Fire fighting is a serious matter. Knowing what to do during a fire can save people's lives. It is important to know the ways you can use and show them to everyone else in the family, such as stairways and emergency（紧急事件）exits, but not lifts. From the lower floors of buildings, escaping through windows is possible. Learn the best way to get out from a window with the least chance of serious injury. The second floor window is usually not very high from the ground. An average（普通的）person, hanging by the fingertips（手指尖）will have a drop of about 6 feet to the ground. It is about the height of an average man. Of course, it is safer to jump a short way down than to stay in a burning building. Windows are also useful when you are waiting for help. Be sure to keep the door closed before opening the window. Otherwise, smoke and fire may be drawn into the room. Keep your head low at the window to be sure you get fresh air rather than smoke that may have leaked（漏）into the room. On the second or third floor, the best windows for escape are those which open onto a roof. From the roof a person can drop to the ground more safely. Dropping onto cement（水泥）might end in injury. Bushes and trees can help you to have a soft landing.
Unit 4 Earthquakes
●单元规划
本单元话题为“地震”，主要描写了1976年唐山大地震，各项语言活动也都是围绕地震展开的。本单元共分八部分。
Warming up部分通过两张图片引出话题“一旦地震发生，将会造成怎样的危害”，为后面的主题作了一个“热身运动”。
Pre-reading部分设置了两个开放性问题，目的是增加学生的生活常识，提高他们的应变能力。这部分为接下来的阅读作了很好的铺垫，学生可通过讨论，参阅有关地震的书籍并运用一些生活常识来回答这两个问题。
Reading部分具体描写1976年河北唐山大地震的震前、震中和震后。作者详细描述了地震来临前的一些不正常的自然现象及动物的反常表现，地震的来势汹汹，并在顷刻间将整座城市夷为平地和地震结束后，人们勇敢地面对事实并及时地实施抢救和重建工作。本课词汇量大，并运用了大量的动词，使得描写更为生动。文中还有不少复杂的数字，这又增加了文章的阅读难度，另外文章中出现了许多定语从句，对学生的语言阅读能力提出了更高的要求。
Comprehending部分包括三组练习，主要目的是帮助学生更好地理解Reading部分的文章。其中的第三小题要求学生写出各部分的大意，这更突出了培养学生整体把握文章的能力。
Learning about language部分共分为两部分：Discovering useful words and expressions和Discovering useful structures。Discovering useful words and expressions部分要求学生在整体把握文章的基础上，掌握个别重点词汇的词义及使用，这一部分更注重培养学生运用上下文猜测词义的能力。另外这一部分还对一些复杂的数字的读法进行了检测。Discovering useful structures部分首先要求学生从文中找出定语从句进行分析，其次考查了定语从句关系词的选择。
Using language部分分为：Reading，writing and speaking；Listening和Writing。Reading，writing and speaking中包括读一篇邀请函，写一份演讲稿，和关于一套新唐山邮票的little talk，这部分主要培养学生在实际生活中运用英语的能力。在Listening部分学生将听到美国旧金山大地震中一位幸存者的故事，并根据听力材料进行正误判断和回答问题，这个部分旨在培养学生学会获取听力材料中的细节要点，同时让学生了解人们在自然灾害中的经历和感受。Listening部分还设置了一个环节，即学生听磁带并在句子相应的位置标出连音和不完全爆破音，再练习朗读，高三学生英语口试的实施使朗读英语文章显得更为重要，可以让学生经常跟着磁带朗读，并模仿标准的语音、语调。Writing部分要求学生为报纸写一篇文章，描写家乡的一件不同寻常的事件。这一部分旨在培养学生按照规范的步骤进行写作，如选择适当的标题，组织语言，清晰地表达等，另外这一部分也培养学生写作时注意标题、主旨大意和细节。
Summing up部分帮助学生整理、巩固本单元所学到的知识。其中包括学到的关于地震的知识，有用的动词、名词、其他表达方式和新的语法项目。古人说：“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。”一个单元的知识学完后进行一番总结和反思是非常有用的，可以起到事半功倍的效果。
Learning Tip部分就听英语方面给出了一些建议，建议学生多听广播或电视里的英语节目，多听不仅能够提高听力水平，还能够帮助学生改善语音、语调。“教是为了不教”，教师不仅要把每单元的重点知识传授给学生，更应该在日常的教学中将学习方法传授给学生，逐步培养学生自学的能力。
本单元需要学习的内容有：
知识目标：
（1）New words：shake，rise，crack，burst，well，smelly，pond，pipe，canal，steam，destroy，ruin，dirt，injure，survivor，brick，dam，useless，steel，shock，quake，rescue，electricity，disaster，army，organize，bury，coal，mine，shelter，fresh，percent，Europe，speech，judge，honor，prepare
（2）Phrases：right away，as usual，at an end，lie in ruins，later that afternoon，be trapped under sth.，dig out，to the north of sp.，instead of，a great number of，put up，give out，wake sb.up，in the open air，give a speech，be proud of，as you know，be pleased to do sth.，open a new park，thousands of，raise money，one another，a list of，prepare sth.for sth.，think little of sth.
（3）Sentence patterns：①It seemed/seems that....
②The number of sb./sth.reached/reaches....
③All hope was not lost.（部分否定）
④Never before in history has a city been so completely destroyed.（倒装句）
⑤Never in all San Francisco’s history were her people so kind as on that terrible night.（倒装句）
⑥Amazing as it may seem，Wednesday night was a quiet night.（让步状语从句）
（4）语法：定语从句（The Attributive Clause）
①能够用英语描述人物的特征、行为等——由who/whom/whose/that引导。
e.g.But the one million people of the city，who thought little of these events，went to bed as usual that night.
Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.
②能够用英语描述事物、事件的性质、内容等——由which/that引导。
e.g.It was heard in Beijing，which is one hundred kilometers away.
A huge crack that was eight kilometers long and thirty meters wide cut across houses，roads and canals.
