Unit2 词语辨析
(一)What about，Would you like，Would you please
(1)What about… 在口语中，通常用来征求对方的意见或提出建议，后面一般接名词、代词、动名词、副词或状语从句。它可用how about替换。
e.g.—What about going to London this summer
今年夏天去伦敦怎么样？
—Good idea.好主意。
(2)Would you like… 在口语中，通常用来征求对方看法、想法或提出请求、邀请，其后通常接名词、代词、不定式或带不定式的复合宾语。
e.g.—Would you like to come to supper this evening
今晚来吃饭好吗？
—Oh，thank you!I’d love to!
好，谢谢！我很乐意！
Would you like a cup of coffee
你想来杯咖啡吗？
(3)Would you please… 在口语中，通常用来表示委婉客气的请求，后接动词原形。
e.g.I can hardly hear the radio，would you please turn it up
我几乎听不见收音机的声音，请开的大声点好吗？
(二)know，know of，know about
(1)know用作动词，意思是“(直接地)获知，懂得，认识，熟悉”。
e.g.She knows a lot of English.
她懂得很多英语。
I don’t know whether he is here or not.
我不知道他是否在这儿。
I know him to be honest.
我知道他很诚实。
I know Mr White by sight but have never spoken to him.
我常见到怀特先生，但从未同他讲话。
I know the place very well.
我对那地方很熟悉。
know之后不能直接跟不定式，要说know how to do。
e.g.I don’t know how to do the work.
我不知道怎样做那件事。
(2)know of 和know about的意思都是“(间接地)获知”，指听别人说到或从书报上看到，二者没有什么区别。
e.g.I know of/about him，but I don’t know him.
我听说过他，但不认识他。
I know about/of that last week.
我上星期听说过那件事。
(三)for example，such as
(1)for example“例如”，用来举例说明某一论点或情况。一般只举同类人或物中的“一个”为例，作插入语，可位于句首、句中或句末。可用for instance替换。
e.g.For example，air is invisible.
例如，空气是看不见的。
Ball games，for example，have spread around the world.
例如，球类运动已经在世界各地传播开了。
His spelling is terrible!Look at the word for example.
他的拼写太糟糕了！比如就看这个词吧。
(2)such as“例如”，用来列举事物，一般列举同类人或事物中的几个例子。插在被列举的事物与前面的名词之间，as后面不可有逗号。
e.g.Some of the European Languages come from Latin，such as French，Italian and Spanish.
有些欧洲语言来源于拉丁语。例如法语、意大利语和西班牙语。
Some of the rubbish，such as food，paper and iron，rots away over a long period of time.
有些废物，如剩饭、废纸和铁，时间一长就烂掉了。
注：如把前面所述情况全部举出，用that is或namely。
e.g.He knows four languages，that is/namely Chinese，French，English and Japanese.
他懂四种语言，即汉语、法语、英语和日语。
(四)change into，change for，change with
(1)change into“变成为……”，change…into… “把……变成……”。
e.g.Ice changes into water rapidly on a hot day.
热天冰很快化成水。
The fairy changed the cat into a swan.
仙女把猫变成了一只天鹅。
(2)change for…“向……方向转化”，change A for B “用A换取B”
e.g.The weather has changed for the better.
天气转好了。
He has changed his old bicycle for a new one.
他已把旧自行车换成新的了。
(3)change with“随同……而变”，change…with sb.“和某人交换……”。
e.g.Times changed and we should change with them.
时代在变，我们也应跟着变。
Will you change seats with me
你愿意和我换座位吗？Unit1 同步语法
直接引语与间接引语之间的转换
一、如何变人称：
学生在将直接引语变间接引语时。常常弄不清人称变化。下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：
She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：
He said to Kate. "How is your sister now "→He asked Kate how her sister was then。
“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：
Mr Smith said。 "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。
二、如何变时态：
直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。
现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：
1)She said. "I have lost a pen."→She said she had lost a pen
2)She said. "We hope so."→She said they hoped so.
3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→She said he would go to see his friend。
但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。
①直接引语是客观真理。
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. → The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
②直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：
Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street "→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：
Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。
④直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：
He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →He said he gets up at six every morning。
⑤如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如：
Peter said. "You had better come have today。" →Peter said I had better go there that day。
三、如何变状语：
直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that),如：
He said, "These books are mine." →He said those books were his.
四、如何变句型：
①直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes."→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.
②直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：He said, "Can you swim, John " →He asked John if he could swim.
"You have finished the homework, haven‘t you " my mother asked. →My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.
"Do you go to school by bus or by bike " →He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.
③直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。
She asked me, "When do they have their dinner "→ She asked me when they had their dinner.
④直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。如：
"Don’t make any noise," she said to the children. →She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. "Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she.→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.
