
in case of 是一短语介词,后接名词或代词作宾语,位于句首时,一般表示条件,意为“假使,万一,如果”。位于句末时,一般表示目的,表示“以防”的意思。例如:In case of fire, ring the alarm bell. 万一失火的话,请按警铃。The wall was built along the river in case of floods. 该墙沿河而建,以防水灾。
in the case of 也是一短语介词,后可接名词,代词或动名词作宾语,意思是“对于,就……来说,至于……”。例如:Poverty depresses most people; in the case of my father it was otherwise.贫穷使大多数人垂头丧气,至于我父亲,却不一样。In the case of learning English, we must practise a lot.就学习英语来说,我们必须大量练习。
8、in a word, in word, in words
in a word 为“总而言之,简而言之”用来表示总结归纳,与in short, in brief意思相同。该结构中的a也可用one代替。例如:His condition is, in a word, becoming worse.他的状况,简而言之,越来越差。Lily is clever, polite and well-behaved. In a word, she is worth praising. 莉莉聪明又懂礼貌,总而言之,值得表扬。
in word为“口头上”,指以口头的形式表示,而并非落实在行动上。它与in deed(行动上)相对。例如:He is a friend in word only.他只是一个普通朋友。I don't want you simply to promise me in word that you will be good. 我不想你只是在口头上答应你会好好干。
in words为“用语言”,指用口头或书面语言的形式表示及描述,它不和行动相对,仅涉及语言文字本身。如:He never expressed his idea in words.他从来不说出自己的想法。The little boy can describe the beauty of the scene in words. 这个小男孩能用语言描述美丽的景色。
9、in charge, in charge of, in the charge of
in charge是一用作表语或后置定语的介词短语,意为“负责,看管”。句子的主语一般应是表示人的名词或代词,charge可以有形容词修饰。例如:John was in complete charge while the manager was on holiday. 约翰在经理度假时负全责。The person in overall charge was Jones. 总负责人是琼斯。
in charge of和in the charge of都是属于短语介词,其后都接名词或代词作宾语。它们虽然只有冠词之差,但意义却有差异。in charge of表示“管理,看管”的主动意义,因此,句子的主语往往是人。
in the charge of 表示“被... 管理,在...管理之下”的被动意义,句子的主语一般是物,在使用过程中,也可用in one's charge形式。例如:He will be in charge of that work for the time being. 他将暂时负责那项工作。An experienced worker is in charge of the project. 一位经验丰富的工人负责这项工程。The documents are in the charge of Comrade Lee. 文件由李同志保管。
10、in favour, in favour of
in favour是一介词短语,在句中作表语或名词后置修饰语,意为“受赏识的;受欢迎的”,有被动的含义。例如:That child is clearly in favour ; she had been given an extra biscuit. 那个小孩显然很受宠爱,她多得了一块饼干。The delegation is in favour.代表团受到了欢迎。
in favour of是一短语介词,其后接名词或代词作其宾语,构成介词短语。在句中作表语或名词后置修饰语,表示“赞成,支持”和“有利于...”等意。作后种意义时,该词组可以呈in someone's favour形式。例如:The majority of people are in favour of the proposed legislation. 大多数人赞成已提出来的立法。Those in favour of the new plans put up your hands please. 那些赞成新计划的人请举手。The evidence seems to be in favour of the defendant. 证据看来对被告有利。The exchange rate is in our favour. 兑换率对我们有利。
11、in one's mind, on one's mind
in one's mind用于表示“想着,考虑”的场合,所想着的事情不带有沉重和焦虑的含义。on one's mind用于表示“惦记,操心,焦虑”的场合,表示心中想的是重要的,严肃的或是不愉快的事情。例如:I wonder what s in her mind. 我想知道她在想些什么。I turned the question over in my mind. 我反复考虑了这个问题。She has something important on her mind. 她有重要的事情惦记着。There are too many problems on his mind. 他心事重重。
12、in time, on time
in time有两个意思,既可表示“及时”,后常接for引起的介词短语,表示目的;还可表示“最终”的意思。例如:Preventive measures were taken in time with good results. 及时采取预防措施收到了良好的效果。I was just in time for the steamer. 我正好赶上轮船。The candle-light will in time go out of itself. 烛火终会熄灭的。You will learn how to do it in time. 你最终会学会怎样干这件事的。
on time表示“准时,按时”的意思,in time也有这一种意思,但不常见。此外,在美国英语中,它还表示“以分期付款方式”之意。例如:All the guests were on time at the meeting. 所有来宾都准时出席了会议。In spite of our late start, we managed to arrive on time. 尽管我们动身晚,我们还是设法准时到了。The more expensive items are usually bought on time. 比较昂贵的商品常以分期付款的形式购买。V
1、valuable, valued
这两个形容词有时侯可以换用,尤其是在形容友谊、援助等方面表示"宝贵的或珍贵的"的意思时,常可以通用。例如:This valuable (or: valued) friendship between us should be kept on forever. 我们之间的这种珍贵的友谊应当永远保持下去。He is our valuable (or: valued) friend. 他是我们的挚友。
valuable是一个纯形容词,它主要指珠宝、黄金等"贵重的,值钱的";它也可用来形容人的品质或特征等是"令人钦佩的"或"受人尊重的"的意思。例如:He lost a valuable diamond.他丢失了一颗贵重的钻石。She is the most valuable player.她是一位最受尊敬的运动员。