能力目标：
1.能运用所学语言知识描述地震前兆、地震危害及震后援救。
2.根据已知信息推测将要听取的材料的内容。
3.提高阅读技能和用英语进行思维、推理、判断的能力。
4.掌握演讲稿的格式及新闻报道的写作步骤和要点。
情感目标：
1.学习唐山人民勇敢面对自然灾害，积极进行灾后重建的精神。
2.在教学活动中培养学生的合作精神和互助精神。
●课时安排
本单元教学可以分为7课时：
第一课时：Warming-up；New words；Listening
第二课时：Pre-reading；Reading；Comprehending
第三课时：Important language points；Learning about language （Discovering useful words and expressions）；Using words and expressions
第四课时：Learning about language （Discovering useful structures：Grammar）；Using structures
第五课时：Using language （Reading，writing and speaking；Writing）
第六课时：Reading task；Listening Task；Speaking task
第七课时：Using language （Listening）；Learning tip；Summing up；Project
1．shake（shook, shaken）vt.摇；（猛力）摇动；抖动vi.震动；发抖n.摇动；振动；握手 shake hands with sb.同某人握手 shake one's head（over / at sth.）摇头表示对某事不同意 e. g. Nothing can shake our determination to overcome the difficulty. 什么也动摇不了我们克服困难的决心。 Please shake the bottle before taking. 服药之前请摇动瓶子。 The whole house shook during the explosion. 爆炸时整个房子都震动了。 He refused our plan with a shake of the head. 他摇头拒绝了我们的计划。 2．rise（rose, risen）vi. 升起；上升；增长；升高 e. g. As a result of the dam, the water level of the lake was going to rise by 63 meters. 由于兴建水坝，湖的水面将会升高63米。 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳东升西落。 比较：raise vt.举起，提起，抬高。说明主语发出的动作用于其他事物的。 rise vi.升起，上升，增长，升高。说明主语自身移向较高位置。 e. g. Heavy rains raised the river stage. 暴雨使河水水位升高。 After the heavy rain, the river rose by two feet. 暴雨过后，河水上涨了两英尺。 3．bury vt.理埋葬；葬；埋藏；遮盖；掩蔽 be buried alive被活埋；隐居 e. g. They buried the dead soldiers in the woods. 他们把死去的士兵埋在小树林里。 She sat there, buried in thought. 她坐在那儿，陷入了沉思。 The scientist knew nothing about the matter, because he was always burying himself in his study. 那位科学家对此事一无所知，因为他一直在做他的研究工作。 4．honour vt.尊敬；给……以荣誉n［U］尊敬；名誉；荣誉［C］荣幸；带来荣誉的人或事。do honour to sb. ＝ do sb. honour礼遇某人；in honour of…纪念……；向……表示敬意。 e. g. We should honour our parents. 我们应该尊敬父母。 Will you honour us with a visit? 可否光临指教？ I feel greatly honoured by the kind things you say about me. 你恭维我的话使我感到十分荣幸。 I'm honoured to be invited to speak at the meeting. 被邀请在会议上发言，我感到非常荣幸。 You should learn to leave honour to others. 你应把荣誉留给别人。 I think it a great honour to be invited. 我认为获得邀请是无上光荣的事。 5．shock n.［U］＆［C］打击；震惊；震动vt.使震惊；使惊愕shocking adj.使人震惊的 e. g. The news of his wife's death was a terrible shock to him. 他妻子去世的消息对他来说是一个沉重的打击。 The failure was a great shock to him. 那次失败对他打击很大。 You will get a shock if you touch the live wire. 如果你碰这条带电的电线，你会触电。 We were greatly shocked at her arrival. 对她的到来，我们感到大吃一惊。 I was shocked by his rudeness. 他的粗鲁行为使我感到震惊。 His failure in the exam was shocking to his parents. 他考试没及格使他父母感到震惊。 6．last vi持续；延续；维持adj.最后的；末尾的；刚过去的adv.上一次at last最后；终于 e. g. The meeting lasted two and a half hours. 会议持续了两个半小时。 We have enough food to last three days. 我们有足够维持三天的粮食。 the last month of the year一年的最后一个月 this day last week上礼拜的今天 When were you last in London? 你上一次在伦敦是什么时候?
合作讨论
1．1 头脑风暴 1．Which of the following may cause people the greatest damage? A. Earthquake. B. Typhoon. C. Flood. D. Drought. Various answers are possible. Students should give reasons to support their answers. All of them are natural disasters, they have something in common, at the same time, they have many differences. 2．Do you know what would happen before an earthquake? —There is often a great sound. —Animals may be too nervous to eat. —Maybe there are bright lights in the sky. —A smelly gas may come out of the well. —In the city the water pipes in some buildings crack and burst. 3．What can we do to keep ourselves safe from an earthquake? —Build houses in safe places to fight against earthquakes. —Make the houses as strong as possible. Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up. —Do further researches on earthquakes in order to predict exactly when and where an earthquake will happen. 4．Do you know anything about Tangshan Earthquake in 1976? （1）It happened on July 28, 1976. （2）It was the greatest earthquake of the 20th century in China. （3）Thousands of thousands of people became homeless in a short time. （4）The number of people who were killed or injured reached more than 400000 during the earthquake. （5）Many soldiers were sent to Tangshan to rescue the survivors after the earthquake. （6）All the traffic was almost destroyed after the quake. （7）Before the earthquake, many strange things happened, but people thought little of them. （8）Such a great number of people died during the earthquake, because the quake happened while they were sleeping. 1．2 语篇探究 1．Tangshan earthquake is the worst recorded quake of the 20th century in China, Why were so many people killed or injured? —People thought little of those strange events before the earthquake. —The earthquake happened suddenly in the early morning, most people were still asleep during the earthquake. —Some houses were not strong enough. —Many people were killed later that afternoon when another big quake shook Tangshan unexpectedly. 2．The title of the text is "A night the earth didn't sleep". What do you think about another title "Tangshan earthquake"? There is no definite answer to this question. Different people may have different opinions. Ask the students to compare the two titles. What are the advantages and what are the disadvantages? The writer compares the city to a person. It's more vivid in writing style. The second title may be more direct. 3．Why does the writer say" The whole city began to breathe again"? In the text, the writer compares the city to a person. When the earthquake happened, all the city was completely destroyed. After the quake, people did a great deal of work to rebuild the city. And some time later, the whole city returned to normal, as a dying person recovered from a fatal illness. 1．