定语从句专题讲解
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定语从句专题讲解
1,that,which,who,whom,whose,where,when,why分别的使用场合
各种关系代词的使用方法
a) 关系代词who的用法
i. who 的前行词必须是人，在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾
语的whom,但是它前边不能有介词，如果带了介词就必须用宾格的whom:
（介词+whom）
This is the teacher who teaches us mathematics.
She is the girl who (whom) I met at the party. （可以替代）
She is the girl whom (who) I went there with. （可以替代）
She is the girl with whom I went there. （不可替代）
ii. who，that在很多情况下可以通用，但是有些情况只能用who:
1. 先行词是one, ones, anyone的时候宜用who.
One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
The ones who flatter me don’t please me.
Don’t tell anyone about the news who oughtn’t to know it.
Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.
2. 先行词为those的时候，宜用who为关系代词
Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes
made of the magic cloth.
Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.
3. 当先行词有比较长的后置定语的时候
I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could asked me questions in
Chinese.
4. 一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词为that,另一个则用
who.
The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.
5. 在there be 开头的句子中
There is an old man who wants to see you.
There are many young men who are against him.
b) 关系代词whose的用法
whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。当代物的时候，它相当于of which.
I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.
I’ll call a person whose father knows you.
Which is the car whose owner you know (Which is the car the owner of which
you know)
Please show me the book whose cover is red. (Please show me the book the
cover of which is red)
c) 关系代词that的用法
首先特别注意，that只能用在限定性定语从句中，在非限定性定语从句中永远不能选用
that, 另外介词后边也不可用that, 而是跟which.
在限定性定语从句中，which和that在代替物的时候，一般可以通用。
The money that (which) is in the wallet is mine.
有些情况下，只宜用that,而不宜用which
i. 先行词是最高级形容词或者它前面有最高级形容词的时候
This is the best that has been used against pollution.
English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these
years.
ii. 先行词是序数词，或者它前面有一个序数词的时候
He is the last person (that) I want to see.
It is the first American movie of this kind that I’ve ever seen.
iii. 主句已有疑问词who或者which的时候
Which is the bike that you lost
Who is the woman that was praixed at the meeting
iv. 先行词既有人又有物，宜用that
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about
The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police
station.
v. 先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing,
none, the one等不定代词时
You should hand in all that you have.
We haven’t got much that we can offer you.
I mean the one that you talked about just now.
vi. 先行词前面Only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, the same, the very 等
词修饰的时候
The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.
Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.
Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teachers in our class.
vii. 有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which, 另外一个宜用that.
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen
before.
d) 关系代词which的用法
在非限定性定语从句中，只宜用which, 不宜用that.
Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a very beautiful city.
在限定性定语从句中which和that在指代物的时候常常可以通用，但是有时只宜用which
而不用that
i. 关系代词前面有介词的时候
This is the hotel in which you will stay.
ii. 如果有两个定语从句，其中的一句的关系词是that, 另一句宜用which.
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly
open to us.
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。例如：
There are occasions when （on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：
His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which） he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
2,定语从句的注意点,怎么就能提高正确率
关系代词与介词，关系代词的省略
a) 关系代词和介词
介词放在关系代词的前面时，介词短语只能用which代物，和用whom代人
This is the hero of whom we are proud.
I want to find the very pen with which I wrote that letter.
当介词放在句子的末尾时，可用that/which代物，that/whom/who来作为介词的宾语，
且这个做介词宾语的关系代词往往忽略
This is the hero that (who/whom/忽略) we are proud of.
b) 关系代词的省略
首先注意只有限定性定语从句才能省略，非限定性定语从句绝对不能省略。
在下列情况下，可以省略关系代词。
i. 当关系代词在从句中担任动词宾语的时候
The people (who) we met at the party were very friendly to us.
ii. 关系代词在从句中作介词，而介词在句尾时
Here is the man (that) you have been looking for.
iii. 关系代词在从句中作表语时
Shang Hai is no longer the city (that) it used to be.
iv. 在there be句型中，和先行词为way时，关系代词总是省略
There is an old man (who ) wants to see you.
I don’t like the way (that) you talk to somebody else.