valued尽管也被有的词典收录为形容词,但它是动词value的过去分词形式,多少还带有些过去分词完成或被动的含义。因此,它的主要意义是指"已有评价的,经估价的"和"受重视的,受敬重的"。例如:This is a painting valued at ten thousand dollars.这是一幅估价一万的画。Rents were refused above the "valued rent" scale.超过"评定租金"等级的租金被拒绝缴纳。The friendship of the two countries was old and valued.两国间的友谊历史悠久并受到珍视。
2、varied, various, variable
这三个形容词的词义互相渗透,它们之间的含义和用法有同有异,因此,往往容易混淆。 varied和various都可以指同一范畴的不同种类,在表示"各种各样,各不相同的"意思时,一般可以换用,只是前者侧重于"不同"的含义,后者则侧重于种类数目的"多"。
various作定语时,其后只能接复数名词;而varied还有"形形色色,多变化的"的意思,这时它既可接单数名词亦可接复数名词。试比较:Their opinions are varied. 他们的意见纷纭。(可用various换之,但varied强调了意见的"不同")Representatives from various parts of the countryhave arrived in Beijing. 全国各地的代表到达了北京。(可用varied代替,但various强调了地区的数目)Various people declared they had seen the lost child, but few could give a definite description of him.很多人自称看见了那个失踪的孩子,但很少人能说清楚他的样子。(此句various"多"的数目概念更显然,不可用varied代替)The various life made her satisfied.那种丰富多彩的生活令她心满意足。The work of a JP (Justice of the Peace) is very interesting and varied.治安官的工作是非常有趣和内容多变的。
variable指自然现象(如气候等),人的情绪或脾气性格"多变的,易变的"或"反复无常的"。它还有"可变的(able to be changed)"的意思。必须注意,形容词varied有一种"改变了的,更改了的(having been changed) "的意思,显然有完成了的意味,因此决不可与variable混淆。
在古英语中,various也有"易变的(easy to be changed)"的意思。试比较:The variable weather tires us.多变的天气使人感到讨厌。Her variable mood greatly surprised me.她反复无常的情绪使我感到极为吃惊。The speed of the windscreen wipers is variable.汽车挡风玻璃上刮水器的速度是可变的。Our plan is varied.我们的计划更改了。
3、vary in, vary with, vary from
这三个短语动词中的in, with和from均为介词,其后须跟名词作宾语。由于动词vary后的介词不同,各短语的含义也有别。介词in, with,和from与其前的动词连系并不密切。
vary in中的in表示方面,即"在……方面"的含义,整个短语表示"在……方面不同"的意思。例如:Stars vary in brightness.星星的光亮度各不相同。The two pairs of clothes vary in price.这两套衣服在价格上是不同的。
vary with中的with表示伴随,整个短语表示"随……不同而不同,随……而改变"的意思。例如:The weight of a body varies with latitude and altitude, its mass does not.物体的重量随所处的经纬度而变化,而质量则与此无关。The prices of some goods vary with the season.某些货物的价格随着季节而变化。
vary from中的from表示比较,整个短语表示"与……不同,违反"的意思,有比较的意味。例如:It varies from the original.它与原作不同。This action varies from the law of nature.这种做法违反了自然规律。
4、visit, visit with
visit作及物动词用时,其后跟人,地方等名词作宾语,表示"访问,看望(某人),参观(某地)"的意思。间或用于被动语态,表示"遭受"的意思。例如:Her two girl cousins are visiting her from San Francisco.她的两个表姐将从旧金山来看望她。He visited, in all, five schools in China.他在中国共参观了五所学校。Last year Guangzhou was visited by the worst drought in 60 years.去年广州遭受了六十年不遇的特大旱灾。
visit with中的visit是不及物动词,同介词with一起构成及物动词词组。它有两个意思:1."访问,看望",等于及物动词visit;2."与……叙谈,与……聊天",相当于chat with或talk with,其with后只可接表示人的名词。visit with的这两种意义都见于美国。例如:The doctor regularly visited with her in the afternoon.大夫定期在下午来看望她。After going over the art exhibition, we visited with a painter for a while.参观了艺术展览会后,我们和一位画家交谈了一会儿。
5、very, much, most
它们作副词时,都用来表示程度,作"非常,很"解。
very用来修饰形容词和副词,应置于被修饰词之前。 much用来修饰动词,一般置于句末,但在否定句中及与某些动词如:enjoy, prefer, admire, regret等连用时,也可置于动词前。如:I am very fond of painting and I am very active in our school's art club.我很喜欢画画,并且积极参加学校的艺术俱乐部。He has learnt the language very quickly.他学习语言十分快。The naughty boy troubles me much.这个淘气的男孩老是烦我。I don't much like the idea.我并不十分赞成这个主意。I much admire your new invention.我非常欣赏你的新发明。
very常用来修饰现在分词,much 常用来修饰过去分词。但有些过去分词如delighted, disappointed, excited, frightened, interested, pleased, satisfied, surprised, tired, worried 等,已转化为纯粹的形容词,失去了动作意义,这一类完全形容词化的过去分词均可用very修饰。例如:The puppy looks very pleasing.这小狗看上去很可爱。We are much puzzled at the result.我们对结果十分惊奇。Are you very disappointed about losing the race 你是否对在比赛中失利很失望?
very只能修饰形容词与副词的原级,而much可修饰形容词与副词的比较级和最高级。例如:I paid much more than I should.我付的钱比我应付的钱要多得多。That novel is much the best of all.那本小说是所有小说中最好的。
very much是much的加强语,其用法与much相同,但在疑问句中多用much,不用very much。例如:We were very much moved.我们被深深地感动了。We very much enjoyed that concert.我们非常喜欢那场音乐会。Do you go out much 你经常外出吗?Did she like that film much 她是否非常喜欢那部电影?
