构词法[上学期]
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高考基础语法复习 构词法
在英语中,词的构成法主要有三种: 合成、转化、派生
一、合成
由两个或更多的词合成一个词，有的用连词符号“-”连接，有的直接连写在一起，还有的由分开的两个词构成。
1.合成名词 2. 合成动词:
3. 合成形容词:
二、转化: 由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性.
(1) 动词 --------名词: taste (v.) ----------- taste (n.)
It tastes good.
It has a good taste.
(2) 名词 -------动词: hand (n.) ----------- hand (v.)
Let’s go hand in hand.
Please hand in your exercise books after class.
(3) 形容词 -------动词: clean (adj.) -------- clean (v.)
Her room is clean and tidy.
She cleans her room everyday.
三、派生：由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另外一个词。
1.表示否定意义的前缀
dis- dishonest, dislike
in-, ig-, incapable, inability, ignoble, illegal,
il, im, ir, impossible, immoral, irregular
mis- misunderstand mislead
non- nonsense
un- unable, unemployment
anti-, ant- antiknock( 防震), antiforeigner,(排外的)
2. 表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀
1) a- 表示“在……之上”，“向……” aboard, aside,
2) by- 表示“附近，邻近，边侧” bypath, bypass(弯路)
3) inter-, intel-, 表示“在……间，相互” international, interaction, internet
4) mid-, 表示“中，中间” midnight, mid-autumn
5) out-, 表示“在上面，在外部，在外” outline, outside, outward
6) over-, 表示“在上面，在外部，向上” overlook, overhead, overboard
7) extra-, 表示“额外” extraction （提取）
8) fore- 表示“在前面” forehead, foreground
9) in-, im-, 表示“向内，在内，背于” inland, invade, inside, import
10） under-, 表示“在…..下面，下的” underline, underground, underwater
11) up-, 表示“向上，向上面，在上” upward, uphold, uphill(上坡)
3.表示其他意义的前缀:
1)． re--“又\,再” repeat, review, return, reunite, remarry
2). co—“联合，伴同” cooperate, coexist, co-worker
3). super—“在…上；加之” superman, supermarket
后 缀 例 词
名
词
后 缀 例 词
形
容
词
动
词
副
词
数
词
Practice (I):
从右栏中找出适当的词与左栏搭配构成合成词.
Practice (II):
按括号内的要求改写下列单词
rain(形容词)________ agree(反义)__________ nation(形容词)_______ farm(人)__________
recent(副词)________ friend(形容词)________ hope(形容词)_______ back(形容词)_________
visit(名词)__________ home(形容词) ________ eight(序数词)________ true(名词)___________
America(形容词)_______ China(形容词)________
Practice (III):
Fill in the blanks with proper words.
With the (1)____________ (develop) of industry, air pollution is getting more (2)________ more serious. In Beijing, many people suffer different kinds of illnesses because (3)_______ air pollution.
Air pollution is caused (4)_____ the following reasons: about half of the problem is caused by vehicles. There are more and more cars, buses on the roads, and they give (5)______ poisonous gases. 25%of air pollution is caused by factories. Another (6)________ (fact) is the smokers. Smoking not only does (7) ______ to their health(8)____ also to others. Besides these, about 10% of air (9) ________ is caused by other reasons.
We should take some measures to fight(10)________ pollution. New fuel can be replace gas. We can plant more trees. If everybody realizes the importance of environment and does something to stop the problem will be solved.
-ability
-age
-al
-an
-cy
-er
-or
-ese
-ee
-eer
-ery
-ess
-ful
-ian
-ist
-ism
-ment
-ness
-ship
-tion
-ure
inability, available
leakage, shortage
renewal, withdrawal
American, Korean
privacy, accuracy
farmer, thinker, painkiller
actor, sailor, collector
Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese
employee, trustee, interviewee
engineer, profiteer
machinery, jewellery
actress, waitress, empress
armful, handful, mouthful
Egyptian, Russian, Asian, musician
artist, pianist, communist, scientist
socialism, realism, idealism
government, movement, development
business, illness, darkness
friendship, ownership
invention, liberation, education
departure, failure, exposure
- able
-al
-an
-ern
-est
-ful
-ish
-ive
-y
-less
-some
advisable, admirable, comfortable
physical, national, political
American, Italian, Australian
southern, northern, eastern
fattest, latest, luckiest
helpful, useful, careful
British, English, foolish, childish
active, instructive, expensive
cloudy, windy, dirty, sunny
careless, useless
troublesome, tiresome
-(e)n
-fy
-ize
-ate
widen, strengthen, lengthen
simplify, beautify
apologize, organize, realize
activate, motivate
-ly
-down
-ward(s)
really, badly, perfectly, truly
face-down, palm-down(手掌向下地)
towards, forward, outward
-teen
-ty
-th
fourteen, fifteen, eighteen
forty, fifty, eighty
fourth, fifth, eighth
book
lookers
new
far
first
trouble
ten
baby
over
empty
a. reaching
b. case
c. minute
d. class
e. born
f. on
g. handed
h. eat
i. sit
j. free
名词+名词 cowboy newspaper
名词+ing handwriting sunbathing
ing+名词 waiting-room sleeping-pill
形容词+名词 blackboard shorthand
……
副词+动词 overthrow uphold
形容词+动词 blacklist whitewash
名词+动词 sleepwalk sunburn
名词+形容词 snow-white lifelong
名词+过去分词 man-made hand made
数词+名词 one-way second-hand
…….