注意，有些动词+介词所组成的短语动词，关系非常紧密，介词不能前置
定语从句注意事项
a) one of + 复数名词 +关系代词+复数型动词
the (only) one of + 复数名词+关系代词+单数型动词
The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of
visitors.
Titanic is the (only) one of the most wonderful movies that has been
produced in Hollywood.
b) What不能用于定语从句中。
as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。
先行词和关系词二合一
1） Whoever spits in public will be punished here. （Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替）
2） The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.（what 可以用all that代替）
what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever
1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything。例如：
What you want has been sent here. 你要的动词都送来了。
Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。
2） who= the person that whoever= anyone who。例如：
（错）Who breaks the law will be punished.
（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法，与庶民同罪。
（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear. 谁抢了银行还不清楚。
3） that 和 what
当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。例如：
I think（that）you will like the stamps. 我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。
What we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的实践
定语从句的用法
CONTENTS
I. 限制性定语从句的特殊用法
II. 非限制性定语从句
III. 同位语从句
IV. 同位语从句和定语从句的区别
I. 限制性定语从句的特殊用法
1. way + 定语从句
way 后面跟定语从句有三种形式。
(1) way + in which + 定语从句
例如：
》She was pleased with the way in which he had accepted her criticism.
(2) way + that +定语从句
例如：
》They didn’t do it in the way that we do now.
(3) way + 定语从句
例如：
》He didn’t speak the way I do.
2. as 引导的定语从句
(1) 在由 as 引导的定语从句中所修饰的词（先行词）前面常有 such 或 the same。
例如：
》Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.
》I have the same trouble as you (have).
(2) As 在定语从句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。
例如：
》Let’s discuss only such questions as concern everyone of us.（作主语）
》I never heard such stories as he tells.（作宾语）
》I’ve never seen such a clever man as he is.（作表语）
(3) As 有时引导非限制性定语从句，可在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语，修饰主句，常解释为正如、如同。
例如：
》As is known to all, the earth moves round the sun.（作主语）
》As was expected, he performed the task with success.（作主语）
》As he predicted, the wind changed.（作宾语）
》The meeting is very important, as indeed it is.（作表语）
II. 非限制性定语从句
1.非限制性定语从句由 who, whom, which 引导（不可用 that），还可以由 whose, when, where 等词引导。
非限制性定语从句要用逗号隔开，非限制性定语从句可以删去，整个句子的意思还是完整的，而限制性定语从句如果被删去，句子的意思不完整。
例如：
》Mr Brown, who is our English teacher, lives near our school.
》Yesterday I met my son’s school master, whom you saw at my home last year.
》He has finished the difficult exercise, which is easy for you.
》The factory is headed by a 35-year-old man, whose wife is from America.
》They will fly to Qingdao, where they plan to stay for two weeks.
》In these days, when I was a child, the city had no industry to speak of.
注意：非限制性定语从句中的关系词是不可省略的。
2.非限制性定语从句有时并非修饰名词或代词，它可以修饰整个句子。
例如：
》They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them.
3.in front of, at the back of, in the middle of 等短语在定语从句中的用法。
如果关系代词是作这类介词短语的宾语时，介词短语必须提前。
例如：
》Yesterday afternoon we arrived at his log cabin, in front of which stood a tall tree.
4.注意此类句子表达方式。
There are forty students in their class, thirty of whom are League members.
也可以改成
There are forty students in their class, of whom thirty are League members.
III.同位语从句
同位语从句常跟在 idea, fact, doubt, thought, belief, news, hope 等词后面，由连接代词 that（不可用 which）和连接副词 when, where, whether 等引导。
例如：
》I had no idea that you were here.
》The fact that he is unfit for his job is quite clear.
》Then arose the question where we were to get the machine needed.
》All the time she was in bitter doubt whether she was right.
IV.同位语从句和定语从句的区别
同位语从句用于名词后面，对该名词的内容作进一步说明，连接词在从句中不作成份。
定语从句用于修饰名词或代词，引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词往往在定语从句中作一个成份。
例如：
》Have you heard the news that Mr Smith will come to give a lecture on Irish Fairy Tales
---这里 that 引导的是同位语从句，不可以用 which 代替 that， 连接代词在从句中不作成份。
Have you told him the news that I told you last week
---这里 that 引导的是定语从句，可以用 which 代替 that，它在定语从句中作宾语。
1,that,which,who,whom,whose,where,when,why分别的使用场合
各种关系代词的使用方法
a) 关系代词who的用法
i. who 的前行词必须是人，在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾
语的whom,但是它前边不能有介词，如果带了介词就必须用宾格的whom:
（介词+whom）
This is the teacher who teaches us mathematics.