very不能修饰只作表语的形容词,如:afraid, alive, alone, asleep, awake等。这些表语形容词中的有些词可用much修饰,另一些则须和其他几个固定的副词搭配使用。例如:I'm much afraid that you have given her too little care.我恐怕你给她的关心太少了。I'm fully awake now.我现在完全醒了。He is all alone here.他在这里独来独往。
most可用在部分形容词及副词前表示"非常,很",作此意义的most前不能加定冠词the。但当most修饰形容词时,前面可以有不定冠词a。例如:They have been most kind to me.他们一直对我很好。(most修饰形容词时)She is a most beautiful woman.她是一个十分漂亮的女人。(most前可加不定冠词)She'll most probably go there and live with her son.她很可能去那儿和她的儿子一起住。(most修饰副词)
注意:most并不能修饰所有的形容词与副词,它只能修饰那些表达个人感情与主观看法的形容词与副词,不能修饰表示客观看法的形容词与副词。如可说most dangerous, most happy, most warmly,不可说most big, most tall, most quickly。
6、vague, ambiguous, obscure
这一组词均含有"模糊,笼统"之意。
vague:"不清楚的,含糊的,模糊的",由于光线暗淡而造成轮廓不清;指事物过于笼统无法表述清楚,用来描述故意被人说得模棱两可的事物。I have not the vaguest notion of where I left my umbrella.我丝毫想不起把雨伞放在哪儿了。He saw the vague shape of someone coming through the mist.他看见一个模糊的身影正从雾中走来。Because of his strong accent, his speech is vague and hard for me to understand.由于他强烈的地方口音,他的演讲对我来说非常模糊难懂。She's so vague that I can never understand what she's trying to say.她这样含糊其词,我根本弄不清她究竟想说什么。
ambiguous:"含糊的,模棱两可的",指对同一表达方式有两种或两种以上的解释,但无法推断是其中的哪一种。The sentence is ambiguous in sense, which makes the whole paragraph hard to understand.这个句子的意思模棱两可,这使得整个段落都令人费解。He kept making ambiguous remarks instead of straight forward yes-or-no replies.他那模棱两可的回答使我们无法确定其真正意见。The ambiguous reply enabled him to say either "Yes"or "No "without making himself embarrassed.这模棱两可的答复使他无论答"是"还是说"否"都不会受窘。
obscure:"含糊的,不清楚的,朦胧的",指物体或观点不清楚,不明确,往往难以理解或无法看清。I haven't the slightest idea of what he means because his explanation is obscure to me.我丝毫不知道他想说什么,因为他的解释对我来说不够清楚。There's more obscure poems written and printed every year than clear ones.每年写出和印出的诗歌,晦涩的远比明晰的多。Translating an obscure piece of writing is even more painstaking than writing it directly.翻译一篇晦涩的作品要比直接写一篇更费苦心。L
1、lone, lonely, lonesome, alone这组词都有“孤独的,寂寞的”之意。
lone:“孤独的,寂寞的,无依无靠的”,该词(在诗歌中)可替代lonely或lonesome。She could see a lone figure on the deserted beach walking to and fro.她看到一个孤寂的人影在荒凉的海滩上走来走去。In that cloudy sky only one lone star could be seen.在那多云的天空中,只能看见孤零零的一颗星。
lonely:“孤单的,寂寞的“,但更强调指渴望陪伴的孤独感受。A lonely young sailor felt sorry for himself because his girlfriend no longer loved him.孤独的青年海员由于女友不再爱他而非常伤心。He spent many lonely days on the deserted island before that attractive girl appeared.在那个有魅力的女孩出现之前,他在那个荒岛上度过了许多寂寞的日子。
lonesome : "无伴的,独居的",通常明确的表达分别或丧偶后的孤寂卑凉,含义较为痛切。The house she had always thought of as overcrowded was lonesome when her children grew up andwent out on their own.先前她认为这屋子过于拥挤,但当其子女出去独立生活后,显得孤寂。You must keep up your spirits, mother, and not be lonesome because I'm not at home.你一定要打起精神,妈妈,不要因为我不在家而倍感凄凉。
2、location, position, situation, spot这一组词都有“位置,地点”之意。
location:“位置,场所,场地”,指某物所处的固定但也许并不明确的位置,也可指找到的或可加以利用的场地。还可解作“定位,测位选址”,如:industrial location工业选址。The location of the missing plane can hardly be identified without more detailed information.如果没有更详尽的信息,失踪飞机所处的位置就很难确定。The location is exceptionally poor, viewed from a sanitation point, so Julia had to devote hertime to finding suitable location for a new school.从卫生角度来看,这个地段非常糟糕,所以朱利亚不得不花时间找一处适于建新学校的地点。
position:“方位,地点,位置”,通常是指某物所处的实际或相对的位置,适用于具体及抽象的事物,想象中或实际存在的东西;因此还可解作“社会地位,职务,见解,立场,姿态”等。Can you show me the position of the school on the map 你能指给我那学校在地图上的位置吗?Before the invention of the timing devices they told the time by the position of the sun.在计时器发明之前,他们根据太阳的位置来判断时间。
situation:“地点,位置,场合”,它所指的地点更注重考虑周的环境,还指抽象的对某人或社会有影响的条件、事实、事件的总和,因此可以解作“境况、形势、局势、处境”等。常用短语:cope/ do with the situation应付当前情况:save the situation挽回局势。Despite the fact that he's only a boy of nine, he could manage to deal with the new situation.尽管他还是个九岁的小男孩,他却能设法对付新情况。The situation of the camp was chosen with respect to its healthfulness and its nearness to thecity.这个营地位置的选择考虑到了有益于健康而且离城市近的原则。
spot:“地点,现场”,指范围清楚的特定地点,也可指事件或行为的发生地,具有较强的“有限空间意义”,如:a historic/ scenic spot古迹/ 风景名胜。常用词组:on the spot 当场。She was probably mad with hunger and thirst in that lonely hot spot.在那炎热孤寂的地方,她很可能因为又饿又渴而几近发疯。The police were on the spot within a few minutes of hearing about the crime.获悉该项犯罪后几分钟,警察即赶到现场。
3、later, latter
later是late的比较级形式,意为“后来的(地)”,通常用在表示时间单位的词组后,表示“……以后”的意思,此外还通常用在一些习语中。例如:Two days later, we proved these facts to be correct. 两天以后,我们证明了这些事实是正确的。He reached the stations 5 minutes later. 他晚到车站五分钟。sooner or later 总有一天,迟早later on 今后,以后
