2008届高三常见词汇短语复习专题
随着湖北高考英语科考试的变化,英语基础知识部分的考查重点有以往的侧重语法转到了英语词汇上,给我们的广大英语老师在高三的复习备考过程中提出了更高的要求,现将我们近一个月的工作总结如下。
以A字开头
1)above all;after all;at all
? above all意为“尤其是”、“首先”、“最重要的是”,常位于句首或句中,作插入语,起强调作用。如:
But above all tell me quickly what I have to do.可首先快些告诉我该做什么。
A clock must above all keeps good time.时钟最重要的是必须走得准。
? after all意为“毕竟”、“终究”、“终归”、“到底”,在句中位置较灵活。可位于句首、句中或句末。如:
After all,your birthday is only two weeks away.毕竟,两周后就是你的生日。
He is,after all,a small child.他毕竟还是个小孩子。
He failed after all.他终于失败了。
? at all用于否定句时,意为“丝毫;根本”,用于疑问句时意为“究竟;到底”,用于条件句时,常译为“当真;实在”。用于肯定句中,表示说话人的某种情绪或情感(如怀疑或惊奇等),意为“竟然”等。如:
He doesn’t like you at all.他根本不喜欢你。
Are you going to do it at all?你究竟做不做这件事?
If you do it at all,do it well.若你真要做这件事,就得做好。
I was surprised at his coming at all.他竟然来了,我很惊讶。
2) add; add to; add…to; add up to
? add作“加,增加”解时,既可作及物动词,又可用作不及物动词;作“又说,补充说”解时,与直接或间接引语连用。如:
If the tea is too strong, add some more hot water. 如果茶太浓了,再加点开水。
After a short while, he added that he would try his best. 过了一会儿,他又接着说他会尽力。
? add to意为“增添,增加,增进”。如:
The bad weather added to our difficulties. 恶劣的天气增加了我们的困难。
? add...to意为“把……加到……”,是把前一项加到后一项之后或之中。如:
Add two to seven, and you will get nine.七加二等于九。
? add up to意为“加起来总共是/累计得”,该短语不用于被动语态。如:
All his school education added up to no more than one year. 他的学校教育加起来不过一年。
3)?affair; thing; matter; business
? affair意为“事情、事件”, 含义较广,泛指已做或待做的事;复数affairs一般指商业事务及政府的日常事务,如财政管理、外交事务等。
? thing意为“事情、事物”,不管大事小事、好事坏事均称为thing,一般不能专指事务;复数things还可作“形势”解。
? matter侧重指须留心的要事或问题、难题。
? business作“事务、事情”解时,一般不能用复数,常常指所指派的任务、责任;有时说的是指派的工作或商业上的买卖活动。
4) a great deal; a great deal of
? a great deal用作名词,意为“大量”,“许多”,作主语、宾语;用作副词,意为“很”或“非常”,作状语,修饰动词或用来强调比较级。如:
A great deal has been studied and this is the best way. 经过大量研究后,这(被认为)是最好的办法。
We are a great deal cleverer than before. 我们比以前聪明多了。
? a great deal of意为“大量的”,“非常多的”,相当于much,作定语,后接不可数名词。如:
A great deal of time/money/energy has been spent on the project.
大量的时间/金钱/能源花在那个工程上了。
?5) agree on;agree to;agree with;agree that
? agree on作“就……取得一致意见”解。例如:
The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.
上月,就建一座新汽车厂之事达成了协议。
? agree to有两层含义和用法:
? 其一是to作为动词不定式符号,其后跟动词原形,作“同意(答应)做某事”解。
例如: My father agreed to buy a new pen for me. 父亲答应给我买支新钢笔。
? 其二是to作为介词,之后跟表示“计划/条件/建议等一类的名词或代词”。例如:
They have a greed to our plan. 他们已同意我们的计划。
? agree with作“同意某人的意见”解,其后可跟表示人的名词或代词,也可跟表示“意见”或“说的话”的名词或从句。例如:
He agreed with my opinions. 他同意了我的意见。
We agreed with what he said at the meeting. 我们同意他在会上讲的话。
? agree that作“认为……”解,其后跟宾语从句。例如:
I agree that your composition is very good. 我认为你的这篇作文写得不错。
6) allow;let 二者均可作“允许”解,但各有侧重: ? allow重在“允许”或“容许”,也可表示客气的请求。例如: He allowed me to take his dictionary.他允许我拿走他的词典。 Will you allow me to use your bike? 我可以用你的自行车吗? ? let作“允许”或“让”解,主要用于口语,一般可与allow互换。作“允许”解时,常暗含“听任”、“默许”之意;作“让”解时,常含“祈使”或“建议”之意。注意:let之后作宾补的不定式不带to,且不可用于被动语态,而allow则相反。例如: Please let me walk with you(=Please allow me to walk with you.).我(请允许我)跟你一起走。注:allow常用于allow sb.to do sth.或allow doing sth.结构中。
7) although; though; as
三者均可表示“尽管;虽然”,引导让步状语从句。although用法较正式,语气较强;though较常用;as则主要用于倒装句。它们的用法有如下几点值得注意:
? 状语从句由although, though或as引导,主句之前不可有but, and, so, however等并列连词,但可有yet或still等副词。although与though常可互换。例如:
Although/Though he believes it, yet he will not act. 他虽然相信它,但却不肯有所行动。
? as表示“尽管;虽然”,只能用于倒装句,即:将表语、状语或谓语动词放在as之前。though也可这么用。例如:
Young as/though he is, he knows a lot. 他虽然年纪不大,却懂得很多。
注意:如果表语是单数名词,要省略a。例如:
Child as/though he is, he can speak two foreign languages. 虽然他是个孩子,但他会说两门外语。
? though可以放在句末,表示“但是”,although却不能。例如:
They said they would come; they did not, though. 他们说他们会来,可是他们并没有来。
? although只用来陈述“事实”,不能表示“假设”。因此可以说even though“即使”以及as though“好像(=as if)”,不能说even although或as although。例如:
I believe you are on duty—even though you’re in plain clothes. 尽管你穿着便衣,我相信你是在值勤。
8) argue debate dispute 都含“辩论”的意思。
? argue 着重“说理”、“论证”和“企图说服”, 如:
I argued with her for a long time, but she refused to listen to reason.