3 阅读讨论 When some plates of the earth move suddenly, an earthquake happens. Many earthquakes begin under the sea. In fact, earthquakes may happen near high mountains. During an earthquake, the shakings make rocks rise suddenly and even crack open. Houses fall, people are killed or hurt, and sometimes the whole villages or cities are destroyed. Some villages even disappear completely. Can we do something to keep ourselves safe from earthquakes? Scientists have studied earthquakes and make maps that show the "earthquake belts". In areas in these belts, it is possible for earthquakes to happen. In these areas we can build strong houses to fight against earthquakes. In the future, scientists will be able to predict exactly when and where an earthquake will happen. They can also tell people what to do and how to do it. 1．According to the passage, why does an earthquake happen? An earthquake happens, because some parts of the earth move suddenly. 2．When do you want to build a house in an area in the "earthquake belt", What should you pay attention to? Because it is possible for earthquakes happen in the "earthquake belt", when we build a house. We should build houses as strong as possible in order to fight against earthquakes. 3．In the future, the writer says, we will not be afraid of an earthquake, why? In the future, scientists will be able to predict exactly when and where an earthquake will happen. They can also tell people what to do and how to do it. 4．What will you do if an earthquake happens? a. If an earthquake happens, first I will keep calm. And then find a safe place and get there as quickly as possible. b. If I were sleeping in my bedroom when the quake happened, I would get up quickly first, next I would wake up my family and my neighbours. Then we could run to a safe place. And finally we could escape being trapped or killed. 5．Do you think people can stop earthquakes? At present, we still can not prevent the earthquake from happening. But now we know much more about earthquakes and the cause of earthquakes. For centuries, man has been making researches on earthquakes. For example, more than 2000 years ago, Zhang Heng, a Chinese scientist invented a machine to detect earthquakes and scientists today still use it to detect and measure the strength of earthquakes. With the development of science and technology, more useful machines will be invented, so we believe people can stop earthquakes one day.
文本互动
Here is a passage about an earthquake. Listen to the tape carefully and then finish the exercises. The text will be read twice. 1．Usually an earthquake happens _______. A. without any noise B. with sweet sounds C. with a big noise D. without killing people 答案：C 2．The earthquake in Assam in 1986 _______. A. was a small one B. probably killed no people C. was the greatest earthquake in the world D. probably killed a large number of people 答案：D 3．The writer wrote this passage to _______. A. tell people about the use of the earthquake B. tell us not to know about the earthquake C. tell people about the earthquake D. show his knowledge of the earthquake 答案：C 4．The best title of this passage is _______. A. The Earthquake in Britain B. The Earthquake C. Earthquakes under the Sea D. Earthquake with Danger 答案：B 短文内容: Some countries have a large number of earthquakes. Others do not have many. For example, there are few earthquakes in Britain. There is often a great sound during an earthquake. The ground moves and the houses fall down. Sometimes thousands of people are killed in different ways. Earthquakes usually happen under the sea, or near volcanoes, but this is not always true. The powerful forces inside the earthquake destroy rocks and great waves appear. They travel a long way and they are strong enough to break down houses and other buildings. Sometimes they break down more buildings than the earthquake itself. A terrible earthquake happened in Assam, India in 1986. The land near Shilling moved 1.5 feet to one side, and then back again. It continued to act like this 20 times a minute. Few buildings could stay up and great stones flew four feet up into the air.
要点解读
一、词汇详解?
1.shake ?vt.?&?n.(?shook,shaken)摇；颤抖；震动?
【典型例句】?
Shake the bottle before taking the medicine.?
服药之前把瓶子摇一摇。?
He came forward and shook me by the hand.?
他走上前来和我握手。?
He was shaking with anger.?
他气得浑身发抖。?
His heavy steps shook the room.?
他沉重的脚步使房间都为之震动。?
Give him a good shake;he?s half asleep.?
摇醒他,他已经半睡了。 ?
【相关链接】?
(1)shake构成的短语:?
shake off脱离；摆脱；使某人自己免除……?
shake hands with sb. 与某人握手?
shake one?s head 摇头表示不同意?
in half a shake 立刻?
(2)同义词:?
quake “发抖，摇撼”。正式用语,多指整体的摇动,如地震。例如：?
They felt the ground quake as the bomb exploded.?
炸弹爆炸时他们感到地面震动。?
tremble“发抖；抖动”。因恐怖、愤怒、激动或寒冷而使身体无法控制的摇动。例如：?
We were trembling with excitement.?
他们因兴奋而发抖。
活学巧用
选词填空
shake/quake/tremble?
(1)He was________________________ with fear.?
(2)He___________________________his head in disapproval.?
(3)The house______________________ when a train goes by.?
(4)Give the bottle a couple of_____________________before? pouring the juice.?
(5)The bridge_____________________ when the heavy ?lorry? drove over it.
答案:?
(1)trembling/shaking (2)shook (3)shakes?/quakes (4)shakes
(5)trembled/shook/quaked?
汉译英
(6)他宣布这一消息时,声音有些颤抖。?
?_____________________________________________________________________
(7)我们摆脱了恐惧。?
_____________________________________________________________________
(8)当她穿过房间时地板晃动。?
_____________________________________________________________________
答案:?
(6)His voice shook/trembled/quaked as he announced the news.?
(7)We shook off our fears.?
(8)The floor shook/trembled when she walked across the room.
2.right away 立刻；马上?
【典型例句】?
I’m sorry I forgot to bring your medicine down;I’ll go upstairs and get it right away.?
很抱歉我忘记把药给你拿下来了,我马上上楼给你拿来。?
She says that dinner will be ready right away.?
她说晚饭马上就准备好了。?
Don’t worry,she will be here right away.?
不要担心,她马上就来。?
【相关链接】?
(1)right now 现在。例如:?
He is on holiday right now.?
他现在在度假。?
(2)just now 刚才。例如:?
You were wanted on the phone just now.?
刚才有人在电话中找你。?
(3)right off 立刻,马上?
