unit 1 great scientists reading

课件54张PPT。Unit 1 Great Scientists
（reading）What do you know about great scientists? Try this quiz and find out who knows the most. (Finish the Quiz Questions on P1.) Warming up1.Which scientist discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force that helps them float?Archimedes (287-212 BC) an ancient Greek mathematician2.Who wrote a book explaining how animals and plants developed as the environment changed?Charles Darwin (1808-1882) British
author of The Origin of Species 3.Who invented the first steam engine?Thomas Newcomen (1663-1729) British, improved the first steam pump and turned it into a steam engine for taking water out of mines in 1712. James Watt improved it and turned it into the first modern steam engine used on the railways. 发明蒸汽机的并不是瓦特，他是改进纽可门的蒸气机，并发明出双动式，使世界进入了“蒸气时代”。这使他成为第一次工业革命中的名气最大的发明家。
James Watt
(瓦特)4.Who used peas to show how physical characteristics are passed from parents to their children?Gregor Mendel
(1822-1884) Czech (捷克人) 1865年，修士孟德尔在一个会议上报告了他通过长达八年的实验研究和他所统计的多达两万一千多件样本的实验结果，利用豌豆实验发现了植物的遗传规律，但是孟道尔的理论超出了当时人们能够接受的水平。35年后，三国科学家几乎是同时发现了植物遗传的规律。而当他们准备发表论文，去查阅文献时，又不约而同地发现，早在35年前孟德尔就发现这样的规律了。他们三个人在发表论文时，都提到了孟德尔的文章，称自己的工作是证实了孟德尔的定律。这就是生物学史上的有名的“孟德尔定律的再发现”5.Who discovered radium?Marie Curie (1867-1934) (Polish and French, won two Nobel Prizes)6.Who invented the way of giving electricity to everybody in large cities?Thomas Edison (1847-1931)
an American inventor7.Who was the painter that studied dead bodies to improve his painting of people? Last SupperMona LisaLeonardo da Vinci
(1452-1519) Italian artist8.Who invented a lamp to keep miners safe underground?Sir Humphry Davy
(1778-1829)BritishMiniature Miner's Safety Lamp 英国化学家汉弗莱·戴维。1778年出生。他小时聪明、淘气，不喜欢读书，喜欢玩乐。他不到20岁时，父亲去世。为了养家糊口，他到当地一位医生那当学徒，从此接触并喜欢上化学，因为觉得自己知识浅薄，他就自订计划发奋用功，凭着他的天资和勤奋，很快掌握了七种语言和不少科学知识，并最终成为了英国皇家学会的主席。1798年戴维的名声随着他对笑气的发现而传遍了整个英国。他还带病专门研究火焰，发明了矿用安全灯（1816），这种灯一直到今天仍叫戴维灯，曾挽救了成千上万名矿工的生命。
9.Who invented the earliest instrument to tell people where earthquakes happened?Zhang Heng
(78-139) Chinese, invented seismograph10.Who put forward a theory about black holes?Stephen Hawking
(1942--) a British astronomer遗传学
电
浮力定理
镭
进化论
画家
蒸汽机
矿工安全灯
黑洞理论
地动仪
阿基米德 Archimedes
达尔文 Charles Darwin
纽科文 Thomas Newcomen
孟德尔Gregor Mendel
居里夫人Marie Curie
爱迪生Thomas Edison
达芬奇Leonardo da Vinci
汉弗来.戴维爵士Sir Humphry Davy
张衡Zhang Heng
斯蒂芬.霍金 Stephen HawkingInfectious diseases can be spread easily. They have an unknown cause and may do great harm to people.People could be exposed to infectious diseases, so may animals, such as bird flu.AIDS, SARS are infectious diseases. They are difficult to cure.What do you know about infectious diseases? Pre－readingking choleraBroad StreetWhat do you know about cholera?
Bacteria of choleraKing Cholera is an usurper, and filth is treason!water pumpDo you know how to prove a new idea in scientific research?Do you know what kind of disease is cholera?It is a kind of terrible disease caused by drinking dirty water and it caused a lot of deaths in the old times and it was very difficult to defeat.John Snow is a well-known doctor in the 19th century in London and he defeated “King Cholera”. ReadingLet’s get to know how Dr. John Snow defeated “King Cholera” in 1854 in London in this reading passage: John Snow Defeats “King Cholera”Who defeats “King Cholera”?
What happened in 1854?
How many people died in 10 days?
