高中英语短文改错专题

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名称 高中英语短文改错专题
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更新时间 2007-12-01 10:33:00

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课件14张PPT。短文改错专题讲座短文改错专题讲座 短文改错旨在测试考生发现、判断和纠正错误的能力。它要求考生具有词法、句法和在语篇中综合运用英语的能力,因此考点综合性强,覆盖面广,错项设置类型多,是历年高考英语中的难题。为了提高做短文改错题的能力,除了要加强基础知识的积累、提高语篇的整体理解能力之外,还应该对其错项设置的基本情况有所了解,以便做到目标明确,有的放矢,从而提高解题的正确率。本文拟从语法和逻辑的角度,用口诀的形式,向同学们介绍高考英语短文改错中最常见的几类错误。
短文改错口诀:动词形,名词数,注意是形还是副;
非谓动词细辨别,习惯用法要记住;
  句子成分多分析,逻辑错误须关注
一. 动词形
  主要包括两类错误:动词的时态和语态错误,以及主、谓不一致的
错误。例如:
NMET’98 My favorite sport is football. I was a member of our school football team.
NMET’00 Now my picture and prize is hanging in the library.
上述两例分别属于时态错误和主、谓不一致错误。找出此类错误的关 键
是树立牢固的时态概念,注意短文内容发生或存在的时间,保持时间概
念的一致性。
amare
二. 名词数
  指名词单、复数形式的用法错误。常表现为将名词复
数写成单数。
例如: NMET’01 …so that I’ll get good marks in all my
subject.
三. 区分形和副
  及区分形容词和副词在句子中的作用和具体用法。
这也是高考短文改错的常考点。例如:
MET’95 I’m sure we’ll have a wonderfully time together.
NMET’99 Unfortunate, there are too many people in my
family.
 需要注意的是,形容词多用来做定、表、补语等,而
副词只能在句子中作状语,
修饰动词、 形容词、副词或整个句子。第一例中的
wonderful作定语修饰time,
第二句的Unfortunately作状语修饰整个句子。
 
subjectswonderUnfortunately 四. 非谓语动词细辨别
  这是考查最多的错误形式之一。主要有分词和动名
词类错误,也包括不定式
类错误。例如:
 NMET’97… in my spare time, but now I am interesting in football.
  NMET’98 Play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but
also …
  NMET’01 My parents love me… and will do all they can ∧ make sure…

上述二、三例分别是动名词作主语,和不定式作目的状语。一般的现在分
词有主动态和进行时的含义,而过去分词具有被动态和完成时的含义,不定式有
将来时态的含义。
五. 习惯用法要记住
  主要考查习惯搭配方面的基础知识。这也是历年高考的常考点,
其错误表现
形式主要有三种:
  多词、少词和搭配错误。 加tointerestedplaying
例如:
  NMET’96 It was very kind for them to meet me at the railway station
and…
  
NMET’98 We must keep in mind that we play for the team instead
ourselves.
  六. 句子成分多分析
  不同的句子成分要用不同的词类;不同的语景要选择不同的词语。这些都有
待我们对句子结
  构和句子成分作细致的分析,才能找出用词不当的错误。例如:
  NMET’96 They eager to know everything about China and…
  