⑤直接引语如果是以“Let‘s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”如：
He said, "Let’s go to the film." →He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.Unit 2 部分词汇用法
1.except for “除……之外；只是……”，强调整体不错而个别不足。
The movie was good except for the ending.
这部电影除了结尾之外都很好。
Your composition is well written except for a few spelling mistakes.
除了有几个拼写错误以外，你的文章写得很好。
except“除…… 以外”，不包括在所指内容以内。
Everybody except John was able to answer.
除了约翰以外大家都能回答。
He goes to the library every day except when he is not well.
他除了身体不舒服以外，每天都上图书馆。
except that“除去……之外”，后接从句。
She knew nothing about his journey except that he was likely to be away for 3 months.
关于他的旅行她不清楚，只知道他大概要离开三个月。
I knew nothing about the accident except what I read in the paper.
我对这起事故一无所知除了我在报纸上读的。
besides “除了……以外（还有）”，包括在所指范围以内。
There were three more visitors besides me.
除我以外，还有3位客人。
Besides being a lawyer，he was a famous writer.
他除了是位律师以外，还是位有名的作家。
2.with so many people communicating in English…
此处为“with+宾语+宾补”结构，在句中作状语或定语，宾补可以是形容词、介词短语、副词(短语）、分词或不定式等。
I went out with the window open.
我外出时没关窗子。
She said good-bye with tears in her eyes.
她含着泪水说再见。
He was working there with only a shirt on.
他只穿一件衬衫在那里干活。
With night coming on，we started for home.
夜幕降临，我们动身回家。
He was thinking for a while with his eyes shut.
他闭着眼睛思考片刻。
With nothing to do，I went out for a walk.
由于没有什么事情可做，我便到外面去散步。
3.majority n.大多数；大部分
The majority of people seem to prefer watching games to playing games.
大部分的人似乎都喜欢看比赛，而不喜欢参加比赛。
The majority were/was in favour of the plan.
多数人赞成这个计划。
He was elected by a large majority/by a majority of 2 000.
他以大多数（超过对方2000票）当选。
major adj.主要的，重要的；一流的
major industries 重要产业
a major problem 重大问题
a major subject 主修科目
The major part of the job is done by machinery.
那工作的大部分由机器来完成。
n.主修科目；主修……的学生
She chose physics as her major.
她选择物理为主修科目。
He is an English major.
他是英语系学生。
4.total adj.全部的，总计的；完全的，全然的。
total silence 完全沉默
a total failure 彻底的失败者
What is the total population of China
中国的人口总数是多少？
n.总数；总额；全部
Our expenses reached a total of ￡20.
我们的支出总额达二十镑。
What does the total came to
总数多少？
in total总计
v.总数达；共计
The visitors to the exhibition totaled 15 000.
参观展览者总计一万五千人。
It totals up to ￡16.
加起来有十六英镑。
5.equal adj.相等的；平等的；胜任的
They are equal in ability.
=They are of equal ability.
他们能力相当。
Tom is equal to John in height.
汤姆和约翰身高相同。
All men are born equal.人生而平等。
n.同等（对等）的人；对手；匹敌者
Jane has no equal in physics.
珍妮在物理方面没有对手。
Is he your equal in strength
他的力气和你的一样大吗？
I am not his equal at skiing/as a skier.
我滑雪不是他的对手。
v.等于
He equals me in strength but not in intelligence.
他和我力气相等，但智力不济。
Two and two equals four.
二加二等于四。
None of us can equal her as a dancer.
我们的舞艺没有一个能比得上她。
6.situation n.立场，境遇；状况，形势，局面；位置，地点，环境
the international situation 国际形势
the political situation 政局
a tense situation 紧张的场面
save the situation 收拾局面
I am now in a difficult situation.
我现在处境困难。
7.trade n.贸易，交易，商业［U］［C；U］
foreign trade 对外贸易
free(protective)trade 自由（保护）贸易
China does lots of trade with America.
中国和美国之间贸易频繁。
Trade is always good over the Christmas period.
圣诞节期间生意一向很好。
He is in the furniture trade.
他从事家具业。
My father is a tailor by trade.
我父亲的职业是裁缝。
Mr.Smith is in trade.
史密斯先生在做买卖。
v.做生意，做买卖；进行交易，从事贸易；交换
trade in 用交换方式购入
trade in salt 做盐生意
trade sth.for sth.以某物换取他物
trade sth.with sb.同某人交换某物
trade with从事贸易，开展贸易
The country trades with a lot of European countries.
那个国家和许多欧洲国家有贸易往来。
He traded information for money.
他以情报交换金钱。
The Indians traded furs and skins with white merchants.
印第安人用毛皮和白人商人交易。
8.without being able to speak Chinese
(1)without与动名词连用，表示“不做……；无……”。
recite a poem without making a single mistake 一字不误地背诵一首诗
She went out of the room without saying anything.
她一言不发地走出房间。
We managed to get it back without her knowing.