Why is there no death at No. 20 and 21 Broad Street as well as at No. 8 and 9 Cambridge Street?
John SnowCholera outbreak hit London.500These families had not drunk the water from the Broad Street pump.Task 1:Skim and ScanTask 2: Read and Answer1 Why couldn’t the cholera be under control at first?
2 Which theory did John Snow believe in?
3 John Snow finally proved the theory he believed by ________.
4 To prevent the cholera from spreading again, what did John Snow do?A. gathering information with the help of a map
B. looking into the source of the water for Broad Street and Cambridge Street
C. Separating those who suffered cholera from those who didn’t
D. Both A and B1 Why couldn’t the cholera be under control at first?
2 Which theory did John Snow believe in?
Neither its cause, nor its cure was understood.People absorbed cholera into their bodies with their meals.3 John Snow finally proved the theory he believed by ________.
A. gathering information with the help of a map
B. looking into the source of the water for Broad Street and Cambridge Street
C. separating those who suffered cholera from those who didn’t
D. both A and B4 To prevent the cholera from spreading again, what did John Snow do?
Suggested that the source of all water supplies be examined.
Suggested that new methods of dealing with polluted water be found.
Instructed the water companies not to expose people to the polluted water anymore.Mind Map of the TextJohn Snow Defeats “King Cholera”Paragraph 1: Introduction of John Snow and Cholera
Paragraph 2: Two theories
Find a Problem: What caused the cholera?Make a question: Which is right?Paragraph 3-5: Study of the breakout in 1854 Paragraph 3: Study of the breakout in 1854
Think of a method: Test two theories
Collect the result: Mark the death
Analyze the result: Reason for death and no deathParagraph 4: Study of the breakout in 1854
Paragraph 5: Study of the breakout in 1854
Analyze the result: Find the resource of the water Repeat if necessary: Find more evidence.
Draw a conclusion: Cholera was spread by germ
Polluted water carried choleraParagraph 6: Prevention of Cholera
John Snow defeats King CholeraComprehendingThe passage is written as a report of an experiment and there are 7 steps:1.Find a problem:(发现问题)
2.Make up a question:(形成研究主题)
3.Think of a method:(找出研究方法)
4.Collect results:(收集材料)
5.Analyse results:(分析材料)
6.Repeat if necessary:(必要时重新分析)
7.Draw a conclusion:(得出结论)Read the passage and fill in this form: (in 15 minutes)
Nobody knew the cause of the serious disease of choleraa strange cloud of gas found its victimspeople absorbed the disease with mealsCollect information from the cholera outbreak to prove which theory was correctHe found the cause of cholera was the polluted waterIdea 2. Because the information showed that the dirty water carried choleraHe defeated cholera by examining the water supply and dealing with the polluted water John Snow Defeats “King Cholera”What causes cholera?Which theory is correct?Collect information on those who were ill or died and where they got their waterMark information on a map to find out where people died or did not diedAnalyse the water to see if that is the cause of the illnessFind other evidence to make sure the conclusionThe water is to blame. The source of all drinking water should be examined.Read the passage again and fill in the blanks:
John Snow was a well-known ____ in London in the ___ century. He wanted to find the ______ of cholera in order to ______ it. In 1854 when a cholera ____ out, he began to gather information. He _____ on a map where all the dead people had lived and he found that many people who had drunk the dirty water from the ______ died. So he decided that the polluted water carried cholera. He suggested that the _____ of all water supply be _______ and new methods of ________ with polluted water be found. Finally, “King Cholera” was defeated.doctorcause19thdefeatbrokemarkedpumpsourceexamineddealing1.discover & invent
discover v. “ 发现”,被探索或被揭示物老早就客观存在着.
Columbus discovered America in 1492.哥伦布于1492年发现了美洲.
Who discovered radium? 谁发现了镭?
invent v. “发明”,指的是发明原先不存在的东西.
Who invented the steam engine? 谁发明了蒸汽机?
Language Points2.contribute v.
1)捐助，捐献，投稿
contribute to the Red Cross向红十字会捐献
They contributed food and clothing for the people who
suffered the earthquake.他们向地震灾区难民捐赠食品和
衣物。
He contributed an article to China Daily.
