介词专题复习
一﹑考点聚焦
1、介词的分类与语法功能
(1)介词是虚词,不能单独作句子成分,必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语,在句中充当一个成分。
介词分为:简单介词,如at、in、for等;合成介词,如within、inside、onto、throughout等; 短语介词,如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of等。双重介词,如from behind / above / under、until after等。
分词介词,如considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。
常见的介词宾语:名词、代词、动名词、从句、疑问词加不定式等。
(2)介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。
2、介词搭配
(1)“动词+介词”搭配:注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。
(2)常见“形容词 + 介词”搭配。
(3)“名词 + 介词”要注意习惯搭配和意义区分。
3、核心介词用法归纳与辨析
(1)表示时间的介词in的用法如下。
表示在某一较长时间内,如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in,还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。
(2)在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用on。
(3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。
注意:有些时间名词前不接介词。如:
next day、last Sunday、that morning、these years
one、each、any、every、some、all修饰时,一般不用介词,如some day
one day、yesterday / afternoon, the night before
(4)till、until、to的用法。
①till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中,与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。
但注意:在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。
②to表“终结”时常用和from连用,但要注意不与from连用时的意义。
(5)in、after、later
①in + 一段时间:表示说话时为起点一段时间之后,与一般将来时连用;但表示“在……之内”时,用于各种时态。
②一段时间 + later(later是副词):表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。
③after + 一段时间表示:“在……之后”,用于一般过去时;但时间为点时间时,只能用after,即after + 点时间,用于各种时态。
另外,in + 一段时间 + ’s + time 与 within + 一段时间的用法如下:
in a week’s time = in a week
They will arrive in three days’ time.(与将来时连用)
My brother’s birthday is in two weeks’ time.(作表语)
I’ll finish the book within two weeks.(within = in less than…用于各种时态,不超出,在……之内)
(6)地点介词at、on、in、to、across、through、over、under、below。
(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介词
①by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天。
(按by+the+单位名称)但to the pound按磅算,to the ton按吨计。
②表泛指的方式、手段
by post/mail邮寄,by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电讯器材),by electricity用电,by machinery用电器,by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescop
③交通工具类
另外:by means of 用……方法,by way of 经由,取道于,用……方法,with the help (permission)of sb./with sb.’s help (permission)。
(8)表示“除……之外”的几组常用介绍比较。
besides 除……以外,(还有)。作副词时意思是“而且,更何况”。
except除去,除……之外(不再有)。
except for除了……(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)后接名词、代词或what从句,此时与except that + 句子意思相同。
except that … 除了……一点以外。
but与except
but和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用,但应注意以下三点:
A.前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时,多用but。
B. 后接不定式短语为排除对象时,多用but。
C. but与一些固定结构连用。
have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事,can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不……,but for … 如不是……
(9)between与among.
(10)表原因的介词for、because of、due to。
(11)不定式复合结构中的for、of。
(12)兼作连词和副词的介词。
①after、since、till / still、before这些词既是介词,又是连词。
②in、on、along、down、up、after、before、along、beyond等介词可兼作副词。
③有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。
(13)介词的省略。
①表示时间的介词on、at 、in的省略。
②介词for表示时间的省略要求。
(A)以all开头的名词短语,for要省略。如:I stayed with her all the morning.(B)表示一段时间的短语之前,for可以省略,也可以不省略。如:I have been waiting here (for) more than three hours.
(C)否定句中,表示时间的短语前的for不能省略。如:I haven’t seen you for thirty years.
(D)时间状语在主句之前,for不能省略。如:For the whole morning,the old man kept reading.
③某些动词短语之后的介词可以省略。
(14)某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。
要求接to的名词有:key、answer、visit、entrance、apology、introduction、road等。
要求接in 的名词有:interest、satisfaction、expert等。
(15)一些词组中的介词
be composed of =consist of… 由…组成 in comparison with… 和…相比较 be very appreciative at… 对…深表感谢be particular over… 对…太挑剔base…on… 把…建立…上; on the basis of… 根据 protect…from(against)… 保护…免遭…remind sb. of… 使某人想起… be responsiblie for sth. 对某事负有责任; be superior to 优于…in favor of 支持;赞同 in relation to 关于 in contrast to 与…截然不同 in excess of 超过 etc.
二、精典名题导解
1.(2002上海卷22)Luckily,the bullet narrowly missed the captain ________an inch.