She is the girl who (whom) I met at the party. （可以替代）
She is the girl whom (who) I went there with. （可以替代）
She is the girl with whom I went there. （不可替代）
ii. who，that在很多情况下可以通用，但是有些情况只能用who:
1. 先行词是one, ones, anyone的时候宜用who.
One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
The ones who flatter me don’t please me.
Don’t tell anyone about the news who oughtn’t to know it.
Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.
2. 先行词为those的时候，宜用who为关系代词
Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes
made of the magic cloth.
Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.
3. 当先行词有比较长的后置定语的时候
I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could asked me questions in
Chinese.
4. 一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词为that,另一个则用
who.
The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.
5. 在there be 开头的句子中
There is an old man who wants to see you.
There are many young men who are against him.
b) 关系代词whose的用法
whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。当代物的时候，它相当于of which.
I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.
I’ll call a person whose father knows you.
Which is the car whose owner you know (Which is the car the owner of which
you know)
Please show me the book whose cover is red. (Please show me the book the
cover of which is red)
c) 关系代词that的用法
首先特别注意，that只能用在限定性定语从句中，在非限定性定语从句中永远不能选用
that, 另外介词后边也不可用that, 而是跟which.
在限定性定语从句中，which和that在代替物的时候，一般可以通用。
The money that (which) is in the wallet is mine.
有些情况下，只宜用that,而不宜用which
i. 先行词是最高级形容词或者它前面有最高级形容词的时候
This is the best that has been used against pollution.
English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these
years.
ii. 先行词是序数词，或者它前面有一个序数词的时候
He is the last person (that) I want to see.
It is the first American movie of this kind that I’ve ever seen.
iii. 主句已有疑问词who或者which的时候
Which is the bike that you lost
Who is the woman that was praixed at the meeting
iv. 先行词既有人又有物，宜用that
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about
The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police
station.
v. 先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing,
none, the one等不定代词时
You should hand in all that you have.
We haven’t got much that we can offer you.
I mean the one that you talked about just now.
vi. 先行词前面Only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, the same, the very 等
词修饰的时候
The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.
Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.
Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teachers in our class.
vii. 有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which, 另外一个宜用that.
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen
before.
d) 关系代词which的用法
在非限定性定语从句中，只宜用which, 不宜用that.
Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a very beautiful city.
在限定性定语从句中which和that在指代物的时候常常可以通用，但是有时只宜用which
而不用that
i. 关系代词前面有介词的时候
This is the hotel in which you will stay.
ii. 如果有两个定语从句，其中的一句的关系词是that, 另一句宜用which.
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly
open to us.
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。例如：
There are occasions when （on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：
His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which） he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
2,定语从句的注意点,怎么就能提高正确率
关系代词与介词，关系代词的省略
a) 关系代词和介词
介词放在关系代词的前面时，介词短语只能用which代物，和用whom代人
This is the hero of whom we are proud.
I want to find the very pen with which I wrote that letter.
当介词放在句子的末尾时，可用that/which代物，that/whom/who来作为介词的宾语，
且这个做介词宾语的关系代词往往忽略
This is the hero that (who/whom/忽略) we are proud of.
b) 关系代词的省略
首先注意只有限定性定语从句才能省略，非限定性定语从句绝对不能省略。
在下列情况下，可以省略关系代词。
i. 当关系代词在从句中担任动词宾语的时候
The people (who) we met at the party were very friendly to us.
ii. 关系代词在从句中作介词，而介词在句尾时
Here is the man (that) you have been looking for.
iii. 关系代词在从句中作表语时
Shang Hai is no longer the city (that) it used to be.
iv. 在there be句型中，和先行词为way时，关系代词总是省略
There is an old man (who ) wants to see you.
I don’t like the way (that) you talk to somebody else.
注意，有些动词+介词所组成的短语动词，关系非常紧密，介词不能前置
定语从句注意事项
a) one of + 复数名词 +关系代词+复数型动词
the (only) one of + 复数名词+关系代词+单数型动词
The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of
visitors.