latter是一原级形容词,主要有三种意义:1).表示“后面的,后半的,末了的”之意;2).与定冠词the连用,表示“后者”,与the former相对;3).“最近的,现今的”。例如:the latter half of the month 后半月,下半月the latter part of the year 一年中后一段时期Of the two the latter is far better than the former.两者中后者比前者好得多。He has been at home in these latter days.在最近的这些日子里,他一直呆在家里。
4、lay, lie这两个动词在变形时,往往引起混淆。
lay主要用作及物动词,基本意思为“放”,还可有一些引申意义。它的过去式和过去分词是laid,现在分词是laying。例如:Please lay the book on the table.请把书放在桌上。The road is laid with asphalt.这条路是用柏油铺成的。These hens lay eggs every day.这些母鸡天天下蛋。We should lay stress on our pronunciation.我们应该重视我们的发音。
lie是一个不及物动词,它有两种意义和用法:1).意为“平躺;平放;位于”时,过去式为lay, 过去分词为lain; 2).意为:“撒谎”时,过去式和过去分词是lied。例如:Don't lie in bed all morning.不要一早上都躺在床上。He lay on the grass enjoying the sunshine.他躺在草地上享受阳光。Korea lies to the east of China.朝鲜位于中国东面。You are lying.你在撒谎。He lied to me.他对我撒谎。
5、leave out, leave off这两个短语动词由leave加副词构成,在句中均作谓语,它们的意义有区别。
leave out主要有下列几种意义:1).省去,略去;2).遗漏;3).没有考虑到。例如:We must decide what to leave out and what to leave in. 我们必须决定取舍。Please complete this check properly. The date has been left out. 请将这张支票填完整,日期被漏掉了。We left out the possibility of his coming. 我们没考虑到他会来。
leave off则主要表示下列两种意义:1).停止,中断;2).不再穿,不再使用。例如:Leave off talking!别讲话了!They leave off work at 4:30 p.m. 他们下午四点半下班。It is warm enough for you to leave off your woolen sweater. 天这么热,可以脱下你的绒线衣了。
6、living, alive, live, lively这四个形容词均是live派生出的,但它们的意义和用法均不一样。
living有三种意义和用法:1).表示“活着的,尤指现存的”,可以指人,也可指物。在句中作表语或定语;作定语时,可前置也可后置。2).表示某人,某物与另一个人或一物“一模一样,逼真的”之意。3).相当于形容词lively,表示“强烈的、活泼的”之意。例如:A living language should be learned orally. 一种活的语言应该通过口语来学习。No man living could do better. 当代的人没有一个能做得比这好的了。Shelly was still living when Keats died. 济慈死时,雪莱还活着。He's the living image of his father. 他跟他父亲长得一模一样。We have a living hope that you will succeed. 我们强烈地希望你成功。
alive多用作表语,多用于人,表示“活着的”的意思,还可引申为其他意义;间或也作定语,只能放在被修饰词的后面。例如:Is she still alive 她还活着吗?They are the happiest children alive.他们是当代最幸福的孩子们。An enemy officer was caught alive.一名敌军官被活捉了。The lake is alive with fish.湖里鱼多得很。
live作形容词时读作/laiv/, 只用于物,作定语,基本意义是“活的”,这时可用living替代。它还有很多引申意义。例如:This is a live fish/ mouse.这是一条活鱼(一只活老鼠)。Don't play with live coals!不要玩燃烧着的煤块。A live wire is dangerous.通上电的电线很危险。It was a live broadcast, not a recording.那是实况广播,不是录音广播。
lively读作/laivli/,在句中可作表语或定语,主要表示下列三种意义:1).有生气的,活泼的,快活的;2).(颜色)鲜明的;3).生动的,真实的。例如:She is as lively as a kitten.她快活得像只小猫。The patient seems a little livelier this morning.那病人今晨似乎好些了。He has lively imagination.他有丰富的想象力。What lively colors!多么鲜明的色彩。He gave a lively description of the football game.他对这场足球赛进行了生动的描述。
7、learn, study
learn为“学习,学会”,侧重学习的成果,指从不知到知,从不会到会的学习,强调通过学习去获得知识和技能,它没有凭勤奋努力而获得知识的意味。learn亦可指向某人学习,从某处学习及学习一门技能等。如 learn music, learn new words, learn to skate, learn from experience, learn from LeiFeng。
study为“学习,研究”,强调学习的过程,指深入系统地学习,带有努力,勤奋的意味。其学习对象往往是科学,艺术和需要深入探讨,研究的问题及学科,不是单纯地获得技巧。如:study medicine,study science, study a map, study engineering, study painting。下列句子中的learn 和 study均不能互换:If you study hard, you'll learn the language well. 如果你努力学习的话,你会把这门语言学好。He learned traditional Chinese medicine from a famous Chinese doctor. 他跟随一位著名的中国医生学习中医。She studied late at night.她晚上学习到很晚。He is studying the problem of X-rays.他正在研究X射线的问题。
在指某学科的“学习”时,或在不需要强调两者的区别时, learn 和study可以换用。如:How long have you learned/ studied Japanese 你学习日语有多久了?We must keep on learning/ studying if we do not want to lag behind the times. 如果我们不想落在时代后面的话,就必须不断学习。
8、long for, for long
long for是一用作及物意义的动、介型短语动词,表示“渴望,极想得到”的意思。其后可接名词,代词作宾语。例如:The children are longing for the festival.孩子们渴望节日来临。We long for a chance to visit Yanan.我们渴望有机会访问延安。
for long中的for是介词,long是名词,一起作介词短语用,在句中充当状语,通常用于否定句、疑问句、条件句或否定意义的句子中。意为“很久,长久”。例如:He will not remain for long.他不会呆得太久。Will you be away for long 你要离开很久吗?
9、lecture, speech
lecture作“演讲,讲课”解,指有准备的专题演讲,尤指学术性讲演及高等学校教师的讲课。它常和动词give, read, hear, attend, receive连用,当它用于give sb. a lecture结构时,指“训斥某人”。如:They received lecture on technique. (指听演讲)He gave a lecture on the war in English. (指作演讲)Father gave me a lecture for smoking. (指训斥)
speech作“说话,演讲”解,系普通用语,除指有声的语言外,又泛指为听众而作的讲,可以是有准备的正式讲话,也可以是无准备的非正式的讲话。它常和动词give, make, hear, prepare, understand等连用。如:I was quite unprepared to make a speech.By your speech I can tell you're from London.He gave a speech about good manners to the whole school.
