Unit2 The environment

Environment, economy go together
China's down-to-earth and action-oriented approach to battle climate change will guide the country on a new path of industrialization featuring low consumption and low emission, officials and experts say, dismissing suggestions that the country is a "threat" to the global environment.
"The basic thrust of all our policies is to adapt to climate change within the framework of sustainable development," said Chen Ying, a senior research fellow with the Research Center for Sustainable Development, affiliated to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
The government has set a goal of reducing energy consumption per unit of gross domestic product by 20 percent and emissions of major pollutants by 10 percent between 2005 and 2010.
The targets have been incorporated in the National Climate Change Program, the first of its kind in developing countries, which was released on Monday on the eve of President Hu Jintao's visit to Germany to attend the G8 Summit.
The summit will address climate change among other major issues.
The program is also in consonance with a series of historic and recent efforts made by China, including the establishment of coordination units and active involvement in the Clean Development Mechanism, a carbon credit trading system under the Kyoto Protocol.
Chen said the target is a practical approach for China. "The cap-and-trade model under the Kyoto Protocol is not easily acceptable to developing countries at present," she added.
Liu Deshun, a professor at the Climate Change Institute of Tsinghua University, said that climate change presents opportunities to China so that it can avoid mistakes made by industrialized nations.
Ma Kai, minister of the National Development and Regulation Commission, said earlier that China would resort to more legislative and economic means to address climate change.
He also contended that it is unfair to say China poses a threat to the global environment because the country's average and cumulative emissions both are low.
Also, according to the International Energy Agency, China's emission intensity fell by 49.5 percent in 2004 over the 1990 level, a much sharper drop than the world average decrease of 12.6 percent.
It is also notable that China, as a big exporter of finished goods, meets much of the global demand for high energy-consuming goods and therefore generates a greater amount of emissions, Ma said.
"Can we achieve the target? Let's wait and see in 2010," he said.
Though there is no agreement on a post-Kyoto Protocol treaty, many countries including the United States, Germany and Japan have put forward different proposals of their own. Despite differences, the international community is in agreement 2009 must be the deadline for a new treaty to continue playing the role of the Kyoto Protocol, which will expire in 2012.
(China Daily 06/07/2007)
?????????????????????? Environmental Pollution???? I read a piece of news recently. It says that in Japan many businessmen are selling fresh air to customers and now it is becoming more and more popular. Why? --Fresh air is getting less and less in Japan, and so is it in the U. S. A.???? In fact, environmental pollution is a very serious problem the whole world is facing.it is mainly caused by the waste products released from artificial substances, industrialproduction and increased consumption of goods. Bedsides, the use of chemical substancesin agriculture also causes environmental pollution.? Look at the sky, you can see that dense smoke is being released from the high and big chimneys; those dirty and poisonous substances are flowing into the rivers that we use for drinking water and millions of tons of waste products are heaping around us.???? How to change this condition? More and more countries are trying to work out some effective means to bring it under control, but no great success has been made. 环境污染???? 最近我读了一则消息说在日本，许多商人向顾客出售新鲜空气，现在这种情况越演越烈。为什么呢? 因为在日本新鲜空气越来越少，在美国也是如此。???? 事实上，环境污染是整个世界正在面临的一个严重问题。这主要是由于人造物质，工业生产过程中所产生的废料以及消费商品的增长造成的。另外，在农业中使用化学物品也造成了环境污染。看看天空，你可以看到浓烟从高大的烟囱中释放出来，这些脏而有毒的物质流入我们赖以饮水的河流，数百万吨废物正堆积在我们周围。???? 怎样改变这种状况呢？越来越多的国家正在试图拟定出一些有效措施控制环境污染，但至今成效不大。
World Environment Day 2007
◆World Environment Day on 5 June 2007 aims to raise awareness of the environment and inspire action.
◆The World Environment Day slogan selected for 2007 is Melting Ice – a Hot Topic?
◆Norway is honoured to host the international World Environment Day 2007 celebrations in recognition of the hot topic of melting ice. More than a hundred nations are celebrating this day, and the theme is highly relevant.
●Self—assessment
I. 单项选择：
1.I'd like to suggest 　　　　　　　　 the meeting till next week.　A. to put off 　 B. putting off 　 C. put off 　　　 D. to be put off
2. It is believed that if a book is ________, it will surely _______ the reader.(03上海)
A. interested; interest B. interesting; be interested
C. interested; interesting D. interesting; interest
3. We are so surprised at _______great effect that the way of reducing weight has had _____the lady.
A. a, at B./, in C. an, over D. the, on
4._________ is known to us all is that the old scientist, for _______ life was hard in the past, still works very hard in his eighties.
A. As; whom B. It; whose C. As; whose D. What; whom
---Why did you look unhappy at the party?
---I didn’t like _________ the old lady talked.
A. the way which B. the way C. the way how C. the way in that
All the attention of the fans______ the China’s nationwide youth singing competition these days.
A. has concentrated to B. was paid to C. has been focused on D. was fixed on
When _______ the sun _________ above the surface of the sea, the students let out a cry of joy.
A. seeing, to raise B. saw, to rise C. seeing, rising D. seeing, raising
--- When is the new law to come into _________?
--- On Jan.1 next year.
A. effect B. existence C. use D. practice
At the meeting, they sat very ________ and had a _______ talk, but I didn’t know what they were talking about.
A. close; close B. closely; close C. close; closely D. closely; closely
I sent my brother an e-mail, __________him to pay me a visit if he comes to our city at his convenience.
A. to invite B. inviting C. invited D. having invited
--- Where did the scholarship of this term you had got go, Lucy?
---On a computer, _______on the desk over there.
A. it B. this C. one D. the one
He would have paid _______ for the house if the salesgirl had insisted because he really wanted it.
A. twice as much B. much as twice C. as much twice D. twice much as
The room is partly ________ with a few old armchairs.
A. offered B. given C. afforded D. furnished
_________ your essay carefully before you hand it in, some mistakes can surely be avoided, I think.
A. Having checked B. Check
C. As long as you check D. While checking
15. Generally speaking, hard work ______ success and failure lies in laziness.
A. results in B. results from C. causes D. lead to
16．We are so surprised at _______great effect that the way of reducing weight has had_____the lady.
A.a, at B./, in C.an,over D.the,on
17. Joself, home very late from his job, found his angry wife waiting for him at breakfast table.
A．returning B．returned C．to return D．had returned
18.----Where do you think_____he_______the computer?
----Sorry. I have no idea.
A./,bought B.has, bought
C.did,buy D.had, bought
19.The people are _______about the newly-made decisions ________ the change of people’s way of life in the future.
A. concerned; concerned B. concerning; concerning
C. concerning; concerned D. concerned; concerning
20.Do you think it worth suggesting that more things_____from recycled materials rather than from the environment?
A.will be produced B.be produced C.shall be produced D.shoud produce
II. 根据对话内容及所给单词首字母写出单词的正确形式。
TV Presenter: Mr.Lin, as an environmentalist, what,do you think, is the main reason for the earth’s being damaged?
Mr.Lin: You see,we are living in a world,w___1___ many places and living things have been destroyed and have died.The waste from factories goes into the a___2____,making people sick and f___3___into rivers, k___4___many sea creatures.That’s the main reason,I think.
TV Presenter: Is there any other way that sea creatures are badly affected by?
Mr Lin: In a____5___,Fishing boats catch a lot of fish every day and many of the sea creatures are being w___6___ out.
TV Presenter: As we can see, the world’s population is a____7___ 6.5 billion,more than six times what it used to be in 1800. Without doubt, clothing,food,shelter and transportation are becoming very important to people. So,what’s your advice on whether to choose the e___8____ or the environment?
Mr.Lin:It is suggested that we cut down on production and reduce the amount of commercial goods.Besides,we have to take r___9____ rubbish into consideration,which helps to expand our recycling industry, teach people about e____10____friendly ways of living, even create more jobs and help the economy at the same time.（reading 的第一部分改写）
III．根据文章内容，用方框中所给词的正确形式填空：
People in the world are becoming more 1 about the Yangtze River.They are appealing to the public to protect the world’s third longest river. As we can see, with the rapid development of modern agriculture and 2 and with the huge growth of population, not only is more and more water needed from it, but also the waste being poured into it has been increasing. Take 2000 for example,23.4billion tons of waste was reported to have been deposited into the river.The waste 3 the quality of the 4 water and kills many sea creatures.
However, people have realized the 5 of protecting the Yangtze River.Several environmental organizations and two government projects have been set up to deal with the problems.The Green River organization watches the river and 6 people from hunting animals illegally and educates and advises people on the importance of protecting it as well.What’s more, the government projects focus on water and soil 7 along the Yangtze River and nature reserves for the most 8 animals.
Though much 9 to be solved concerning the Yangtze River, it is hoped that the 10 situation of it will be better and better and the future generations will greatly appreciate the great effort that the Chinese people are making.
IV． 单词拼写。（根据句意、所给单词首字母或汉语提示，补全所缺单词）。
Everyone present at the meeting can r______their questions that they’d like to be settled.
Every sportsman should take full r__________(责任)for the benefit of the team.
3．There was a long d______（辩论）on whether to expand inner-city(城区) construction in the city government.
We will test your oral English and then you will be divided into different groups according to your English l______.
M________ should be taken to protect the river from being polluted on.
A_______（显然）China is playing a more and more important role in many aspects in the world.
Different c_______ (评论)are often made by people after a fresh thing appears, as we can see in our daily life, because of different opinions of people.
With the development of modern agriculture and i_______, people are living a happier and better life than before.
The time when we will leave is a_______, so let’s wave good-bye to grandparents.
10.Much to their d_______, their school football team lost the game by 2 goals yesterday.
V． 句型转换或同义句改写。
It would be beneficial to expand our recycling industry.
It would be_____ great______ to expand our recycling industry.
This effect upon the number of fish left for us to eat will last long.
This will have a ______ effect upon the number of fish _____ _____left for us to eat.
If you have any questions or ideas,you can use this time to express them in words.
If you have any questions or ideas, you can _____them.
If you want to harm the envirnment, you have to pay to do it.
If you want to_____ harm_____the environment, you have to pay to do it.
We can use satellites to pick out areas likely to be affected by desertification.
We can use satellites to pick out areas_____ _____likely to be affected by desertification.
The pollution of the river has led to unsafe drinking water .
The pollution of the river has _____ ______unsafe drinking water.
In 2000,it was reported that 23.4 billion tons of untreated human and industrial sewage was deposited into the river.
In 2000,23.4billion tons of untreated human and industrial sewage was reported _____ _____ _____ ______ into the river.
Apparently he had travelled on the plan like this.
It was______ ______he had travelled on the plane like this.
9.My suggestion is that we should try to cut back on production.
I______ ______to cut back on production.
10.We still have a long way to go to solve all the problems.
All the problems remain _____ _____ _______.
VI． 根据汉语提示或所给单词的提示完成下列句子。
1.Jack, don’t be absent-minded. __________(把注意力集中到，focus)your study.
2.As we can see,our project is now well __________(顺利进行着way).
3.The training centre was set up years ago and so far it_________(已配备了许多现代技术设备stock).
4.He _______(的确do)take a lot of exercise everyday.
5.The hall is only _________(三分之一大)of that one over there.
6.Most matter exsits in the universe ___________(以三种形式呈现 form):solid,liquid and gas.
7.Smoking is_________(不利于健康).
8.Those who ________(愿意听此讲座的willing),please sign your names after class.
9.The boy in red _________(被看成最好的学生之一think)in our class.
10.China has set up a nature reserve for white-flag dolphines,__________ in the world(一种高濒危的动物之一endanger).
VII. 书面表达：
最近报纸上刊登了这样一则消息：在日本，许多商人向顾客出售新鲜空气。请就这一新闻写一篇文章阐述你对此现象的想法。字数：100左右。题目自拟。
参考词汇：
the problem of pollution, cause, artificial substances, release, waste products, industrial production, consumption of goods, bring it under control, agriculture, chemical? substances.
Keys:
I. 1-5BDDDB 6-10CCAAB 11-15DADCA 16—20 DAADB
II. 1．where 2. atmosphere 3. flows 4.killing 5. addition
6. wiped 7. approaching 8. economy 9. recycling 10. environmentally
III. 1.concerned 2. industry 3. damages 4. drinking 5. importance
6. stops 7. preservation 8. endanger 9. remains 10. environmental
IV．
1.raise 2.responsibility 3.debate 4.level 5.Measures 6. Apparently
7.comments 8.industry 9.approaching 10.disappointment
V．
1.of ,benefit 2.lasting,that/which is 3.voice 4. do,to 5.that/which are
6.resulted in 7.to have been deposited 8.obvious that 9.suggest trying 10.to be solved
VI．
1.Focus your attention on 2.under way. 3. has been stocked with a lot of modern technical equipment 4.does 5.one-third the size 6. in the form of three states
7.bad for one’s health 8.are willing to attend the lecture 9.is thought of as one of the best students 10.one of the most endangered animals
VII.
Environmental Pollution???? I read a piece of news recently. It says that in Japan many businessmen are selling fresh air to customers and now it is becoming more and more popular. Why? --Fresh air is getting less and less in Japan, and so is it in the U. S. A.???? In fact, environmental pollution is a very serious problem the whole world is facing. It is mainly caused by the waste products released from artificial substances, industrial production and increased consumption of goods. Bedsides, the use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes environmental pollution.? Look at the sky, you can see that dense smoke is being released from the high and big chimneys; those dirty and poisonous substances are flowing into the rivers that we use for drinking water and millions of tons of waste products are heaping around us.???? How to change this condition? More and more countries are trying to work out some effective means to bring it under control, but no great success has been made.
Grammar and Usage
Step 1: General introduction
The grammar items in this unit focus on the verb-ing form as adjective and adverb and verb-ing phrase. You will learn how a verb-ing form can be used as an adjective or adverb and how a verb-phrase can be used as a verb-ing on its own.
Step2: Revision
Since a verb-ing form can be used as an adjective or adverb, it can serve in a sentence as the attribute, the predicative or the object complement. Now let’s read some sentences and try to identify the fun_ction of the underlined words or phrases.
It’s nice to see a familiar face here. (the attribute)
He is greedy for knowledge. (the predicative)
The news that I failed in the exam made me upset. (object complement)
Last night the whole city was left getting into a mess because of power failure. (subject complement)
Step 2: Explanation:
1. Now can you tell the use of the verb-ing in the following sentences?
A.There are two roads before us, one leading to the beach, the other to the park.
She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai.
He rushed into the burning house.
The child standing over there is my brother.
The verb-ing forms in these sentences are all used as the attribute. Can you change the following attributive clauses into verb-ing form?
1). A taxi which is waiting is around the corner. Go and take it.
2).It is said that nothing that lives can be found on Mars.
3).The boy who was smiling ran to his mother.
4).The woman who is coming to dinner this evening works in the bank.
5).The young man who is looking at the map is lost.
6).The man who is performing in the street can play five musical instruments.
Sample answers:
1). A waiting taxi is around the corner. Go and take it.
2). It is said that no living things can be found on Mars.
3). The smiling boy ran to his mother.
4). The woman coming to dinner this evening works in the bank.
5). The young man looking at the map is lost.
6). The man performing in the street can play five musical instruments.
B. Our work is serving the people.
The argument is very convincing.
This food smells inviting.
The news that the Chinese team won 32 gold medals in the Olympics games was encouraging .
The verb-ing forms in these sentences are all used as the predicative. They follow linking verbs.
C. I watched the athlete jumping from the diving board into the swimming pool.
The boy looked out of his window and saw a man entering his neighbouring’s house.
I heard someone playing the violin in the next room.
The verb-ing forms in these sentences are all used as the object complement. A verb-ing form may be used after verbs like see, watch, notice, hear and observe as an object complement.
2. Read Part 2. You may notice that a verb-ing can be used after verbs after verbs like stand, sit and lie to show that the two actions are happening at the same time.
Eg. The girl lay in bed reading her favorite novel. = The girl lay in bed while she was reading her favorite novel.
The boy sat at the table eating his breakfast. = The boy sat at the table while he was eating his breakfast.
The man sat on the sofa watching TV.= The man sat on the sofa while he was watching TV.
3. Now read the sentences in Part 3. A verb-ing has a perfect form “having +verb-ed”to show this verb happens before the main verb.
Eg. Having finished his homework, he sat down to watch.
Having returned from the supermarket, she started to prepare the dinner.
4. Go over Points 1-4 in Part 1 on Page 30. verb-ing phrases can express the time, the reason, the result and the condition.
Eg. 1).Knowing that there was a dog outside, the little boy didn’t open the door.
2).Having plenty of money, she was able to go anywhere on holidays.
3).Lucy and Lily, looking so alike, are often mistaken for twins.
4).The couple went shopping, leaving their eldest daughter alone at home.
5).Time permitting, I will meet you for lunch.
Can you rewrite these sentences ,using clauses introduced by when,after,because,as a result,and if ect.
Sample answers:
1). Because he knew that there was a dog outside, the little boy didn’t open the door.
2). Because she had plenty of money, she was able to go anywhere on holidays.
3). Lucy and Lily, because they look so alike, are often mistaken for twins.
4). The couple went shopping. As a result, they left their eldest daughter alone at home.
5). If time permits, I will meet you for lunch.
5.We can also use the pattern conj.+verb-ing to express the time. Go over Part 2 and here are more examples.
Eg. While waiting for the bus, he read the newspaper.
Whiling building a tunnel through the mountain, the workers discovered an underground lake.
6. Notices:
1).The understood subject of a verb-ing phrase is usually the same as the subject of the main clause.
2). The word “not” should be put before the verb-ing to create its negative form.
Eg. Hearing the news, her face lit up.(误)
Hearing the news, she felt happy.（正）
While cleaning the window, her finger got hurt.（误）
While cleaning the window, she had her finger hurt.（正）
Not knowing much English, he found it difficult to communicate with others when he was traveling abroad.
Not having received a reply, he wrote a letter to the professor again.
For reference:
非谓语动词包括不定式，过去分词和动词的ing形式。动词的-ing形式包括动名词和现在分词。
1．动名词（Gerund）：
1）动名词的功能：动名词可以起名词的作用，在句子中作主语，宾语，表语和定语。例：
1. Playing football is my favourite sport. 主语
2.Tom made his aunt angry by not taking his medicine. 宾语
3 Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.表语
4.There’s a swimming pool in front of my house. 定语
2）动名词用法注意点：
A.时态和语态及动名词的复合结构
动名词的时态，语态见下表：
?
主 动
被 动
一 般
writing
being written
完 成
having written
having been written
例：I remember being taken to Wuhan when I was a very small child.（动名词的一般被动态）
She admitted having opened the box.（动名词的完成被动态）
How about the two of us taking a walk down the garden? (MET93 17) (动名词的复合结构)
B.动名词与不定式作主语，表语的区别。
v-ing形式作主语时往往表示一般性的、习惯性的动作；而不定式作主语则表示在具体情况下特定的或一次性的动作。但有时可以通用。
C.作宾语时，有些动词后只能用动名词，有些动词后只能用不定式，有的两者都能,有时含义相同，有时含义不同。
只能用动名词作宾语的动词如下：
advise, allow, avoid, admit, appreciate, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, mind, miss, permit, practise, risk, suggest,
只能用动名词作宾语的动词词组如下：
feel like, give up, put off, keep on, look forward to ,insist on ,get used to ,devote …to
既能跟动名词用能跟不定式作宾语的动词分三类：
在begin, start, continue, intend 等动词后跟v-ing形式和不定式作宾语，含义相同。
注意：下列三种情况， begin/start后只能接动词不定式：
start/begin本身用于ing形式： beginning/starting to do
无生命名词做主语: Ice begins to melt.
