语法专题复习教案一:名词
★重点、难点、考点分析★
1. 不可数名词的数。如:a surprise, a success, a failure, three coffees等。
2. 双重所有格。如a book of mine, a friend of my mother’s
3. 名词作主语时的主谓一致。rest, class, family, crew, audience, government, police, cattle, people
4. 时间名词作定语。如:a three days’ meeting/a three-day meeting, a five minutes’ walk/a five-minute walk
5. stomachs, Germans
★知识概要★
表示人、事物、地点、或抽象概念的名称的词,叫做名词。
英语的名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词是指个人、团体、地方、机构或事物等所专有的名称,它的第一个字母必须大写。如:Einstein, Beijing, Asia等。普通名词是指一类人、一类事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称,可分为:个体名词(可数,如:worker, father, book, tree, school等);集体名词(可数,如:people, family, class, team等);物质名词(不可数,如:iron, paper, snow, water, chalk, gold等);抽象名词(不可数,如:life, thought, idea, strength等)。
名词按数量概念划分,又可分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类。可数名词有单、复数之分;不可数名词则没有复数。
★知识归纳★
一、名词的数
1.可数名词单、复数变化形式
(1)规则变化。
①一般情况下名词词尾直接加“-s”。如:boy — boys, pen — pens, student — students。
②以s、x 、ch 、sh、z结尾的单词一般加“-es”。如:glass — glasses, box— boxes, watch — watches, brush — brushes, quiz — quizes。
特例:stomach — stomaches。
③以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。如:
baby — babies, lady — ladies, fly — flies。
④以“o”结尾的多数加-es。如:tomato — tomatoes, potato — potatoes, hero — heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。 如:radio — radios, zoo — zoos, photo — photos, piano — pianos, kilo — kilos, tobacco — tobaccos。
巧记:有生命物体加-es;无生命物体加s。
⑤以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”,之后再加-es。如:wife — wives, life — lives, knife — knives, wolf— wolves, self — selves, leaf — leaves等。
特例:handkerchief— handkerchiefs, roof — roofs, chief — chiefs, gulf — gulfs, belief — beliefs, cliff — cliffs。
⑥改变元音字母的。如:man — men, mouse — mice, foot — feet, woman — women, tooth — teeth, goose — geese, ox — oxen, policeman — policemen。
特例:child — children, ox — oxen。
⑦复合名词的复数形式。
(A)一般情况下在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。如:armchair — armchairs, bookcase — bookcases, bookstore — book-stores。
(B)man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时,前后两个名词都要变成复数。如:man doctor — men doctors, woman driver — women drivers。
(C)与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。如:brother-in-law — brothers-in-law, passer-by — passers-by;没有主体名词的合成词,在最后一个词后加-es。如:grown-up --- grown-ups, go-between --- go-betweens, hold-up --- hold-ups。
⑧有的名词有两种复数形式。如:zero — zeros 、zeroes, deer —deers 、deer。penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同:pence(便士的钱数),pennies(便士的枚数)。
(2)不规则变化。
①单、复数同形。如:means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, sheep, works(工厂),cattle。
②有些名词通常只用作复数。如:glasses眼镜,clothes衣服,goods货物,trousers裤子,belongings所有物,wages工资,riches财富, surroundings环境,ashes灰尘, campasses圆规,cattle家畜,congratulations祝贺,have words with sb. 同某人吵架,in high spirits以很高热情地,give one’s regards to sb.向某人问侯,in rags衣衫破烂,It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。
③集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数,如:people, cattle, police; 有些名词只用作单数,如:machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数,单数看做整体,复数看做集体的各个成员。如:class, family, couple, audience, government, public ,crew. Eg: The crew is large.船员人数很多(指整体);The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了(个体)。
2、不可数名词的数
(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词,但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时,可用作可数名词且词义发生变化,主要类型如下:
①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如:
抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(个体名词,可数名词)
in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事
win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)
win honor赢得荣誉 an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)
Failure(失败)is the mother of success a failure失败者
by experience靠经验 an experience一次经历
youth青春 a youth一个青年人
have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情
with pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事
②抽象名词与a(an)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如:
A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.
Would you like to have a walk(swim, bath, talk)with me
It is a waste of time reading such a novel.
She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.