(4)straight away 立刻,马上
单项填空
(1)Don’t interrupt me.I’m,_______,working on a new dress design,which,I’m sure,will be popular among ladies.?
A.right now B.right away?
C.right off D.at once?
提示:right now 现在,恰好;right away与right off,at once意义相同,表示“立刻,马上”。?
答案:A
(2)He is ill;you should call in the doctor______ .?
A.right away B.any way?
C.right now D.just now?
提示:句意:他病了,你应该立即请大夫来。right now 现在,正好；just now 刚才;right away 立刻。答案:A
3.rise vi.(rose,risen)上升；升起；起身?
?n.?上升；增加；上涨?
【典型例句】?
The population of the city has risen to five million.?
该市人口已增加到500万。?
The sun has not yet risen.?
太阳还没升起。?
An immense building rose before their eyes.?
他们眼前耸立起一座巨大的建筑物。?
He rose and left the room.?
他站起身走出屋去。?
There will be a rise in unemployment next year.?
明年失业人数将会增加。?
【相关链接】 ?
(1)rise构成的短语:?
give rise to引起;导致?
be on the rise 上涨,上升;变得更有价值?
rise up 起义;反抗?
have a rise in life/the world飞黄腾达?
(2)rise,raise和lift的区别:?
①rise是不及物动词,表示“升起,站起来”,表示由低而高的变化过程。例如:?
The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。 ?
②raise 是及物动词,是“抬高；提高”的意思,强调动作的姿态,反义词是lower(放低)。例如:?
raise one’s hand 举手 raise a flag 升旗 ?
raise a stone 搬石头 raise one’s voice 提高嗓门 ?
③lift 是及物动词,表示强调用体力把某物从地面提到一定的高度。例如:?
He lifted the big book off the floor and put it on the table.?
他把那本大书从地板上拿起,放在桌子上。
单项填空
(1)Last year the advertising rate_____by 20 percent.?
A.raised B.aroused ?
C.arouse D.rose?
提示:arose多指“产生、发生和出现”,常用于抽象事物;rise 使用范围广,既用于具体事物的“上升、增长”,又用于抽象事物的“上涨、发生”;raise是及物动词,表示把某具体事物抬到高处或提高某抽象事物(工资、地位等);?arouse?意为“唤醒、唤起、激起、引起”。?
答案:D
(2)Our hopes______ and fell at the same time.?
A.arouse B.raised?
C.rose D.aroused ?
提示:arouse“唤醒”；raise为及物动词；rise为不及物动词。?
答案:C
(3)—Would you mind giving your advice on how to improve our business management??
—If you make______ most of the?equipment?,there will be______rise in production.?
A./;/ B.the;a?
C./;a D.the;/?
提示:make the most of 是习语,表示“充分利用”;rise可作名词用,前面要加冠词。此处用不定冠词,构成“there be+a+可数名词”。?
答案:B
4.burst ?vi.?(burst,burst)爆裂；爆发?
?n.?突然破裂；爆发?
【典型例句】 ?
The balloon burst.?
气球炸了。?
The river has burst its bank.?
河水决口了。?
【相关链接】 ?
burst into tears 突然大哭?
burst out crying 放声大哭?
burst into laughter 朗声大笑?
burst out laughing 放声大笑?
burst into a room 闯入房间?
burst out=break out 突然迸发，爆发?
burst with anger/grief/joy 勃然大怒/心痛欲碎/乐不可支
单项填空
(1)The police______into the room and caught the murderer.?
A.burst B.entered? C.looked D.shouted?
提示：“突然闯入某地”应用burst ?into?。?
答案:A
(2)The two old sisters,having been separated so long,held each other and burst_______ tears.?
A.into B.out? C.with D./?
提示:句意:这对老姊妹俩分离那么久了,相互拥抱着,痛哭起来。burst into后接名词,如:tears,laughter,cheers等;burst out后接动名词,如:crying,laughing,shouting等。?
答案:A
5.ruin ?n.?废墟；毁灭?
?vi.&vi.?（使）破产；毁灭?
【典型例句】?
She poured water over my painting and ruined it.?
她把水浇在我的画上，将画毁掉了。?
He had wanted to become a doctor but his mother’s death was the ruin of his hopes.?
他本想当医生，但他母亲的死使他的希望破灭了。?
Several buildings were damaged by the earthquake.?
地震使一些建筑物受到了损害。?
The house was destroyed by a fire.?
房屋被火灾所毁。?
【相关链接】 ?
damage/destroy/ruin/spoil辨析：?
destroy 彻底毁坏，不能修复使用，有毁灭的意思。?
ruin 破坏，毁坏，与destroy接近，但程度稍轻。?
damage 损坏，可重新修好使用。?
spoil 损坏，把某物毁坏或破坏某种气氛而令人?不快?。
单项填空
(1)We has no rain for four months,and the harvest was______.?
A.damaging B.damaged? C.ruining D.ruined?
提示：damage常指人的威信、名声或物品的外观、价值、用途等受到损坏，失去或降低使用价值。而ruin则强调毁灭的彻底性，是一次性的行为，即人、物毁坏到不复存在或面目全非的地步。?
答案:D
(2)After the Tsunami passed away,all the villages and towns were______ .And no being was seen.?
A.in ruinB.in ruins?
C.at ruinsD.for ruins?
提示:in ruins是固定短语,意为“成为废墟”。 ?
答案:B
6.injure ?vt.&vi.? 损害；伤害?
【典型例句】?
You will injure your health by smoking too much.?
你吸烟太多,有伤身体。?
I hope I didn’t injure her feelings.?
我希望我没有伤害她的感情。?
I was injured in a street accident.?
我在一次车祸中受了伤。 ?
John fell down from the tree and injured his back.?
约翰从树上摔下来把背部摔伤了。 ?
【相关链接】?
(1)injury ?n?.伤害；损害 ?
injured ?adj.?受伤的?
(2)hurt,injure和wound的区别:?
①hurt 普通用语,既可指肉体上的伤害,也可指精神上、感情上的伤害。例如:?
The driver hurt himself badly in the accident.?
那位司机在那次事故中伤得很重。?