我们设法把它放回去，没让她知道。
（2）表示条件，意为“若无……”。
Without water we cannot live.
=If there is no water，we cannot live.
没有水，我们就活不了。
Without your help he couldn’t do it.
没有你的帮助，他做不到。
I would have failed without her advice.
假使没有她的劝告，我想必已失败了。
9.culture n.文化，文明；教养，修养
develop a culture 发展文化
spread culture 传播文化
ancient culture 古文化
A university is a centre of culture.
一所大学是文化的中心。
a man of culture 有教养的人。
culture of mind and body 身心修养
cultural adj.文化的，文明的
10.popular adj.一般的；通俗的；受欢迎的
popular science 大众科学
popular film stars 有名气的影星
a popular teacher 受欢迎的老师
popular music流行音乐
popular prices 廉价
be popular with…受……欢迎
That nurse is very popular with little children.
那位护士非常受小孩的欢迎。
He is popular in society.
他在社会上是有名望的。
11.use v.使用，利用，用
What do you use this tool for
这个工具用途何在？
He used a knife to cut bread.
The knife is used for cutting bread.
Use your brain a little more.
多用一点你的脑筋。
use up 用完，用尽；筋疲力尽
He has used up all his money.
他花光了所有的钱。
n.用；使用；利用
What’s the use of regretting the past
后悔过去有什么用处呢？
He lost the use of his legs by the traffic accident.
那次车祸使他的双腿残废了。
it is no use doing sth./There is no use in doing sth.做……是没用的
It is no use trying to persuade him.He won’t listen.
There is no use in trying to persuade him.He won’t listen.
(be)of(no)use有（无）用
This map might be of some use to you on your trip.
这张地图或许对你的旅行有些用处。
in use 在使用中，正在使用
make use of 利用
put…to use 利用
12.communicate v.传达；传送；通知；取得联系
This room communicates with another room.
这间房子和另外一间房子相通。
He communicated his idea to me.
他把他的想法告诉了我。
We communicate with each other by letter/telephone.
我们用书信（电话）彼此联络。
communication n.传达，交流，联络
a major means of communication 主要的交际方式
I’ll be in communication with my lawyer about this matter.
关于这件事情我将会和我的律师商议。
13.knowledge n.［U］知识；认识；消息
a man of knowledge 博学之士，有学问的人
a thirst for knowledge 求知欲
A baby has no knowledge of right and wrong.
婴儿不知道对与错。
to one’s knowledge 据某人所知
He has never been late to my knowledge.
据我所知他从未迟到过。
注：knowledge前有形容词修饰时，可与不定冠词连用。
I have only(a)limited knowledge of computers.
我的计算机知识很有限。
He has a good knowledge of politics.
他对政治非常熟悉。Unit 1 Good friends词汇用法
1.manager n. 经理；管理者；经营者
the manager of the company 这家公司的经理
My wife is an excellent manager.
我妻子是一个非常好的管家。
manage v. 控制；管理；经营
manage a horse 驾驭一匹马
manage a business 管理商务
manage household 管理家务
I can’t manage it alone.
我一个人办不了。
You might wonder how it manages to live without eating for so many months.
你或许会觉得奇怪，它好几个月不吃东西，怎么活下来的呢？
manage to do sth.设法做了某事；成功地做了某事
He managed to get there in time.
他设法及时地赶到了那里。
［辨析］try to do sth.尽力做某事，但不一定成功。
We’ll try to get what we want.
我们将尽力弄到我们想要的东西。
2.crash n.坠毁；碰撞；碰坏；哗啦啦地倒塌
The tree fell with a great crash.
那树哗啦啦一声倒下来。
He was killed in an aircraft crash.
他于飞机失事中丧生。
v.撞击；坠毁；冲入
The bus crashed into a tree.
公共汽车撞在树上了。
The aircraft crashed.
那飞机坠毁了。
3.deserted adj.无人居住的，荒废了的；被抛弃了的
a deserted village/island 荒村（岛）
desert v.丢开，抛弃；失去，逃走
My courage deserted me.
我失去了勇气。
He deserted to the enemy.
他投敌去了。
4.develop v.发展；开发；（使）成长；使（发育）
Plants develop from seeds.植物由种子发育而成。
Fresh air and exercise develop healthy bodies.
新鲜空气和运动培养健康的身体。
London developed into one of the greatest ports in the world.
伦敦发展成为世界最大的港口之一。
He developed a cough.
他咳嗽起来了。
This has made it necessary for agriculture and industry to develop very quickly.
这就使得工农业必须飞速发展。
a developing country 发展中国家
a developed country 发达国家
development n.发展
with the development of… 随着……的发展
5.unusual adj.不常见的，不普通的；例外的；奇异的
usual adj.常见的，平常的
Tea is the usual drink of English people.
茶是英国人的平常饮料。
than usual比通常（往常）
He came earlier than usual.