10、live on, live by
live on有三种意义和用法:1).后接人、钱、工资,表示“依靠这些人或钱物养活”的意思;2).后接各种食物的名称,表示“以……为主食”的意思; 3).作不及物动词用,表示“继续生存下去,永存”之意。例如:Jim's father was living on his friends.吉姆的父亲靠他的朋友生活。My uncle lives happily on his pension.我伯父靠退休金生活得很幸福。Most of the Asians live on rice.多数亚洲人以大米为食。Sheep live on grass.羊以草为食。The scientist's name will live on from generation to generation. 这位科学家的名字将流芳百世。
live by有两种意义和用法:1. 后接名词或动名词,表示“以某种方式或手段过活”之意;2. 后接地点名词,表示“住在……附近”之意。例如:They live by honest labor.他们靠正当的劳动生活。Smith lives by writing for a small magazine.史密斯靠给一家小杂志社写稿来维持生活。We live by the East Lake.我们住在东湖旁边。M
1、make...from, make...of, make...into, make up
make...from为“用...原料制成”,介词的宾语是原材料,用from表示从制成品上看不出原来的制作材料。例如:They make wine from grapes. 他们用葡萄为原料制成葡萄酒。This cake is made from corn. 这个蛋糕是以玉米为原料制成的。
make...of为“用...材料制成”,介词的宾语是某种材料,用of表示从制成品上可以看出原来的材料。例如:Nearly everything inside the room is made of bamboo. 屋子里的东西几乎都是用竹子制成的。This big box is made of wood. 这个大盒子是由木头制成的。
make...into为“把...做成”,动词的宾语是某种原料和材料,介词into的宾语是制成品。例如:They make milk into butter and cheese. 他们把牛奶制成白脱和奶酪。Can you make this material into a skirt 你能把这布料制成一件衬衫吗?
比较make...into与make...from, make...of的区别:Flour is made from wheat. 面粉是小麦制成的。Wheat can be made into flour. 小麦可制成面粉。Bottles are made of glass. 瓶子是用玻璃制成的。Glass can be made into bottles. 玻璃可制成瓶子。
make up为“构成,组成”,主语为构成一个整体的各个个体,宾语是一个集合体。此结构用于被动语态时,需加介词of,构成be made up of短语。例如:Ten doctors make up a visiting team. 十位医生组成了一支访问团。A car is made up of many different parts. 一辆汽车是由许多不同的零件组成的。Life is made up of both sweetness and sorrow. 生活中既有甘,又有苦。
2、main, chief, major这三个词都有“重要的”之意。
main:“主要的”,只用于物,强调事物的某一部分、分支的重要性,大小及潜力优于其他部分、分支,或表示该部分在整个事物中占有显赫的地位。This article has in the main preserved the fairness of news reporting.该文章大体上保留了新闻报道所用的不偏不倚的风格。His main reason for going to the library was to look up the book he spoke of yesterday.他到图书馆去的主要原因是去找他昨天谈到的那本书。
major:“重大的,主要的”,指在规模,数量,重要性方面超出同类的其他事物。John has also played a major part in the improvement of the paper.约翰在改进这份报纸的工作中也起了较大的作用。It was not until late afternoon that he began to tackle the major problem.直到傍晚,他才开始处理重大问题。
chief: "主要的,首要的",强调在顺序,等级,重要性,价值方面高于其他所有同类事物,用于人时指 "地位最高",用于物,意为 "最重要的"。The chief engineer is the most important of a group of engineers in a job. He is highest in rank and probably in pay.总工程师是参加一项工作的一组工程师中首要的一个,他的级别是最高的,薪水也可能是最高的。The chief reason for the great changes in the cultural field is the development of economy.经济发展是文化领域内发生巨大变化的主要原因。
3、material, matter, substance这三个词组都可作“物质,材料”讲。
material:“物质,物资,材料”,一般指具物理成份,构成某具体物体的物质,尤指人造物品的制作材料;有时则引申为现实观念或现实的根据或基础。如:raw material原材料,指能够进一步加工的物质,也指可以被进一步利用的事件,观念等,例如用作文学素材。With the development of industry, the consumption of raw material by industry has been rising surprisingly.随着工业的发展,工业所消耗的原材料增长惊人。They discovered that they could weave the wool into the material, which can be made into warm coats and suits.他们发现可以把羊毛纺成衣料,再把衣料制成暖和的外套和西装。
matter:“物质,内容”,基本上指某种实体或构成所有客观事物的“物质”,与精神相对;也指与形式相对的“内容”。常用短语:a matter of course 理所当然的事, matter-of-fact 讲求实际的。The matter in your composition is quite good, but the writing is not lucid enough.你的作文内容很好,但文字不够清楚。We know nothing about force or energy, nor of any physical phenomenon, except through the agency of matter. 要是不通过物质这个媒介,我们对力或能会一无所知,更不会了解任何物理现象。
substance:“物质,东西",常指具有某种物理或化学性质的特殊物质,或指构成某物,并赋予某种特性的物质;还可指 “重要的”或“实际性的”内容。常用短语:a question of substance 实质性问题;have substance 有道理,有根据,有内容。The function of the root of a plant is to fix the plant in its place and to take in water and food substance present in the earth.植物根的功能是将植物固定在所处的位置,并从土壤中吸收水及营养物质。A good chemical laboratory is equipped with precision instruments and supplies of many chemical substances. 一个好的化学实验室应配有精密仪器,并有充足的各种化学物质供应。
4、maybe, possibly, perhaps, probably这四个词都可表示“可能性”。
maybe:“可能,也许”,比其余的几个词更为随便和不正式,可能性不大,也可以表示一种非常委婉,礼貌的建议或要求。如:You could put it over there, maybe. 也许你可以把它搁在那边。He didn't feel quite right; maybe he got sunstroke. 他觉得不太好;也许是有点中暑。The doctor thinks maybe we'd better have a minor operation. 医生认为也许我们最好做个小手术。
possibly:“可能地,或者,也许",可能性较大。用于否定句和疑问句时表示 "无论如何"之意。She expressed regret for any inconvenience which might possibly be caused.她为任何可能造成的不便而深表歉意。I couldn't possibly have finished typing such a long document in such a limited period of time. 无论如何,我也不可能在如此有限的时间内打完这么长的文件。