A.by B.at C.to D.from
by+数量词,表示相差多少。介词by可以和表示数量的词构成短语,表示尺寸、距离等。译文:幸运的是,子弹在距离船长一英尺的地方与他擦肩而过,没有射中他。答案为A。
2. ____________ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.(NMET 2000)
A. As B. For C. With D. Through
解析:答案为C。本题考查with的复合结构作状语的用法。“with + 名词 + 不定式/分词/名词/形容词/介词短语等”可在句中作伴随、时间、原因、条件等状语。本题中with的复合结构作伴随状语。
3.(2004上海春季卷26)I am sorry it’s ________my power to make a final decision on the project.
A.over B.above C.off D.beyond
beyond意为“超出,出乎”。本句的意思是:很抱歉,我无权对这个计划作出最后决定。beyond my power意为:超出了我的权力范围。
4.(2003北京卷33)They had a pleasant chat ________a cup of coffee.
A.for B.with C.during D.over
考查介词搭配。to chat over a cup of coffee意思是边喝咖啡边聊天。for和during都有“在……期间”之意,但后边通常加时间段:。with “随着,用”;over“在(做)……期间,边……边……”。
5.(2002北京卷33) --What do you want ________those old boxes
--To put things in when I move to the new fiat.
A.by B.for C.of D.with 、
所提供的情景To put things in when I move to the new flat,说明了箱子的用途。with的意思是“用”,后接工具。如:cut with a knife“用刀切”。
6.(2001上海春季卷23)Ross was wild with joy ________the result of the examination.
A.to B.at C.by D.as
at表示原因。be wild with joy at的意思是“为……而欣喜若狂”。介词at接在某些形容词的后面表示原因。译文:罗丝因考试结果而兴高采烈。
7.(2002上海春季卷21)Marie Curie took little notice _________the honours that were given to her in her later years.
A.of B.on C.about D.from
take notice of为固定短语,意为“注意”。译文:居里夫人几乎不关心她晚年所得到的荣誉。答案为A。
8..(2002京、蒙、皖春季卷23)--You are so lucky. --What do you mean _________that
A.or B.in C.of D.by
固定用法(句子)what do you mean后常跟by that/doing that/saying so,译为:你那样/这样讲(说)是什么意思
9..(2002北京卷33) --What do you want ________those old boxes
--To put things in when I move to the new fiat.
A.by B.for C.of D.with 、
所提供的情景To put things in when I move to the new flat,说明了箱子的用途。with的意思是“用”,后接工具。如:cut with a knife“用刀切”。
10.(2004福建卷30)
It was a pity that the great writer died ________his works unfinished.
A.for B.with C.from D.of
die接不同的介词,表示不同的意思,die for表示死的目的;die from表示死的间接原因;die of表示死于饥饿、疾病、寒冷、情感等直接原因;而die with中的with应与后面名词连成一个意群,表示一个伴随的状态。根据句子的意思,答案选B。
11.(2004上海卷25)The accident is reported to have occurred _________the first Sunday in February.
A.at B.on C.in D.to
本题考查日期前介词的用法。一般牵涉到具体的某一天时或特定的某一天时,前面用介词on。
12. I wanted two seats ________ Madame Curie for Friday night, so I rang the cinema to see if I could book two tickets. (NMET 1998上海)
A. ofB. aboutC. To D. For
析:D.……比赛 / 电影 / 戏剧的座位,应用...seat for....
13.(2005重庆卷)30. —You know. Bob is a little slow ____ understanding, so…
— So I have to be patient ______ him.
A. in ; with B. on; with C. in; to D. at; for
A in understanding在理解上,be patient with对某人有耐心
14. After she considered the problem, she got a tall box to stand ________.
A.on B.up C.above D.by
解析:答案为A。不定式“to stand + 介词”作定语修饰a tall box,其中被修饰词在逻辑意义上是不及物动词,只有加上吊尾介词,句子意思才完整。吊尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少,吊尾介词使用的场合有:
(1)定语从句中,先行词被一个不及物动词所修饰,不及物动词后要接介词,先行词被“动词 + 介词”组成的短语动词所修饰,介词常在句尾。
He is the man I just spoke to.
(2)what、whose、who、whatever等引导的宾语从句,宾语从句出现吊尾介词。
I can’t imagine what it is like.
(3) 强调句型,特殊疑问句中由于被强调部分和疑问词位置变更,常出现吊尾介词。
It was the poor boy that we gave the books to.
What for Where to Who with
(4)不及物动词的不定式修饰表“涉及对象、场合、工具、方式、材料”等意义的名词时常带吊尾介词。
a room to live in, a bench to sit on
There is nothing to worry about.
She is a good girl to work with.