②injure比hurt正式,hurt多指伤痛,而injure则指损害健康、成就、容貌等,强调功能的损失。例如:?
A bullet injured his left eye.?
一颗子弹伤了他的左眼。?
③wound指枪伤、刀伤、刺伤等皮肉之伤,是出血的、严重的伤,特指战场上受伤,它可以指肉体上的伤害,也可指人们精神上的创伤。例如:?
The bullet wounded his arm.?
子弹打伤了他的一只胳膊。
选词填空
injure/hurt/wound?
(1)It was really very dangerous;the horse nearly________ him.?
(2)My shoes are so tight that my feet________ .?
(3)He was________ in the leg.?
(4)He________ one of his legs in a terrible accident.?
(5)The enemy fired but none of our soldiers were_______ .?
答案:?
(1)injured (2)hurt (3)wounded ?(4)injured? (5)wounded?
单项填空
(6)In the serious traffic accident that happened on the No.2 highway yesterday,three men died,and ten were________.?
A.injured B.hurt ?C.harmed D.wounded?
提示:句意:在昨天2号高速公路上的这起严重交通事故中,有三人死亡，十人受伤。在事故或灾难中受伤常常用injure,harm（枪）伤；hurt心理上受伤。 ?
答案:A
7.destroy ?vt.?破坏；毁坏；消灭?
【典型例句】?
Fire destroyed the forest.大火烧毁了森林。 ?
The heavy storms destroyed a good part of our crops.?
几场暴雨把大部分庄稼都毁坏了。 ?
All his hopes were destroyed.?
他的希望都破灭了。 ?
The city was destroyed during the war.?
这座城市在战争中被摧毁了。?
【相关链接】?
destroy,damage和ruin的区别:?
destroy含有故意地或通过暴力破坏、毁灭无生命的东西和消灭、杀死有生命的东西等意义,强调彻底使之不能复原或再被利用,该词还可表示打碎希望或使计划等失败的含义。?
ruin与destroy基本同义,指彻底毁坏,但可以不是故意或暴力,而是由于疏忽或不可避免的因素,可作名词,表示废墟,被毁坏、瓦解或腐烂的某物的遗迹。?
damage表示使事物在价值、效用、外观等方面受到毁坏、损害,其程度比destroy轻。例如:?
The fire has badly damaged the house.?
大火严重地烧坏了这座房子。
单项填空
(1)He was lucky in the accident,but his car was totally______.?
A.destroyed B.ruining? C.hurt D.damaged?
提示:destroy意为“彻底毁坏以至不能或很难修复”；ruin意为“使……成废墟,使……堕落”；hurt意为“伤害,损害”；damage意为“价值、用途降低或外表损坏等,不一定全部破坏,损坏了还可以修复”。?
答案:A
(2)After the collision,he examined the considerable_______ to his car.?
A.ruin B.damage ?C.destruction D.injury ?
提示:句意:撞车后,他检查了车的损坏程度。destruction是destroy的名词形式,意为“毁坏”,而此句要用damage表示“损伤的程度”。?
答案:B
8.shock ?vt.&vi.?(使)震惊；震动?
?n.?休克；打击；震惊?
【典型例句】?
His sudden death was a great shock to his family?.?
他的突然逝世使他的家属大为震惊。?
He got into shock three times within 24 hours.?
二十四小时中他休克了三次。?
We were very shocked at the sight.?
看到这种情景我们感到非常震惊。?
【知识小结】 ?
shock ?vt.? 使……震惊?
?n.?震动，震惊（可数）；休克（不可数）
单项填空
_______by his death,his wife was determined_______on working.?
A.Deeply shocked;to go?
B.Deeply shocked;on going?
C.Shocked deep;go?
D.Shocked deeply;on going?
提示：shock为及物动词，从句相当于?because his wife was deeply shocked by his death。be determined to do sth.“决心做某事”。?
答案:A
9.rescue ?n.&vt.?援救；营救?
【典型例句】?
Rescue was at hand.?
救援近在咫尺。?
The old man ran to rescue her.?
老人跑去援救她。 ?
He rescued three children from the burning building.?
他从失火的建筑物内救出了三个孩子。?
The life boat was sent out to rescue the sailors from the sinking ship.?
救生艇被派出去救沉船的水手。?
【相关链接】?
go/come to sb.?’s rescue进行援救,营救某人?
a rescue team救援队?
a rescue mission营救任务?
rescue sb. from...从……中把某人救出来
单项填空?
The mother,along with her two daughters, _______from the sinking aircraft by a passing ship.?
A.have rescued?
B.have been rescued?
C.has rescued?
D.has been rescued?
提示:此题除了考查主谓一致外,还考查rescue一词的用法。主语是The mother,谓语动词用单数形式,另外rescue与主语是被动关系,所以要用被动形式。?
答案:D
10.dig out 掘出；发现?
【典型例句】?
The old miner was digging out gold.?
老矿工正在挖金子。?
I dug out a strange book from my friend’s dorm. ?
我从朋友的宿舍中发现了一本奇怪的书。?
【相关链接】?
dig at <口>挖苦(嘲笑)某人;钻研?
dig deep 挖深?
dig down 挖去;掘倒?
dig for发掘;搜集(资料、事实等)?
dig into 挖掘;插入;努力钻研;全力以赴地干?
dig through挖穿;挖通(隧道等)?
dig up 挖起;搜寻出;揭露;发现
单项填空
Some journalists are especially fond of ______the personal privates of celebrities.?
A.looking for?
B.digging out?
C.digging at?
D.looking up?
提示:句意:有些新闻记者尤其对发现名人的隐私感兴趣。look for指寻找；look up查寻；dig out发现；dig at挖苦。?
答案:B
11.give out 分发；发出（气味、热等）?
【典型例句】?
My legs gave out and I couldn’t walk any farther.?
我的腿筋疲力尽，不能再往前走了。?
The results of the examination won’t be given out.?
考试结果不会公布。?
The flowers give out a sweet smell.?
这些鲜花散发出甜甜的味道。
单项填空
—Our food will______Hurry to get help from the nearby villagers.?
—No need,it will last us for as long as two weeks.?