他比平时来得早。
as usual像往常一样，照例
As usual，he got up very early.
像往常那样，他起得非常早。
What do you usually do on Sundays
你通常在星期天做什么？
6.realize v.认识到；实现
Fortunately，people are beginning to realize just how serious the whole situation is.
幸运的是，人们开始认识到整个情况有多么严重。
He couldn’t realize his own danger.
他认识不到自己的危险。
realize one’s hopes/ambitions实现一个人的希望（野心）
realization n.实现，现实化；真正认识
have a full/true realization of…充分认识到某事，真正了解到某事
7.even though/if即使，纵然（用于引导让步状语从句）
Even though I didn’t know anybody at the party，I had a good time.
即使我不认识晚会上的任何人，我玩得也很快活。
Even if it rains，I will go.
即使下雨，我也将去。
She won’t leave the television set，even though her husband is waiting for his supper.
纵使她的丈夫在等着吃晚饭，她也不愿意离开电视机。
［比较］as if/though“就像……似的，似乎，仿佛”，用于引导方式状语从句和表语从句。
（1）方式状语从句中的动词一般用虚拟语气，be通常用were或was。若从句动作与主句动作同时发生，从句中用一般过去时；若从句动作在主句动作之前发生，从句中用过去完成时。
Holding his head high，he walked past the pole and the soldiers as if they didn’t exist.
他高昂着头，走过旗杆，仿佛他们不存在似的。
They talked as if they had been friends for years.
他们说话很亲热，就像多年的好朋友似的。
（2）当主句谓语动词为look，seem，taste，smell等词时，as if引导的表语从句如表示客观事实，从句中谓语动词用陈述语气；如表示与事实相反，则用虚拟语气。
This meat tastes as if it has already gone bad.
这肉尝起来好像已变坏了。
He looks as if he had seen a ghost.
他的脸色看起来好像他看见了鬼。
It seems as if it was/were spring already.
现在仿佛已经是春天了。
8.treat…as… 把……当作……对待
Don’t treat me as a child.
不要把我当作小孩看待。
We’d better treat it as a joke.
我们最好把它当作笑话。
They shall not be treated only as amusement.
不能把它们单纯看成是娱乐。
treat v.对待；治疗；款待
He treats his wife badly.
他对待妻子不好。
Which doctors are treating her for her illness
哪些医师在为她治病？
She treated each of the children to an ice-cream.
她请孩子每人吃个冰淇淋。
I decided to treat myself to a taxi.
我决定坐一次计程车。
treatment n.对待；待遇；治疗；请客
They are trying a new treatment for cancer.
他们正在试验治疗癌症的一种新方法。
be under treatment 在治疗中
She is still under treatment in hospital.
她仍在医院接受治疗。
This is my treat.
这次我请客。
9.share v.分享；共同负担；共有；共用
share(in)sth.分享某事（物）
share sth.with sb.与……共用……
share ￡100 equally between five people
把100英镑平分给五个人
We share the same room.
我们住在一间房里。
She shares(in)my troubles as well as(in)my joys.
她和我苦乐共享。
I will share the cost with you.
我将与你分享费用。
Let’s share;you have half and I have half.
咱俩平分，你一半我一半。
n.负担量（不可数）；一份，份额（可数）
bear/take one’s share of… 对负担……的部分
I take my share of the cost.
我负担我那部分的费用。
We shall all have a share in the profits.
我们都可以分得一份利润。
10.sorrow n.悲哀，忧愁；悲伤
express sorrow for having done wrong 对做错事表示伤心
to one’s great sorrow使某人极为悲哀的是
look at sb.in sorrow 悲伤地注视着某人
His death caused much sorrow to them.
他的去世使他们十分悲痛。
The whole nation was in deep sorrow at this news.
当全国人民听到这个噩耗时，都沉浸在深切的悲痛之中。
11.care about 在乎；关心；照顾
He doesn’t care about other people.
他不关心别人。
Can she care about the children
她能照顾这些孩子吗？
care v.关心；在意
（1）作“在乎，介意”时，多用于否定句、疑问句。
I don’t care at all.
我一点也不在乎。
I care nothing about the matter.
我对此事毫不介意。
(2)care可以接不定式，表示“愿意，欲望”。
Do you care to have lunch in town
你想不想在城里吃饭？
（3）care可以接从句
They didn’t care whether it rained or not.
他们不在乎下雨还是不下雨。
I don’t care who he is.
我不管他是谁。
（4）care for 喜欢；愿意
Einstein cared little for money.
爱因斯坦不太喜欢钱。
Would you care for a cup of tea
你想喝杯茶吗？
We should care for the young generation.
我们应关心青年一代。
(一)admit作及物动词讲，常见用法归纳
1.承认(事实、错误等)
(1)admit+n./pron.
e.g.The young worker went straight to the office to admit his fault.