NMET’97 I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China.
  第一例漏掉了谓语动词were,这是受汉语习惯的影响而导致的错误;第二例
则是词类与它在句子中的成分不相符,where是副词,不能作主语。
 七. 逻辑错误须关注
  与句子的上、下文不一致,甚至相矛盾,属于逻辑性错误。如称谓上的张冠
李戴,人名、地名、时间、方位等方面的错误,常是这类错误的考查对象。例如:
for 改成ofInstead后加ofwereWhere改成which NMET’96 The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.
 NMET’97 First, let me tell you something more about myself.
 NMET’99 … no way of setting the matter except by selling the set.
 Now someone at home reads instead.
上述第一例中的主语是Smiths(史密斯夫妇俩),因此后面的his不合逻辑。
第二例中的more
  在这儿表“再”的意思,才开始告诉别人,怎么能说“再告诉你一些事”?第
三例讲的是为了解决看电视时的争端,“我们”把电视机卖了;晚上没电视看了,
所以与从前一样,大家又都读书了,所以该用everyone。
  除了上述错误类型外,常考的错误形式还有:连词but, and, or和so的用法
错误(可以归类为逻辑错误),以及冠词的用法错误等。例如:
  NMET’00 She was smiling but nodding at me.
  NMET’01 It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest.
  NMET’01 We may be one family and live under a same roof.
下面是2002年全国高考试题中的短文改错题。这道题较全面地反映了本文的
口诀。现在请你试着做一做,然后参阅题后的答案与简析。their去掉moreeveryoneandorthe
英语改错训练
Last week my parents and I took a two-day trip to Emei
  Mountain in Sichuan. As everyone knows, it’s famous 76. _____
  Mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. The weather 77. _____
  Was fine. It was about noon we arrived at the foot of 78. _____
  the mountain, the three of them were very excited. As we 79. _____
climbed the mountain, we ed monkeys, visiting temples 80. _____
  and told stories. On the way up I was busy taking picture 81._____
  since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly. 82. _____
  Evening came down. We spent the night in a hotel at the top 83. _____
  of the mountain. The food was expensive and the service was 84. _____
  good. I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my 85. _____
  head touched the pillow.
答案与简析:
  76. famous前加上a。
(名词数)。 77. 正确 78. we前面加when,引导一个时间状语从句。
(句子成分多分析) 79. them →us (逻辑错误须关注) 80. visiting →visited
(非谓动词细辨别) 81. picture →pictures(名词数)82. passes →passed
(动词形) 83. 去掉down(习惯用法要记住) 84. and →but(but, and, or和
so) 85. 去掉at(句子成分多分析 / 习惯用法要记住)。
短文改错的训练方法
三步法:
1.通读全文,掌握大意
短文改错一般是一篇完整的的短文而不是一个孤立的单词。它既有句法,语法方面
的错误也有逻辑意义上的混乱。例如:In others we must write the number of
book, Its title and the name of the author on a piece of paper, sign it ,then
hand it to the Librarian in order to borrow the book .You can keep it for weeks.
文中的“you”一词
从单句来说无论从语法或从意义上看都是正确的,但联系上下文,借书时,我们应
当填写书号,图书目录及作者姓名,然后才能借到书。而又“you”指“你“可以借阅几
个星期,和前面的主语不符。只有把”you”改为”we”。这种错误只有从政篇行文的
角度去考虑,才能判断正确,如果只见树木不见森林,这些错误句就很难发现。
这一步应是速度短文,以掌握文意为主,而不是只注意文中错误,分析错误的句子
上。
2.逐句分析,找出深层错误
构成搭配关系完整,和谐顺畅。一篇文章内各句子之间互相顺成关联,但在结构上
各有章法。如果是一般阅读,以获取信息为目的,一个句子不在以行之内,被移行
或跨若干行“句”的标志就是句号,各个词语在一个句子中各就各位,其对阅读速度
效果的影响不明显。而以改正错误为目的,且每个词有可能产生错误,或词与词之
间 却有可能成为相互间的致错原因,高考试卷的行尾之间参差不齐多与之有关,此
时移行或跨行对解题就有影响,倘若一个句子在一个水平线上,情况有所不同。
3复读全文,检查调整
每个错误找出以后,应再回头把改正后的文章读一遍。检查一改过的地方是否准
确,前后是否有矛盾的地方,以进行必要的修改和调整。
英语改错训练(二)
When you are traveling abroad, it is importance to follow1. ________
the customs of the country where you are visiting. If you are invited 2. ________
to a home in Britain, here is some advices. As soon as you are invited, 3. _____
it is good manners to refuse or accept an invitation, either by 4. ________
writing or by telephoning. When you go to the party, it is polite 5. ________
to arrive at on time. It is good manners to shake hands with your 6. ________
host and any guest. You can take a present if you like, 7. ________
possible a bottle of wine, a box of chocolates or some flowers. 8. ________
However, it was not bad manners to take nothing. It is not polite9. ________
to stay too late before the other guests have gone. Of course, 10. ________
it is good manners to write or telephone a day or two later to thank your host.
[答案与简析]
Importance →important。属句型"It is +adj. + to do sth ."。 2. where →which
/ that或去掉where。先行词在定语从句中作宾语。 3. advices →advice。
advice 为不可数名词。4. an →the。此处的“请柬”是特指。5. 本行无错。
6. 去掉at。arrive 后没宾语。7. guest前加other。表与其他客人握手。
8. possible →possibly。修饰take。 9. was →is。时态一致。10. before →after。
根据上下文,此处表达"其他客人走后。" 短文改错训练(三)
Know what to do in case of fire is important. 1. ________
If the fire broke out, what would you do? First, you 2. ________
should warn everyone in the house about the dangerous. 3. ________
Don't panic(惊慌)or start shouting. Be calmly and 4. ________
act fast. Second, you and all the others should go out of 5. ________
the house. Don't stopped to take anything with you. Once 6. ________
you are out of the house, stay out. Do not come back 7. ________
for any reason. Finally, before you are out of the house, 8. ________
call the fire department. Do not try to put out of the fire 9. ________
yourself. That can very dangerous. 10. ________
.[答案与简析]
Know →Knowing。动名词短语作主语。2. the →a。此处fire 属泛指。
3. Dangerous →danger。名词作介词宾语。4. calmly →calm。用形容词作表语。
5. 本行无错。6. stopped →stop。这是祈使句的否定式,动词应该用原形。
7. Come →go。从上下文语义可知。 8. before →when或after。9. 去掉of。
put out 是及物动词短语。10. can后加be。缺谓语动词。
短文改错的错误类型1.多词:
(1)抽象名词‘物质名词泛指前多加冠词。
(2)定于从句中多了与关系代词句法作用相当的代词或词。
(3)形容词或副词的比较结构中多词。
(4 )受母语及物动词后加了不该加的词。
(5)不带to的不定式 作宾补时带了to
(6)某些时间状语丛句多了介词。
(7)固定搭配有“画蛇添足”的现象。
2.缺词:
(1)动词不定式少了符号to
(2)单数名词泛指时缺不定冠词a或an.
(3)动词后少了介词或副词等小品词。
(4)习惯表达或固定短语中缺词。
(5)受母语影响将形容词或介词作动词而使句子缺少谓语动词。
3.错词:
(1)名词,动词,形容词和副词的形态错误。
(2)冠词,介词,代词,连词和动词等用法上的错误。
(3)逻辑关系方面的错误。
(4)句子结构的错误。
短文改错出题的三种模式:
1.一行对的,一行多词,一行缺词,七行错词。
2.一行对的,一行多词,二个缺词,六行错词。
3.一行对的,二行多词,一个缺词,六行错词。.