宾语是表示心理活动的词: begin to understand/ know/realize/wonder
在like, love, hate等动词后v-ing形式作宾语时往往表示一般性的、习惯性的动作；而不定式作宾语则表示在具体情况下特定的或一次性的动作。
下列动词后跟动名词或不定式意思完全不同。
1.remember,forget, regret
+ doing 记得/忘记/懊悔曾做过某事
+ to do记得/忘记/遗憾要做某事
如：
He regrets having told the news to his mother.他懊悔把着消息告诉了他妈。
I regret to tell you that you are fired.我遗憾地告诉你你被解雇了。
2.want,need,require
+doing 需要被做
+to do 需要做
3.stop,try, mean,go on,can’t help,be used to
go on to do 接着又做另一件事/go on doing 继续做同一件事
stop to do 停下来去做某事/stop doing 停止做某事
try to do 努力做某事/try doing 试一试做某事
mean to do 打算／想做某事/mean doing 意味着／意思是做某事
can’t help (to)do无法去帮助做/can’t help doing禁不住做某事
be used to do被用来做/be used to doing习惯于做
如：
She can’t help laughing after hearing the news.听到这消息她禁不住大笑起来。
She can’t help(to)do any housework with so much homework to do.由于有很多作业要做，她无法帮着做家务。
D.作定语时，与现在分词的区别。
动名词作定语表名词的作用或功能，现在分词作定语表名词正在进行的动作。
现在分词
动名词
a sleeping child一个正在睡觉的孩子
a sleeping car一辆卧车
a flying bird一只正在飞翔的鸟
a flying course飞行课程
a swimming girl一个正在游泳的女孩
a swimming pool一个游泳池
the running water自来水
the running track跑道
2．现在分词(present participle)
现在分词的形式与动名词相同，但功能不同。可在句中充当定语，表语，状语和补语。
1）．作定语
an interesting book
the man sitting by the window
boiling water
falling snow
the bridge being built
A. 与动名词作定语的区别
B. 与过去分词,不定式 作定语的区别
①过去分词做定语与其修饰词之间在逻辑上是动宾关系或过去分词表示的动作已完成。
②现在分词作定语表示动作正在发生，与修饰词在逻辑上是主谓关系。
boiling water 正在沸腾的水
boiled water 开水
the changing world 变化中的世界
the changed world 变化了的世界
the developing countries 发展中国家
the developed countries 发达国家
falling leaves 正在落下的叶子
fallen leaves 落叶
rising sun 正在升起的太阳
risen sun 已经升起的太阳
③不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作。
the house being built/to be built/built by them正在被建/将要被建/建好了的房子
2). 作表语
与过去分词作表语的区别
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite， interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in……，若人/物本身令人感到有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有：
　　interesting使人感兴趣的-interested感兴趣的
　　exciting令人激动的-excited感到激动的
　　delighting令人高兴的-delighted感到高兴的
　　disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的
　　encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的
confusing令人困惑的/confused感到困惑的
　　puzzling令人费解的-puzzled感到费解的
　　satisfying令人满意的-satisfied感到满意的
　　surprising令人惊异的-surprised感到惊异的
　　worrying令人担心的-worried感到担心的
　　Travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。
　　The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。
　　The argument is very convincing.他的论点很令人信服。
　　They were very excited at the news.听到这个消息，他们非常激动。
3).作状语
1 .Seeing the teacher entering the room, the students stood up.
2. Being a student, he was interested in sports.
3. Having written the letter, John went to the post office.
现在分词作状语时，注意如下三点：
相当于相应连接词引导的状语从句
分词的逻辑主语就是全句的主语
现在分词作状语时有不同的时态与语态
4).作补语
Can you get the machine going again?
The boys were seen walking on the grass.
非谓语动词的否定式均为not+非谓语动词
For reference:
Relative items in recent years’ college entrance examination:
1. Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to ______ some schools for poor children.(01上海)
A. set up B. setting up
C. have set up D. having set up
I really appreciate _________ to relax with you on this nice island.（01上海
A. to have had time B. having time
C. to have time D. to have time
In some parts of London, missing a bus means _________ for another hour.(02上海).
A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting
4．________ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.(03上海).
A. The president will attend B. The president to attend
C. The president attended D. The president’s attending
5．Victor apologized for _______ to inform me of the change in the plan.(04 上海) .
A. his being not able B. him not to be able
C. his not being able D. him to be not able
6. Alice returned from the manager’s office _______me that the boss wanted to see me at once.（04 全国IV）
A. having told B. tells C. to tell D. telling
7._______ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.(04北京)
A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited
8.The flowers ______sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of name.(04上海)
A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt
9. The old man, ______abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.(04江苏)
A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked
10. He looked around and caught a man _______ his hand into the pocket into a passenger.(04春季北京)
A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting
11. The storm left,___________a lot of damage to this area.(05全国 I)
A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused
12. “You can’t catch me!” Janet shouted, __________away.(05全国II)
A. run B. running C. to run D. ran
13. It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. __________the answers ready will be of great help.(05 北京)
A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having
14. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise ____________.(05 北京)
A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on
15. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ______ in the kitchen.(NMET 03)
A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked
16. The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic games __________in Beijing in 2008.(06 四川)
A. hold B. holding c. held D. to be held
17. My cousin came to see me from the country, ___________ me a full basket of fresh fruits.(06)
A. bought B. bringing C. to bring D. had brought
18. Tom sounds very much _________ in the job, but I’m not sure whether he can manage it.(06山东)
A. interested B. interesting C. interestingly D. interestedly
19. Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always ______ the same thing.(06江苏)
A. saying B. said C. to say D. having said
20. -- There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man.
--- My goodness! I can’t imagine _________ that old. (06江苏)
A. to be B. to have been C. being D. having been
KEY:1—5 BBADC 6—10 DCBDD 11-15 DBDAB 16-20 DBAAC
Step 3: practice:
1. Read the letter to the editor of a newspaper on Page 29. Fill in the letter using the correct forms of the verbs in brackets .
Answers:
1. shocking 2. relaxing 3. tiring 4. disappointing 5. interesting 6. living
2. Read the news report on Page 29. Fill in the blanks using the words from the box and then check the answers .
Answers:
1. Exciting 2. walking 3. falling 4. following
5. moving 6. sleeping 7. keeping 8. pleasing
3. Read the conversation on Page 31.Please change the highlighted sentences into verb-ing clauses.
Answers:
2.Looking back, I find I didn’t like some of the questions the audience asked though.
3.Hearing what you said about the environment and the economy needing to work together more, I was very impressed.
4.Making that statement forcefully, you impressed all the audience.
5.After talking to you today, I think we should work on some projects together.
Step 4: Consolidation:
I. Multiple choice:
1.—Where is my passport? I remember 　　　　　　　　it here.　—You shouldn't have left it here. Remember 　　　　　　　　it with you all the time.　A. to put；to take　　B. putting；taking 　C. putting；to take　 D. to put；taking
2.After finishing his homework he went on 　　　　　　　　a letter to his parents.　A. write　　　 B. writing　　　 C. wrote　　　 D. to write
3.Only 　　　　　　　　　English doesn't mean 　　　　　　　　　the language.　A. to learn；to learn 　 B. learning；learning　C. learning about；learn 　 D. learning about；learning
4.Would you mind 　　　　　　　　　quiet for a moment? I'm trying 　　　　　　　　 ___________a form.　A. keeping；filling out 　 B. to keep；to fill out　C. keeping；to fill out 　 D. to keep；filling out
5. 　　　　　　　　 the news of his father's death, he burst into tears.　A. After hearing 　 B. On hearing　C. While hearing　　 D. Having heard
6.Our father often told us in the past that _____is believing.
A. to see B. seeing C. see D. to be seen
7._____is a good of exercise for both the young and the old.
A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk
8.There was a terrible noise _______the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
9. It was so cold that they kept the fire ________all night.
A. to burn B. burn C. burning D. burned
10._________a reply, he decided to write a sixth letter.
A. Not receiving B. Not to receive
C. Not having received D. Having not received
II. Translation:
1. 在辩论中，持有相反观点的双方展开了激烈的讨论。

2. 夏天在池塘中洗个澡真令人放松。

3. 他们大声谈笑着离开了咖啡店。

4. 当你将潮湿的衣服挨着火悬挂时， 你会看见衣服冒出蒸汽。

5. 沿着海岸走时，我们发现水非常的脏。

他们看见许多的旅游者站在公园前，等候进入。

Keys : I.1—5 CDDCB 6—10 BBBCC
II.
1.In the debate, the two sides having opposite views held a heated discussion.
2.It’s very relaxing to take a dip in the pool in summer.
3.they left the café, talking and laughing loudly.
4.When you hang wet clothes near a fire, you’ll see steam rising from them.
5.While walking along the shore, we saw that the water was very dirty.
6.They saw many travelers standing in front of the park, waiting to enter.
●Project Writing a report
Reading
At the beginning of this class, let’s enjoy the beautiful scenery of our mother river ---the Yangtze River. Do you think they’re a feast for our eyes?

But here are some more pictures. What do these pictures lead you to think of?
.
2. Read the passage “Protecting the Yangtze River” Try to find out the main idea of each paragraph.
Paragraph 1
The environmental problems of the Yangtze River have raised concern.
Paragraph 2
Many people have recognized the importance of protecting the Yangtze river and many environmental organizations and projects have been set up.
Paragraph 3
Two special government projects are under way to protect the river. One is the water and soil preservation project.
Paragraph 4
The second project is a nature reserve for white-flag dolphins.
Paragraph 5
The environmental situation of the Yangtze River is improving.
3. Read the passage again and try to find the answers to the following question:
1).Why have the environmental problems of the Yangtze River raised concern both nationally and internationally?
2).What does the Green River organization do?
3).What problems do the two government projects focus on?
4).What did farmers have to do under the water and soil preservation project?
5).What does the second project concern?
Sample answers:
Rapid agricultural and industrial development plus huge population growth has meant that not only is the amount of water taken from the river rising, but the waste being put back into the river has also been increasing. It also watches the river and stops the illegal hunting of animals.
It educates and advises people on the importance of protecting the Yangtze River.
They had to replace crops on their farmland with trees or grassland.
They focus on problems along the Yangtze River such as water conservation and protecting white-flag dolphins.
The second project is a nature reserve for white-flag dolphins.
4. Now let’s a have a discussion: Do you think the environmental situation of the Yangtze River is getting better? Why?
What else can we do to protect the Yangtze River?
5. Read the article again and analyze the structure of it.
Parts
Main ideas
Paragraph 1
The environmental problems of the Yangtze River have raised concern.
Paragraphs 2--4
A lot of work has been done to protect the river.
Paragraph 5
The environmental situation of the Yangtze River is improving.
Writing a report
Planning
Now let’s work in groups of four and discuss the questions and then decide on a topic for your report.
What do you think are the biggest environmental problems in China?
What is the Chinese government doing to protect the environment?
Sample answers:
Air pollution, water pollution, white pollution, noise pollution, land pollution, ocean pollution, light pollution…
The government has established laws to protect the air, forests and sea resources and to stop environmental pollution.People are further educated to recognize the importance of the problems, to use modern methods of birth control, to conserve our natural resources and recycle our products.??
Preparing
Now sort the information you have got. Have a further discussion on what to include in your report. You may refer to step 1 and step 2 for some information.
Producing
Group members who are responsible for writing the report should write it based on the outline. All group members should edit the report, pay attention to some aspects listed. Then you should proofread it at least once, correct any mistakes and add more new ideas.
Presenting
At length, each group should rewrite the report and review it. After checking once more for mistakes, each group presents your report to the class. And each group puts your report on the display wall of the classroom for everyone to see.
Reading The economy or the environment—
must we choose?
Step1: Leading-in
Have you ever seen a debate or even taken part in a debate? Do you know something about debates?
A debate is serious discussion of a subject in which many people take part.
Speakers in a debate will represent opposite views on the subject being discussed.
In a debate, one side gets the opportunity to present their points first. The other side follows and presents theirs.
…
Now, let’s have a debate, shall we?
Some people say that money can solve all problems, but some say knowledge. Which one do you prefer? Money or knowledge?
For reference:
Could natural disasters devastate Britain?
Yes
No
If the volcano on La Palma in the Canaries explodes, a 500m high mega-tsunami could engulf low-lying parts of the UK
Though some scientists believe it will happen, it's unlikely for the next few thousand years
One of Britain's most severe tornadoes destroyed a church and 600 homes in central London in 1091
Most British houses are now built from brick and are much more sturdy
In 1995, a hurricane doubled back from the Caribbean and hit Britain
This UK storm was only the remnants of a hurricane. In order to retain its strength, a hurricane must remain over warm water of 26.5C or above
North-west Wales is one of the most seismically active places in the whole UK. In 1984, a quake registered 5.4 on the Richter scale. Another could hit any day now
An earthquake of this magnitude rarely causes severe damage. Quakes above 5 are exceptional in the UK, and there is no proof that another is due soon
Step 2: Fast reading for general ideas
Go through the passage as quickly as possible and try to find answers to the three questions in part A on Page 22. Just focus on and identify the information needed to answer these questions.
Answers
1. Mr. Lin Shuiqing represents the environment and Mr. Qian Liwei represents the economy.
2. Six times.
3. They should have to pay higher taxes.
Step 3: Detailed reading for important information
1. Let’s read the speech a second time and complete Parts C1 and C2 on page 24
Answers
C1 1). Lin Shuiqing belongs to the Society for environmental preservation.
2). He starts his speech by talking about the way large areas of the world are damaged by industrial waste.
3). They are being caught by fishing boats before they can lay eggs.
4). He thinks we should teach people about environmentally friendly ways of living,
5). Because jobs will be lost. People are more important than fish and trees.
6). We should produce more things from recycled products.
7). We need more effective laws to preserve the environment, which still allow the economy to grow.
8). Many people are willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.
C2 Li Shuiqing 6 1 5 3 2 4
Qian Liwei 5 3 1 2 4
2. Listen to the tape and choose the best answers to the following questions:
(1) Which of the following is NOT mentioned in Lin Shuiqing’s speech?
A. Industrial waste destroyed many places and killed many places and animals.
B. Factories producing poisonous chemicals should close down.
C. Fishes died for more than one reasons.
D. Polluted atmosphere can make human beings sick.
(2) What can be inferred from the speech?
A. Though we caught large numbers of fish, they develop so quickly that we’ll still have enough to eat.
B. It’s likely that we’ll not have enough to eat if we keep producing people rapidly.
C. Lin Shuiqing is for the idea of recycling, while Qian Liwei is against it.
D. An economist is often seen as being against the environment.
(3) What does the sentence “People often think that economic development is bad for the environment, but this does not have to be right.” mean?
A. Economic development is good for the environment.
B. Economic development is bad for the environment.
C. Economic development is not always bad for the environment.
D. People are wrong to think economic development is bad for the environment.
Key: BBC
3. Now, read the debate a third time and fill in the table with the correct answers.
Speakers
Points they present
Reasons they provide to convince you
Lin Shuiqing
(an environmentalist)
Industrial waste
Many places have been destroyed. Many plants and animals have died. Factories produce large amounts of poisonous chemicals, the waste of which goes into the air and makes us sick.
water pollution
Rivers are full of chemicals which flow into the sea and kill sea creatures.
fishing
Fishing boats catch large numbers of fish without giving them time to lay eggs.
population
The world’s population has grown to more than six times what it was in 1800. The figure is now approaching 6.5 billion people.
production
People should try to cut back on production and reduce the amount of things they make and buy.
recycling
It would be beneficial to expand our recycling industry, and teach people about environmentally friendly ways of living. We may even create more jobs and help the economy at the same time.
Qian Liwei
(an economist)
factories
There are many factories and industries which control the amount of pollution they produce, and are very careful to spend money repairing any damage they cause. The people running these factories are very concerned about the environment.
production
If we cut back on the amount of things we produce in order to save the environment, then jobs will be lost. People are more important than fish and trees.
recycling
We should produce more things from recycled materials, and less from materials taken directly from the environment.
laws
We need more effective laws to preserve the environment, which still allows the economy to grow. This includes more inspections to control how many trees are cut down and how many fish boats can catch fish.
taxes
Factories which pollute the environment should have to pay higher taxes.
Step 4: Practice:
1. Let’s complete Parts D (Refer to the text while completing part D)
Answers
D 1. b 2. f 3. c 4. d 5. h 6. e 7. g 8. a
2. Now , let’s read a speech by a student who is interested in environmental protection and fill in the blanks with the given words. After that, you will be more familiar with the debate. Finish the exercise by yourselves and we’ll check the answers later together.
E 1) environment 2) pollution 3) economy 4) reduce
5) waste 6) recycled 7) industry 8) responsibility
9) population 10) Earth
Step 5: Post-reading activities
Now let’s role-play the debate. You will be divided into six groups. Three groups should represent Lin Shuiqing and the other three groups should represent Qian Liwei. Each of you reads one or two points in the debate. If possible, you can make some changes to the debate or add your opinions to the debate. Three minutes later, I’ll ask several groups to present your role-plays to the class. Let’s see which group wins the debate!
Let’s come to Part F. Work in pairs and then role-play the discussion.
Let’s enjoy a flash A day of a photographer and have a discussion:
Do you think it is possible to achieve a balance between the economy and the environment?
How can this be achieved?
For reference;
1. We could educate people to respect and protect the environment.
2. We could urge factories that produce large amounts of waste to build a system to purify the waste and minimize the damage to the environment.
3. We could urge the government to pass stricter laws to protect the environment.
4. We could produce strict laws to preserve the environment.
5. We could create a system to deal with the waste and rubbish scientifically.
Step 5: Language points:
Vocabulary
words
debate, awful, poisonous, atmosphere, flow, pollution, lay, figure, approach, production, beneficial, expand, gentleman, obvious, situation, pipe, stable, enemy, effective, willing, responsibility, slightly, tax
useful expressions
in addition (to), wipe out, have effect on, cut back on, large amounts of/a large amount of/ the amount of, be concerned about, the key to, run out (of), pick up
sentence patterns
1.…the way large areas of the world are damaged by industrial waste.
2.…has grown to more than six times what it was….
3.My suggestion is that we should try …
4.What if…?
Step6: Homework
Parts A1 and A2 on page 98 in Workbook.
●Task Designing a poster
Skills building 1: listening for specifics
In this part, you will learn how to draw conclusions from listening to something. In order to draw conclusions, you need to think about the situation and the information you have and then try to decide what it means.
1. First let’s read the guidelines and the dialogues in Skills building 1 on page 32. Please draw conclusions from what is said in the dialogues.
For reference:
1. I’ve just been to the hospital, and the doctor asked me to take some medicine.
The speaker is ill.
2. W:When will the film start? M: In two minutes. Ticket, please.
The woman is going to see a film.
3. W: The light will be shut off at ten to eleven. M: So we’ve got only a quarter of an hour left.
It’s 10:35 now.
2. Now you will listen to some short descriptions from news reports and draw a conclusion about what kind of natural disaster occurred in each situation.
Tapescript:
1. It had been raining for ten days and then the river burst its banks and water was everywhere. The field that we had just planted with rice was completely covered with water
2. The house just went up in flames. We could not stop it from burning down.
3. One minute I was standing and the next I had fallen on the ground. The ground was
moving all around. Several cars were trapped in big holes on the roads. It was really frightening. I am lucky to be alive.
4. The wind was very strong and the rain just poured sown. Many shop windows were broken and lots of street signs were destroyed.
5. There has been no rain for more than five years here. The crops have failed and there is hardly anything to eat.
Answers
1. flood 2 . fire 3. earthquake 4. typhoon 5. drought
3. This time we will listen to a news report. Decide which of the conclusions below are logical according to what you will hear.
Tape script:
Reporter: This is Sally Smith reporting for World news from Los Angeles, California. California is still battling against huge fires that are sweeping across the state. Thousands of people have lost their homes although thankfully, no one has been killed. Firefighters are trying new ways to help save people’s homes. This includes using helicopters to bring water from the sea. It is thought that some teenagers may have started the fires. About three hours ago the police arrested two suspects. I can see from here that the damage to the environment is very bad. The fires have already damaged two hundred and sixty square kilometers of forest. These were mainly old redwood trees which were very important to the ecology of the area. Some of the trees were hundreds of years old and will be damaged or lost completely if the fires are not brought under control quickly. At the moment, there is no sign of the fires coming under control. High winds in the area are helping the fires to spread. I will bring you another update in an hour.
This is Sally Smith, reporting to you live from Los Angeles, California.
Answers
1 2 4
Step 1: listening to a lecture
1. Group work: Here are some pictures of north-west-China .As we can see from them, there is very little water in this area of China. And now the problem seems to be getting more and more serious, and more and more deserts appear every year. We call this “desertification”. Work in pairs and have a discussion: What causes desertification?