这个青年人直接跑到办公室来认错。
I admit the truth of your statement.
我承认你的说法是正确的。
(2)admit(to+人)+clause
e.g.He admitted that he was in the wrong.
他承认是他的错误。
He admitted to me that he had stolen the purse.
他向我承认他偷了钱包。
(3)admit+v.-ing(不能接不定式作宾语)
e.g.He admitted taking the money but promised never to do it again.
他承认拿了钱，但他保证再不干这样的事了。
He admitted having done wrong.
他承认做了错事。
(4)admit+n./pron.+to be+adj.
e.g.I admit myself to be wrong.
我承认自己错了。
You must admit the task to be difficult.
你必须承认这项任务是艰巨的。
(5)It is admitted+that clause.
e.g.It is generally admitted that the moon is a world where utter silence prevails.
月球是一个寂静无声的世界，这一点是大家所公认的。
2.准许(人或物)进入、接纳、接收
admit+n./pron.(+介词短语)
e.g.He opened the windows to admit a little air and sunshine.
他打开窗户，透透空气，见见太阳。
Now more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
现在更多的中学毕业生将被大学录取。
3.可容纳：admit+(cardinal numerals)+n.
e.g.The theatre admits only 200 persons.
这座戏院只能容纳200人。
(二)share是个多义词，可作名词，可作动词，作动词又有及物、不及物动词之分。
1.作名词“一份、份额、股份”
e.g.Do your share of the work.
做你那份工作。
Who’s eaten my share of sweets
谁吃了我的那份糖？
The company was formed with 2000 shares.
这家公司组成时有2000股。
2.作动词“分担、分享、分配”
e.g.Mary and I will share a room.
我和玛丽将合住一个房间。
They would share(in)their joys and sorrows.
他们愿意同甘共苦。
The boys shared the cake equally.
男孩子们平均分配了蛋糕。
3.share的常用短语
(1)bear/take/have one’s share of负担……的那份
e.g.I’ll bear/take/have my share of the expense.
我愿承担我的一份费用。
(2)share in分担、共享
e.g.She shares in my troubles as well as in my joys.
她与我苦乐与共。
(3)go shares 分享、分担、合伙经营
e.g.I’ll go shares with you in the travelling expenses.
我和你分担旅费。
(三)opinion是名词，但在英语中使用频率很高。
1.“意见、看法、舆论、评价”是它的常见意思。
e.g.What’s your opinion on/about it
你对此有何看法？
I have no opinion to offer.
我谈不出什么看法。
I fully share your opinion.
我与你看法完全一致。
Public opinion is in favour of the suggestion.
舆论赞成这个建议。
2.opinion的常用短语
(1)in one’s opinion依照某人的看法
e.g.In my opinion you should go there yourself.
在我看来你应该亲自去那儿。
(2)have a good/high/low/poor opinion of sb.or sth.
对某人或某物给予好的/高的/低的/坏的评价
e.g.His boss has a good opinion of him.
老板很赏识他。
(3)ask one’s opinion 征求某人的意见
respect/take/stick to one’s opinion
尊重/接受/坚持某人的意见
guide/prepare public opinion
引导舆论/作舆论准备Unit1 Good friends 词汇辨析
(一)afraid/scared
1.相同点：两词均可作“害怕的”
(1)作表语：
e.g.Don’t be afraid.
She is afraid to go out alone.
她不敢独自出去。
They were scared at the strange noise.
他们听到奇怪声后感到害怕。
(2)其后均可接of短语
e.g.I was afraid/scared of the big dog.
我害怕这只大狗。
2.不同点：
afraid指一般的“害怕、担心”，而scared指“因受……惊吓而害怕”“惊恐的”
(1)afraid只能作表语，但scared可作定语。
e.g.I was afraid of hurting her feelings.
我担心伤害她的感情。
The scared child is feeling better now.
那个受惊的孩子现在感到好多了。
(2)afraid后常可接so/not或(that)从句。
e.g.Are we late I’m afraid so/not.
我们迟到了吗？恐怕迟到了/没有。
I’m afraid(that)you’ll get caught in the rain.
我恐怕你要淋雨。
I’m afraid you are wrong about that.
这事我想恐怕是你错了。
(二)on board/on the board/on the boards
1.on board 在车/船/飞机上，去(到)车/船/飞机上
e.g.There were 50 passengers on board when the ship sank.
船沉时船上有五十多名旅客。
The ship would have sunk with all on board but for the captain.
要不是由于船长的努力，我们就会连船带人全都沉没了。
2.on the board
①“在木板上”，board前可加上其他名词构成合成词，表示供某种用途的木板。
e.g.Put the bread on the board before cutting it.
在切之前把面包放在板上。
on the message board 在留言板上
on the notice board 在布告牌上
on the diving board 在跳水板上
②“在会上讨论”有被动含义。
e.g.The point will be laid on the board at the next meeting.