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3
在英语中,词的构成法主要有三种: 合成、转化、派生
一、合成
由两个或更多的词合成一个词，有的用连词符号“-”连接，有的直接连写在一起，还有的由分开的两个词构成。
1.合成名词 2. 合成动词:
3. 合成形容词:
二、转化: 由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性.
(1) 动词 --------名词: taste (v.) ----------- taste (n.)
It tastes good.
It has a good taste.
(2) 名词 -------动词: hand (n.) ----------- hand (v.)
Let’s go hand in hand.
Please hand in your exercise books after class.
(3) 形容词 -------动词: clean (adj.) -------- clean (v.)
Her room is clean and tidy.
She cleans her room everyday.
三、派生：由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另外一个词。
1.表示否定意义的前缀
dis- dishonest, dislike
in-, ig-, incapable, inability, ignoble, illegal,
il, im, ir, impossible, immoral, irregular
mis- misunderstand mislead
non- nonsense
un- unable, unemployment
anti-, ant- antiknock( 防震), antiforeigner,(排外的)
2. 表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀
1) a- 表示“在……之上”，“向……” aboard, aside,
2) by- 表示“附近，邻近，边侧” bypath, bypass(弯路)
3) inter-, intel-, 表示“在……间，相互” international, interaction, internet
4) mid-, 表示“中，中间” midnight, mid-autumn
5) out-, 表示“在上面，在外部，在外” outline, outside, outward
6) over-, 表示“在上面，在外部，向上” overlook, overhead, overboard
7) extra-, 表示“额外” extraction （提取）
8) fore- 表示“在前面” forehead, foreground
9) in-, im-, 表示“向内，在内，背于” inland, invade, inside, import
10） under-, 表示“在…..下面，下的” underline, underground, underwater
11) up-, 表示“向上，向上面，在上” upward, uphold, uphill(上坡)
3.表示其他意义的前缀:
1)． re--“又\,再” repeat, review, return, reunite, remarry
2). co—“联合，伴同” cooperate, coexist, co-worker
3). super—“在…上；加之” superman, supermarket
后 缀 例 词
名
词
后 缀 例 词
形
容
词
动
词
副
词
数
词
Practice (I):
从右栏中找出适当的词与左栏搭配构成合成词.
Practice (II):
按括号内的要求改写下列单词
rain(形容词)________ agree(反义)__________ nation(形容词)_______ farm(人)__________
recent(副词)________ friend(形容词)________ hope(形容词)_______ back(形容词)_________
visit(名词)__________ home(形容词) ________ eight(序数词)________ true(名词)___________
America(形容词)_______ China(形容词)________
Practice (III):
Fill in the blanks with proper words.
With the (1)____________ (develop) of industry, air pollution is getting more (2)________ more serious. In Beijing, many people suffer different kinds of illnesses because (3)_______ air pollution.
Air pollution is caused (4)_____ the following reasons: about half of the problem is caused by vehicles. There are more and more cars, buses on the roads, and they give (5)______ poisonous gases. 25%of air pollution is caused by factories. Another (6)________ (fact) is the smokers. Smoking not only does (7) ______ to their health(8)____ also to others. Besides these, about 10% of air (9) ________ is caused by other reasons.
We should take some measures to fight(10)________ pollution. New fuel can be replace gas. We can plant more trees. If everybody realizes the importance of environment and does something to stop the problem will be solved.
-ability
-age
-al
-an
-cy
-er
-or
-ese
-ee
-eer
-ery
-ess
-ful
-ian
-ist
-ism
-ment
-ness
-ship
-tion
-ure
inability, available
leakage, shortage
renewal, withdrawal
American, Korean
privacy, accuracy
farmer, thinker, painkiller
actor, sailor, collector
Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese
employee, trustee, interviewee
engineer, profiteer
machinery, jewellery
actress, waitress, empress
armful, handful, mouthful
Egyptian, Russian, Asian, musician
artist, pianist, communist, scientist
socialism, realism, idealism
government, movement, development
business, illness, darkness
friendship, ownership
invention, liberation, education
departure, failure, exposure
- able
-al
-an
-ern
-est
-ful
-ish
-ive
-y
-less
-some
advisable, admirable, comfortable
physical, national, political
American, Italian, Australian
southern, northern, eastern
fattest, latest, luckiest
helpful, useful, careful
British, English, foolish, childish
active, instructive, expensive
cloudy, windy, dirty, sunny
careless, useless
troublesome, tiresome
-(e)n
-fy
-ize
-ate
widen, strengthen, lengthen
simplify, beautify
apologize, organize, realize
activate, motivate
-ly
-down
-ward(s)
really, badly, perfectly, truly
face-down, palm-down(手掌向下地)
towards, forward, outward
-teen
-ty
-th
fourteen, fifteen, eighteen
forty, fifty, eighty
fourth, fifth, eighth
book
lookers
new
far
first
trouble
ten
baby
over
empty
a. reaching
b. case
c. minute
d. class
e. born
f. on
g. handed
h. eat
i. sit
j. free
名词+名词 cowboy newspaper
名词+ing handwriting sunbathing
ing+名词 waiting-room sleeping-pill
形容词+名词 blackboard shorthand
……
副词+动词 overthrow uphold
形容词+动词 blacklist whitewash
名词+动词 sleepwalk sunburn
名词+形容词 snow-white lifelong
名词+过去分词 man-made hand made
数词+名词 one-way second-hand
…….
PAGE
3