A.give out
B.give off?
C.give away
D.give in?
提示：give out 用完,耗尽；give off 散发；give away 赠送；give in 屈服，让步。?
答案：A
12.congratulation ?n.?祝贺?
【典型例句】?
Congratulations!I hear you’ve passed the examinations.?
祝贺你！听说你考试及格了。 ?
Please accept my congratulations on your marriage.?
请接受我向您新婚的祝贺。 ?
【知识小结】?
congratulation常以复数形式祝贺某人，后面常接介词on。?
【相关链接】?
(1)congratulate ?vt.?“祝贺”,后接sb. on sth.。?
celebrate ?vt.&vt. “庆祝”，后接生日、仪式、节日等作宾语。例如:?
Christmas is celebrated on December 25.?
过圣诞节是在12月25日。 ?
celebration ?n.?庆祝。例如:?
About ten thousand people attended the celebration of National Day in Tian’anmen Square.?
大约一万人参加了天安门广场的国庆庆祝会。
选词填空
celebrate/congratulate?
celebration/congratulation?
(1)We went to the church to______________ Christmas Eve.?
(2)We must telephone our__________________ to the happy couple.?
(3)We________________ him on his birthday.?
(4)His victory was________________ with music and dancing.?
(5)The climax of the__________________ was a firework display.?
答案:?
(1)celebrate?
(2)congratulations?
(3)congratulated??
(4)celebrated?
(5)celebration
13.judge ?n?.裁判员；法官?
?vt.?断定；判断；判决?
【典型例句】?
You can’t judge a book by its cover.?
你不能根据封面来评价一本书。?
We must judge whether he is guilty.?
我们必须判定他是否有罪。?
He was one of the judges at the horse race.?
他是赛马会上的裁判员之一。?
The prisoner was taken before the judge.?
囚犯被提审。?
【相关链接】?
judge sb./sth. by/from 根据……判断某人或某事?
so far as I can judge据我判断,我认为?
judging by/from “从……判断”,该短语不与逻辑主语相一致。例如:?
Judging from his accent,he must be a southerner.?
根据他的口音判断,他一定是一个南方人。?
Judging by his look,the news may be bad.?
根据他的相貌来看,这个消息可能是坏消息。
单项填空
(1)I haven’t read any of his books before,but_______from the one I have read I think he’s a very promising writer.?
A.judged B.judging? C.determining D.determined?
提示:judging from...是固定短语,常在句中作状语,不管它与主语是主动还是被动关系,都要用judging from形式。?
答案:B
(2)_______to be the best actress of this year,Zhou Xun was awarded at the 25th Hong Kong Film Awards.?
A.Judged B.Judging ? C.Being judged D.To be judged ?
提示:Judged是过去分词形式,与主语Zhou Xun是被动关系。?
答案:A
14.honour ?n.?荣誉；光荣；尊敬；敬意?
?vt.?尊敬；给以荣誉?
【典型例句】?
They won honour for their motherland.?
他们为祖国赢得了荣誉。?
He was honoured in a number of ways for his contribution.?
由于他的贡献，他被给予多方面的荣誉。?
【相关链接】 ?
honourable ?adj.?光荣的；可敬的?
in honour of sb.(sth.)=in sb. ’s/sth. ’s honour 出于对某人（某事）的敬意；为庆祝；为纪念?
honour sb.(sth.)(with sth.)向某人（某事）致敬；表扬某人；给某人以荣誉
单项填空
The square was named after a great hero______his great contribution?to the city.?
A.in honour of?
B.instead of?
C.in case of?
D.in need of?
提示：句意为“纪念他为城市作出的贡献”。in honour of为固定搭配。?
答案：A
15.prepare ?vt.?准备；预备；调制?
【典型例句】?
I haven’t prepared my lessons yet.?
我还没有备好课。?
They hoped for the best,but prepared for the worst.?
他们抱最好的希望，作最坏的打算。?
【相关链接】 ?
prepare sb.for...使某人有准备?
prepare to do sth.准备做某事?
be prepared for(=be ready for) 准备（状态）?
be prepared to do sth.准备并愿意做某事?
make preparations for 为……作准备
【特别关注】?
prepare...for...,make ?preparations? for...强调“准备”的动作；be prepared for,be prepared to do sth.强调“准备的状态（即准备好了）”。
单项填空
（1）Every morning he received bread________from the best flour.?
A.prepared
B.worked?
C.done
D.prepared for?
提示：from the best flour意为“用最好的面粉调制(做?成）……”?，空白处应为“调制、培植成”，故用prepared。?
答案：A
（2）Upon graduation from school,how well will you______the job that lies ahead??
A.prepare?
B.prepare for?
C.be prepared for?
D.be preparing?
提示：how well已经暗示空白处应选择表状态的短语。?
答案：C
二、句型剖析?
1.too...to...太……以至于不……?
【典型例句】?
He is too excited to speak.?
他太激动了,说不出话来。?
They reached the station too late to catch the train.?
他们到火车站太迟了,没赶上火车。?
It is never too late to mend.?
亡羊补牢,未为晚也。?
He is only too willing to do everything in his power.?
他很愿意做一切力所能及的事。?
He remarked he was too delighted to visit our city.?
他说他很高兴访问我市。?
【知识小结】?
(1)too...to...与not或never连用时,不定式为肯定意义。“not/never too...to...”意为“并不太……所以能……”。?
(2)too...to...前面有 only,but,all时,only too,but too和all too 相当于very,后面的不定式也表示肯定。?
(3)当too...to...用来修饰表示态度、情绪、倾向等的形容词时,如anxious,eager,glad,happy,pleased,ready,willing等,不定式为肯定意义。
单项填空
(1)I think your parents will be ______excited? to see you after many years’ study abroad.?
A.only too B.rather too? C.very too D.too much?
提示:句意：我相信,你从国外学习那么多年回来,你父母一定会很激动的。only too相当于very。rather too 表示“稍微”。too much改为much too,构成“much too...to...”,但它表示“?太……?以至于不能……”。?
答案:A
(2)Allen had to call a taxi because the box was______to carry all the way home.?
A.much too heavy ?