这一点将在下次会议上讨论。
3.on the boards “当演员”，常用在be动词后作表语。
e.g.The family have been on the boards since grandfather’s time.
从祖父那一代起，这家人就以演戏为生。
(三)be sure of/about，be sure to do，be sure that从句
1.be sure of/about“对……有把握，确信”，表示主语的主观判断，主语只能是人。
e.g.We are sure of winning.
我们肯定会赢。
He was not sure about the grammar and some of the idioms.
他对语法和一些惯用法没把握。
2.sb./sth.+be sure to do“一定会、必然”，表示局外人推测。
e.g.It is a good book.And you are sure to enjoy it.
这是一本好书，你肯定会喜欢看的。
It’s sure to rain this evening.
今晚一定有雨。
3.sb.+be sure that/whether/what/when/where/why…
e.g.Mary is sure that she will succeed.
(=Mary is sure of success.)
玛丽确信她会成功。
I’m not sure where I left my notebook.
我弄不准把笔记本忘在哪里了。
(四)argue/quarrel
1.argue“争论、争吵、辩论”，着重就自己的看法或立场提出论证和人家辩论。可接从句，如“争论什么”，常接about。
e.g.We heard them arguing in the other room.
They were getting very angry.
我们听见他们在另一个房间争论，他们都很生气。
They argued about it for a long time.
关于这件事他们辩论了很久。
2.quarrel“争吵、吵架”，表示因一种不同意或不喜欢而产生的强烈争论，既可指言辞上的不和，也可指激烈的争吵。“争吵什么”常接about。
e.g.The had even quarrelled several times.
他们甚至吵过几次架。
It’s no use quarrelling about it with me.
为这事和我吵架没有用。
(五)care for/care about/take care of
1.care for/care about均可表示“喜欢、关心”的意思。
e.g.He cared nothing about/for skating.
他对滑冰没有兴趣。
In our class，we care for/about each other.
在我们班，我们相互关心。
①care about还可表示“在乎、介意”，常用于否定句。
e.g.He doesn’t care about his clothes.
他不讲究衣着。
She didn’t care about anything people might say.
人们说什么她都不在乎。
②care for 还可表示“照顾/料”。
e.g.The children are well cared for in the nurseries.
孩子们在托儿所受到很好照顾。
2.take care of“照料”
e.g.She takes good care of everybody.
她关心大家。
Take care(of)yourself.
多保重。Unit 2 知识归纳
(一)英语中表示“请求(requests)”情况归纳：
1.提出请求表达
The radio is too loud.Can you turn it down a little
收音机的声音太大了，你能将它的音量调小一点吗？
Excuse me，could you tell me when the next train leaves for Beijing
请问下一班列车何时去北京？
Excuse me，would you mind stopping talking
对不起，请不要讲话好吗？
Shut the door，will you
请把门关上，好吗？
May I use your English-Chinese dictionary
我可以用你的英汉词典吗？
Would you like to go out for a walk now
现在你愿意出去走一走吗？
Don’t rush(hurry)/crowd.
不要匆忙/挤！
No smoking，please.
请勿吸烟。
2.愉快接受请求表达
Certainly/Of course/Sure!
当然可以！
With pleasure!
十分愿意！
I’ll be glad/pleased to.
我很乐意！
Yes，all right.好的。
No problem.没问题。
Certainly，just help yourself.
当然，请自便。
I will if I can.
如果我能，我会的。
Not at all./Of course not.
根本不/当然不。
3.客气地拒绝请求表达
I’d like(love)to，but I have no time.
我很愿意，但我没时间。
I’m sorry I can’t.
对不起，我不能。
No，I’m afraid not/I can’t.
不，恐怕我不能。
I’d like to say yes，but that’s impossible.
我倒是想答应的，但那是不可能的。
I’m sorry，but I’m using it now.
对不起，不过我现在正好用它。
(二)表示“许多”的词语归纳
1.只能修饰可数名词的有：
many，a good/great many，a(large/great)number of，many a(+n.)
e.g.A good many animals sleep under the snow.
很多动物都在雪底下冬眠。
To build this house，a great number of bricks are needed.
盖这所房子需要大量砖头。
Many a student has visited the exhibition.
许多学生参观了这次展览。
2.只能修饰不可数名词的有：
much，a great/good deal of，a great amount of
e.g.It cost me a great deal of money.
它花了我很多钱。
Is there much ink in the bottle
瓶子里有很多墨水吗？
He gave his wife a great amount of money.
他给了他妻子一大笔钱。
3.可数和不可数名词均可修饰的有：
a lot of，lots of，plenty of，a large/great quantity of，quantities of
e.g.Every day people throw away lots of rubbish.
人们每天都倒掉很多垃圾。
We have plenty of rain in the south in spring.