perhaps:“可能”,较为常用也较为正式的词,可能性也不十分大。它可以表示建议或要求,也可以表示以礼貌的方式下命令。I thought perhaps it was the letter you had been expecting. 我想这大概是你一直盼望的那封信。Perhaps you will kindly give us a hand when we are in trouble. 当我们陷入困境时,也许你会善意地帮我们一把。
probably:“很可能,大概”,可能性在这一组词中最大,表示一种几乎完全肯定的意思。He is the only witness of the accident; he can probably give us some detailed information about it. 他是这次事故唯一的目击者,他大概可以告诉我们一些详细情况。There is probably some kind of living matter on some other worlds, but we do not know yet. 很可能在其他的世界存在着另类的生物,只是我们尚不知道。
5、mean, intend, propose这组词都有“打算,有心做某事”之意。mean:“打算,想象,有...意图”,不如intend正式,强调心里想做的意思,但不强调决心。短语: mean...for 准备让...做...Everyone believed that it would be a very suitable match because John and Julia were obviously meant for each other. 每个人都认为他们的结合会很般配,因为约翰和朱利亚显然天生一对。He shouldn't have done it, of course, but he was thoughtless. And he meant to pay the money back. 当然,他本来不该那么做,但他考虑不周到,再说他是打算还钱的。
propose:“打算,建议”,指宣布或明确确定某人的意图,含有公开宣称或清楚解释这一意图之意。可接名词,动名词,不定式及从句。While summarizing the year's work, the managing director of the company proposed a greater project for the next year. 公司的总经理总结了一年的工作,提出了下半年度更大的工程计划。Generally speaking, what's reached in the end may be better or worse than what was proposed. 一般说来,最终所达到的效果总的要比计划的好或差。
6、much, quite, so, very这四个词都表示“十分,非常”之意。
much:“非常,十分,颇”,程度副词,多修饰动词,副词,过去分词,偶尔修饰个别形容词。修饰动词时,通常以very much, too much, so much等形式出现。I feel so much better today that I would like so much to go out. 我今天觉得好多了,所以,非常想到外边去。The distance from here to the town is much the same by either of the two roads. 从这里到镇上有两条路,无论是走哪一条,路程都相同。
quite:“十分,相当,非常”,程度副词,相当于completely, perfectly, rather等意思,在不正式的场合可代替very,可以修饰动词,副词,分词,形容词及介词短语。He has quite recovered from his illness and is now able to return to his post. 他已完全恢复健康,可以重返工作岗位了。The first step will need quite a long time and cannot be accomplished overnight. 第一步所需的时间相当长,决不是一朝一夕就能完成的。
so:“非常,十分,极,很,如此地”,表示程度较高,常用于口语中,有时以very替换,但在so组成的结构中则不能用very。常用短语:so that 如此...以至于;so beautiful a child/ such a beautiful child 如此漂亮的孩子。So absorbed was he in his work that his wife would not dare to make a sound. 他全神贯注地工作,以致他妻子不敢作声。All this was so sudden and unexpected that nobody quite realized what had happened. 这一切来得那样突然,以至没有人晓得究竟发生了什么事情。
very:“很,十分,非常”,语气比quite强,可用于正式场合,通常修饰副词,形容词和纯粹用作形容词的过去分词,以及形容词的最高级以加强语气,不能直接修饰动词。They did their very best to increase quantity and variety of their products. 他们尽了最大的努力来增加产品数量和品种。Whatever you may have heard about me from poets, I am really not a very romantic character. 不管你从诗人那里听到关于我的什么情况,我实际上不是十足的浪漫派。
7、mark, sign, signal, symbol这组词都有“标记,标志”之意。
mark:“标志,标记",含义广泛,指事物留下的深刻印迹或某物上用于辨别该物品的附属物,比sign更侧重于区别性或揭示性的标志,有时不一定十分直观或明显。One mark of a writer's greatness is that different minds can get a different inspiration from his works. 一个伟大作家的标志之一是不同的人都能从他那里得到不同的灵感。The lighthouse on the top of the hill serves as a mark for fliers. 山顶上的灯塔成了飞行员(识别地形)的标志。
sign:“记号,标记”,用法最广,可指符号(装置),也可指情绪,性格的直观显示,还指具体的用于识别或指示的标志,如指标牌,卡片等。借喻时讲作“征兆,迹象”。如:Sir, you are not to walk your pet on the lawn. Don't you see the sign: "keep off the grass" 先生,你不可以在草坪上溜狗,你没瞧见牌子上写着“请勿践踏草坪”吗?In the British Army, crown, stars and stripes are signs of military rank. 在英国军队里,王冠,星星和条形徽是军阶的标志。
signal:“信号”,常指约定俗成,用于传达某些信息的信号,也指灯光,声音或信号标志。A red light is a signal of danger, which is even known to a five-year-old child. 红灯是危险的信号,这一点就连五岁的孩子都知道。The sportsmen are all ready, waiting for the signal to start running. 运动员们都作好了准备,等待着起跑的信号。
symbol:“象征,符号”,指被人们选出的物体或图案,用来代表另一事物,并作为该事物的标记或象征。Symbol is a sign, figure or physical object, the meaning of which is established by convention. 常用的表义符号是由按常规规定其意义的符号,图案或实物图像构成的。In the picture the tree is the symbol of life and the snake the symbol of evil. 在这幅画中,树是生命的象征,蛇是邪恶的象征。
8、made up of, made of, made from这三个词组都同be动词连用。
made up of 含有“由...(成分)组成”的意思,即表示某物或组织由一个个成分或成员组成,of后通常接可数名词。例如:The committee is made up of seven members. 委员会由七名委员组成。The Third World is made up of the developing countries. 第三世界是由发展中国家组成。
made of和made from都有“由...(原材料)制成”的含义。但前者表示某一物品由某种原材料制成后,原料已看不出来。例如:Concrete is made of cement, sand, stone and water. 混凝土是由水泥,砂子,石头和水混合而成。Nylon is made from air, coal and water. 尼龙是由空气,煤和水加工制成。