B.too much heavy?
C.heavy too much ?
D.too heavy much?
提示:副词too用于形容词之前表示“过多”,根据句意判断应该是“the box was too heavy to carry”。?
答案:A
2.it seemed that...?
【典型例句】?
It seems that she is happy.?
她似乎很高兴。?
It seems that he has found a new job.?
他看起来好像已找到了一份新工作。?
It seemed that they didn’t like the idea.?
他们似乎不喜欢这个主意。?
It seems that American fast food is the most popular in the world.?
→American fast food seems to be the most popular in the world.?
看来美国的快餐是世界上最受人欢迎的。?
【知识小结】?
It seems that...句型也可以转换成“名词或代词 +seem+动词不定式”的句型,其原意不变。如果动词不定式为“to be+形容词”时,to be往往省略。?
【相关链接】?
(1)It is/was+形容词+that 从句?
It is necessary that he （should） be sent there at once.他有必要立刻被派往那儿。?
(2)It is+名词+that 从句?
It is no wonder that he is badly ill.?
毫不奇怪他病得很厉害。?
(3)It is+过去分词+that 从句 ?
It is said that the meeting will not be held.?
据说会议不举行了。?
(4)It seems/happens/appears 等+that 从句 ?
It happened that he was not at home.?
碰巧他不在家。
单项填空
(1) ______in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your email account.?
A.What is required?
B.What requires?
C.It is required?
D.It requires ?
提示:it是形式主语,that引导的主语从句是真正的宾语,从句用虚拟语气。?
答案:C
(2)I’ve heardsaid that Elizabeth is a tough businesswoman.?
A.it B.her? C.what D.that?
提示:it是形式宾语,said是过去分词作宾补,that Elizabeth is a tough businesswoman是真正的宾语。此题近似考查It is said that...句式。?
答案:A
(3)Whatever great achievements the future may have in store for China______, is likely that many of them will be born in Zhongguancun.?
A.it B.which ? C.she D.that?
提示:whatever引导让步状语从句,后面这一句话应是主句,而不是从句,所以B项错;这个主句应是it is likely that...句,it是形式主语。?
答案:A
3.分数作主语时的主谓一致?
【典型例句】?
Two-thirds of the globe is covered with water.?
地球上有三分之二的表面被水覆盖着。?
Ten percent of the population are minors.?
这儿有百分之十的人口是少数民族。?
Three fifths of the fresh water used by citizens is from the reservoir.?
市民们用水的五分之三是来自这个水库。?
【知识小结】?
分数或百分数作主语时,谓语的数要与分数代指的名词一致。
单项填空
Three quarters of some children’s spare time_______wasted watching TV—that can explain why they are lazy.?
A.are B.is? C.being D./?
提示:句意:有些孩子的业余时间有三分之二浪费在看电视上——这也是他们懒惰的原因。分数作主语，谓语要与后面的名词spare time在数上保持?一致?。?
答案:B
4.leave+宾语+宾补?
【典型例句】?
She left me waiting in the rain for an hour.?
她让我在雨里等了一个小时。（现在分词作宾补）?
I went out and left the door unlocked.?
我出去了,门没上锁。（过去分词作宾补）?
You shouldn’t leave the baby without care.?
你不应当留下这个婴儿没人照管。（介词短语作?宾补?）?
You’d better leave me alone.?
你最好让我单独待一会儿。（形容词作宾补）?
【知识小结】?
leave作使役动词用,意为“留下,使……处于某状态中,剩下……”。它的句式为“leave sth./sb.+宾补/现在分词/过去分词/不定式/介词短语/副词/形容词”。
单项填空
(1)Few houses in the village were left______after the earthquake.?
A.to stand B.stand? C.standing D.stood?
提示:句意:地震后,村庄里几乎没剩下几间房子。standing现在分词作主语补足语,叙述主语的状态。?
答案:C
(2)Don’t leave the water______ while you brush your teeth.?
A.run B.running? C.being run D.to run?
提示:句意:刷牙时,不要总是让水流着。running现在分词,作宾语补足语。?
答案:B
三、语法详解?
定语从句（Ⅰ）?
定语从句在复合句中的作用相当于形容词（因此也称为形容词性从句），它在句中作定语修饰名词或代词。被定语从句所修饰的词称为先行词。定语从句一般在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的关联词称为关系代词或关系副词。关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which和as;关系副词有when,where和why。它们在先行词和定语从句之间起联系作用，同时在意义上代表先行词在定语从句中担任一种?成分。??
一、关系代词的用法?
1.who指人，在从句中作主语。例如：?
Those who want to go to the Great Wall must get up early tomorrow.
2.whom指人，在从句中作宾语，在口语及非正式文体中常省略。?例如：?
The boy (whom) I spoke to just now is Henry’s brother.
3.whose多指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。?例如?：?
I want to talk to those whose homework hasn’t been handed in.?
The book whose cover is off is mine.
4.that多指物，有时也指人。在从句中作主语或宾语，有时作表语。作宾语时常省略。例如：
I lost the watch (that) I bought last weeks.?
Who is the man that is standing at the gates?
5.which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时常省略。例如：?
I want to borrow a book which is written in English.?
The news (which) Mike told me is true.
6.as指人或物，在从句中作宾语，有时作主语或表语，常用于“the same+名词+as”“such+名词+as”等结构中及先行词是代词such或the same的情况下。例如：?
I had the same trouble as you(had).?
Let the children read such books as will make them better and wiser.?
He said the same as you did.??
二、关系代词that和which的区别?
指物时，关系代词that和which在一般情况下可以通用，但应注意以下情况。?
1.在下列情况下一般用that:?
①当先行词是不定代词all,much,little,few,everything,anything,nothing,something等时。?
That is all that I know.?
Is there anything that you will tell her？?
②当先行词被all,any,some,much,little,every,no等修饰时。?
I will do any work that you will offer me.?
There is little water that we can drink.?
No radio that is cheap is on sale.?
③当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。?
This is the most instructive lesson that we have learned.
This is the second question that was raised at the meeting.?
④当先行词被one of,the only,the very,the same,the next,the last等修饰时。?