Titanic is the (only) one of the most wonderful movies that has been
produced in Hollywood.
b) What不能用于定语从句中。
as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。
先行词和关系词二合一
1） Whoever spits in public will be punished here. （Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替）
2） The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.（what 可以用all that代替）
what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever
1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything。例如：
What you want has been sent here. 你要的动词都送来了。
Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。
2） who= the person that whoever= anyone who。例如：
（错）Who breaks the law will be punished.
（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法，与庶民同罪。
（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear. 谁抢了银行还不清楚。
3） that 和 what
当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。例如：
I think（that）you will like the stamps. 我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。
What we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的实践
定语从句的用法
CONTENTS
I. 限制性定语从句的特殊用法
II. 非限制性定语从句
III. 同位语从句
IV. 同位语从句和定语从句的区别
I. 限制性定语从句的特殊用法
1. way + 定语从句
way 后面跟定语从句有三种形式。
(1) way + in which + 定语从句
例如：
》She was pleased with the way in which he had accepted her criticism.
(2) way + that +定语从句
例如：
》They didn’t do it in the way that we do now.
(3) way + 定语从句
例如：
》He didn’t speak the way I do.
2. as 引导的定语从句
(1) 在由 as 引导的定语从句中所修饰的词（先行词）前面常有 such 或 the same。
例如：
》Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.
》I have the same trouble as you (have).
(2) As 在定语从句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。
例如：
》Let’s discuss only such questions as concern everyone of us.（作主语）
》I never heard such stories as he tells.（作宾语）
》I’ve never seen such a clever man as he is.（作表语）
(3) As 有时引导非限制性定语从句，可在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语，修饰主句，常解释为正如、如同。
例如：
》As is known to all, the earth moves round the sun.（作主语）
》As was expected, he performed the task with success.（作主语）
》As he predicted, the wind changed.（作宾语）
》The meeting is very important, as indeed it is.（作表语）
II. 非限制性定语从句
1.非限制性定语从句由 who, whom, which 引导（不可用 that），还可以由 whose, when, where 等词引导。
非限制性定语从句要用逗号隔开，非限制性定语从句可以删去，整个句子的意思还是完整的，而限制性定语从句如果被删去，句子的意思不完整。
例如：
》Mr Brown, who is our English teacher, lives near our school.
》Yesterday I met my son’s school master, whom you saw at my home last year.
》He has finished the difficult exercise, which is easy for you.
》The factory is headed by a 35-year-old man, whose wife is from America.
》They will fly to Qingdao, where they plan to stay for two weeks.
》In these days, when I was a child, the city had no industry to speak of.
注意：非限制性定语从句中的关系词是不可省略的。
2.非限制性定语从句有时并非修饰名词或代词，它可以修饰整个句子。
例如：
》They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them.
3.in front of, at the back of, in the middle of 等短语在定语从句中的用法。
如果关系代词是作这类介词短语的宾语时，介词短语必须提前。
例如：
》Yesterday afternoon we arrived at his log cabin, in front of which stood a tall tree.
4.注意此类句子表达方式。
There are forty students in their class, thirty of whom are League members.
也可以改成
There are forty students in their class, of whom thirty are League members.
III.同位语从句
同位语从句常跟在 idea, fact, doubt, thought, belief, news, hope 等词后面，由连接代词 that（不可用 which）和连接副词 when, where, whether 等引导。
例如：
》I had no idea that you were here.
》The fact that he is unfit for his job is quite clear.
》Then arose the question where we were to get the machine needed.
》All the time she was in bitter doubt whether she was right.
IV.同位语从句和定语从句的区别
同位语从句用于名词后面，对该名词的内容作进一步说明，连接词在从句中不作成份。
定语从句用于修饰名词或代词，引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词往往在定语从句中作一个成份。
例如：
》Have you heard the news that Mr Smith will come to give a lecture on Irish Fairy Tales
---这里 that 引导的是同位语从句，不可以用 which 代替 that， 连接代词在从句中不作成份。
Have you told him the news that I told you last week
---这里 that 引导的是定语从句，可以用 which 代替 that，它在定语从句中作宾语。