春天南方雨水很多。
A great quantity of flowers was placed on the dead boy’s body.
孩子的尸体上盖满了鲜花。
There are large quantities of food in the cupboard.
食橱里有许多食物。Unit 2 同步综合练习
I．听力部分（略）
Ⅱ．单项填空（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
11．You can’t do well in your studies ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ you listen to the teacher
attentively in class．
A．if B．until C．when D．unless
12．＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ of his friends has（have） ever been to Paris．
A．None B．No one C．Every D．Nobody
13．Last evening Lack watched TV at home ＿＿＿＿ going to the cinema．
A．not B．but C．instead D．instead of
14．You ＿＿＿＿＿ play football if you haven’t finished your homework．
A．don’t allow to B．are not allowed
C．are not allowed to D．don’t allow
15．They are asked to have their own way ＿＿＿＿ doing things．
A．in B．to C．of D．for
16．Oh，we are late．The hall is ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ people．
A．filled of B．filled with C．full with D．filled in
17．When I ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ my work tomorrow， I will go swimming with you．
A．will finish B．have finished
C．am finishing D．finished
18．＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ you begin the work， you shouldn’t stop halfway．
A．Once B．When C．Though D．As soon as
19．The fish smells ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．Let me have a ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A．well；look B．sweet；look
C．well；taste D．sweet；taste
20．Tom and his parents are now in China ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A．in a holiday B．on the holiday
C．at holiday D．on holiday
21．Tell him ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ his bike when he leaves．
A．not to forget locking B．don’t forget locking
C．not to forget to lock D．don’t forget to lock
22．Make sure ＿＿＿＿＿ off all the lights before you go to bed．
A．you turn B．to turned C．turning D．your turning
23．—Sorry to have kept you waiting．
—＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A．It’s all right B．It doesn’t matter
C．No worry D．That’s right
24．—Do you like the sweater？
—Yes，it ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ very soft．
A．feels B．is feeling C．is felt D．felt
25．Do you remember ＿＿＿＿＿ your headmaster told you to do？
A．that B．what C．how D．whether
Ⅲ．完形填空（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从26－45各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中选出能填入相应空白处的最佳选项。
Do you believe that some numbers are lucky or unlucky？ If you answer“yes”
26 this question， you are certainly not 27．For example， many people in certain
countries believe that 28 13 is especially bad． They believe 13 people should 29
sit at a table together， and that 30 things will happen 31 Friday the 13th．Some
buildings do not even designate a 13th floor． On the other hand，7 is often
considered a 32 number．33 everyone goes along with this belief in the power of
numbers． Some people think that lucky 34 unlucky numbers are only superstitions
（迷信） that should not 35 seriously． 36 ， others think that numbers 37 have the
power to affect people’s 38．
In ancient times， it was quite common to believe in the magical power of
numbers． It 39 that some numbers could clue（暗示）someone in to the 40 or show
the 41 side of a person’s personality（个性）． Numerology（命理学），he“art”of
42 the power in numbers， was often practised in Jewish tradition（传统） and among
Greek mathematicians（数学家）． Today， many of those 43 still practise numerology
use the Hebrew calendric system（希伯来历法） which gives each 44 of the alphabet
（字母表）45 of the numbers 1 through 8．
26. A. of B. to C. in D. on
27. A. alone B. lonely C. yourself D. only
28. A. number B. numbers C. the numbers D. Number
29. A. often B. ever C. always D. never
30. A. good B. terrible C. badly D. terribly
31. A. in B. at C. on D. of
32. A. lucky B. unlucky C. luckily D. luck
33. A. Almost B. Not C. Nearly D. No
34. A. or B. and C. but D. also
35. A. take B. taking C. be taken D. be taking
36. A. But B. However C. While D. Yet
37. A. do B. don't C. also D. but
38. A. life B. lives C. living D. job
39. A. believe B. believed C. is believed D. was believed
40. A. past B. present C. future D. last
41. A. hide B. hiding C. hid D. hidden
42. A. read B. reading C. reads D. being read
43. A. which B. who C. whose D. whom
44. A. letter B. word C. number D. name
45. A. some B. any C. many D. one
Ⅳ．阅读理解（共10小题；每小题2分，满分20分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中选出最佳答案。
A
In 1950 an ordinary but imaginative（富于想象力） electrical engineer named Christopher Cockerell began an experiment that was soon to change the world． He came up with an idea to make boats go faster， by using a vacuum cleaner（真空吸尘器）．
Using his wife’s vacuum cleaner he was able to reverse（使倒转） the motor so that it blew instead of sucking． The air that blew out beneath（下面） acted as a cushion against surfaces． Years later， his principle of cushioned air made it possible for the first hovercraft（气垫船） to be successfully built and tried out． A journey along the Amazon River proved to the world that the hovercraft was both wonderful and useful．