2. Listening practice: Now, suppose our science teacher has asked us to make a poster about desertification for a nationwide contest. Let’s listen to his lecture and try to learn about desertification. Pay attention to any information that might be useful for our poster.
Tapescript:
Teacher: Okay, class, there is a nationwide poster contest being held. Every school has been given a topic, and ours is desertification. Desertification is what we call it when useable land (farmland, forests, etc) becomes dry and turns into a desert. One poster from each school will be picked to be part of an exhibition that will travel around the world, educating people about environmental problems.
Problems associated with desertification affect around two hundred and fifty million people every year. About four billion hectares, that is a third of all Earth’s land, suffers from this problem. We really need to get the world’s attention so we can start trying to fix the problem.
Although desertification is everyone’s problem, it is an especially big problem in Africa. It is also a problem in the USA. Thirty per cent of the land there is in danger of becoming desert. A quarter of the area of South America is threatened as well. Here in China, we also must deal with it. Since the nineteen fifties, seven hundred thousand hectares of farmland , two point three five million of range land (that is where animals go to eat the grass), and six point four million hectares of forest have been lost—all that land has turned into desert.
Europe has been affected too, because the sand from deserts in Africa actually gets carried to Europe by the wind, and it is very unhealthy to breathe.
It is worse for the people who live in these desert areas. Not only do they breathe in this dusty air, but they also lose their homes and farms because the land is too dry to use. Many families starve, and others move to the cities to find work. Here people’s lives are being ruined because of desertification.
There are many reasons why this is happening. Some parts of the world are naturally becoming drier—this has always happened, but the actions of humans are making it much worse. People plant too much on the land without giving it a rest; too many animals depend on the same land to eat; and people cut down trees for fuel and to make space for more farms –all of this dries out the land. When it gets too dry and there are no trees to stop the wind, the top soil (the part of the earth we grow food in) blows .
I hope this has been enough information to get you interested, and to make you understand that desertification is everyone’s problem. You can be part of the solution by making posters and educating people around the world about this growing problem. Now go out and do some research and good luck with your posters!
Now listen to the lecture for a second time, and finish Part A & Part B on P33.
Answers
A.1.It is when useable land becomes dry and turns into a desert.
2.It happens in Africa, the USA, South America and China.
3.People lose their homes and farms; many families starve and others move to the cities to find work.
4.People plant too much on the land without giving it a rest; too many animals all depend on the same land to eat; and people cut down trees for fuel and to make space for more farms.
5.Everyone should be concerned.
B.1. d 2. a 3. b 4. c
Skills building 2: reading for information
In this unit, you will learn to skim and scan a text while looking for the information you require.
1. In our daily life, we often skim and scan a test when looking for specific information. For example, we often read a TV guide before watching TV. What information do you usually get from a TV guide? (Timetables for TV programmes, brief introductions of different TV programmes, and information about different films.)
2. Now you are to be divided into groups of six and have a discussion about the reasons why we might want to read the materials listed in Part A. Each group member may choose a different thing. Try to think of as many reasons as you can .After that, let’s share our ideas.
Sample answers:
1 a to find out about the day’s news
b to find out about the weather
2 a to find out departure/arrival times
b to find out your seat number
3 a to find out about the latest fashions
b to find out more about a particular topic, such as gardening.
4 a to research information
b to find out the day’s news
5 a to find out departure/arrival times
b to find out where the bus stops
6 a to find out more about the product
b to find out where you can buy the product
3. Now, use the skills we have learned in part A to skim and scan for specific information from the newspaper article in Part B and answer the four questions.
Answers
1 At 14:30 and 18:00.
2 Cloudy.
3 The city’s new Modern Art Museum.
4 Over 10,000people.
Step 2: reading a scientific article
1.Since we have learnt the scan and skim skills, let’s have a practice. Read the article about desertification on P35 and underline all of the solutions to the problems you can find.
Answers
…to build fences (which stop wind from blowing the dirt away)…
…to plant more trees and bushes.
…better management of areas that are likely to turn to desert and training people in responsible water usage.
…sharing information and solutions between countries and using satellites to pick out likely areas for desertification.
Pair work: Have a discussion with your partner to think of things we can do to help stop desertification, which can be included in our posters later.
Sample answers
Collect some money to help the poor farms.
Save as much water as possible in our daily life.
Ask scientists to find more plants that are suitable for growing in deserts.
Skills building 3: Presenting your point view
When we present our ideas, we usually want to make people accept them. But how? Of course, we should try to introduce and explain our point of view politely to make it more likely that people will agree with us. In this unit, we’ll learn some words and phrases that can be used to introduce our ideas and some words and phrases that can be used to explain our ideas.
First, let’s read the words in Point A on P36 .
Read the instructions for Part A on P36 and then make your choices.
Answers
1 c 2 a 3 d 4 b 5 f 6 e
3. Now I’d like you to work together in groups of four to complete part B.
Sample answers
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1
Step 3: designing a poster
In this part, you’re required to design a poster.
Let’s read some viewpoints from several experts on desertification and have a discussion: Which of the viewpoints are you for? And which one you will focus on?
Now let’s come to Part B .Discuss the questions with your deskmates.
A good poster includes good content and a good layout. Now, work together in groups of four to sketch the layout of your poster in a separate piece of paper and show your design to the class afterwards.
Resources:
Desertification
Desertification is one of the major environmental issues in the world today. At present, two third of the countries and districts in the world, one fourth of the global land territory and nearly 100 million world population are threatened by desertification. China is one of the countries with serious disasters of desertification in the world. According to the monitoring results of China's State Forestry Administration in 1999, the desert areas are still expanding in China with an average increase of about 10,400 square kilometers per year, and China has 2.67 million square kilometers of desert land, accounting for 27.9 percent of China's total territory, ?
The UN Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) was opened for signing in Oct. 1994 in Paris and Chinese Delegation has signed the CCD on behalf of the Government of China. On December 30th 1996, the Outstanding Committee of the People's Congress has ratified the CCD and China has become officially the member state of the parties of CCD.
Unit 2 The Environment
Part One Teaching Design
第一部分 教学设计
Aims and requirements
? read a debate on the environment and a report about the Yangtze River
? listen to news reports and information about desertification
? discuss environmental protection
? design a poster
? write a report about protecting the environment
Procedures
● Welcome to the Unit
Step 1: Brainstorming
At the beginning of the class, let’s first enjoy some beautiful pictures. The beautiful earth is our home. Do you love to live here?

Now, let’s enjoy a flash, Michael Jackson’s Earth Song(地球之歌).
Earth song
What about sunriseWhat about rainWhat about all the thingsThat you said we were to gain.What about killing fieldsIs there a time What about all the thingsThat you said was yours and mine.Did you ever stop to noticeAll the blood we've shed beforeDid you ever stop to noticeThe crying Earth the weeping shores?Aaaaaaaaah AaaaaaaaahAaaaaaaaah AaaaaaaaahWhat have we done to the worldLook what we've doneWhat about all the peaceThat you pledge your only son...What about flowering fieldsIs there a timeWhat about all the dreamsThat you said was yours and mine.Did you ever stop to noticeAll the children dead from warDid you ever stop to noticeThe crying Earth the weeping shoresAaaaaaaaah AaaaaaaaahAaaaaaaaah AaaaaaaaahI used to dreamI used to glance beyond the starsNow I don't know where we areAlthough I know we've drifted farAaaaaaaaah AaaaaaaaahAaaaaaaaah AaaaaaaaahAaaaaaaaah AaaaaaaaahAaaaaaaaah AaaaaaaaahHey, what about yesterday(What about us)What about the seas(What about us)The heavens are falling down(What about us)I can't even breathe(What about us)What about the bleeding Earth(What about us)Can't we feel its wounds(What about us)What about nature's worth(ooo, ooo)It's our planet's womb(What about us)What about animals(What about it)We've turned kingdoms to dust(What about us)What about elephants(What about us)Have we lost their trust(What about us)What about crying whales(What about us)We're ravaging the seas(What about us)What about forest trails(ooo, ooo)Burnt despite our pleas(What about us)What about the holy land(What about it)Torn apart by creed(What about us)What about the common man(What about us)Can't we set him free(What about us)What about children dying(What about us)Can't you hear them cry(What about us)Where did we go wrong(ooo, ooo)Someone tell me why(What about us)What about babies(What about it)What about the days(What about us) What about all their joy(What about us)What about the man (What about us)What about the crying man(What about us)What about Abraham(What was us)What about death again(ooo, ooo)Do we give a damnAaaaaaaaah Aaaaaaaaah
After watching the flash, what do you think of? What have we done to our home--- the earth? And what has happened to the earth?
Compared with the last few years, the environment is getting worse.
We should maintain the harmony between man and nature.
…
Step 2: Sharing information
1. As we all know, we human beings are often stricken by natural disasters.
Can you name some of them?
flood,fire,volcano,earthquake,typhoon,hurricane,tsunami,desertification,sandstorm,
tornado, drought…
How do they damage the environment?
Sample answers:
The ashes of the volcano eruption will engulf the region around. Vegetations in its path will be totally wiped out.
The tsunami that ravaged South-east Asian countries in December 2004 proved just how destructive nature can be .Thousands of people died while thousands more were left homeless.
2. However, besides natural disasters, man also causes a lot of damage to the earth. Look at the six pictures at page 21 , describe each picture and use your imagination to explain the possible cause.
Picture 1
There is smoke coming out of the chimney. Suppose this factory is in your neighbourhood, how do you think the smoke will affect you?
Compared to the economic benefits a factory can bring to a neighbourhood, how important is environmental protection?
Why?
Picture 2
What can you see in the picture? Why do people chop down so many trees every year?
What can human and the environment benefit from trees?
What will happen if we continue chopping down so many trees?
What can we do to prevent this from happening?
Picture 3
It is reported that every year the losses caused by forest fires amount to millions of dollars. In your opinion, what might be the reasons for the terrible forest fire in the picture?
Who should take the responsibility for taking good care of the forest?
Do you think the forest plays an important part in balancing nature?
Picture 4
Have you ever experienced any sandstorms or have you ever seen some on TV?
Whenever we talk about sandstorms, what kinds of images will occur in your mind?
What measures has our government taken to make our environment better?
Picture 5
Do you prefer to live with a factory nearby? Why or why not?
Sometimes we can read such kind of report. All the fish in a fish pond are killed by the poisonous waste and polluted water poured from the factory nearby. What do you think of the phenomenon? Who should be blamed for this?
If you were in charge of the factory, how would you deal with it and how would you compensate for the damage?
Picture 6
How do you feel when you see piles of rubbish like this?
In your daily life, how do people deal with everyday rubbish?
Do you think rubbish is a big problem for the environment?
For reference:
On average, an earthquake strikes the British Isles every four days.
10% of the world's population live under threat from the 1,511 active volcanoes.
There are more tornadoes per square mile each year in Britain than the USA
In Britain, five million people in two million homes live in flood prone areas
Droughts starve the land of nourishment, replacing them with mineral salts.
Step3: Discussion:
1. Are there any other ways in which people damage the environment?
Sample answer:
People working in the agricultural industry can damage the environment without even realizing it. For example, fertilizers and pesticides are often used to stimulate the growth of crops and to kill insects. However, when these chemical substances are discharged into rivers and lakes, plants and animals are often killed. In some areas where the river is polluted because of these chemicals the people living there are affected. They become ill and often develop incurable diseases after they consume the toxic substances in their drinking water.
Did you do anything bad for the environment in your daily life?
What should we do to protect the environment in our daily life?
1. Use the handkerchief instead of the paper napkin.
2. Use paper bag instead of plastic bag.
3. Don’t use one-off chopsticks.
4. Go to work on foot or by bike not by car.
5. Throw cans, bottles, paper and plastic into the dustbin.
…
Step4: Homework:
Collect more information about natural disasters or human conducts that cause damage to our environment.
Prepare the Reading part.
●Word power
Step1: Brainstorming
1.Use your imagination to design a hotel that is environmentally friendly. Work in pairs and have a discussion. You should consider the following questions:
1). What type of energy does an environmentally friendly hotel use?
2). How does an environmentally friendly hotel wash the sheets?
3). What other features does an environmentally friendly hotel have?
I have a picture of a hotel here for you:
Do you think this looks like an environmentally friendly hotel?
Does it look like the picture you had in your head of an environmentally friendly hotel?
Which parts do not look like the picture you had in your head?
Ok, you’ve learned to use some words related to the environment to talk about the environment and the problems associated with it.In this section, we will learn more words related to the environment.
Step 2: Vocabulary learning
1. Let’s read a brochure about a new, environmentally friendly hotel which is opening and try to answer the following questions:
According to the brochure, what kind of tourists will be particularly interested in this hotel?
What are the characteristics of Ecoville?
2. I’d like you to explain some compound nouns in simple English and the pictures on Page 26 may give you a help:
clear-cut logging opencast mining slash and burn farming ozone layer
acid rain global warming
Answers
B 1. acid rain 2. clear-cut logging 3. ozone layer 4. opencast mining
5. global warming 6. slash and burn farming
Step3: Vocabulary extension
1. Now let’s come to part C on page 27.Read the passage and fill in the blanks correctly.
Answers
C (1) environmental (2) ozone layer (3) ecosystem (4) energy
(5) fossil fuels (6) eco-friendly (7) harm (8) ecotourists
2. Read the passage again and discuss the following questions with your partner:
Who thought of the idea to build an environmentally friendly hotel?
What made him decide to build this type of hotel?
Where did the differences exist between Ecoville and other hotels?
3. Let’s have a competition for Part D. You’ll be divided into groups of four. Please think of as many words as possible beginning with “eco”. The group that has the most correct words wins. Before that ,I’d like you to tell me what the prefix“ eco-”means.
The prefix “eco-” comes from Greek and means “earth”. It is used in many words to talk about the environment.
Answers
D (1) eco-activity (2) eco-friendly (3) ecodevelopment (4) ecology
(5) eco-disaster (6) eco-tourism (7) ecotourists
For reference:
ecocatastrophe：生态灾难 ecosphere 生态圈/界 ecospheric 生态圈/界的
ecocide生态灭绝 ecocline生态差型 ecologic(al) 生态的ecologically 生态地
ecology 生态学 ecospecies 生态种 ecotone交错群落 ecotype生态型
ecosystem 生态系统
4. Reading:
words:247 time:4’10’’
China Will Launch 6 Key Meteorological Projects in the 11th 5-year Plan
According to hot news from the conference on the next 5-year plan, in the 11th 5-year plan, China will invest 11 billion RMB in 6 meteorological projects such as Meteorological Disaster Monitoring, Early Warning and Responding, Climate Changes Answering(Ⅰ), Cloud and Water in the Atmosphere as Resources, New Generation Weather Radar, Meteorological Satellites and Capability Building of Beijing Super-Computing Application Center etc. 　　 The people concerned thought that after the 6 key projects completed, our country will improve abilities to resist disaster and emergency response by improving meteorological monitoring, forecasting and weather service, so that the losses of GDP caused by meteorological disaster will decrease from 3%-6% to 2%-5%,and ensure economy grow stably. To exploit actively and make good use of meteorological resources, and increase wind energy and solar energy to 3%-5% proportion of all energy sources. Making rapid progress in utilizing cloud and water in the atmosphere as resources, artificial rain reaches to 48-60 billion steres annually. 　　In addition, these projects will be in favor of slowing climate change and adapt to the influence induced. They will accelerate climate system, nature ecosphere and human society harmoniously progressing. They will promote meteorological services to support rural economic development and further contribution to the progress of public development in modern country. They will enrich weather service products related closely to common people’s living quality. Then the use rate of public meteorological information will increase notably and the approving rate of weather service will reach up to 90%. Step4: Homework:
Complete the note in Part A and Part C on page 104 in Workbook.
Part Two Teaching Resources
第二部分 教学资源
Section 1: A text structure analysis of The economy or the environment
—must we choose?
I. Summary of The economy or the environment—must we choose?
Main idea of the passage
An television debate on environmental issues.
Main idea of Part 1(paragraph 1)
Greetings
Main idea of Part 2
(paragraph 2-paragraph 5)
An environmentalist’s views
Main idea of Part 3
(paragraph 6-paragraph 10)
An economist’s views
Main idea of Part 4
(paragraph 11)
Summary
II. A tree diagram of the text :
The economy or the environment
—must we choose?
an environmentalist’s views an economist’s views
damage done to
the world
III.A retold version of the text The economy or the environment ---must we choose?
In the debate “The economy or the environment---must we choose?”, Mr. Lin Shuiqing and Mr. Qian Liwei hold opposite views on the subject.
As an environmentalist,Mr. Lin pays more attention to the environment. He worries about the awful result the industrial waste causes and the rapidly increasing population. He thinks that only by protecting the environment can we develop the economy.
On the other hand, Mr. Qian ,an economist,holdsa view that a healthy environment and a stable economy can be possible at the same time as long as everybody takes their responsibilities for the environment. He thinks that the key to helping both the two sides is more effective laws to preserve the environment.
Section 2: Background information about the environment
I. A vocabulary about environment
acid fog 酸雾acid mist 酸雾acid rain 酸雨acid(ic) precipitation 酸性降水acid(ic) snow 酸雪acid-affected 受酸影响的; 受酸危害的Action Plan for the Biosphere Reserves 生物圈保护区行动计划Action Plan for the Programme of Studies 气候对人类影响研究计划的行动计划adverse environment effect 对环境不利的影响afforestation 造林; 绿化aftershock 余震air pollutant 空气污染物air pollution 空气污染airborne pollution 大气污染; 空气污染ambient air quality standard 环境空气质量标准ambient quality standard 环境质量标准ambient standard 环境标准anthropogenic 源于人类活动的; 人为的anticipatory environmental action 防患未然的环保行动anti-desertification programme 防止沙漠化计划biosphere reserve 生物圈保护区biosphere balance 生物圈平衡
climatic scourge 气候灾害
conservation of nature 保护自然; 自然保护
decline in ozone 臭氧逐渐减少
distressed area 灾区
domestic sewage 生活污水
Earth('s) ozone layer 地球臭氧层
ecological balance 生态平衡ecological crimes 破坏生态罪; 破坏生态的罪行ecological damage 生态破坏ecological disaster area 生态灾区ecological disruption 生态失调; 生态破坏
endangered species 濒于灭绝的物种
environment protection 环境保护; 环保
environmental pollution 环境污染
environmentally hazardous developments 对环境有害的发展environmentally safe 对环境安全的
exhaust emission(s) 废气污染物; 废气污染
forest ecology 森林生态学forest environment 森林环境
II. The Process in the Development of the Chinese Disaster Reduction Plan and Progress Made
1. Multiple types of natural disasters, highly frequent and seasonal
The atmospheric and aquatic disasters mainly include floods, droughts, typhoons, storm—surge, big winds, hails, snowstorms, frosting, wave surges, tidal wave, sea ice and coastal erosions;
The geological and seismic disasters include earthquakes, cave breakdowns, landslides, mud-rock flows, subsidence and desertification;
Biological disasters, fire in forests and grassland, and so on.
2. Natural disasters show an obvious regional discrepancy
Three types of regions can be categorized:
1.The major hazards are droughts, snowstorms, and earthquakes in western regions and northern localities;
2.The hazards are mainly floods, landslides, droughts, and earthquakes in northeast, southwest and central China;
3.The major hazards are floods, typhoons, subsidence, and droughts.
3. Natural disasters cause severe losses which have been on the rise
On average, 200 million people are affected by disasters every year by which several thousand people are killed;
3 million people need to be resettled, more than 40 million hectares of crops are afflicted by disasters, 2 million houses are destroyed;
The direct economic losses have totaled more than 100 billion yuan after 1990, 40% higher than in 1980s.
Typical disasters are as follows:
extremely severe floods in the Yangtze River, Songhua River, and Nen River in 1998;
sustained severe drought in North China from 1999 to 2001;
the earthquake in Lijiang, Yunnan in 1996;
and floods in Huai River in 2003.