This is the very thing that I am looking for.?
The only example that was given was not right.?
试比较:?
This is the same pen as I lost.(这和我丢的那枝钢笔一样。）?
This is the same pen that I lost.（这正是我丢的那枝钢笔。）??
⑤当先行词是分别指人和指物的两个或两个以上的名词或代词时。??
They talked about the people and the things that they remembered in the village.?
⑥当主句是which引导的特殊疑问句时。?
Which statement that is made according to the passage is right?
2.在下列情况下要用which:?
①关系代词作介词的宾语且介词前置时。?
We will visit the hospital about which I told you.?
②在非限制性定语从句中。?
It was raining hard yesterday,which kept us from going out.?
③先行词是代词that时。?
What is that which the dog is running after??
Is it that which we will do next?
单项填空
(1)Alice received an invitation from her boss,_______came as a surprise.?
A.it B.this ? C.which D.that?
提示：本题考查在非限制性定语从句中关系代词的使用。which在非限制性定语从句中指代的是Alice received an invitation这句话，因此可以排除其他三项。如果这两个分句是由and连接，则A、B、D三项都正确。
答案：C
(2)Mr Zhang gave textbooks to all the pupils except______who had already taken them.?
A.the ones B.ones? C.some D.the other?
提示：该题主要考查定语从句先行词的用法。根据题干中提供的语境，其先行词应该用人称代词ones,由于被定语从句所修饰，为特指，所以需加定冠词the。?
答案：A
(3)The result of the experiment was very good,______we hadn’t expected.?
A.when B.that? C.which D.what?
提示：该题主要考查which作为关系代词引导非限制性定语从句的用法。在本题中，which用来指主句的全部概念在从句中作宾语。A项when引导定语从句时是关系副词，应在从句中作状语；B项that不用来引导非限制性定语从句；D项what是连接代词，不用来引导定语从句。?
答案：C
(4)Can you tell me the name of the factory_______you visited last week??
A.what B.where? C./ D.when?
提示：本题是一个带定语从句的复合句。从句中谓语动词visited是及物动词，和先行词factory是动宾关系，应选择关系代词。选项A不引导定语从句，选项B和D皆为关系副词，但关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略，所以答案为C项。?
答案：C
(5)It is the young man______looked for_______caught the murderer.?
A.that;who?
B.that;they?
C.they;that?
D.they;which ?
答案：C
(6)Is this factory______ we visited last year? ?
A.where B.in which? C.the one D.at which?
答案：C
(7)This is Mr Smith,______ I think has something interesting to tell you.?
A.who B.whom? C.that D./?
答案：A
(8)Who______ has seen the TV film doesn’t admire it? ?
A.that B.who? C.which D.as ?
答案：A
(9)You can never imagine what great trouble I have had______ the patient who received a serious wound.?
A.treat? B.to treat? C.treating? D.treated ?
答案：C
(10)This is the last time______ I shall give you a lesson.?
A.when B.that? C.which D.in which ?
答案：B
课文回顾
下面的一段文章为课文原文的浓缩,仔细阅读,根据原文章内容将其补充完整,并尽量背诵。?
At 3:42 a.m.on July 28,1976,the greatest____________of the 20th century happened in Tangshan,Hebei Province,China.In fifteen terrible seconds,a large city lay in____________.The number of people who were killed or injured _______________more than 400 000.Nearly everything was______________,including hospitals,factories,buildings,_______________,railway tracks,etc.Water,food and electricity were hard to get.People wondered how long the____________would last.______________all hope was lost.The army sent 150 000 soldiers to Tangshan to help the rescue workers.Slowly the city began to_______________again.From then on,every year on July 28,we would________________those who died in the terrible disaster and those who helped the_______________.?
答案：earthquake; ruins; reached; destroyed; dams; disaster; Not; breathe; honour; survivors?
Unit 4 Earthquakes?
话题导入
地震作为极其严重的自然灾难与人类的生存形影不离,每一次大地震都会给我们写下令人触目惊心、悲痛而难忘的一页。那么，地震又是怎样形成的呢？我们不能避免吗？在本单元中,你都能找到答案。
背景知识
1.地球是宇宙中的一个自然的星球。地震、火山爆发是地球上的自然现象,那么经常发生这样的破坏现象又是为了什么呢？传统的地震理论认为:绝大多数的地震是由于地壳运动引起的,是地球内部产生一种推动地壳深处岩层运动的力量,使岩层慢慢地变形,一旦达到极限,地壳构造比较脆弱的地方就会发生严重的断裂和错位,引起局部地区的强烈震动,同时地球内部的熔融赤热的岩浆也会跑出来,这就是地震或火山爆发。 ?
2.唐山大地震:1976年7月28日的唐山大地震,是迄今为止400多年来世界地震史上最悲惨的一页,相当于400枚广岛原子弹在距地面16千米的地壳中猛然爆炸,在强烈的摇撼中这座百万人口的城市顷刻间被夷为平地。24万人死亡,16万人重伤,直接经济损失在100亿元以上。??
引入型阅读
Pictures are falling off the walls.Lights are turning on and off.Your bed is shaking.
What’s going on?It’s an earthquake!?
Earthquakes are measured on a scale of 0-9 called the Richter scale(里氏震级).A size 9 earthquake is the strongest and most dangerous.?
What causes earthquakes??
The top layer(层) of the earth,its crust(地壳),is made up of huge pieces of rock.They move past each other all the time along fault lines(断层带).But sometimes two pieces get stuck(挤压)together.?
When they finally move away from each other,they move suddenly.This makes the land above them shake.This is the most common cause of earthquakes.But there are others.?
Every year there are over 800 000 earthquakes around the world.Most are small and not felt by humans.?
What happens in an earthquake??
A strong earthquake is very scary(可怕的).During a small one,you will feel a little shaking.But during a strong one,you will be thrown about.Cracks(裂缝) will appear in the ground and windows will break.Buildings may even fall down.So watch out!?
If an earthquake happens at sea it can make big waves called “tsunamis”(海啸).When these waves reach land,they can destroy villages even cities.A size 8 earthquake off land can cause tsunamis 4 metres high!??