The invention that began in the kitchen and the boatyard of an ordinary home led to a thousand other inventions． Today hovercrafts carry passengers in comfort over rough channels and seas．
46．The passage is mainly about ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A．Christopher，an ordinary but imaginative engineer
B．Christopher and his wife’s vacuum cleaner
C．Christopher and his invention
D．Christopher and his discovery
47．The aim of the experiment in 1950 was ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A．to speed up the boats
B．to change the world
C．to make the boats more comfortable
D．to improve vacuum cleaner
48．The underlined word “sucking” in the second paragraph probably means “＿＿＿＿＿． ”
A．taking with great force
B．drawing with great force
C．pushing with great force
D．pulling with great force
49．Which of the following can push the hovercraft forward rapidly？
A．Cushioned air． B．The air that sucked in．
C．The air that blew out． D．The air on the surface．
50．According to the passage， many other inventions were ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿．
A．the dreams of Christopher
B．the results of Christopher’s experiment
C．the cause of Christopher’s idea
D．the wishes of Christopher
B
Charlie studied in a famous college for four years． He studied hard and did well in all his subjects． He hoped to become a good teacher． This year he left the college and began to work in a middle school． He likes his students and is strict（严格的） with them． He does his best to make his classes lively and interesting．
One day he carefully explained a chemical reaction（反应） to the students of Grade 2 in the chemistry lab．
“Be careful， everyone，” he said loudly． “Before I make the experiment，there're twenty five atoms of carbon（碳原子），but after I finish it， there’re twenty four atoms of carbon left！”
He stopped to watch the classroom and hoped his students would go on explaining it． But the young men looked at each other and nobody answered him． He had to ask， “What happens？ What makes the atom lost？”
The classroom was very quiet and none of the students looked at their teacher．
“Who can tell us where it has gone？”
Suddenly a soft voice came from the back row， “We did not see anybody leave the lab！”
51．Charlie began to work in the middle school because ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿．
A．he had been in the school for four years
B．he couldn’t do anything except teaching
C．he hoped to become a good teacher
D．he did well in all his subjects
52．Charlie hopes ＿＿＿＿ ，so he does his best to make his classes lively and interesting．
A．all his students could understand him
B．his students wouldn’t be afraid of him
C．his students carefully watched him making the experiment
D．his students could do well in chemistry
53．That day Charlie wished ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A．his students could learn the chemical reaction
B．his students could find the atom of carbon
C．his students could count（数） the atoms of carbon
D．his students could make the experiment
54．The students couldn’t answer Charlie’s questions because ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A．none of them had seen the atoms
B．they didn’t understand their teacher
C．the chemical reaction was too complicated
D．they all wanted to drop the subject
55．In fact，＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A．Charlie failed that day
B．the student in the back row didn’t watch her teacher carefully
C．the student in the back row hadn’t learned chemistry before
D．Charlie failed in making the experiment
Ⅴ．短文改错（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
Miss Evans taught physics in school in London．Last month 56．＿＿＿＿＿＿
she was explaining to one of her class about sound ，and 57．＿＿＿＿＿＿
she decide to test them to see how successful she had 58．＿＿＿＿＿＿
been in her work． She said to them， “Now I has a sister 59．＿＿＿＿＿＿
in Washington． If I was calling her by the phone， and 60．＿＿＿＿＿＿
you were on the other side of the street． Who would 61．＿＿＿＿＿＿
hear me first， my sister and you？ And why？” 62．＿＿＿＿＿＿
A clever boy at once answered， “You sister， Miss 63．＿＿＿＿＿＿
Evans， because the electricity travels much faster than sound 64．＿＿＿＿＿＿
waves．” “Very well，” Miss Evans praised． 65．＿＿＿＿＿＿
Ⅵ．书面表达（满分15分）
明天，高一（1）班同学将到化学实验室去上开学以来的第一节化学实验课。假如你是班长，请将实验课注意事项在班上宣读。
［参考词汇］
注意事项 points for attention
精密仪器 precision instrument
试剂 reagent
Key:
11－15 DADCC 16－20 BBADD 21－25 CABAB
26－30 BACDB 31－35 CABAC 36－40 BABDC
41－45 DBBAD 46－50 CABCB 51－55 CDABA
56．第一个in后加a 57．class→classes 58．decide→decided
59．has→have 60．by→on 61．? √ 62．and→or
63．You→Your 64．去掉the 65．well→good
One possible version：
May I have your attention， please？ Tomorrow our class are going to have our
first chemistry experiment lesson this term in the lab． Here are some points for
attention when we are in the lab． First of all we should listen to the teacher
carefully and follow his instructions strictly． Second， we must keep quiet and
must not touch the precision instrument and reagents unless we are told to． And
we must mop the floor， clean the tables and put away the articles after the
experiment． Don't forget to turn off the lights and shut the door before we
leave the lab． That＇s all．