4. The Distinguishing Features:
The first national disaster reduction plan formulated in accordance with the Nine Five-Year National Economic and Social Development Plan and the 2010 Long-term Objective;
More than 100 multidisciplinary scientists involved the drafting process;
More than 30 ministries cooperated in the process of drafting and revision;
Some local leaders gave a lot of recommendation;
The formulation supported and assisted by the UNDP;
The members of State Council, especially Premier ratified the Plan.
The Main Principles of the Plan
Disaster reduction should serve the national economic and social development;
Prevention should be taken as the priority in combination with resistance and relief;
The role of science, technology, and education will be fully displayed;
The central and local governments as well as all social sectors should be mobilized to reduce disasters and international exchange and cooperation should be strengthened;
The public awareness and knowledge should be enhanced;
The government’s capabilities of disaster reduction should be notably improved; an integrated system of a modernized disaster reduction management from the central to the local governments should come into being.
5. The Strategy of Implementing the National Disaster Reduction Plan
Used the mediums to make the National Plan more popular, published on the People’s Daily, and other newspapers, held different meetings and TV programs;
On the horizontal level, review the progress about implementing the National Plan in the different ministries of central government each year;
Vertically, asking local governments to make their own plan complying with the National Plan;
Setting up the programs as the demonstration of local disaster reduction;
Combining closely with the work of disaster relief.
6. The Actions on Disaster Reduction in the past
1) Established the efficient management and coordinative administrative structure
Office of National Committee Disaster Reduction;
National Office of the Unified Coordination about Disaster Management;
Department of Disaster and Social Relief, Ministry of Civil Affairs, PRC;
National Disaster Reduction Center of China.
2) A great number of projects have been Established.
Large-scaled projects have been carried out in flood-afflicted river areas, by drought- and pest- stricken farmland, regions hit by frequent earthquakes, geological disasters and storms and cities as well as sections of roads and railways affected by mud-rock flows and landslides.
3) Mapped out the emergency scheme at central and local governments
4) The disaster monitoring and pre-warning system has been set up and improved.
5) The logistics system of disaster relief has been improved
6) Improving the system of disaster emergency reaction
7) Mobilizing the social sectors for disaster reduction
8) Meteorological, maritime, and resource satellites
9) Training programs and public education
7. The Actions on Disaster Reduction in the future
Disaster reduction will be further defined as the basis of ensuring sustainable development of national economy and society;
Priorities in disaster reduction will be further identified;
The national management system of disaster reduction will be further improved;
The fund-raising channels will be broadened to increase inputs in reducing disasters;
The legal system on disaster reduction will be strengthened;
III. 20世纪世界十大自然灾害(20世纪自然的十个幽灵)
　　北美黑风暴:1934年5月11日凌晨，美国西部草原地区发生了一场空前未有的黑色风暴。大风整整刮了3天3夜，形成一个东西长2400公里，南北宽1440公里，高3400米的迅速移动的巨大黑色风暴带。风暴所经之处，溪水断流，水井干涸，田地龟裂，庄稼枯萎，牲畜渴死，成千上万的人流离失所。
　　秘鲁大雪崩:1970年5月31日20时30分，在秘鲁安第斯山脉的瓦斯卡兰山区。当时，周边地区不少人都已进入了梦乡。突然，远处传来了雷鸣般的响声。随即大地像波涛中的航船，顿时失控，在疯狂、猛烈地颤抖着......这是迄今为止，世界上最大最悲惨的雪崩灾祸。
　　孟加拉国特大水灾:1987年7月，孟加拉国经历了有史以来最大的一次水灾。在短短两个月间，孟加拉国64个县中有47个县受到洪水和暴雨的袭击。联合国就此展开了两项粮食供给计划，仅一项计划的实施每年就要耗资2000万美元。
　　印度鼠疫大流行:1994年9-10月间，印度遭受了一场致命的瘟疫，30万苏拉特市民逃往印度的四面八方，同时也将鼠疫带到了全国各地。恐惧的心理甚至蔓延到了世界各地......销声匿迹多年的鼠疫为何再度在印度流行呢？专家们一致认为鼠疫的爆发是极为肮脏的环境所致。据说，苏拉特市是印度最脏的城市，垃圾成堆，臭味熏天。鼠疫流行期间，该市每天清理出的垃圾多达1400吨。
　　喀麦隆湖底毒气:1986年8月21日晚，一声巨响划破了长空。次日清晨，喀麦隆高原美丽的山坡上，水晶蓝色的尼奥斯河突然变得一片血红，尼奥斯湖畔的村落里，房舍、教堂、牲口棚完好无损，街上却没有一个人走动，而屋里全部都是死人！后来专家终于查出了“杀人凶手”——喀麦隆湖底突然爆发的毒气。
　　伦敦大烟雾:1952年12月4日，英国伦敦连续的浓雾将近一周不散，工厂和住户排出的烟尘和气体大量在低空聚积，整个城市为浓雾所笼罩，陷入一片灰暗之中。期间，有4700多人因呼吸道疾病而死亡；雾散以后又有8000多人死于非命，“雾都劫难”震惊世界。
　　百慕大地区神秘灾难:据说自从1945年以来，在百慕大这片地区已有数以百计的飞机和船只神秘失踪，失踪仿佛是在一瞬间完成，就像天空破了个洞，飞机一下掉进洞里而无声无息了，或者大海突然张开大口，把船只吞噬......百慕大这个黑洞，至今还没有看见底。
　　通古斯大爆炸:1908年6月30日凌晨，一场罕见的惨祸降临到西伯利亚偏僻林区。有幸逃脱这场灾难的谢苗诺夫回忆说：“当时天空出现一道强烈的火光，刹那间一个巨大的火球几乎遮住了半边天空。一声爆炸巨响之后，狂风袭来......”爆炸产生的冲击波，其破坏力相当于500枚原子弹和几枚氢弹的威力。一直传到中欧，德国的波茨坦和英国剑桥的地震观测站，甚至华盛顿和爪哇岛也得到了同样的记录。
　　智利大海啸:据说，智利是上帝创造世界后的“最后一块泥巴”。或许正是这个缘故，这里的地壳总是不那么宁静。1960年5月，厄运又笼罩了这个多灾多难的国家，陆地像一个巨人翻身一样；海洋在激烈地翻滚；峡谷在惨烈地呼啸；海岸岩石在崩裂，碎石堆满了海滩......这次地震，是世界上震级最高、最强烈的地震。震级高达8.9级，烈度为11度，影响范围在800公里长的椭圆区域内。地震过后，引发了大海啸。海啸波以每小时几百公里的速度横扫了太平洋沿岸，把智利的康塞普西翁、塔尔卡瓦诺、奇廉等城市摧毁殆尽，造成200多万人无家可归。
　　唐山大地震:1976年7月28日3时42分，能量比日本广岛爆炸的原子弹强烈400倍的大地震发生了。河北省唐山市在一瞬间顿成废墟，一片死寂，20多万人倒在了废墟之下......北纬40度线，被人们称为“不祥的恐怖线”。这里，发生了诸如美国旧金山、葡萄牙里斯本、日本十胜近海等无数次大地震。
IV. The Yangtze (Changjiang ) River
The source of the Yangtze (Changjiang ) River lies?in the west of Geladandong Mountain, the principal peak of the Tanggula Mountain chain in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, southwest of China. It is here in the Tuotuo River that China's longest river, about 6,380 kilometers long, rises and flows on from west to east through provinces, cities and autonomous regions of Qinghai, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu and
Shanghai, finally emptying into the East China Sea from Shanghai. The Yangtze River is the largest river in China, and the third longest in the world, next only to the Nile in northeast Africa and the Amazon in South America. It is also a cradle of ancient Chinese civilization.??
The north boundary of the system of Yangtze River is lined with Qinling - Funiu - Tongbai - Dabie Mountains together with the Yellow and the Huaihe rivers, while the south boundary is lined with Nanling?- Dagengling - Wuyi - Tianmu Mountains together with the Pearl River and the Min River system. Running through 11 provinces, cities and autonomous regions, and spanning 31 longitudes and 11 latitudes, the Yangtze River covers a drainage area of over 1.8 million square meters, which equals to one fifth of the nation's general acreage. In terms of area, plateaus accounts for 65% of the valley, hills 22%, plains 11% and rivers and lakes 2%.??
The Yangtze River is divided into three sections: the upper, middle and lower reaches. Each section has geographical differences from the others. The upper reaches lie between the source and the town of Yichang in Hubei Province. Sections of the upper reaches have different names beginning with the Tuotuo River, then on to the Tongtian, Jinsha and Chuanjiang rivers, with a total length of 4,529 kilometers. The middle reaches stretch from Yichang down to Hukou in Jiangxi Province, with a total length of 927 kilometers; and the lower, from Hukou to Shanghai with 844 kilometers in length. ?????
The Yangtze River?makes an incessant rush into the East China Sea from Shanghai. It has enormous hydroelectric resources, with an annual potential of up to 268 million kilowatts.
The most impressive section of the river is the three Yangtze River gorges: the Qutang Gorge, Wuxia Gorge and Xiling Gorge, collectively known as the Sanxia, or Three Gorges. In 1994 construction began on the massive Three Gorges Dam near Yichang. Scheduled for completion in 2009, the dam will measure about 180 meters high and about 2.5 kilometers wide. The dam is expected to help control the flooding of the Yangtze River valley; in addition, river flows will make the Three Gorges complex the largest electricity-generating facility in the world.
V. Greenriver Profile
Blue is the color of water in the west, as in "The Blue Danube" or "the deep?blue sea", while for the Chinese, it is green, as in "green mountain, green water". Actually, pure water is colorless. Blue is a reflection of the sky, while green is a reflection of the surrounding flora. This is our reason to be, hence the name Greenriver. Greenriver is an environmentally protected NGO approved by Sichuan Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau and registered in Sichuan Civil Administration Office.The goals of Greenriver are: to promote the environmental protection of the Yangtze and Yellow River headwaters, to foster public environmental awareness and the conservation ethic, to encourage citizen participation, and to ensure environmentally sustainable economic and social development of the headwaters area. At present the main objectives of Greenriver are: to operate environmental protection stations in the source area and upper parts of the Yangtze River, to organize scientists and invite environmental protection groups at home and abroad to conduct environmental-related research in the above areas; to offer workable solutions and implementation plans; to publish literature and audio-visual media about environmental protection; to promote collective involvement in ecological protection and to promote cultural exchanges between environmental organizations at home and abroad.
Greenriver is currently in the process of implementing the "Protect the Yangtze Source, Love Our Mother Nature" program. In 2003, Greenriver will launch a corollary plan for protecting the upper parts of the Yangtze River which will include the setting up of the second non-government natural environmental protection station in China.
Yangxin, the president of Greenriver won the “EARTH AWARD”from Friends of Earth Hongkong and Institute of Environmental Reporters in China on April 22th , 2002.The program of Greenriver---“Protect the Yangtze Source and love our Mother Nature” won the 1st Prize of 2001Ford Motor Conservation and Environmental Grants on October 29th 2001.Yangxin---The President of Greenriver won the Second Mother River Award from National Leading Group of the Mother River Protection Operation on January 2003.
VI. Environmental Pollution
Environmental pollution is a term that refers to all the ways by which man pollutes his surroundings. Man dirties the air with gasses and smoke, poisons the water with chemicals and other substances, and damages the soil with too many fertilizers and pesticides. Man also pollutes his surrounds in various other ways. For example, people ruin natural beauty by scattering junk and litter on the land and in the water. They operate machines and motor vehicles that fill the air with disturbing noise. Nearly everyone causes pollution in some way.
??? Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems facing mankind today. Badly polluted air can cause illness, and even death. Polluted water kills fish and other marine life. Pollution of soil reduces the amount of land available for growing food. Environmental pollution also brings ugliness to man's naturally beautiful world.
??? Water pollution reduces the amount of pure, fresh water that is available for such necessities as drinking and cleaning, and for such activities as swimming and fishing. The pollutants that affect water come mainly from industries, farm, and sewerage systems. Industries dump millions of tons of waste products into bodies of water each year. These wastes include chemicals, wastes from animal and plant matter, and hundreds of other substances. Wastes from farms include animal wastes, fertilizers, and pesticides. Most of these materials drain off farm fields and into nearby bodies of water. Sewerage systems carry wastes from homes, offices, and industries into water.
People, however, may differ in what they consider to be a pollutant, on the basis of their assessment of benefits and risks to their health and economic well-being. For example, visible and invisible chemicals spewed into the air or water from a plant nearby pose a danger to the people nearby and other animals and plants. However, if the installation of expensive pollution controls leads to the reduction of productivity, the unemployed might feel that the risks from polluted air and water are minor weighed against the benefits of profitable employment. The same level of pollution can also affect two people quite differently --- some forms of air pollution might be a slight annoyance to a health person but life threatening to someone with emphysema or another respiratory disorder.
环境污染是指人们用各种方式污染周围环境的一个术语。 人们通过气体和烟雾来污染空气，用化学物质以及其他物质污染水源，还用大量的化肥和杀虫剂破坏土壤。人们还通过其他的方式污染着他们的环境。 例如，总有人在地面上和水里扔垃圾，破坏自然美。 人们使用的一些及其和交通工具噪音很大。 可以说，几乎每个人都在某种程度上对周围环境造成了污染。
境污染是当今人们所面对的一个非常严重的问题。被严重污染的空气将引起各种疾病，甚至死亡。 被污染的水源会引起鱼类以及其他海洋生物的死亡，被污染的土壤会减少种植农作物的面积。同时。环境污染使得人们周围美丽的自然环境日益变得丑陋。
水污染使得我们用来饮用和清洗的纯净新鲜的水资源不断减少，用于游泳、垂钓的水源也在减少。水的污染源主要来自工业、农场以及排水系统。工业废物每年数以千万吨计地被倾倒水中，这些废物包括化学原料，来自动植物的废物，以及上百种其他的废物。农场废物包括动植物排泄，化肥和杀虫剂。其中大部分物体都从田地里排出流入附近的水中。排水系统将来自每家每户，办公室和工业中的废水排到水中。
基于环境污染对人类健康和生活所带来的利弊的不同估计，人们对同一污染源持有不同的看法。例如，有形和无形的化学原料从附近的工厂排放到空气或水中，这对于附近的人们和其他的生物构成危害。但是，如果该工厂装备昂贵的控制污染的设备，导致生产成本提高，因此而失业的工人也许会觉得废气废水所造成的危险与具有丰厚利润的工作相比真是微乎其微。同种程度的污染对不同的人影响也不同。比如说，一些空气污染对于一个健康的人来说只是小烦恼，而对患有肺气肿或呼吸道疾病的人来说却是生死攸关的。
Reading
经济发展还是环境保护——我们必须做出抉择吗?
电视节目主持人：詹姆斯·朗
发言： 林水清，环保人士
钱利伟，经济学家
詹姆斯·朗：各位观众早上好。我们今天辩论的话题是“要经济还是要环境——我们必须做出抉择吗?”和我在—起的嘉宾是来自环境保护协会的林水清先生和经济学家钱利伟先生。我们今天还是按照我们一贯的辩论程序进行。林水清先生将首先陈述，时间为三分钟。钱利伟先生接着陈述，时间也是三分钟。之后我们将展开集体讨论。如果大家有任何问题或评论，可以利用这个时间段来提问或者发表见解。
林水清：大家早上好。我今天跟大家谈谈世界上大片区域是怎样受工业污染而被破坏的。很多地方的环境受到破坏，大量的动植物都死亡了。这样的情形实在很糟糕。很多工厂都在排放大量的有毒化学物质。由工厂制造出来的废物进入大气中，导致我们生病。其他种类的废物则流入水域。现在的污染情形很严重，众多的河流都充满了化学物质，这些含有化学物质的河水继而流进海洋，杀死海洋生物。
此外，捕捞船正在将大量的海洋生物赶尽杀绝。这些捕捞船捕捞大量的鱼类，根本不让它们有产卵的时间。这种做法对存活下来供我们食用的鱼类的数量将产生持久的影响。
在我们毁坏环境的同时，我们仍在生育越来越多的人口，他们需要更多的土地来居住，需要更多的食物来食用! 目前的世界人口与1800年相比已经增长到那时的六倍多，这个数字已接近65亿!
我的建议是，我们应当尽量削减生产，减少制造和购买物品的数量。我们所制造的垃圾的数量正在变成一个大问题，我们需要更多地思考循环利用的问题。发展我们的环保回收工业、教育人们有关环保生活方式将是很有益的举措。与此同时，我们甚至或许能够借此创造出更多的就业机会、促进经济发展呢。
谢谢大家。
钱利伟：女士们、先生们，早上好。谢谢你，林先生。刚才的陈述很有趣。很显然，你对我们的环境现状很担忧。作为—名经济学家，我常常被人视为环保反对派。每当人们想起工厂，他们就会联想到滚滚烟尘，或者—根向河中倾泻化学废物的管道；他们就会联想到贪婪的商人躲避自己对环境的责任、—味追求金钱。人们常常认为经济发展对环境保护是不利的，但这个提法不一定正确。
在这里我想说的是，我一直和很多环保人士打交道，所以我知道，健康的环境和稳定的经济并存是可能的。现在有很多工厂和企业，它们控制自己污染物的排放量，很用心地投入资金，修复由自己引起的破坏。经营这些工厂的人很关注坏境。我们再也不应将公司和金钱视为敌人了!
林先生建议削减生产来保护环境，我不同意他的这个观点，因为那样人们会失去很多的工作机会。我认为，人比鱼类和树木更重要。
但有一点我非常赞同：循环利用或许是对两者都有利的关键。我们应当充分利用循环材料，从中生产出更多的东西，少一些使用直接取自自然环境中的原材料。我们需要的是更为有效的法律措施来保护环境，同时允许经济继续增长。这其中包括要加大监察力度，控制树木的砍伐量和渔船的数量。这些措施或许会让木材和海鲜价格上涨，然而，为某些东西付出高一些的代价并不总是意味着对经济不利。我征询过很多人的意见，发现他们当中很多人其实是愿意花费稍高—些的价钱来购买环保产品的。
最后，所有那些污染环境的工厂应该需要缴纳更高的税费。所以，如果你要破坏环境，你就得为此付出，我同意这个做法。
谢谢大家垂听。
詹姆斯·朗：下面我们就展开讨论……
Project
保护长江
作为世界第三大河，长江的环境问题之所以引起了国内外的关注，其原因是显而易见的。 工农业的飞速发展，加上人口的迅猛增长，不仅意味着对长江的取水量在增长，回放到长江的废弃物也在增加。据报道，仅在2000年就有234亿吨未经处理的人类生活污水和工业污水沉积到了长江。这对居住在长江两岸、饮用水需要依赖长江的所有城镇居民来说并不是好消息，对生活在长江中的鱼类及沿岸的各种野生动植物来说也不是好消息。河水污染的后果是饮用水的不安全，这给生活往长江附近的居民带来各种健康问题。污染对长江流域的生态也产生了有害的影响，大量的动植物因此遭到了灭顶之灾。
所幸的是，很多人已经意识到了保护长江的重要性，设立了诸多环境组织和项目以试图解决这个问题。绿色江河组织是一个非政府机构，它教育和晓谕人们保护这条大河的重要意义。该组织还密切关注长江，阻止对动物的滥捕滥杀——对动物的滥捕滥杀一度是—一个主要的问题，它已威胁到了野生动物的数量。
还有两个保护长江的政府特别项目正在实施之中。这两个项目侧重长江沿岸诸如水资源保护之类的问题。有关专家已对长江做出了评估，目前正在针对诸多的长江问题试图拿出可能的解决方案。其中的水上保护项目是1989年开始启动的，其结果是让农民退耕还林、退耕还牧。这个项目已经取得了成功，因为它有效地改善了长江周边的地方环境和土壤情况。
长江是众多鱼类和动物的家园，这其中就包括依赖长江生存的珍稀哺乳动物白鳍豚。第二个长江环保的政府项目就包括为世界上高度濒危的动物白鳍豚设立一个自然保护区。由于长江的环境问题和水污染，中国的白鳍豚数量已急剧下降。长江里生存的白鳍豚数量现在已不足100头。这个白鳍豚自然保护区设立在长江下游的镇江段；为了保护白鳍豚的安全，渔船禁止进入这片水域。
为了解决长江的各种问题，我们还有很长的路要走。但值得庆幸的是，人们终于意识到了保护好这条大河是他们的责任。正因为如此，长江的环境状况正在缓慢改善。我们相信，中国政府和人民保护这条他们所挚爱的河流的努力在将来是会得到后人肯定的。
●Grammar and usage
1.disappoint(P29)
disappoint ?Vt. to fail to satisfy someone or their hopes, desires, etc.; to cause someone to feel unhappy:使失望I'm sorry to disappoint you, but I'm afraid I can't come after all.We don't want to disappoint the fans.disappointed ??Adj. unhappy because someone or something was not as good as you hoped or expected, or because something did not happen:失望的We were deeply disappointed at/about the result.His parents were bitterly disappointed in/with him.