(5)某些形容词后接不定式或“动词 + 介词”型短语,动词的不定式形式表“反射”,常用吊尾介词。
①fit、easy、hard、comfortable、difficult、heavy等形容词后。
②The river is good to swim in.
The box is too heavy to carry.
③be worth doing sth. ,be worthy of being done / to be done, want/require / need doing
三、专项训练
1 A group of students stood___the memorial__the people’s heroes.
A.in the front of;to B.in front of;to
C.in front of;of D.in the front;of
2. -Where is the post office
-You can find it_______2336 Fire Road.
A.on B.in C.near D.at
3. He went to Beijing_______ .
A.by the car B.in car C.in the black car D.by the black car
4. Your mother will be back_______a few minutes,but your father will be back_______ten o’clock.
A.after;after B.in;in C.in;after D.after;in
5. What did you do to help them____the difficulty
A.out from B.out of C.through D.out off
6. He is running_______the wind towards the east of the station_______ Tom running_______the right.
A.down;and;on B.against;with;on C.for;with;in D.with;while;to
7. In Hangzhou Mr.Green was so struck_______the beauty of nature that he stayed_______another night.
A.by;for B.with;at C.at;on D.for;in
8..My uncle lives__105 Huanghe Street.His room is__the fifth floor.
A.to;at B.on;in C.at;on D.of;to
9. Does John know any other languages_______French
A.except B.but C.besides D.beside
10. I need some paper to write_______.
A.in B.on C.at D.for
11. Before the boy’s body the soldiers_______silence.
A.in B.on C.at D.under
12. We know nothing about him_______that his son joined in the army.
A.beside B.for C.except D.besides
13. Your speech is excellent_______some small mistakes.
A.besides B.except C.except that D.except for
14. It is quite cold today_______June.
A.for B.in C.at D.on
15. We’ll have a ball_______New Year’s Eve.
A.in B.on C.at D.by
16. The enemy got beaten and fled_______all directions.
A.to B.toward C.for D.in
17. You should write_______pencil,that is,_______a pencil.
A.in;with B.with;with C.in;in D.with;in
18.-------.How long has this bookstore been in business
------_______1982.
A.After B.In C.From D.Since
e and see me _____two or three _____
A.for…days B.after…days C.in …days’ time D.during…day time
20.The sunlight came in_____the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room.
A.through B.across C.on D .over
21.The number of the employees has grown from 1,000 to1,200.This means it has risen____20 percent. A.by B.at C.to D.with
22.____most student,she was always well prepared and never came to class late.
A.Like B.As C.For DTo
23.The train leaves at 6:00 p.m. So I have to be at the station ____5:40 p.m. at the latest. A.untill B.after C.by D.around
24.I don’t think you can finish the work ___my help.
A.since B.because C.without D.unless
25.I am accustomed ______ late on weekends for I have the habit of working at night.
A. to sit up B. to sitting up C. at sitting up D.for sitting up
26. The teacher will ask you to account________ your absence from his class yesterday.
A. for B. at C.i n D. of
27. People’s complaints _____ the bad food were soon taken ____ consideration by the government.
A. of…into B. for…on C. of…for D. with…against
28. I have no objection ___ his staying in the library as long as he keeps quiet.
A. of B. to C. in D. over
29. Morris’s fluency in English has given her some advantage ____ other pupils in the class. A. above B. over C. than D. beyond
30. The manager assured the customer that his complaint would be soon seen __ .
A.at B. to C. on D. by
31. Washington D.C was named____ the first President of the U.S.A., George Washington.
A. from B. after C. by D. with
32. Mary took her boyfriend_____ the hand and then they walked away arm in arm.
A.on B.at C.by D.for
33. Before 1920s, American women were deprived________ the right to vote to a large extent.
A. of B. to C. from D. with
34. NO one is trying to persuade you _____ doing the job. But things must be dealt____. reasonably.
A. into…with B. to…from C. out…by D. by…in
35. No one is indeed enthusiastic ______ that dull task.
A. with B. about C. at D. to
36. The imported goods are inferior________ the domestic products in quality.
A. than B. with C. to D. against
37. Everyone around the site felt deep sympathy _____ the poor sick baby.
A. for B. from C.. in D. on
38. I have been feeling regret ______ all the years misspent without any research achievement.
A. of B. to C. from D. for
39. Scott was very appreciative ____ the help from his teacher.
A. of B. in C. at D. on
40. For miles around me there was nothing but a desert, without a single plant or tree ________. (NMET 1997上海)
A. in sight B. on earth C. at a distance D. in place
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