(2)物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类之多时,可以用作可数名词。如:some coffee一些咖啡,a coffee一杯咖啡,three coffees三杯咖啡,some drink一些饮料, a drink一杯饮料,three drinks三杯饮料,his hair他的头发,a few grey hairs几根白发,glass玻璃,a glass一只玻璃杯; fishes各种鱼,fruits各种水果,steels各种钢材。
(3)有复数形式的不可数名词
①有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现,起到一种丰富语言感彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如:
Use your brains, please.
They have smoothed away the difficulties.
Have you made preparations for tomorrow’s meeting
Many thanks for your kindness.
No pains, no gains.
After many failures, they finally succeeded.
②有些物质名词以复数形式出现,表示数量之多,范围之广。如:
The boy burst into tears at the bad news.
The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.
The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.
3、注意以下几个名词单复数问题
①物质名词表示数量时,一般用表示数量的短语来表示。如:a cup of tea, three bags of apples, four pieces of bread。
② 有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义。如:work(工作)→ works(著作),arm(手臂)→ arms(军火),glass(玻璃)→ glasses(眼镜),cloth(布)→ clothes(衣服)。
③ 定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式,表示全家人或夫妇二人;姓氏的复数形式前不加冠词,则表示若干个姓…的人。如:the Wangs王家,three Wangs三个姓王的。
④ 只用作单数的复数形式的名词。如:physics, mathematics, news, the United States
⑤ 有些名词形似单数,但实为复数。如:police, people, cattle
二、名词的所有格
名词的所有格在句中表示所有关系,作定语用。
1、有生命名词的所有格一般在词尾加上“’”或“’s”。如:Tom’s bike, Engles’s (Engles’) works, a works’ school, Women’s Day, the editor-in-chief’s office
2、如果一个事物为两个人所有,只在后一个名词的词尾加“’s”,如果不是共有,就要在两个名词的词尾都加上“’s”。如:Tom and Mike’s room.(共有),Tom’s and Mike’s books.(不共有)。
3、表示时间、距离、国家、城市的无生命名词,可以在词尾加“’s”或“’”表示所有格,如:today’s papers, ten minutes’ walk
4、表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格之后省去shop, house, home。如:the tailor’s
5、无生命名词的所在格通常用of短语来表示。如:the window of the room
6、表示有生命的名词有时也可用of短语来表示所有关系,而且当该名词带有较长的定语时。如:the teachers of the No. 1 Middle School.
7、双重所有格结构前的被修饰名词通常指整体中的部分或一个,双重所有格只能用于有生命的名词,这个名词是确定的。被修饰名词前有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时,一般只能用双重所有格。如:an old friend of my uncle’s, a daughter of Mrs Green’s, the house of one of my friends’
三、名词的普通格作定语
表材料、地点、用途、性质、泛指时间、整体等普通名词可以作定语,一般用单数形式。
e.g. stone figures(石像);paper money(纸币);country music(乡村音乐);table cloth(桌布);river bank(河岸);school gate(校门口);book stores(书店);traffic lights(交通灯);summer holidays(暑假);evening dress(晚礼服)。
但在个别情况下,也有需用复数的。
e.g. sports meet(运动会);the United States government(美国政府);students reading-room(学生阅览室);goods train(货车);two men doctors(两个男医生)。
★课后反馈★语法专题复习教案二:冠词
★重点、难点、考点分析★
1.定冠词the+adj./done/doing表集合意义。
2.姓氏的前面加定冠词表示一家人或夫妻俩。
3.有普通名词构成的专有名词前通常加定冠词。
4.抽象化的具体名词前使用零冠词。例如:go to school, go to bed
5.零冠词的用法。
6.不定冠词在一些形容词、副词前后的位置关系。如:so/as/too/how + adj. + a/an + n., what/such/many + a/an + adj. + n.
★知识概要★
冠词是一种虚词,放在名词前面,帮助说明名词的含义。冠词与名词的关系密不可分,就好像“鱼儿离不开水”一样。冠词也可以说是名词的一种标志,他不能离开名词而单独存在。当代语法把冠词分为不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词(即不用冠词)三种。冠词是一种虚词,起限定作用,是最主要最典型的限定词,放在名词(或名词化的形容词分词)前面,说明其所指的人或物。
冠词的使用频率很高,用法也很复杂。除了要掌握一些基本原则外,还要注意其习惯用法和例外情况。
★知识归纳★
一、定冠词的基本用法:
① 表示上文提到过的人或事物。如:I have bought a book. The book is very useful.