She was disappointed (that) they hadn't phoned.He was disappointed to find they'd already gone.If you're expecting Dad to let you borrow his car, you're going to be sorely disappointed.disappointedly ?Adv. 失望地disappointing ?? Adj. making you feel disappointed: 令人失望的What a disappointing result!The response to our advertisement has been somewhat disappointing.disappointingly ?Adv. 令人失望地
The team played very disappointingly.disappointment ?? N. 失望1） [U] the feeling of being disappointed:Book early to avoid disappointment.To her(great) disappointment (令她失望的是), he decided to leave.2 ）[C usually singular] something or someone that is not what you were hoping it would be:The party turned out to be a huge disappointment.I'm afraid I've been rather a disappointment to my parents.
One of the customs officers was watching the arrivals very closely.(P29)
closely Adv. in a close manner 接近地，紧密地，严密地，密切地listen closely=listen carefully
The two events are closely connected.
Cf. close: Adv. leaving little space between, in a close position 位置接近地，无空隙地
作副词时， close 常表示具体的距离的近。 closely常表示抽象意义。类似的还有：deeply, deep; highly, high; hard, hardly; wide, widely等。
After 20 years of marriage, they're still deeply in love.
The submarine sailed deep under the ice cap.
For our country to remain competitive, we need a highly-skilled, highly-educated workforce.
think/speak highly of sb to admire/say ;admiring things about someone:He's very highly thought of within the company.
close adj.
having direct family connections or shared beliefs, support and sympathy:关系接近的，亲密的There weren't many people at the funeral - just close family/relatives.Mira is one of my closest friends.Her relationship isn't good with her father, but she's very close to her mother.My brother and I have become much closer over the years.
not distant in position or time:时间空间等接近Don't get too close to that dog, Rosie.I hate people standing too close to me.As Christmas gets closer, the shops get more and more crowded.Emma looked close to tears (= almost going to cry).
3) having only a small difference:相似，势均力敌的The election results were so close they had to vote again.He came second in the race, but it was very close.V.
1) [I or T] to (cause something to) change from being open to not being open: 关闭Could you close the door/window please?Close your eyes - I've got a surprise for you.2）[I] When a shop, restaurant or public place closes, people cannot go into it: 打烊The banks had closed (to customers) so I couldn't get any money out.The museum closes at 5.30.We can't get a drink! It's after (pub) closing time.closed ? Adj.
1) not open:It might be less draughty if the door were closed.2) not open for business:All the shops were closed, so we couldn't buy any food.
相关高考试题：
（02北京）
It was raining heavily. Little Mary felt cold, so she stood ______ to her mother.
A. close B. closely C. closed D. closing
解析：选A. 此处指具体的距离近。
(07湖北）24.If the firms failed to make enough money, they would .
A.close down B.call off C.turn down D.set off
解析：选A.意思是关闭，倒闭。
3. After all, they are limited.(P31)
After all 1) in spite of what has been said, done or expected 毕竟，终究
The rain has stopped, so the game will go ahead after all.2）it should be remembered 应该记住，别忘了
I do like her - after all, she is my sister.
all常用短语及搭配：
at all (used to make negatives and questions stronger) in any way or of any type:根本，全然Is there any uncertainty at all about the way she died?Why bother getting up at all when you don't have a job to go to?
all in all considering all the different parts of the situation together:从各方面考虑All in all, I think you've done very well.
go all out to put all your energy or enthusiasm into what you are doing: 全力以赴The team went all out for a win.
in all with everything added together to make a total:总计The bill came to ￡25 in all.
by all means used to give permission: 当然可以，别客气"May I borrow this book?" "By all means."
above all: more than anything else 最重要的
A clock must above all correct.
all but: almost: 几乎The game was all but over by the time we arrived.
all the same ：despite what has just been said:仍然，还是It rained every day of our holiday - but we had a good time all the same
all of a sudden： INFORMAL very quickly:突然It seemed to happen all of a sudden - I felt dizzy and I just collapsed
all too ：used before an adjective to emphasize a negative meaning:The holidays flew by all too quickly.
4. As a result, you impressed the audience.(P31)
result ?N.
1) [C or S] something that happens or exists because of something else:The road has been widened, but the result is just more traffic.His broken leg is the direct result of his own carelessness.2) [C] the information you get from something such as a scientific experiment or medical test:3) [C] the mark you receive after you have taken an exam or test:I finished my exams yesterday, but I won't know/get the results until August.4 )[C] the answer to a calculation in mathematics:We used different methods of calculation, but we both got the same result.5) [C] the score or number of votes, showing the success or failure of the people involved, in a competitive activity such as a sports competition or an election:We were expecting to win, so a draw was a disappointing result for us.6) [C] UK INFORMAL a win in a sports competition:The team needs a result to go through to the semi-finals.7) [C usually plural] a good or pleasing effect:We've spent a lot of money on advertising and we're beginning to see the results.She's an excellent coach who knows how to get results.V. [I] to happen or exist because something else has happened:Teachers were not fully prepared for the major changes in the exam system, and chaos resulted.resulting ?? Adj. [before noun] (FORMAL resultant)caused by the event or situation which you have just mentioned:The tape was left near a magnetic source, and the resulting damage was considerable.
as a result of sth :because of something:He was late as a result of the triffic jam.
As a result: therefore
without result :in vain徒劳，毫无结果
He tried to recall her name without result.
result in sth: phrasal verb to cause a particular situation to happen:The fire resulted in damage to their property.His attempt resulted in failure.
result from sth: phrasal verb.If a situation or problem results from a particular event or activity, it is caused by it:His difficulty in walking results from a childhood illness.
The terrible accident resulted from his careless.
相关高考试题：
（2005 江西）
My friend Martin was very sick with a strange fever; __________, he could neither eat not sleep.
A. as a result B. after all C. any way D. otherwise
解析：选A. 马丁患了奇怪的病，因此不能吃不能睡。
Project---Writing a report
1. As the third longest river in the world, it is clear to see why the environmental problems of the Yangtze River have raised concern both nationally and internationally.(P38)作为世界第三大河， 长江的问题之所以引起了国内外的关注，其原因是显而易见的。
raise: V.
1) [T] to lift something to a higher position:举起Would all those in favour, please raise their hands?He raised the window and leaned out.Mary Quant was the first fashion designer to raise hemlines.
2）[T] to cause something to increase or become bigger, better, higher, etc:提高，抬高The government plan to raise taxes.I had to raise my voice (= speak more loudly) to make myself heard over the noise.
3）[T] to cause to exist: 引起，带来Her answers raised doubts/fears/suspicions in my mind.This discussion has raised many important issues/problems.The announcement raised a cheer/laugh.
4）[T] to take care of a person, or an animal or plant, until they are completely grown:饲养，抚养Her parents died when she was a baby and she was raised by her grandparents.
5） bring sth. up, put forward 提出
The book raises many important issues for our consideration.
Raise a question, please.
2. rely on (P38)
1) count or depend on sb./sth. 依赖
Nowadays we rely increasingly on computers for help/to help us.
I relied on you(r) coming early.
You can rely on it that it will rain this weekend.
2) have trust or confidence in s./sth 信任
You can rely on me to keep you secret.
3. The pollution of the river has resulted in unsafe drinking water which has led to health problems for people living near the river.(P38) 河水污染的后果是饮用水的不安全，这给在长江附近生活的居民带来各种健康问题。
lead to sth phrasal verb If an action or event leads to something, it causes that thing to happen or exist: 导致=result inReducing speed limits should lead to fewer deaths on the roads.
the opposite: lie in sth phrasal verb to exist or be found in something:存在，在于His skill lies in his ability to communicate quite complex ideas very simply.The play's interest lies in the questions it raises about sexuality.
4. Two special government projects are also under way to protect the river.(P38)还有两个保护长江的政府特别项目正在实施之中。
under way: having started and making progress:已经开始并进行着
The project is under way.
Economic recovery is already underway
way常用词组：
all the way :1） 一直，从头到尾 2） 老远 3） 完全，全部
all the way from …to…各种各样的
by the way :1）顺便一说 2）在途中
by way of: 1）经过，经由 2）为了
find one’s way 找到路， 设法到达
lose one’s way 迷路
fight/push/shoulder one’s way拼搏/挤着前进
gather way 加速
get/fall into the way of 养成做… 的习惯
get one’s way 随心所欲
give way (to) 1)屈服 2）被 …所取代
in any way 不管怎样，好歹
in a big/small way 大/小规模地
in a way 1）在某种程度上 2）有点，有几分
in no way 决不
in one’s (own) way 以自己的方式
in the (one’s) way 妨碍某人
in the way of 1)妨碍了 2） 就…来说
lead the way 领路，带路
make one’s way （辛苦地）前进
make way for 让路，让位
no way 没门
on one’s (the ) way 1）在途中 2）渐趋于
out of the way 1）不会妨碍之处 2）过时
the other way about/around/round 相反地，颠倒地
.You have to give way to traffic coming from the right.
Neither of them will give way, so they could be arguing for a very long time.Don't give way to your fears.
You've been there before - why don't you lead the way?
I think we've discussed everything we need to - by the way, what time is it?Oh, by the way, my name's Julie.
In some areas, modern intensive farming is giving way to the re-introduction of traditional methods.
I'll take my complaint all the way to the managing director if I have to.
I'm well on the way to completing the report.
"Go on, lend me your bike." "No way!"
It's a very beautiful village but it's a bit out of the way.
Finding a way through the legislation is impossible without expert advice.
5.The projects focus on problems along the Yangtze River such as water conservation.(P38) 这两个项目侧重长江沿岸诸如水资源保护之类的问题。
focus (sth) on/upon sb/sth phrasal verbto give a lot of attention to one particular person, subject or thing: 集中于，关注
Tonight's programme focuses on the way that homelessness affects the young.When the kitchen is finished I'm going to focus my attention on the garden and get that sorted out.
6. Less than 100 white-flag dolphins remains in the Yangtze River.(P38)长江里生活的白鳍豚的数量现在已经不足100头。
remain ?? V.
1) [I or L] SLIGHTLY FORMAL to stay in the same place or in the same condition:停留，保持The doctor ordered him to remain in bed for a few days. A great many things remain to be done (= have not yet been done).He remained silent.It remains a secret.The bank will remain open while renovations are carried out.2 ) [I] to continue to exist when other parts or other things no longer exist: 留下，存活After the flood, nothing remained of the village.Only a few hundred of these animals remain today.
相关高考试题：
1.（2004 春季上海）
The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain ____________ as the plane was making a landing.
A. seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating
解析：选C. 保持坐着的状态。
2. (NMET2002)
Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains __________ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
解析：选B. to be seen 作remain的表语，有待于观望，表被动。
7. effort(P38)
N. 1) [C or U] physical or mental activity needed to achieve something:努力If we could all make an effort to keep this office tidier it would help.You can't expect to have any friends if you don't make any effort with people.In their efforts to reduce crime the government expanded the police force.He's jogging round the park every morning in an effort to get fit for the football season.It takes a long time to prepare the dish but the results are so good that it's worth the effort.2 [C] the result of an attempt to produce something, especially when its quality is low or uncertain: 努力的结果，杰作Do you want to have a look at his exam paper? It's a fairly poor effort.
●Reading--- The economy or the environment—
must we choose?
1.If you have any questions or comments, you can use this time to voice them.(P22) 如果大家有任何问题或评论，可以利用这个时间段来提问或发表见解。
1）comment:
① noun [C or U]something that you say or write that expresses your opinion:评论，观点。I don't want any comments on/about my new haircut, thank you!He made negative comments to the press.I suppose his criticism was fair comment (= a reasonable opinion).She was asked about the pay increase but made no comment (= did not give an opinion).
② verb [I or T] to make a comment: 评论。My mum always comments on what I'm wearing.[+ that] He commented that the two essays were rather similar.2) voice:
V. [T] to say what you think about a particular subject, especially to express a doubt, complaint, etc. ,which you have about it:评论。I have on several occasions voiced my objections to the plan to management.
Allow children the space to voice their opinions, enven if they are different from your own.(05湖南)
N. [C]the sounds that are made when people speak or sing: 嗓音。She has a loud/quiet/soft voice.You could tell from her voice that she wasn't pleased.She lowered her voice to a whisper.You'll have to raise your voice (= speak louder) if you want to be heard at the meeting room. I've got a cold and I think I'm losing my voice (= becoming unable to speak).
All the students in the classroom read at the top of their voices.
[C often singular; U] (the right to) an expression of opinion: 观点，想法。Unfortunately a strike was the only way to make our voices heard.The committee represents the voice of the students.Developing countries are demanding a stronger voice (= right to express opinions) in the debate.
[S] an important quality or opinion which someone expresses, or the person who is able to express it: She just won't listen to the voice of reason.I wouldn't work for Peter if I were you - this is the voice of experience talking!
2. I am talking to you today about the way large areas of the world are damaged by industrial waste.(P22)我今天跟大家谈谈世界上大片区域是怎样受工业污染而被破坏的。
1) the way large areas of the world are damaged by industrial waste.在定语从句中如果先行词是the way表方式时，定语从句用that 或者in which 来引导，或者省略。
We often surprised at the way she manages to stay so calm.Judging from the way he was shouting, we thought he was badly hurt.
相关高考试题
(2004 湖北)
What surprised me was not what he said but _________ he said it.
A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
答案：A
2) waste: N. 1）[ C or U]something that cannot be used any more and is thrown away:垃圾，废物
Industrial waste must be prevent from polluting our rivers.
Where do you put your kitchen waste?
2) [S or U] an unnecessary or wrong use of money, substances, time, energy, abilities, etc:浪费That meeting achieved absolutely nothing - it was a complete waste of time.She's been unemployed for two years and it's such a waste of her talents.My mother couldn't bear waste - she always made us eat everything on our plates.
V. [T] to use too much of something or use something badly when there is a limited amount of it:浪费You waste a lot of water by having a bath instead of a shower.Come on, let's get started - we've wasted enough time already.Don't waste your money on me, love, keep it for yourself.
3.In addition, many sea creatures are being wiped out by fishing boats. （P22）此外，捕捞船正在将大量的海洋生物赶尽杀绝。
1）in addition: adv.=besides. It is used when you want to mention another person or thing after something else .Usually the phrase is followed by the preposition to.除此之外，而且
in addition to: prep =besides除此之外，而且
Do you play any other sports in addition to football and basketball?She won't mind your being late -in addition, it's hardly your fault.
In addition to his flat in London, he has a villa in Italy and a castle in Scotland.
2）wipe sth.out: to destroy something completely: 清除Whole villages were wiped out in the fighting.One bad harvest could wipe out all of a grower's profits for the previous two years.
wipe out :to lose control, especially in a vehicle, and have an accident: 失控（驾车）I was going too fast and I wiped out on the bend.
wipe相关短语：
wipe sth off sth to remove something from something:All their customer information was wiped off the computer by a virus.8 billion has been wiped off share prices worldwide
wipe sth up to remove a substance, usually liquid, with a cloth or something similar:I was just wiping up the soup that you spilt in the kitchen.Have you got something I could wipe up this mess with?
4. This will have a lasting effect upon the number of fish left for us to eat.(P22)这种做法对存活下来供我们食用的鱼类的数量将产生持久的影响。
1)effect:
It has also had harmful effect on the ecology of the area, killing many plants and animals.(P38)污染对长江流域的生态也产生了有害的影响，大量的动植物也因此遭到了灭顶之灾。
Last month, part of southeast Asia was struck by floods, from whose effects the people are still suffering.(05天津)
相关高考试题：
（2003 上海）
The conference has been held to discuss the effects of tourism ________ the wildlife in the area.
A. in B. on C. at D. with
解析：选B. effect on 为固定搭配,对… 的影响。
5.The worlds population has grown to more than six times what it was in 1800.(P22) 目前的世界人口与1800年相比已经增长到那时的六倍多。
Pay attention to the following patterns:
…times + as + adj./adv. + as +…
…times + the comparative degree of adj./adv. +than +…
…times + the +n.(width, size, length, breadth, level, value, velocity…)of+…
Eg.
1.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大。
⑴ The new building is four times as high as the old one.
⑵ The new building is four times higher than the old one.
⑶ The new building is four times the size (the height) of the old one.2. 亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。
⑴ Asia is four times as large as Europe.
⑵ Asia is four times larger than Europe.
⑶ Asia is four times the size of Europe.
相关高考试题：
1．（05上海）
At a rough estimate, Nigeria is _________Great Britain.
A. three times the size as B. the size three times of
C. three times as the size of D. three times the size of
答案:D
2．（05 湖北)
What a table! I’ve never seen such a thing before. It is ____it is long.
A. half not as wide as B. wide not as half as
C. not half as wide as D. as wide as not half
答案: C
3. （04广西）
It is re ported that the United States uses _____ energy as the whole of Europe.
A. as twice B. twice much
C. twice much as D. twice as much
答案：D
4.（03北京）
He did it ______ it took me.
A. one-third a time B. one-third time C. the one-third time D. one-third the time
答案：D
5. (03上海)
The house rent is expensive. I’ve got about half the space I had at home and I’m playing ________here.
A. as three times much B. as much three times
C. much as three times D. three times as much
答案：D
6.(07陕西)7.Though he started late. Mr. Guo played the piano as well as,if , (A)
A.not better than B.not better C.no better than D.better
7.07(湖南)There is an old proverb, “Love me, love my dog.” But there is _________ wisdom in this: “Love me, love my book.”
A. some B. much C. more D. most
8.(07江苏) With April 18’s railway speedup, highway and air transport will have to compete with ______ service for passengers.
A. good B. better C. best D. the best
9.（07四川）Of the two coats, I'd choose the ________ one to spare some money for a book.
A. cheapest B. cheaper C. more expensive D. most expensive
6-9ACBB
6. My suggestion is that we should try to cut back on production and reduce the amount of things we make and buy. （P22）我的建议是我们应当尽量消减生产，减少制造和购买物品的数量。
cut back/down on: vt.to do less of something or use something in smaller amounts:减少,缩减，削减The government has announced plans to cut back on defence spending by 10% next year.I'm trying to cut down on caffeine 。
cut 常用短语：
cut at Vt. 向…猛砍
cut away Vt. 切下,砍掉
cut down Vt. （1）砍倒,砍伐 （2）减少…的量,缩减…
cut in Vt. 插嘴,插入,插队
cut off Vt. （1）切断,砍掉 （2） 切断（电力,煤气,自来水等），停止…的供给 （3）使（人,城镇）孤立
cut out Vt. 切下…，剪下…
cut up Vt. 切碎
I was just talking to Jan, when Dave cut in (on us/our conversation).
If this bill is not paid within five days, your gas supply will be cut off.
She cut out his picture from the magazine.
Many villages have been cut off by the heavy snow.
相关高考试题：
1.（2004 春季北京）
He was in hospital for six months. He felt as if he was ______ from the outside world.
A. cut out B. cut off C. cut up D. cut through
解析：选B. 他感觉似乎与外界断绝了联系。
(2005 湖南)
I was just talking to Margaret when Jackson ____________.
A. cut in B. cut down C. cut out D. cut up
解析：选A. 此处是插嘴，打断的意思。
7.large amounts of poisonous chemicals (P22)
the amount of things we make and buy (P22)
the amount of rubbish (P22)
the amount of pollution (P23)
amount ?? N.[C] a collection or mass especially of something which cannot be counted: 总数，数量（常与不可数名词连用。
the amount of: the total sum of
a ...amount of: a …quantity of They didn't deliver the right amount of sand.Small amounts of land were used for keeping animals.He paid regular amounts of money to a charity.I didn't expect the bill to come to this amount (= of money).The new tax caused a huge amount of public anger.I had a certain amount of (= some) difficulty finding the house.You wouldn't believe the amount of trouble (= what a lot of trouble) I've had with this car.