我和她辩论了好久, 但她还是不听。
? debate 着重“双方各述己见”, 内含“交锋”的意思, 如:
We have been debating about the issue. 我们一直在就这个问题进行辩论。
? dispute 指“激烈争辩”, 含有“相持不下”或“未得解决”之意,如:
Whether he will be elected as chairman is still disputed. 他是否当选为主席, 仍然有争论。
9) argue;quarrel;discuss
这三个动词均有“争”的意思,但“争”法不同。
? argue着重就自己的看法或观点,提出论证,同他人“争论”或“辩论”。例如:
We heard them arguing in the other room.我们听见他们在另一个房间里争论。
另外,argue同with搭配,其后接人;与about连用,其后接事物。例如:
We argued with them about this problem for a long time.这个问题我们同他们辩论了很长时间。
? quarrel是指对某事不喜欢或强烈不满而发生的“争吵”或“吵架”。同with搭配,其后接某人;和about连用,其后接某事。例如:
He often quarrels about their housework with his wife.他常为家务事同妻子争吵。
? discuss是指认真交换自己的意见或看法的“讨论”。例如:
We'll discuss the use of the articles tomorrow.明天我们将讨论冠词的用法。
10) as (so) far as; as (so) long as
? as(so)far as的意思是“就……而言(所知)”,as (so) far as sth.is concerned是其中一种具体用法,意为“就某事而言”;as (so) long as意为“只要”,引导条件状语从句。如:
As far as I know, more than 10 million laid-off workers have found their new jobs.
就我所知,一千多万下岗工人已经找到了新的工作。
There is nothing that we can’t do so / as long as we keep on trying to do it.
只要我们不断地努力去做,就没有什么事干不成。
As far as the tourism of China is concerned, there is a long way to go.
就中国的旅游业而言,需要做的工作还很多。
11) asleep/sleeping 二者都是形容词。asleep仅用作表语,不能作定语,表示“睡着,熟睡”的意思;而sleeping一般只能用作定语,放在名词前,表示“睡眠中的,休止的”意思。
如:我们不能说:an asleep baby,但可以说:a sleeping baby(一个熟睡的婴儿)。
再如:He was asleep with his head on his arms.他头枕着手臂在熟睡。
asleeping dog正在熟睡的狗 sleeping car卧车 sleeping bag睡袋
assert,affirm,maintain ?
assert宣称、断言,常指某人主观自信,坚持己见,有时不顾客观事实而断言下结论。? affirm指以事实为依据,深信不疑地肯定某种观点或看法。?
maintain指在相反的证据或论点面前,重申原来的某种观点、立场。
A.Despite all the policeman’s questions the suspect ___ that he had been at home all evening.
B.It is nonsense to ___ that smoking does not damage people’s health.
C.Throughout his prison sentence Dunn has always ___ his innocence.