② 用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如:Close the window, please.
③ 用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如:the sun, the moon, the earth, the world等。
④ 用于表示方位的名词之前。如:the east, the right.
⑤ 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如:the first, the tallest.
⑥ 用于形容词之前,使其名词化。如:the sick, the wounded.
⑦ 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如:the United States, the United Nation.
⑧ 用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前。如:the Changjiang River, the East Lake.
⑨ 用于复数姓氏之前,表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如:The Smiths
⑩ 用于乐器的名词前。如:play the piano; play the violin.
⑾ 发明物。如:The compass was invented in China.
⑿ 年代名词前。如:He lived in the countryside in the 1970s.
⒀ 表示计量单位的名词前面用the。如:Pencils are sold by the dozen. You can hire the car by the hour. He is paid by the day.
⒁ 含有festival的节日前面一般用定冠词。以day组成的节日前面一般不加冠词。
⒂ 在句型“动词+人+介词+the+人体部位”中,要用the(而不用物主代词),如:take sb. by the arm, pat sb. on the shoulder, strike sb. in the face, hit sb. on the head, pull sb. by the hand, seize sb. by the arm
⒃ 固定词组中。如:in the morning(afternoon, evening), on the other hand , at the same time, on the whole, go to the cinema, go to the doctor, in the distance, out of the question(不可能)
二、不定冠词的基本用法:
① 泛指一个。如:There is a book on the table.
② 指人或事物的某一种类。如:His father is a driver. Longjing is a wonderful tea.
③ 指某一个人或事物,但不具体说明。如:My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire.
④ 用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前,表示“每一”。如:We have meals three times a day.(我们一天吃三餐。)
⑤ 表示同样的。如:They are of an age.(他们是同岁。)
⑥ 表数量,相当于one,但语意较弱。如:There is a pen and two books on the desk.
⑦ 序数词前面加不定冠词a/an表示“另一个”或“又一个”的含义。如:Would you like a second cup of tea
⑧不定冠词在一些形容词、副词前后的位置关系。如:so/as/too/how + adj. + a/an + n., what/such/many + a/an + adj. + n.如:He is so good a boy that all of us like him. He is such a good boy that ……. What a clever girl she is!
⑨固定搭配。如:as a matter of fact , in a hurry, in a word , have a good time, all of a sudden, once in a while, for a while
3、不用冠词的情况:
① 表示总称的复数名词之前。如:Children love cartoons.(儿童喜欢卡通影片。)
② 不含普通名词的专有名词前。如:We are studying English.
③ 名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。如:I like this picture; I do not have any money; As time went on, Einstein’s theory proved to be correct.
④ 季节、月份、星期等名词前,一般不用冠词。如:She likes spring most.
⑤ 称呼语及表示头衔职务的名词作宾补和同位语是不用冠词。如:What shall I do next, Mother Lincoln was made President of the United States again.
⑥ 三餐饭前不用冠词。如:What did you have for lunch
⑦ 节假日前不用冠词。如:People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.
⑧ 球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。如:She is fond of playing basketball.
⑨ 在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。如:arm in arm(手挽手); hand in hand(手牵手); side by side(肩对肩); day and day(日日夜夜); young and old(老老少少); from door to door(挨门挨户); from beginning to end(从头到尾); from morning till night(从早到晚)等。
⑩ 在as引导的让步状语从句中,名词或形容词最高级前不用冠词。如:Shortest as he is, he runs fastest in our class. Boy as he is, he knows a lot.
⑾ 在一些独立主格结构中。如:He entered the room, book in hand.
★经典试题★
1. -Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith
-Sorry, wrong number. There isn’t __________Mr. Smith here.
A. / B. a C. the D. one
2. I can’t remember when exactly the Robinsons left ______ the city. I only remember it was _______ Monday.
A. the; the B. a; the C. a; a D. the; a
3. It is often said that _______ teachers have ________ very easy life.
A. /; / B. /; a C. the; / D. the; a
4. Mrs. Taylor has ________ 8-year-old daughter who has ________ gift for painting —— she has won two national prizes.
A. a; a B. an; the C. an; a D. the; a
5. For him ________ stage is just _________ means of making a living.
A. a; a B. the; a C. the; the D. a; the
★课后反馈★