For reference:
关于“许多”的用法见下表：
+Cn.
+Un.
+Cn./Un.
many, many a, a great/good many, a large/great number of/numbers of
much, a great deal of, a large amount of, large amounts of
plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a large quantity of, large quantities of, a mass of, masses of
相关高考试题：
1.（2003 上海）
The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took _____pictures of them.
A. many of B. masses of C. the number of D. a large amount of
解析： 选B. masses of “大量的”，既可接可数名词又可以接不可数名词。the number of 是…的数量。 A large amount of,接不可数名词。many of 接带有定冠词的可数名词，意思是“…中的许多。”
2. (2001 上海)
As a result of destroying the forests, a large ______ of desert _______ covered the land.
A. number; has B. quantity; has C. number; have D. quantity; have
解析： 选B. a large number of 接可数名词，desert是不可数名词。
8. It is obvious that you are very concerned about the present situation of our environment.(P23)
concern: V. 1) [T] to be important to someone or to involve someone directly:与…有关，对…有重要性Matters of pollution and the environment concern us all.What I have to say to Amy doesn't concern you.His resignation concerns them all.2) [T] FORMAL If a story, film or article concerns a particular subject, person, etc., it is about that person or subject: 涉及，关于The film concerns a woman who goes to China as a missionary.3）[T] to become involved with something, or worried about something: 使操心,使不安concern oneself about/for be concerned about/for
Don't concern yourself. She'll be home soon.
She concerns herself about her son’s future.= She is concerned about her son’s future.4) [T] to cause anxiety to someone:The state of my father's health concerns us greatly.
It concerns me that he hasn't been in contact.concern ?? N.1) [C or U] a feeling of worry or nervousness, or something that worries you:担心，挂念，关怀Concern for the safety of the two missing teenagers is growing.There's a lot of public concern about/over dangerous toxins recently found in food.
My concern is that you're not getting enough work done.2）[C or U] something that involves or affects you or is important to you:关心的事，重要事My greatest concern is the economy of China.What were the major concerns of the writers from this period?I don't want to hear about it - it's no concern of mine!
be of concern to be important:The results of the election are of concern to us all.3)[C] a company: 企业，公司，财团a family concernIt started slowly, but the company is now a going concern (= doing business)
concerned ?? Adj.
1) worried: 担忧的I'm a bit concerned about/for your health.Aren't you concerned (that) she might tell someone?He was concerned to hear that two of his trusted workers were leaving.Concerned parents have complained about the dangerous playground.2) [after verb] involved in something or affected by it: 有关的，涉及的（置于名词之后）I'd like to thank everyone concerned for making the occasion run so smoothly.It was quite a shock for all/everyone concerned.Her job is something concerned with computers.I'm not very good where money is concerned (= when dealing with money)concernedly ?? Adv."Are you sure you're all right?" she asked concernedly.concerning ??Prep. (SLIGHTLY FORMAL )about: 关于I've had a letter from the tax authorities concerning my tax payments.
Concerning his proposal, there were pros and cons.
9.They think of greedy businessmen hiding from their responsibilities to the environment and only thinking about money.(P23)
responsibilities: N.
[U] 责任Terrorists have claimed responsibility for (= stated that they caused) yesterday's bomb attack.The minister took/accepted full responsibility for (= admitted that he was to blame for) the disaster and resigned.
[C or U] something that it is your job or duty to deal with: 工作，义务。It's her responsibility to ensure the project finishes on time.She takes her responsibilities as a nurse very seriously.
[C or U] have responsibility to be in a position of authority over someone and to have a duty to make certain that particular things are done:负责Who has responsibility here?Jenny, you have responsibility for clearing up the room after the class.
responsible Adj.be responsible for sth/doing sth
1）to be the person who caused something to happen, especially something bad: Who is responsible for this terrible mess?Last month's bad weather was responsible for the crop failure.
2）to have control and authority over something or someone and the duty of taking care of it or them:Paul is directly responsible for the efficient running of the office.Her department is responsible for overseeing the councils.
be responsible to sb/sth to be controlled by someone or something:In Australia, the Prime Minister and the Cabinet of Ministers are responsible to the House of Representatives
responsibly ?? Adv.When he saw the crash, the young boy acted very responsibly and called the police.
accept/assume/shoulder/take on responsibility for 为…负责
escape/avoid responsibility 回避责任
throw responsibility on 把责任推给
have a responsibility to sb 对…负有责任
act/do sth on your own responsibility 对自己的行为负责
10. But I do agree that recycling may be the key to helping both sides.(23)但有一点我非常赞同：循环利用或许是对两者都有利的关键。
do auxiliary verb [+ infinitive without to] used to give extra force to the main verb
对动词进行强调，过去时为did，第三人称单数形式为does。
Do shut up, Georgia, and get on with your homework.Do write and let me know how you're getting on.
He does do morning exercises after he gets up every morning."Can I buy stamps here?" "Well, we do sell them, but we haven't got any at the moment."
Cars do cause us some health problems ---in fact far more serious ones than mobile phones do. (05 江西)
2）key N.the best or only way to achieve something: …的关键the key to sthHard work is the key to success.
Adj. very important and having a lot of influence on other people or things:关键的，重要的。 She was a key figure in the international art world.
相关高考试题：
（2002北京）
---How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
---the key _________ the problem is to meet the demand ________ by the customers.
A. to solving; making B. to solving; made
C. to solve; making D. to solve; made
答案：B.
11. What if we run out of space?(P25)
1）what if used to ask about something that could happen in the future, especially something bad: What if the train's late? What if you don't pass your exams?
2）rut out ●to finish, use or sell all of something, so that there is none left:用光run out of sth. I've run out of milk/money/ideas/patience."Have you got any milk?" "Sorry, I've run out." ●If a supply of something is used up, or it is completely finished:被用光 The milk has run out. My patience is beginning to run out. ●If a document or official agreement runs out, the period of time for which it lasts finishes:到期 My passport runs out next month - I must get it renewed
run常用搭配及短语：
run across vt.　1）偶遇 2）横跨
run after vt. 追赶;追求
run against vt 1）违反,与…竞选 2）偶遇,邂逅
run away vi. 逃跑
run away with vt. 和…一起逃跑，带着…逃跑
run into vt. 1）撞上 2）偶遇
run over vi. （容器，液体）溢出 vt.1）车辆碾过 2）复习，重新练习
run to vt. 1）（数量）达到 2）倾向于…
I ran across several old friends when I went back to my hometown
She ran after me to hand me some papers I'd dropped.
Luck is really running against you tonight!Public opinion is currently running against fox hunting.
Sometimes my imagination runs away with me and I convince myself that they are having an affair.
Graham ran into someone he used to know at school the other day.
The water/The bath is running over - quick, turn the taps off.
I'll just run over(go over) what's been said so far, for latecomers who missed the first speakers.
●Task—Designing a poster
1. pick out (P35)
…because I have to pick up the rubbish where I am going to sit.(P29)
pick sb/sth out
1) phrasal verb to choose and emphasize, make clearer or highlight someone or something: 显眼 The ship's name was picked out in bright gold letters along her stern.
2）to recognize, find or make a choice among different people or items in a group: 分辨,挑选Can you pick out the three deliberate mistakes in this paragraph?The critics picked him out as the outstanding male dancer of the decade.
It’s not easy to pick her out in the crowd.
pick sth out phrasal verb If you pick out a tune, you play it slowly or with difficulty, note by note:凭记忆奏乐I can pick out a simple tune on the piano, but that's about it.
pick up:
1) to lift someone or something using your hands:If she starts to cry, pick her up and give her a cuddle.
2) to collect, or to go and get, someone or something:When you're in town could you pick up the books I ordered?
3) to learn a new skill or language by practising it rather than being taught it:Don't bother with the computer manual - you'll pick it up as you go along.
4) to start again after an interruption; to return to something:The author picks the same theme up again on page ten.
5) to increase or improve:The truck picked up speed slowly.The wind always picks up in the evening.
相关高考试题：
（2005 湖北）
This picture was taken a long time ago. I wonder if you can __________my father.
A. find out B. pick out C. look out D. speak out
解析：选B. 本句意思是这张照片是很久前拍的，我不知道你能不能认出我的父亲。
find out意思是查明，弄清楚。look out意思是向外面看或小心。speak out意思是大声或大胆地说出来。
（2006 福建）
She ______Japanese when she was in Japan. Now, she can speak it freely.
A. picked out B. made out
C. made up D. picked up
解析：选D. pick up Japanese 偶然学会日语。
2. due to (P36) because of:A lot of her unhappiness is due to boredom.Due to wet leaves on the line, this train will arrive an hour late.
The great success of this programme has been largely due to the support given by the local businessmen. （2004广东）

●Section 3: Words and expressions
●Welcome to the unit
1. Look at the pictures above and discuss which problems are caused by nature and which ones are caused by man.(P21)
1) one: pron. Here “one” is used to refer to a particular thing or person within a group or range of things or people that are possible or available:I've got a few books on Chinese food.. You can borrow one if you like.Would you make a copy for everybody in the office and a few extra ones for the visitors."Which cake would you like?" "The one at the front."
If you go by train, you can have quite a comfortable journey, but make sure you get a fast one.(05全国I)
one表示承接前面已出现过的同类可数名词，承接同一个东西时用it. one只能代替单数可数名词，复数形式为ones，表泛指。That可代替单数可数名词和不可数名词，复数形式为those,表特指，通常有后置定语。
Eg. ---Do you have a camera? ---No, but my father has one. He bought it a week ago.
The air of a suburb is cleaner than that of a city.
相关高考试题
1.（2004全国I）
We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So peter made _______from some wood we had.
A. it B. one C. himself D. another
解析: 选B. one = a cupboard
2. (2004 全国II)
I like ______ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.
A. this B. that C. it D. one
解析: 选C. it作形式宾语，when引导的从句为真正的宾语。
3. (NMET 2002)
Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, ______I will always treasure.
A. that B. one C. it D. what
解析：选B. one指代a moment作同位语，解释是一个永远珍惜的时刻。
4. (NMET2000)
---Why don’t we take a little break?
---Didn’t we just have ______?
A. it B. that C. one D. this
解析：选C. one 表示泛指，指代a little break.
5. (NMET93)
I was disappointed with the film . I had expected ______ to be much better.
A.that　　 B.this　　　C.one　　 D.it　
解析：选D. it指代the film
6. (2005天津)
I prefer a flat in Inverness to ________in Perth, because I want to live near my Mon’s.
A. one B. that C. it D. this
解析：选A. one指代上文的flat,是泛指。
7.(2005浙江)
We’ve been looking at houses but haven’t found _________ we like yet.
A. one B. ones C. it D. them
解析： 选A. 指代上文同类当中的一个house.
8.(2005山东)
I knew ______ John Lennon, but not __________famous one.
A. /; a B. a; the C. /; the D. the; a
解析：选B. 在人名前一般不加冠词，加不定冠词表示“一个叫…的人”；第二空是特指，指有名的那个John Lennon。
9.(2005 江西)
Cars do cause us some health problems ---in fact far more serious ________than mobile phones do.
A. one B. ones C. it D. those
解析：选B. ones 指代前面的复数名词problems.
10．（07陕西）.- There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow
?
- No, I’d rather buy in the bookstore. (A)
A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;it
解析：选A.问句中it特指图书馆里的那一本，答句中one泛指书店里众多书中一本。
2) man: [U] the human race.人类。(without the article the or a)Man is still far more intelligent than the cleverest robot.Man is rapidly destroying the Earth.This is one of the most dangerous substances known to man。
相关高考试题
(2004 广东)
While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, Newton made ______ discovery which complete changed ______ man’s understanding of colour.
A. a;/ B. a; the C./; the D. the; a
解析：选A. discovery 是可数名词，单数前要加不定冠词。这里man 指“人类”，不加冠词。
●Word power
1. make space for (P27)
space N. [C or U] an empty area which is available to be used: 空间，空地Is there any space for my clothes in that cupboard?I've got to make (some) space for Mark's things.（make room for）When the roads are wet, you've got to leave plenty of space between you and the car in front.The blank space at the end of the form is for your name.We found a parking space close to the museum.
课件71张PPT。Welcome to our classWelcome to our classWelcome to our classGrammar and usageUnit 2Verb-ing form非谓语动词过去分词不定式-ing 形式动名词现在分词动名词（Gerund) 动名词可以起名词的作用，在句子中作主语，宾语，表语和定语。
1. Playing football is my favourite sport.主语
2. Our work is serving the people. 表语
3. I remember being taken to Wuhan when
I was a very small child. 宾语
4. We have a swimming poor in the back yard. 定语
Notes: 1. 时态和语态及动名词的复合结构
2. 动名词与不定式作主语，表语的区别。
3. 作宾语时，有些动词后只能用动名词，有些动词后只能用不定式，有的两者都能,有时含义相同，有时含义不同。
4. 作定语时，与现在分词的区别。 时态和语态 I remember being taken to Wuhan when I was a very small child.
（动名词的一般被动态）
She admitted having opened the box.
（动名词的完成被动态）
How about the two of us taking a walk down the garden? (MET93 17)
(动名词的复合结构) 动名词与不定式作主语，表语的区别
v-ing形式作主语时往往表示一般性的、习惯性的动作；而不定式作主语则表示在具体情况下特定的或一次性的动作。但有时可以通用。只能用动名词作宾语的动词 1. advise, allow, avoid, admit, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, mind, miss, permit, practise, risk, suggest, dislike, appreciate
2. feel like, give up, put off, keep on, look forward to, insist on, can’t help, get used to, devote …to
3. It’s useless/no use/no good… doing…在begin, start, continue, intend 等动词后跟v-ing形式和不定式作宾语，句子含义相同
在like, love, hate等动词后v-ing形式作宾语时往往表示一般性的、习惯性的动作；而不定式作宾语则表示在具体情况下特定的或一次性的动作。
下列动词后跟动名词或不定式意思完全不同。
1. remember, forget, regret
+ doing 记得/忘记/遗憾曾做过某事
+ to do记得/忘记/遗憾要做某事
2. want, need, require
+doing 需要被做
+to do 需要做3. stop, try, mean, go on
go on to do 接着又做另一件事/go on doing 继续做同一件事
stop to do 停下来去做某事/stop doing 停止做某事
try to do 努力做某事/try doing 试一试做某事
mean to do 打算／想做某事/mean doing 意味着／意思是做某事作定语时，与现在分词的区别
动名词作定语表名词的作用或功能，现在分词作定语表名词正在进行的动作。现在分词 (present participle)
现在分词的形式与动名词相同，但功能不同。可在句中充当定语，表语，状语和补语。1. 作定语
an interesting book
the man sitting by the window
boiling water
falling snow
the bridge being built
A. 与动名词作定语的区别
B. 与过去分词,不定式 作定语的区别
①过去分词做定语与其修饰词之间是动宾关系或过去分词表示的动作以完成。
②现在分词作定语表示动作正在发生，与修饰词是主谓关系。
③不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作。
the house being built/to be built/built正在被建/将要被建/建好了的房子 boiling water 正在沸腾的水
boiled water 开水
the changing world 变化中的世界
the changed world 变化了的世界
the developing countries 发展中国家
the developed countries 发达国家
falling leaves 正在落下的叶子
fallen leaves 落叶
rising sun 正在升起的太阳
risen sun 已经升起的太阳 2 作表语
与过去分词作表语的区别
凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，
凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。interesting 使人感兴趣的
interested 感兴趣的
exciting 令人激动的
excited 感到激动的
delighting 令人高兴的
delighted 感到高兴的
disappointing 令人失望的
disappointed 感到失望的
encouraging 令人鼓舞的
encouraged 感到鼓舞的
　　pleasing 令人愉快的pleased 感到愉快的
puzzling 令人费解的puzzled 感到费解的
satisfying 令人满意的satisfied 感到满意的
surprising 令人惊异的surprised 感到惊异的
worrying 令人担心的worried 感到担心的旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。Travelling is interesting but tiring.如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.　他的论点很令人信服。The argument is very convincing.3. 作状语
1. Seeing the teacher entering the room, the students stood up.
2. Being a student, he was interested in sports.
3. Having written the letter, John went to the post office.
现在分词作状语时，注意如下三点：
相当于相应的从句
分词的逻辑主语就是全句的主语
现在分词作状语时有不同的时态与语态4. 作补语
Can you get the machine going again?
The boys were seen walking on the grass.非谓语动词的否定式均为not+非谓语动词 一些独立结构：
1. Generally __________ ( speak ), we have learnt a lot in this school.
2. __________ (judge ) from his appearance, he is somebody.
3. __________ ( tell ) you the truth, your work is terrible.speakingJudgingTo tellConsolidationThe verb-ing forms in these sentences are all used as the attribute. Can you change the following attributive clauses into verb-ing form?
1) A taxi which is waiting is around the corner. Go and take it.
A waiting taxi is around the corner. Go and take it.
2) It is said that nothing that lives can be found on Mars.
It is said that no living things can be found on Mars.
3) The boy who was smiling ran to his mother.
The smiling boy ran to his mother.4) The woman who is coming to dinner this evening works in the bank.
The woman coming to dinner this evening works in the bank.
5) The young man who is looking at the map is lost.
The young man looking at the map is lost.
6) The man who is performing in the street can play five musical instruments.
The man performing in the street can play five musical instruments. Can you rewrite these sentences, using clauses introduced by when, after, because, as a result, and if etc.Knowing that there was a dog outside, the little boy didn’t open the door.
Because he knew that there was a dog outside, the little boy didn’t open the door. Having plenty of money, she was able to go anywhere on holidays.
Because she had plenty of money, she was able to go anywhere on holidays.
Lucy and Lily, looking so alike, are often mistaken for twins.
Lucy and Lily, because they look so alike, are often mistaken for twins.The couple went shopping, leaving their eldest daughter alone at home.
The couple went shopping. As a result, they left their eldest daughter alone at home.
Time permitting, I will meet you for lunch.
If time permits, I will meet you for lunch. Multiple choice 1. —Where is my passport? I remember ___ 　　　　　 it here.　—You shouldn’t have left it here. remember 　　 it with you all the time.　A. to put；to take　 B. putting；taking 　
C. putting；to take　 D. to put；taking
2. After finishing his homework he went on _　　　　　　　　a letter to his parents.A. write　B. writing C. wrote D. to write 3. Only 　　　　　 English doesn’t mean 　　　 the language.A. to learn；to learn
B. learning；learningC. learning about；learn 　
D. learning about；learning 4. Would you mind ________ quiet for a moment? I’m trying ___________a form.　A. keeping；filling out 　
B. to keep；to fill out　C. keeping；to fill out 　
D. to keep；filling out
_______ the news of his father’s death, he burst into tears.　A. After hearing 　
B. On hearing　C. While hearing　　
D. Having heard
6. Our father often told us in the past that _____is believing.
A. to see B. seeing
C. see D. to be seen7._____is a good of exercise for both the young and the old.
A. The walk B. Walking
C. To walk D. Walk
8.There was a terrible noise _______the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following
C. to be followed D. being followed
9. It was so cold that they kept the fire ________all night.
A. to burn B. burn
C. burning D. burned
10. _________ a reply, he decided to write a sixth letter.