9、make the best of, get the best of
make the best of是指“充分利用时间,机会,场合,资源”等意思,其后接此类名词或短语。例如:You should make the best of this valuable opportunity. 你应该尽量利用这个宝贵的机会。We must make the best we can of the few natural resources we have. 我们一定要尽可能地充分利用我们所拥有的少量自然资源。
get the best of 亦可解作get the better of,其中的动词get亦可用have替代。它主要指主体与宾语在进行争斗或交锋中,“胜过,占优势,占上风”的含义。个别场合下,它还有“从...中得到最大的好处”的含义。例如:They were pretty evenly matched, but Martin got the best of him by a clever trick. 他们势均力敌,但马丁以智取胜。Our team got the best of the visitors in the last quarter. 我队在最后四分之一比赛中战胜了客队。With his indomitable spirit he got the best of his disease. 他以坚强不屈的意志战胜了疾病。
10、man, mankind这对词都表示“人类”的意思,但用法有所区别。
man一般以单数形式出现(现在也有人以复数men表示“人类”),其前不能置任何限定词,其相应的代词应是he, him, his, himself。例如:The changes between the states have been used by man to work for him since ancient times. 自古以来,人类就利用这两种状态的变化为自己服务。Engels pointed out a hundred years ago that labour created man himself. 恩格斯一百多年以前就指出,劳动创造了人类本身。
mankind前也不可加任何限定词,但可用形容词修饰。它是集合名词,可作单数或复数使用。作单数概念时,谓语要用单数,其相应的代词一般为it, its, itself(也有人用he ,him, his, himself);作复数概念时,谓语要用复数,其相应的代词是they, them, their, themselves。例如:Mankind is much cleverer than it was one thousand years ago. 人类比一千年前是聪明多了。All progressive mankind love peace. 所有进步人类都热爱和平。That is one small step for a man, but one giant leap for mankind. 对于个人来说那是小小的一步,但对于整个人类来说却是一次巨大的飞越。
请注意:human being也可表示“人类”,它是可数名词,有单复数之分。其意义比较具体,它一般用来区别人以外的事物,特别是动物或者是“神”,“鬼”之类。例如:Without its light and warmth there would be neither plants nor animals nor human beings. 没有光和热,就不可能有植物,动物,也不可能有人类。Although the Negroes were human beings just like the whites, they were not treated as humanbeing. 尽管黑人和白人一样都是属于人类,但是他们并没有被当作人对待。
11、manage, try
manage为“设法做到”,指花费精力设法使某事终于做成功,相当于succeed in doing sth.。try为“试图,努力,尝试”,指花费精力去做某事,含有成功可能性虽然大,但仍有可能不成功意思。比较下列句子:He managed to finish his work in time. 他设法及时完成了他的工作。He tried to finish his work in time. 他试图去及时完成他的工作。
manage后常接名词或不定式作宾语。如:Without her I couldn't have managed all these things. 如果没有她,我不可能做成所有这些事。I don't see how I could possibly manage to do it. 我觉得我不太可能把这事做成。
try后常接名词不定式或动词不定式作宾语,它后接不定式时表示“努力做某事”,后接动名词时表示“试着做某事”。如:He tried to say something but he was too weak to say a word. 他努力地想说些什么,但是他太虚弱了,一个字也说不出。We shall try using another method. 我们应试着用另一种方法。
12、many more, much more这两者可指“更多”。
many more后接一个名词一定是个复数可数名词。若不接名词,则more本身就被看作是一个复数名词,表示复数概念。如:Some students are against the plan, but many more support it. 一些同学反对这项计划,但是有更多人支持它。We have many more left. 我们还剩下很多。
much more后接一个名词,这个名词一定是个不可数名词。若不接名词,则more本身就被看作是一个不可数名词。如:The farmers have produced much more rice. 这些农夫收了更多的稻谷。She has much more to do. 她还有很多事要去做。
many more不可能修饰形容词和副词,而much more和far more, even more, still more 等一样,可以修饰形容词和副词,表示“更加”。如:This TV set is much more expensive. 这台电视机要贵得多。He worked much more carefully on the new design. 在这项新的设计上,他工作努力得多了。
13、many, the many, many a, a good many
many单独使用,用作形容词和代词,分别在句中作主语(谓语动词用复数),宾语,定语(后接复数可数名词),但不能用作表语。例如:Many of us have joined the Party. 我们中许多人已入了党。The policy of the cities growing their own vegetables has many advantages. 城市种菜,自给自足的政策有许多优点。I have a few, but not many. 我有一些,但不多。
the many起名词的作用,在句中作主语和宾语。作主语时,谓语动词要用复数,其意为“多数人或物”。例如:In the capitalist society the many are oppressed by the few. 在资本主义社会里,多数人受少数人压迫。Sometimes the few can defeat the many. 有时侯少数能胜多数。
many a用作定语,虽然它作“许多,很多”解,但其后所修饰的名词和与之有关的动词必须用单数形式。例如:Many a man comes or goes. 一个又一个的人来了又走了。I have received many a letter in the past few days. 最近几天我接到许多来信。
a good many亦可解作a great many,它们均为many 的强化语,它与many的用法相同,即可用作形容词和代词,所修饰的名词和谓语动词均分别用复数形式。例如:A good many new books were published by the Foreign Language Press last month. 上个月外文出版社出版了许多新书。We have a great many things to do at present. 我们目前有许许多多事要做。
14、more than, more...than
more than连用,通常起副词的作用。若后接数词(=over),常译成“...以上,超过”;后接形容词,副词或动词,相当于very或much,常译为“难以”;后接名词,常译成“不止是,不仅仅”等。例如:He is more than twenty years old. 他20多岁了。She was dressed more than simply. 她穿得岂止朴素,简直近似于破烂。The beauty of the place is more than I can describe. 那个地方的美令我难以形容。
more...than中的more后也可接形容词,副词,动词或名词。修饰名词时,more作形容词解;修饰其他的词时,作副词解。than 是从属连词,常引出省略的比较状语从句,整个结构一般译为“比...更;与其说...倒不如说“等。例如:More people like to drink boiled water than tea. 喜欢喝开水的人比喜欢喝茶的人多。It is more blue than green. 与其说是绿的,不如说是蓝的。It is more common for Peter to talk too slowly than too quickly. 彼得说起话来往往不是太快,而是太慢。