他为《中国日报》撰写了一篇文章。
2）贡献，是促成……的因素
The Song Dynasty contributed three great inventions to world civilization.宋朝为世界文明贡献出三大发明。
Exercise contributes to better health.锻炼能使人健康。
Drink contributed to his ruin. 酗酒促使他毁灭。
contribute－contribution （n.）make a contribution to/towards 捐赠，作出贡献。
如：
They have made great contributions to the development of our school.他们为我校的发展作出了显著的贡献。
3.Who invented the way of giving electricity to everybody in large cities?是谁发明了把电带给大城市中的每个人的办法?
the way of doing sth.= the way to do … “做…..的方法”
She showed us the way of cleaning it.= She showed us the way to clean it.她给我们示范清洗它的办法.
the way引导的定语从句的引导词有三种, 可以用that;可以用in which;还可以省略.I don’t like the way (that/ in which) you speak to your father.
我不喜欢你跟你父亲讲话的方式. 与way相关的短语:
by the way 顺便说 by way of … 通 过……的方法
lose one’s way 迷路 no way (俚语) 没门,别想
feel one’s way 摸黑走,谨慎从事on one’s way to…在去…的路上
in this way=by this means=with this method用这种方法
4.Who put forward a theory about black holes?谁提出了黑洞的理论?
put forward
(1) to offer (an idea, suggestion etc.) for consideration 提出(建议等)
(2)推荐某人或自己任职位;提名
May I put your name forward as our monitor?我能否提名你当我们的班长?
put away 抛弃;舍弃 put down 写下来;记入名单;
put on 穿上;戴上;增加 put off 耽误;延期
put out 熄灭(灯);扑灭 (火) put up 建立;建造
put up with… 忍受……
You can take anything from the shelf and read, but please ______ the books when you’ve finished with them.
A. put on B. put down C. put back D. put off5.This was the most deadly disease of its day.
die (v.) dead (adj.) death (n.)
deadly
adj. 1.dangerous; likely to cause death 危险的;致命的 a deadly disease/weapon
2. highly effective against sth. or someone 强有力的;致命的 a deadly remark 击中要害的评论
3. aiming to kill or destroy意在杀死的;不共戴天的: a deadly enemy不共戴天的敌人
adv. 1. Very极度;非常;十分: deadly serious 十分认真 2. like death 死一般地: deadly pale 死一般苍白
6.But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.
在句中是过去分词作后置定语,表示被动.意为“患霍乱的”.如:The book written by Luxun is very popular.
expose v.
to make visible 暴露 “expose ….to….”
He exposes his skin to the sun. 他把皮肤暴露在阳光下.
(2)to reveal the guilt or wrong doing of …揭露;揭发
He exposed their plot.他揭穿了他们的阴谋.
I threatened to expose him ( to the police).我威胁要(向警察)揭发他.expose to 使易受,使受 expose a fraud 揭穿骗局
expose sth. to the light of day 把某事暴露于光天化日之下
7. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.每次爆发霍乱时就有大批惊慌的老百姓病死.
every time是连词,引导时间状语从句,意为“每次,每当”,如:
Every time I meet him, I always think of the things happened between us.每次见到他,我就想起发生在我们之间的事情.
immediately, the moment, directly, instantly 等都可以作连词,引导时间状语从句,意为“一……就……”,如:I will give the letter to him immediately I see him.我一见到他就把这封信给他.
I came directly I got your letter.我一接到你的信就来了.
8.The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air without reason.第一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中无缘无故地繁殖着.(Suggest 用法参考P43.4,并完成相关的练习)
9.absorb v. 吸收(液体);承受;承担 (费用等)
Use the cloth to absorb the spilled ink. 吸干撒的墨水
We will not absorb these charges.我们不能承担这些费用.
absorb…in/by..吸引注意
I was absorbed in a book and didn’t hear you call.专心看书。absorb…into…吸收…
The big company has gradually absorbed these small companies into its own organization.这家大公司逐渐将这些小的公司吞并了。
10.valuable
(1) adj. worth a lot of money值钱的;贵重的;有价值的
a valuable diamond 贵重的宝石 valuable information 重大的消息
(2) n. (常用复数形式) sth. that worth lots of money贵重物品
Mary kept her valuables in a safe.
玛丽把她的贵重的东西藏在保险箱里.11.in addition adv. （＝also， as well as ）另外
in addition to prep. 加上，除……以外，又（＝besides）
In addition, the course also produces practical experience. 此外,这门功课还提供了实践的基础.
He learn to drive cars there. In addition, he was taught how to repair cars. 他在那儿学会了开车，而且还学会了修车。
A number of people came to the zoo in addition to Per and Paul. 彼得和保尔以外,还有许多别的人来到动物园.1.Finish the exercises on your book.
2.Review HomeworkThank you！