Not receiving
B. Not to receive
C. Not having received
D. Having not received1. I smell something ________ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute? （2007全国Ⅰ）
A. burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. to be burnt高考链接2. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _______could be heard outside the classroom. （2007全国Ⅱ）
A. opened and closed
B. to be opened and closed
C. being opened and closed
D. to open and close 3. The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance, ____ in the natural light during the day. (2007天津)
to let B. letting C. let D. having let
4．Peter received a letter just now ________ his grandma would come to see him soon. （2007四川）
A. said B. says C. saying D. to say
5. _____ that she didn’t do a good job, I don’t think I am abler than her.（2007陕西）
A. To have said B. Having said
C. To say D. Saying
6. As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not _________, and asked myself what I was going to do. （2007湖南）
A. moved B. moving
C. to move D. being moved 7. _______ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. (2004北京)
A. To wait B. Have waited
C. Having waited D. To have waited
8. The flowers ______sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. (2004上海)
A. to smell B. smelling
C. smelt D. to be smelt
9. The old man, ______abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. (2004江苏)
A. to work B. working
C. to have worked D. having worked
10. He looked around and caught a man _______ his hand into the pocket into a passenger. (2004北京春)
A. put B. to be putting
C. to put D. putting
11. The storm left, ___________ a lot of damage to this area. (2005全国 I)
A. caused B. to have caused
C. to cause D. having caused
12. “You can’t catch me!” Janet shouted, __________away. (2005全国II)
run B. running C. to run D. ran13. It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. __________the answers ready will be of great help. (2005 北京)
A. To have had B. Having had
C. Have D. Having14. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise ____________. (2005 北京)
A. going on B. goes on
C. went on D. to go on
15. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ______ in the kitchen. (2003全国)
A. smoke B. smoking
C. to smoke D. smoked16. The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic games __________in Beijing in 2008. (2006 四川)
A. hold B. holding
C. held D. to be held
17. My cousin came to see me from the country, ___________ me a full basket of fresh fruits. (2006 广东)
A. bought B. bringing
C. to bring D. had brought18. Tom sounds very much _________ in the job, but I’m not sure whether he can manage it. (2006山东)
A. interested B. interesting
C. interestingly D. interestedly19. Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always ______ the same thing. (2006江苏)
A. saying B. said
C. to say D. having said 20. — There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man.
— My goodness! I can’t imagine _________ that old. (2006江苏)
A. to be B. to have been
C. being D. having beenLanguage points1. disappoint (P29)
disappoint ?vt. to fail to satisfy someone or their hopes, desires, etc.; to cause someone to feel unhappy: 使失望
1) I'm sorry to disappoint you, but I'm afraid I can't come after all.2) We don't want to disappoint the fans.disappointed ??adj. unhappy because someone or sth. was not as good as you hoped or expected, or because sth. did not happen: 失望的1) We were deeply disappointed at/about the result.2) His parents were bitterly disappointed in/with him.
3) She was disappointed (that) they hadn't phoned.4) He was disappointed to find they'd already gone.
disappointing ?? adj. making you feel disappointed: 令人失望的1) What a disappointing result!2) The response to our advertisement has been somewhat disappointing. disappointedly ?adv. 失望地 disappointingly ?adv. 令人失望地 disappointment ?? n. 失望1) [U] the feeling of being disappointed:
(1) Book early to avoid disappointment.(2) To my (great) disappointment (= sadness), he decided to leave..2) [C usually singular] sth. or someone that is not what you were hoping it would be:(1) The party turned out to be a huge disappointment.(2) I'm afraid I've been rather a disappointment to my parents.2. One of the customs officers was watching the arrivals very closely. (P29)
closely adv. in a close manner 接近地，紧密地，严密地，密切地listen closely=listen carefully
The two events are closely connected.(1) After 20 years of marriage, they're still deeply in love.
(2) The submarine sailed deep under the ice cap.
(3) For our country to remain competitive, we need a highly-skilled, highly-educated workforce.
Cf. close: adv. leaving little space between, in a close position 位置接近地，无空隙地
作副词时， close 常表示具体的距离的近。 closely常表示抽象意义。类似的还有：deeply, deep; highly, high等。
close adj.
1. having direct family connections or shared beliefs, support and sympathy:关系接近的，亲密的There weren't many people at the funeral—just close family/relatives.Mira is one of my closest friends.
2. not distant in position or time:时间空间等接近The election results were so close they had to vote again.He came second in the race, but it was very close. 3) having only a small difference: 相似，势均力敌的 (1) Don't get too close to that dog, Rosie.(2) I hate people standing too close to me.(3) As Christmas gets closer, the shops get more and more crowded.(4) Emma looked close to tears (= almost going to cry).
If the firms failed to make enough money, they would ____. （2007湖北）
A. close down
B. call off
C. turn down
D. set off高考链接
It was raining heavily. Little Mary felt cold, so she stood ______ to her mother. （2002北京）
A. close B. closely C. closed D. closing高考链接3. After all, they are limited. (P31)
after all
1) in spite of what has been said, done or expected 毕竟，终究
The rain has stopped, so the game will go ahead after all.2）it should be remembered 应该记住，别忘了
I do like her — after all, she is my sister.all常用短语及搭配：
at all 根本，全然Is there any uncertainty at all about the way she died?
all in all 从各方面考虑All in all, I think you've done very well.
go all out 全力以赴The team went all out for a win.
in all 总计The bill came to ￡25 in all.
by all means 当然可以，别客气"May I borrow this book?" "By all means."
above all: 最重要的
A clock must above all correct.
all but: 几乎The game was all but over by the time we arrived.all the same：仍然，还是It rained every day of our holiday — but we had a good time all the same.
all of a sudden：突然It seemed to happen all of a sudden — I felt dizzy and I just collapsed.
all too：太
The holidays flew by all too quickly. 4. As a result, you impressed the audience. (P31)as a result: thereforeas a result of sth. :because of sth.:He was late as a result of the traffic jam. without result: in vain 徒劳，毫无结果
He tried to recall her name without result.result in sth.: phrasal verb
to cause a particular situation to happen:(1) The fire resulted in damage to their property.(2) His attempt resulted in failure.result from sth.: phrasal verb　
If a situation or problem results from a particular event or activity, it is caused by it:(1) His difficulty in walking results from a childhood illness.
(2) The terrible accident resulted from his careless.高考链接My friend Martin was very sick with a strange fever; __________, he could neither eat not sleep. （2005 江西）
A. as a result B. after all
C. any way D. otherwiseHomework1. Review the use of “verb-ing form”
2. Preview the next part of this unit.Thank you!课件37张PPT。Writing a reportProjectHow much do you know about the Yangtze River ?It flows 6,300 kilometers from western China into the East China Sea.It runs across nine provinces.It is China’s most important freshwater river.It is the third longest river in the world.…What has happened to the Yangtze River?Protecting the Yangtze RiverReadingMain idea of each paragraph
Paragraph 1
The environmental problems of the Yangtze River have raised concern.
Paragraph 2
Many people have recognized the importance of protecting the Yangtze river and many environmental organizations and projects have been set up.
Paragraph 3
Two special government projects are under way to protect the river. One is the water and soil preservation project.
Paragraph 4
The second project is a nature reserve for white-flag dolphins.
Paragraph 5
The environmental situation of the Yangtze River is improving.
Structure of the article Paragraph
1
Paragraphs
2—4Paragraph 5The environmental problems of the Yangtze River have raised concern.
A lot of work has been done to protect the river.The environmental situation of he Yangtze River is improving.Questions1) Why have the environmental problems of the Yangtze River raised concern both nationally and internationally?Rapid agricultural and industrial development plus huge population growth has meant that not only is the amount of water taken from the river rising, but the waste being put back into the river has also been increasing. It also watches the river and stops the illegal hunting of animals.Questions2) What does the Green River organization do?
3) What problems do the two government projects focus on?
It educates and advises people on the importance of protecting the Yangtze River.


They had to replace crops on their farmland with trees or grassland.
4) What did farmers have to do under the water and soil preservation project?
5) What does the second project concern? They focus on problems along the Yangtze River such as water conservation and protecting white-flag dolphins.

The second project is a nature reserve for white-flag dolphins.
Discussion Do you think the environmental situation of the Yangtze River is getting better? Why?
What else can we do to protect the Yangtze River? Writing a report Writing a reportPlanning :_____
Preparing:_____
Producing:_____
Presenting:_____
Language points1. rely on (P38)
1) count or depend on sb./sth. 依赖
(1) Nowadays we rely increasingly on computers for help/to help us.
(2) I relied on you(r) coming early.
(3) You can rely on it that it will rain this weekend.
2) have trust or confidence in sb./sth. 信任
(1) You can rely on me to keep you secret.2. The pollution of the river has resulted in unsafe drinking water which has led to health problems for people living near the river. (P38)
lead to sth.:导致=result in
Reducing speed limits should lead to fewer deaths on the roads.the opposite:
lie in sth. 存在，在于
(1) His skill lies in his ability to communicate quite complex ideas very simply.(2) The play's interest lies in the questions it raises about sexuality.3. Two special government projects are also under way to protect the river. (P38)
under way: having started and making progress:已经开始并进行着
(1) The project is under way.
(2) Economic recovery is already underway.way常用词组：
all the way: 1） 一直，从头到尾
2）老远
3）完全，全部
by the way: 1）顺便一说 2）在途中
by way of: 1）经过，经由 2）为了
find one’s way 找到路， 设法到达gather way 加速
get/fall into the way of 养成做…… 的习惯
get one’s way 随心所欲
give way (to) 1)屈服 2）被 ……所取代
in any way 不管怎样，好歹
in a big/small way 大/小规模地way常用词组：
in a way 1) 在某种程度上 2) 有点，有几分
in no way 决不
in one’s (own) way 以自己的方式
in the (one’s) way 妨碍某人
in the way of 1) 妨碍了 2) 就……来说
lead the way 领路，带路
lose one’s way 迷路
make one’s way （辛苦地）前进
make way for 让路，让位
no way 没门
on one’s (the ) way 1）在途中 2）渐趋于
out of the way 1）不会妨碍之处 2）过时
the other way about/around/round 相反地，颠倒地You have to give way to traffic coming from the right.
Neither of them will give way, so they could be arguing for a very long time.
Don't give way to your fears.
You've been there before — why don't you lead the way?
I think we've discussed everything we need to — by the way, what time is it?
Oh, by the way, my name's Julie.
In some areas, modern intensive farming is giving way to the re-introduction of traditional methods.I'll take my complaint all the way to the managing director if I have to.
I'm well on the way to completing the report.
"Go on, lend me your bike." "No way!"
It's a very beautiful village but it's a bit out of the way.
Finding a way through the legislation is impossible without expert advice.高考链接
— I think he is taking an active part in social work.
— I agree with you _____. （2007陕西）
A. in a way B. on the way
C. by the way D. in the way4. The projects focus on problems along the Yangtze River such as water conservation. (P38)
focus (sth.) on/upon sb./sth. phrasal verbto give a lot of attention to one particular person, subject or thing: 集中于，关注
Tonight's programme focuses on the way that homelessness affects the young.
When the kitchen is finished I'm going to focus my attention on the garden and get that sorted out.5. Less than 100 white-flag dolphins remains in the Yangtze River. (P38)
remain ?? v.
1) to stay in the same place or in the same condition:停留，保持(1) The doctor ordered him to remain in bed for a few days.
(2) A great many things remain to be done (= have not yet been done).
(3) He remained silent.
(4) It remains a secret.remain ?? v.
2) [I] to continue to exist when other parts or other things no longer exist: 留下，存活(1) Only a few hundred of these animals remain today.
(2) After the flood, nothing remained of the village.
Please remain ____ until the plane has come to a complete stop. （2007山东）
A. to seat B. to be seated
C. seating D. seated 高考链接1. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain ____________ as the plane was making a landing. （2004 上海春）
A. seat B. seating
C. seated D. to be seating 高考链接2. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains __________ whether they will enjoy it. (2002全国)
to see B. to be seen
C. seeing D. seen6. effort (P38)
n. 1) [C or U] physical or mental activity needed to achieve sth.:努力
(1) You can't expect to have any friends if you don't make any effort with people.
(2) If we could all make an effort to keep this office tidier it would help.Do you want to have a look at his exam paper? It's a fairly poor effort.
2 [C] the result of an attempt to produce sth., especially when its quality is low or uncertain: 努力的结果，杰作Good-byeThank youThat's all课件96张PPT。 The economy Unit 2 Reading or the environment —— must we choose? Have you ever seen a debate or even taken part in a debate?
Do you know something about debates?
Some people say that money can solve all problems, but some say knowledge. Which one do you prefer? Money or knowledge? debateWhich one will you choose?Fast readingGo through the passage as quickly as possible and try to find answers to the three questions in part A on Page 22. Mr. Lin Shuiqing represents the environment and Mr Qian Liwei represents the economy.
2. Six times.
3. They should have to pay higher taxes. Detailed readingRead the speech a second time and complete Parts C1 and C2 on page 24. 1) Lin Shuiqing belongs to the Society for environmental preservation.
2) He starts his speech by talking about the way large areas of the world are damaged by industrial waste.
3) They are being caught by fishing boats before they can lay eggs.
4) He thinks we should teach people about environmentally friendly ways of living.
5) Because jobs will be lost. People are more important than fish and trees.
6) We should produce more things from recycled products.
7) We need more effective laws to preserve the environment, which still allow the economy to grow.
8) Many people are willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.
Li Shuiqing 6 1 5 3 2 4
Qian Liwei 5 3 1 2 4ListeningListen to the tape and choose the best answers to the following questions.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in Lin Shuiqing’s speech?
A. Industrial waste destroyed many places and killed many places and animals.
B. Factories producing poisonous chemicals should close down.
C. Fishes died because of more than one reasons.
D. Polluted atmosphere can make human beings sick.
What can be inferred from the speech?
A. Though we caught large numbers of fish, they develop so quickly that we’ll still have enough to eat.
B. It’s likely that we’ll not have enough to eat if we keep producing people rapidly.
C. Lin Shuiqing is for the idea of recycling, while Qian Liwei is against it.
D. An economist is often seen as being against the environment.
What does the sentence “People often think that economic development is bad for the environment, but this does not have to be right.” mean?
A. Economic development is good for the environment.
B. Economic development is bad for the environment.
C. Economic development is not always bad for the environment.
D. People are wrong to think economic development is bad for the environment.Fill in the table industrial waste
Many places … Many plants and animals … Factories …
water pollution
Rivers are full of chemicals which flow into the sea and kill sea creatures.
Lin Shuiqing
(an environmentalist)populationThe world’s population has grown to more than six times what it was in 1800…
fishingFishing boats catch large numbers of fish without giving then time to lay eggs.
production
People should try to cut back on production and reduce the amount of things they make and buy.
recycling
It would be beneficial to expand our recycling industry, and teach people about environmentally friendly ways of living. We may even create more jobs and help the economy at the same time.Fill in the table factories
There are many factories and industries …. The people running these factories ….
production
If we cut back on …, then jobs will be lost. People are more important then fish and trees.
recyclingWe should produce more things from recycled materials, and less from materials taken directly from the environment.
laws
We need more effective laws to preserve the environment, …. This includes more inspections to control how many trees are cut down and how many fish boats can catch.
taxesFactories … should have to pay higher taxes.
Do you think it is possible to achieve a balance between the economy and the environment?
How can this be achieved? Discussion1. We could educate people to respect and protect the environment.
2. We could urge factories that produce large amounts of waste to build a system to purify the waste and minimize the damage to the environment.3. We could urge the government to pass stricter laws to protect the environment.
4. We could produce strict laws to preserve the environment.
5. We could create a system to deal with the waste and rubbish scientifically.
Consolidation Fill in the blanks with proper words according to the reading material.TV Presenter: Mr. Lin, as an environmentalist, what, do you think, is the main reason for the earth’s being damaged?
Mr. Lin: You see, we are living in a world, w______ many places and living things have been destroyed and have died. The waste from factories goes into the a____________, making people sick and f ______ into rivers, k ______ many sea creatures. That’s the main reason, I think.here tmosphere lows illing TV Presenter: Is there any other way that sea creatures are badly affected by?
Mr Lin: In a _______, Fishing boats catch a lot of fish every day and many of the sea creatures are being w______ out.ddition iped TV Presenter: As we can see, the world’s population is a____________ 6.5 billion, more than six times what it used to be in 1800. Without doubt, clothing, food, shelter and transportation are becoming very important to people. So, what’s your advice on whether to choose the e_______ or the environment? pproaching conomy Mr. Lin: It is suggested that we cut down on production and reduce the amount of commercial goods. Besides, we have to take r_______ rubbish into consideration, which helps to expand our recycling industry, teach people about e_____________ friendly ways of living, even create more jobs and help the economy at the same time. ecycling nvironmentally Language pointscomment
n. [C or U] sth. that you say or write that expresses your opinion: 评论，观点。我不希望听到关于我新剪的发型的任何评论,谢谢！I don't want any comments on/about my new haircut, thank you!She was asked about the pay increase but made no comment (= did not give an opinion).
她被问及工资上涨的问题,但未发表任何观点。 V. [I or T] to make a comment: 评论。 comment妈妈总是对我的穿着品头论足。My mum always comments on what I'm wearing.他评价说那两篇文章非常相似。He commented that the two essays were rather similar.voice
v. [T] to say what you think about a particular subject, especially to express a doubt, complaint, etc. that you have about it:评论。我已在多种场合表示了对这个经营计划的反对。I have on several occasions voiced my objections to the plan to management.
Allow children the space to voice their opinions, even if they are different from your own. (2005湖南)
voice:
n. [C] the sounds that are made when people speak or sing: 嗓音。She has a loud/quiet/soft voice.She lowered her voice to a whisper.You'll have to raise your voice (= speak louder) if you want to be heard at the meeting.I've got a cold and I think I'm losing my voice (= becoming unable to speak).
voice:
[C often singular; U] (the right to) an expression of opinion: 观点，想法。Unfortunately a strike was the only way to make our voices heard.The committee represents the voice of the students.Developing countries are demanding a stronger voice (= right to express opinions) in the debate.voice:
[S] an important quality or opinion which someone expresses, or the person who is able to express it: 发言能力，发言人She just won‘t listen to the voice of reason.I wouldn’t work for Peter if I were you — this is the voice of experience talking!
the way large areas of the world are damaged by industrial waste.
在定语从句中如果先行词是the way表方式在定语从句中做状语时，定语从句that 或者in which 来引导，或者省略。
We often surprised at the way she manages to stay so calm.Judging from the way he was shouting, we thought he was badly hurt.高考链接
What surprised me was not what he said but _________ he said it. (2004 湖北)
A. the way B. in the way that
C. in the way D. the way which
wasten. sth. that cannot be used any more and is thrown away:
垃圾，废物1) Industrial waste must be prevent from polluting our rivers.
2) Where do you put your kitchen waste?[S or U] an unnecessary or wrong use of money, substances, time,
energy, abilities, etc: 浪费1) That meeting achieved absolutely nothing — it was a complete waste of time.2) She's been unemployed for two years and it's such a waste of her talents.3) My mother couldn't bear waste — she always made us eat everything on our plates.wasteV. [T] to use too much of sth. or use sth. badly when there is a limited amount of it: 浪费1) You waste a lot of water by having a bath instead of a shower.2) Come on, let's get started — we've wasted enough time already.3) Don't waste your money on me, love, keep it for yourself.in addition: adv. = besides
It is used when you want to mention another person or thing after sth. else.
Usually the phrase is followed by the preposition to. 除此之外，而且
in addition to: prep =besides 除此之外，而且1) Do you play any other sports in addition to football and basketball?2) She won't mind your being late — in addition, it's hardly your fault.
3) In addition to his flat in London, he has a villa in Italy and a castle in Scotland. wipe sth. out: to destroy sth. completely: 清除
wipe out :to lose control, especially in a vehicle, and have an accident: 失控（驾车）1) Whole villages were wiped out in the fighting.2) One bad harvest could wipe out all of a grower's profits for the previous two years.
I was going too fast and I wiped out on the bend.
wipe相关短语：
wipe sth. off sth. to remove sth. from sth.:
wipe sth. up to remove a substance, usually liquid, with a cloth or sth. similar:1) All their customer information was wiped off the computer by a virus.2) 8 billion has been wiped off share prices worldwide.
1) I was just wiping up the soup that you spilt in the kitchen.2) Have you got something I could wipe up this mess with?
effect
It has also had harmful effect on the ecology of the area, killing many plants and animals. (P38)
污染对长江流域的生态也产生了有害的影响，大量的动植物也因此遭到了灭顶之灾。
Last month, part of southeast Asia was struck by floods, from whose effects the people are still suffering. (2005天津)高考链接
The conference has been held to discuss the effects of tourism ________ the wildlife in the area. （2003 上海）
A. in B. on
C. at D. with
The worlds population has grown to more than six times what it was in 1800. (P22)
目前的世界人口与1800年相比已经增长到那时的六倍多。Pay attention to the following patterns:
…times + as + adj./adv. + as +…
…times + the comparative degree of adj./adv. +than +…
…times + the +n. (width, size, length, breadth, level, value, velocity…) of+… 亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。
⑴ Asia is four times as large as Europe.