15、meet, meet with
meet 和meet with都可表示“预见,会见”,两者通常可换用。Yesterday afternoon I met (with) Shirley at the cinema. 昨天我在电影院碰见雪莱。The chairman met (with) the King of Holland for half an hour. 主席与荷兰国王的会见持续了半个小时。
meet还可作"迎接,应付,聚会,满足"等解释,它含有主动意义,即主语有意识地去完成某个动作,如: meet a friend (迎接朋友), meet the debts (偿还债务),meet the danger (对付危险)。例如:I went to the airport to meet my uncle. 我去机场接我的叔叔。The whole school meet to hear the report. 整个学校的人聚在一起听报告。Every effort is made to meet the demands of the people. 所做的努力都是为了满足人民的需求。
meet with作“碰到,受到,遭受”解,它含有被动意义,强调主语承受meet的动作所带来的后果,如meet with bad weather (碰到坏天气),meet with difficulty(碰到困难),meet with the refusal (遭到拒绝)。例如:He met with a lot of problems in this experiment. 他做这项试验遇到许多问题。The play met with a good reception. 这部电视剧受到了好评。
16、much too, too much
much too 后接原级形容词与副词,意思是“实在太...”,其中的much是副词,用来修饰另一个副词too。如:It is much too cold here. 这儿实在太冷了。You sleep much too late. 你睡得实在太晚了。
too much后可接不可数名词,意思是“过多的... ”,其中的too是副词,修饰形容词much。 too much后也可不接名词,意思是“过多的东西,过多的事情”,其中的much是代词。如:He has got too much money. 他已得到太多的钱。You are asking too much. 你问得太多了。
be too much表示“过分,太难,对付不了,过于厉害”。如:She is afraid that the long trip will be too much for me. 她担心我受不了长途旅行的劳累。I tried to beat him, but he was too much for me. 我试图打败他,但我对付不了他。
17、maybe, may be
maybe是副词,意为“可能,也许”,可用perhaps代替,不过美国人习惯上用perhaps, 不怎么爱用maybe。例如:Maybe he has reached there. 大概他已经到了那儿。Maybe you are right and maybe you are wrong. 你也许对,也许错。
may be中的may为情态动词,有过去式might的变化,表示类似maybe的意思,be为助动词或连系动词,有时后面可跟一个名词从句。例如:It may be raining in Beijing. 现在北京可能在下雨。It may be that he never got there. 或许他根本就没有到过那里。
18、most, a most, the most, mostly
无限定词搭配的most可用作形容词和名词。前者通常修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词time,表示“大多数的,大部分的”的意思;后者常接of引起的介词短语或定语从句,表示“大多数人(东西,时间)”的意思。此外,most还可作副词,用来修饰副词,形容词或动词,表示“最,十分,非常,很”的意思。例如:Most students like English. 大多数学生喜欢英语。I was in Shanghai most of the time. 我大部分时间在上海。The present world situation is most favourable for the people. 当前世界形势对人民非常有利。
a most中的most等同于very(很,非常),修饰形容词,再跟单数名词。例如:The statue is made of marble of a most lovely colour. 这雕像是用一种颜色很好看的大理石雕成的。Guilin is a most beautiful city. 桂林是座非常美丽的城市。
the most主要有三种用法:1.其中的most为形容词many或much的最高级,表示“最多的;最高程度的”的意思;2.为两个音节以上的形容词或副词最高级的构成形式,表示“最”的意思,most前的定冠词有时可以省去;3.有时用作名词。例如:He takes the most interest in the model cars. 他对模型汽车最感兴趣。He is one of the most famous writers in China. 他是中国最著名的作家之一。This is the most I can do. 这是我力所能及的。
mostly是一个副词,只用作状语。一般放在所修饰的词或短语之前,主要表示“主要地;多半;大部分地”的意思。例如:She is mostly out on Sundays. 星期天她多半不在家。She uses her car mostly for going to the shops. 她用车多半是去商店买东西。
19、must have done, should have done
must have done表示“想必已经,一定是”,指对过去的事物或者状态一种逻辑推断或确有把握的推测。由于must not是“禁止”的意思,不表示推测,因此must have done仅限用于肯定式,它的否定式是can not have done 或 could not have done。在疑问句中同样也是如此,不用must提问。如:You must have misunderstood me because I didn't say anything like that. 你一定是误会我了,因为我没有说过那样的话。"The lecturer was a tall thin man." "Then it can't have been Dr Zhu because he is short and fat. It must have been Dr Zhang." “那个作报告的人又高又瘦。” “那么,他不可能是朱博士,因为他又矮又胖。他一定是张博士。”
should have done表示根据事物的一般规律所做出的一般性的推断或推测,它的语气没有must have done强,把握也没有它大。如:They should have finished the work by now. 他们现在应该完成工作了。She should have arrived in Cairo by this time. 她现在应该到达开罗了。should have done还可以表示过去应该做或值得做的事情而没有做,常带有后悔,埋怨,不满,责备或惊奇等情绪。它的否定形式表示过去做了不该做的事情。must have done则没有这样的意思。如:You should have gone to see your grandpa last week. 你上星期应该去看望爷爷的。This wall shouldn't have been painted yellow. 这堵墙不应该漆成黄色。
20、Mr. Smith's, the Mr. Smith, the Smiths
Mr. Smith's表示“史密斯先生的家”,即Mr. Smith's house。名词所有格后表示某人的家以及商店,教堂等名词,在习惯上可以省去。如:Shall we meet at Mr. Smith's tomorrow 要不我们明天在史密斯先生家中见面好吗?Don't worry! You can leave the children at Mrs. Jone's. 别担心!你可以将孩子们留在琼斯太太家。
the Mr. Smith表示“那一位史密斯先生”,称呼前加定冠词用于需要区分具有同一姓氏的人的场合。如:"We have two Mr. Smiths. Which one do you want " "I want the Mr. Smith who works in the bank.""我们这儿有两个史密斯先生。你想找哪一位?" “我想找在银行工作的那一位史密斯先生。”
the Smiths表示“史密斯一家人”,复数姓氏加定冠词表示其夫妇俩,或夫妇俩加其子女。如:The Smiths are all early risers. 史密斯一家都起得很早。The Smiths could not pay for the advanced education that their son needed. 史密斯夫妇不能支付其子所需的高等教育的费用。