⑵ Asia is four times larger than Europe.
⑶ Asia is four times the size of Europe.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大。⑴ The new building is four times as high as the old one.
⑵ The new building is four times higher than the old one.
⑶ The new building is four times the size (the height) of the old one.Note:
倍数的基本表达都是以倍数打头，但要注意不同倍数的不同表达方法：
两倍要用twice或double，不用two times. 三倍常用three times,也可用thrice。
?除整数倍以外，还有分数倍，百分数倍，几倍多或不到几倍等。如：六倍多（more than/over six times）, 一半（half）,三分之一 (one third),百分之六十（60%）等。4. 在the +n.+of结构中 ：
要注意选择恰当的名词，常用的名词有size/height/length/weight等。
the +n.+of 可转换成one’s +n.或名词性从句。如：the height of Mary=Mary’s height.高考链接1. At a rough estimate, Nigeria is _________Great Britain. （2005上海）
A. three times the size as
B. the size three times of
C. three times as the size of
D. three times the size of 2. What a table! I’ve never seen such a thing before. It is ____it is long. （2005 湖北)
A. half not as wide as
B. wide not as half as
C. not half as wide as
D. as wide as not half 3. It is reported that the United States uses _____ energy as the whole of Europe. （2004广西）
A. as twice B. twice much
C. twice much as D. twice as much
4. He did it ______ it took me. （2003北京）
A. one-third a time B. one-third time
C. the one-third time
D. one-third the time5. The house rent is expensive. I’ve got about half the space I had at home and I’m playing ________ here. (2003上海)
A. as three times much
B. as much three times
C. much as three times
D. three times as much
cut back/down on: vt. to do less of sth. or use sth. in smaller amounts: 减少,缩减，削减1) The government has announced plans to cut back on defence spending by 10% next year.2) I'm trying to cut down on caffeine.1) I was just talking to Jan, when Dave cut in (on us/our conversation).
2) If this bill is not paid within five days, your gas supply will be cut off.
3) She cut out his picture from the magazine.
4) Many villages have been cut off by the heavy snow.
1. He was in hospital for six months. He felt as if he was ______ from the outside world. （2004北京春）
A. cut out B. cut off
C. cut up D. cut through
2. I was just talking to Margaret when Jackson ____________. (2005 湖南)
A. cut in B. cut down
C. cut out D. cut up
高考链接large amounts of poisonous chemicals (P22)
the amount of thins we make and buy (P22)
the amount of rubbish (P22)
the amount of pollution (P23)
amount ?? n. [C] a collection or mass especially of sth. which cannot be counted: 总数，数量 (常与不可数名词连用。)
the amount of: the total sum of
a ... amount of: a …quantity of 1) They didn't deliver the right amount of sand.2) Small amounts of land were used for keeping animals.3) He paid regular amounts of money to a charity.4) I didn't expect the bill to come to this amount (= of money).5) The new tax caused a huge amount of public anger.6) I had a certain amount of (= some) difficulty finding the house.7) You wouldn't believe the amount of trouble (= what a lot of trouble) I've had with this car.关于“许多”的用法见下表：高考链接
1. He has made a lot of films, but ____ good ones. （2007北京）
A. any B. some
C. few D. many
2. The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took
_____pictures of them. （2003 上海）
A. many of
B. masses of
C. the number of
D. a large amount of高考链接3. As a result of destroying the forests, a large ______ of desert _______ covered the land. (2001 上海)
A. number; has B. quantity; has
C. number; have D. quantity; have高考链接concern: v. 1) [T] to be important to someone or to involve someone directly:与……有关，对……有重要性
1) Matters of pollution and the environment concern us all.2) What I have to say to Amy doesn't concern you.3) His resignation concerns them all.
2 )[T] FORMAL If a story, film or article concerns a particular subject, person, etc., it is about that person or subject: 涉及，关于
The film concerns a woman who goes to China as a missionary.3）[T] to become involved with sth., or worried about sth.: 使操心，使不安
concern oneself about/for
be concerned about/for
1) Don't concern yourself. She'll be home soon.
2) She concerns herself about her son’s future.= She is concerned about her son’s future. concern: v.
4) [T] to cause anxiety to someone:
The state of my father's health concerns us greatly.
It concerns me that he hasn't been in contact. [C or U] a feeling of worry or nervousness, or sth. that worries you:担心，挂念，关怀Concern for the safety of the two missing teenagers is growing.There's a lot of public concern about/over dangerous toxins recently found in food.
concern: n.2）[C or U] sth. that involves or affects you or is important to you: 关心的事，重要事
My greatest concern is the economy of China.What were the major concerns of the writers from this period?I don't want to hear about it — it's no concern of mine!
be of concern: to be important:The results of the election are of concern to us all.3) [C] a company: 企业，公司，财团a family concernIt started slowly, but the company is now a going concern (= doing business)
concern: n.concerned ?? adj.
worried: 担忧的
I'm a bit concerned about/for your health.Aren't you concerned (that) she might tell someone?He was concerned to hear that two of his trusted workers were leaving.Concerned parents have complained about the dangerous playground.2) [after verb] involved in sth. or affected by it: 有关的，涉及的（置于名词之后）
I'd like to thank everyone concerned for making the occasion run so smoothly.It was quite a shock for all/everyone concerned.Her job is something concerned with computers.I'm not very good where money is concerned (= when dealing with money) responsible adj.be responsible for sth./doing sth.
1）to be the person who caused sth. to happen, especially sth. bad:
Who is responsible for this terrible mess? Last month's bad weather was
responsible for the crop failure.2）to have control and authority over sth. or someone and the duty of taking care of it or them:Paul is directly responsible for the efficient running of the office.Her department is responsible for overseeing the councils.be responsible to sb./sth. to be controlled by someone or sth.:
In Australia, the Prime Minister and the Cabinet of Ministers are responsible to the House of Representatives
responsibly ?? adv.
When he saw the crash, the young boy acted very responsibly and called the police.responsibilities: n.
[U] 责任
Terrorists have claimed responsibility for (= stated that they caused) yesterday's bomb attack.The minister took/accepted full responsibility for (= admitted that he was to blame for) the disaster and resigned.[C or U] sth. that it is your job or duty to deal with: 工作，义务。
It's her responsibility to ensure the project finishes on time.She takes her responsibilities as a nurse very seriously.[C or U] have responsibility to be in a position of authority over someone and to have a duty to make certain that particular things are done: 负责
Who has responsibility here?Jenny, you have responsibility for clearing up the room after the class.accept/assume/shoulder/take on responsibility for 为……负责
escape/avoid responsibility 回避责任
throw responsibility on 把责任推给
have a responsibility to sb 对……负有责任
act/do sth on your own responsibility 对自己的行为负责 But I do agree that recycling may be the key to helping both sides. (P23) 但有一点我非常赞同：循环利用或许是对两者都有利的关键。
1) do auxiliary verb [+ infinitive without to] used to give extra force to the main verb:对动词进行强调，过去时为did.
(1) Do shut up, Georgia, and get on with your homework.(2) Do write and let me know how you're getting on.(3) "Can I buy stamps here?" "Well, we do sell them, but we haven't got any at the moment."
(4) Cars do cause us some health problems —in fact far more serious ones than mobile phones do. (2005 江西)2）key
n. the best or only way to achieve sth.: ……的关键
the key to sth.
Hard work is the key to success.
adj. very important and having a lot of influence on other people or things: 关键的，重要的。
She was a key figure in the international art world.
---How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
---The key _________ the problem is to meet the demand ________ by the customers. （2002北京）
A. to solving; making B. to solving; made
C. to solve; making D. to solve; made
高考链接What if we run out of space? (P25)
what if used to ask about sth. that could happen in the future, especially sth. bad:
What if the train's late? What if you don't pass your exams?2）rut out to finish, use or sell all of sth., so that there is none left: 用光 run out of sth.
I've run out of milk / money / ideas / patience.If a supply of sth. runs out, all of it has been used or it is completely finished:被用光
The milk has run out.
If a document or official agreement runs out, the period of time for which it lasts finishes:到期
My passport runs out next month —　I must get it renewed.I ran across several old friends when I went back to my hometown.
She ran after me to hand me some papers I'd dropped.
Luck is really running against you tonight!
Public opinion is currently running against fox hunting.
Sometimes my imagination runs away with me and I convince myself that they are having an affair.Graham ran into someone he used to know at school the other day.
The water/The bath is running over — quick, turn the taps off.
I'll just run over what's been said so far, for latecomers who missed the first speakers.Assignment 1. Read the text.
2. Finish Parts A1 and A2 on page 98 in Workbook.Thank you!课件36张PPT。Unit2The environmentTask Designing a posterSkills building 1: listening and drawing conclusionsDraw conclusions from what is said
in the dialogues 1. I’ve just been to the hospital, and the doctor asked me to take some medicine.
The speaker is ill.
2. W: When will the film start? M: In two minutes. Ticket, please.
The woman is going to see a film.
3.W: The light will be shut off at ten to eleven. M: So we’ve got only a quarter of an hour left. It’s 10:35 now. listen to some short descriptions from news reports and draw a conclusion about what kind of natural disaster occurred in each situation.Answers
flood 2. fire 3. earthquake
4. typhoon 5. droughtlisten to a news report. Decide which of the conclusions below are logical according to what you will hear.Answers
1 2 4 Step 1: listening to a lecturedesertificationDiscussionWhat causes desertification? people plant too much on the land without giving it a rest too many animals depend on the same land to eat people cut down trees for fuel and to make space for more farms …1. What is desertification?
It is when useable land becomes dry and turns into a desert.
2.Where does it happen?
It happens in Africa, the USA, South America and China.
3.How are people affected by it?
People lose their homes and farms; many families starve and others move to the cities to find work.Listen to the lecture, and answer the following questions:
4. Why does it happen?
People plant too much on the land without giving it a rest; too many animals all depend on the same land to eat; and people cut down trees for fuel and to make space for more farms.
5. Who should be concerned?
Everyone should be concerned. Listen to the lecture, and answer the following questions: Listen again and match the following statements with the conclusions .1 Your teacher wants you to help educate people about desertification.
2 A desert is an area of dry land. Desertification is what we call it when land turns into desert.
3. People plant things without giving the land a chance to rest.
4 the wind carries sand from the deserts to the cities, causing air pollution. a the ending –ification means a process.
b one way to stop desertification is to allow the land a chance to rest between plantings.
c some people become ill after breathing this air.
d Many people around the world do not know about desertification.Skills building 2: reading for informationDiscussionWhy we want to read
the following?a news paper/a website/a plane ticket/a bus timetable/a magazine/an advertisementa news paperto find out about the day’s news
to find out about the weathera websiteto research information
to find out the day’s newsto find out departure/arrival times
to find out where the bus stops
a bus timetablea plane ticketto find out departure/arrival times
to find out your seat numberan advertisementa magazineto find out about the latest fashions
to find out more about a particular topic, such as gardening to find out where you can buy the product
to find out more about the productScan for specific information from the newspaper article and answer the four questions.1. At what time can you see The Matrix: Revolution?
At 14:30 and 18:00.
2. What is the weather like in Beijing?
Cloudy.
3. What has just opened?
The city’s new Modern Art Museum.
4. How many people went to the opening?
Over 10,000 people. Step 2: reading a scientific articleRead the article about desertification. Work in pairs and list three things we can do to help stop desertification.…to build fences (which stop wind from blowing the dirt away)…
…to plant more trees and bushes.
…better management of areas that are likely to turn to desert and training people in responsible water usage.
…sharing information and solutions between countries and using satellites to pick out likely areas for desertification.Have a discussion with your partner to think of things we can do to help stop desertification, which can be included in our posters later.pair workCollect some money to help the poor
farms.
Save as much water as possible in our
daily life.
Ask scientists to find more plants that are
suitable for growing in deserts.Skills building 3: presenting your point of viewI think/believe that…
From my point of view it seems that…it seems to me that…
Personally I agree/disagree because…
because …
as a result of …
due to …
on account of …useful wordsStep 3: designing a posterA posterHeading___________________________________________________________________________
Content_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Pictures/layout_______________________________________________________Language points1. pick out (P35)
…because I have to pick up the rubbish where I am going to sit. (P29)
pick sb./sth. out
1) to choose and emphasize, make clearer or highlight someone or sth.: 显眼 The ship's name was picked out in bright gold letters along her stern.
2）to recognize, find or make a choice among different people or items in a group: 分辨Can you pick out the three deliberate mistakes in this paragraph?pick sth. out: If you pick out a tune, you play it slowly or with difficulty, note by note: 凭记忆奏乐 I can pick out a simple tune on the piano, but that's about it. pick up
1) to lift someone or sth. using your hands:If she starts to cry, pick her up and give her a cuddle.
2) to collect, or to go and get, someone or sth.:When you're in town could you pick up the books I ordered? 3) to learn a new skill or language by practising it rather than being taught it:Don't bother with the computer manual — you'll pick it up as you go along.
4) to start again after an interruption; to return to sth.:The author picks the same theme up again on page ten.
5) to increase or improve:The truck picked up speed slowly.
It was so dark in the cinema that I could hardly ______ my friend. （2007四川）
A. turn out B. bring out
C. call out D. pick out高考链接
This picture was taken a long time ago. I wonder if you can __________my father. （2005 湖北）
A. find out B. pick out
C. look out D. speak out高考链接
She ______Japanese when she was in Japan. Now, she can speak it freely. （2006 福建）
A. picked out B. made out
C. made up D. picked up高考链接2. due to (P36) because of: (1) A lot of her unhappiness is due to boredom. (2) Due to wet leaves on the line, this train will arrive an hour late.
(3) The great success of this programme has been largely due to the support given by the local businessmen.（2004广东） Thank you!课件38张PPT。Welcome to our classUnit 2The environmentWelcome to the unitThe beautiful earth is our home. Do you love to live here?How many kinds of natural disasters do you know?natural disastersfire volcano earthquake drought typhoonflood hurricane tsunami How do they damage the environment? The ashes of the volcano eruption will engulf the region around.
Vegetations in its path will be totally wiped out.
The tsunami that ravaged South-east Asian countries in December 2004 proved just how destructive nature can be.
Thousands of people died while thousands more were left homeless.
… Compared with the last few years, the environment is getting worse.Click the letters and describe what you see ACBDEFDiscussion Are there any other ways in which people damage the environment?Discussion???Did you do anything bad for the
environment in your daily life?What should we do to protect the environment in our daily life?1. Using the handkerchief instead of the paper napkin. 2. Using paper bag instead of plastic bag.3. Don’t using one-off chopsticks.4. Go to work on foot or by bike not by car.5. Throw cans, bottles, paper and plastic into the dustbin.
…Language points1. one: pron.
我有几本中国食谱,如果你想看的话可以借一本给你。 I've got a few books on Chinese food. You can borrow one if you like.a book如果你坐火车,你会有一次舒服的旅行,不过一定要坐快车。If you go by train, you can have quite a comfortable journey, but make sure you get a fast one. (05全国I)
train 请给办公室每人准备一本,再给来访者额外准备一些。Would you make a copy for everybody in the office and a few extra ones for the visitors.copies---你想要哪块蛋糕? ---前面的那块."Which cake would you like?" "The one at the front."
cakeNoteone表示承接前面已出现过的同类可数名词，承接同一个东西时用it. one只能代替单数可数名词，复数形式为ones，表泛指。That可代替单数可数名词和不可数名词，复数形式为those,表特指，通常有后置定语。
Eg. 1.---Do you have a camera? ---No, but my father has one. He bought it a week ago.
2.The air of a suburb is cleaner than that of a city.高考链接1. — There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ______?
— No, I’d rather buy ______ in the bookstore. （2007陕西）
A. it; one B. one; one
C. one; it D. it; it高考链接2. _______ felt funny watching myself on TV. （2007全国Ⅱ）
A. One B. This
C. It D. That高考链接5. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, ______I will always treasure. (2002全国)
A. that B. one C. it D. what
6. ---Why don’t we take a little break?
---Didn’t we just have ______? (2000全国)
A. it B. that C. one D. this
高考链接 8. I prefer a flat in Inverness to _______ in Perth, because I want to live near my Mon’s. (2005天津)
A. one B. that C. it D. this高考链接9. We’ve been looking at houses but haven’t found _________ we like yet. (2005浙江)
A. one B. ones C. it D. them
10. I knew ______ John Lennon, but not __________famous one. (2005山东)
A. /; a B. a; the C. /; the D. the; a
2. man: [U] the human race.人类。(without the article the or a)这是人类所知道的最危险的物质之一。This is one of the most dangerous substances known to man.
Man is still far more intelligent than the cleverest robot.
Man is rapidly destroying the Earth.人类比最聪明的机器人还要智慧得多。
人类正在迅速地毁灭自然。高考链接While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, Newton made ______ discovery which complete changed ______ man’s understanding of colour. (2004 广东)
A. a; / B. a; the
C./; the D. the; a A nation destroying its environmentdestroys itself.------ F.D.RooseveltHomework Collect more information about natural disasters or human conducts that cause damage to our environment.
Prepare the Reading.Thank you for your attention!There is smoke coming out of the chimney. Suppose this factory is in your neighbourhood, how do you think the smoke will affect you? Compared to the economic benefits a factory can bring to a neighbourhood, how important is
environmental protection?
Why? Why do people chop down so many trees every year? What will happen if we continue chopping down so many trees? What can we do to prevent this from happening? It is reported that every year the losses caused by forest fires amount to millions of dollars. In your opinion, what might be the reasons for the terrible forest fire in the picture? Who should take the responsibility of taking good care of the forest? Do you think the forest plays
an important part in balancing nature? Have you ever experienced any sandstorms
or have you ever seen some on TV? Whenever we talk about sandstorms, what kinds of images will occur in your mind?
What measures has our government taken to better our environment? Sometimes we can read such kind of report. All the fish in a fish pond are killed by the poisonous waste and polluted water poured from the factory nearby.
Do your prefer to live with a factory nearby? Why not? If you were in charge of the factory, how would you deal with it and how would you compensate for the damage? How do you feel when you see piles of rubbish like this?
In your daily life, how do people deal with everyday rubbish?
Do you think rubbish is a big problem for the environment?课件21张PPT。Unit 2Word powerDesigningCan you design a hotel
that is environmentally friendly? Discussion 1) What type of energy does an environmentally friendly hotel use?
Natural, safe energy from the sun, solar energy, instead of digging up Earth to find fossil fuels.Discussion2) How does an environmentally friendly hotel wash the sheets?
Eco-friendly washing power.
Discussion3) What other features does an environmentally friendly hotel have? Do you think this looks like an
environmentally friendly hotel?
Does it look like the picture you had in your head of an environmentally friendly hotel?
Which parts do not look like the picture you had in your head? words related to the environmentWord powerclear-cut logging acid rain slash and burn farming global warming ozone layer opencast miningDo you know the following compound nouns?
酸雾
生活污水
破坏生态罪
濒于灭绝的物种
气候灾害 acid fog /acid mist
domestic sewage
ecological crimes
endangered species
climatic scourge
The prefix “eco-” comes from
Greek and means “earth”.Can you list some words that include the prefix “eco”?eco- eco-activity ecosystem ecospecies ecosphere ecocide ecodevelopment Language pointsmake space for (P27)
space n. [C or U] an empty area which is available to be used: 空间，空地1) Is there any space for my clothes in that cupboard?2) I've got to make (some) space for Mark's things.（make room for）3) When the roads are wet, you've got to leave plenty of space between you and the car in front.4) The blank space at the end of the form is for your name.5) We found a parking space close to the museum.space [U] (the empty area outside the Earth's atmosphere, where the planets and the stars are:) ?外部空间,太空? space exploration/travel a space rocket Who was the first human being in
space/the first to go into space?PracticeHelp the management of Ecoville write
an advertisement. (P27)Answers
(1) environmental (2) ozone layer
(3) ecosystem (4) energy
(5) fossil fuels (6) eco-friendly
(7) harm (8) ecotourists HomeworkCollect as many words that describe the environment as you can. Thank you!