Answers:A.affirmed B.assert C.maintained
13) as though;even though;though
? as though(=as if),意为“好像;似乎”,引导方式状语从句或表语从句。如:
He spoke as though(as if)he had been here before.他说话的口气好像他以前来过这里。
It looks as if(as though)it is going to rain.看起来好像要下雨。
? even though(=even if),意为“即使”,引导让步状语从句。though也引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然”;even though有退一步设想的意味,与though不同。though引导的句子所说的是事实,even though引导的句子所说的则不一定是事实。例如:
He will not tell the secret even though(even if)he knows it.即使他知道这个秘密,他也不肯说出来。
He will not tell the secret though he knows it.他虽然知道这个秘密,但他不会说出来。
?14) at the beginning;in the beginning ? at the beginning 在……初;在……开始的时候。常与of连用。例如: Students usually have a study plan at the beginning of term. 学生们在开学初制定学习计划。 ? in the beginning 相当于at first,表示“起初、开始”时,含“起初是这种情况,而后来却不是这种情况”之意,不与of连用。例如: In the beginning,some of us took no interest in physics. 起初我们有些人对物理不感兴趣。
?15) attack assail assault charge beset
? 都含有"攻击"的意思。
? attack 是常用词, 指"攻击敌人"或"用言论攻击他人", 如:
Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941. 德国在1941年开始进攻苏联。
? assail 指"猛烈连续地攻击", 如:
The enemy plane assailed our defence position. 敌机不断猛烈地攻击我们的阵地。
? assault 语气比 assail强, 指"突然猛烈地进攻", 暗示"武力的直接接触" (如肉搏等), 也有"暴力"的意思, 如:The enemy assaulted us at dawn. 敌人在黎明时向我进攻。
? charge 指"冲击"或"骑兵的突然攻击", 如:
The cavalry charged to the front. 骑兵猛烈向前线冲击。
? beset 指"围攻", 即从各个方向攻击, 如:
In the swamp we were beset by mosquitoes. 在沼泽地里, 我们受到蚊子的围攻。
16) at the time; at that time; at one time; at a time
? at the time通常用于过去时句子中,指某件事情发生的“当时”、“那时”。例如:
Many people saw the strange thing happen at the time. 当时,许多人都看到了这件奇怪的事情的发生。
? 有时,at the time的后面可接“of...”短语。这时,它表示“在(某事态)发生的时候”或“在……的时代”。例如:
Were you in San Francisco at the time of the big earth quake in 1989﹖
1989年旧金山发生地震时,你在那里吗?
It happened at the time of King Alfred. 事情发生在阿尔弗雷德国王时期。
? at that time 则通常指前文明确提到的某个时期、时候。通常其后不带“of...”短语。例如:
In the 17th century much corn was grown in Tibet and Sichuan.At that time
(=At the 17th century) the land along the Changjiang River was becoming very crowded.
? at one time=during a period of time in the past意为“过去有一段时期”,“曾经”。例如:
They used to be good friends at one time. 他们曾经是好朋友。
? at a time则意为“一次”,表示一个时间单位。它常与表示数量的词语连用,表示频率。例如:
Don’t speak all at once.One at a time, please. 不要同时一起说。一次只一个人说。
Take the medicine three times a day and three pieces at a time. 这些药每天服三次,每次服三粒。
17) at ... speed / with ... speed
? at the speed of或者at ... speed,意为“以……的速度”。而当speed被all, lightning, great等修饰时,介词应用with。我们可用一句口诀来帮助记忆:都(all)以闪电般(lightning)大(great)的速度行驶。如:
Our car was running with all speed on the expressway. 我们的车在高速公路上全速行驶。
The Long March No.2 Rocket sent up the satellite into space at the speed of 11.2 kilometers per second. 长征二号火箭以每秒钟11.2公里的速度将卫星发射到太空。
18. according to
according to是一个短语介词,意思是“按照或根据”。例如:He will be punished according to the seriousness of his crime.他所受的惩罚要根据其犯罪的严重程度而定。I will take the medicine according to the instruction.我会按说明来服药的。
我们又常常会碰到"according as"这一短语,那么这两者又有何联系呢?according as 是短语从属连词,后接从句。作“根据……而”或 “视……而定”解。例如:You will be praised or blamed according as your work is well done or not.根据你的工作表现好坏,将给予奖励或惩罚 。
19. account for
这个词的意思比较多,归纳起来,有以下用法:1). 解释,说明。例如:She was unable to account for '5000.她无法解释那5000美元的去处 。2). 是……产生的原因,解释为什么有(某种情况)。例如:The police tried to account for the blood spot.警察试图解释这血迹是怎么来的。3). 占。例如: Students account for 50% of our customers. 在我们的顾客中,学生占了一半。 The tuition accounts for two thirds of his income. 学费占了他三分之一的收入。
20.afford
高中课文中出现的与此单词组成的词组是afford sb. sth.,表示提供某人某物。例如:Those efforts afforded us useful experience.这些努力使我们得到了一些有益的经验。These activities afforded him great pleasure in his old age.这些活动给他的晚年带来了很大的乐趣。
在很多场合,afford表示有经济条件做某事。例如:Before liberation many people could not afford to send their children to school.解放前很多人由于付不起学费而不能送孩子上学。In those days we were too poor to afford medical treatment.那时候我们太穷,治不起病。
21.aim at
提到"aim at"这个词组,便会使人想到"aim for"这一词组,两者都表示目的是,旨在的意思,但也存在一些细微的区别。aim at 是动介型短语动词,其后可接名词,代词或动名词。它除了表示目的是,旨在的意思外,还有瞄准之意。
例如:He aimed at the lion and fired but missed it.他对准狮子开枪,但没有击中。He picked up a stone and aimed it at the dog.他捡起一块石头朝狗扔去。又如:We are aiming at a 50% increase in production.我们打算使产量增长百分之五十。
22.allow
.allow 既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词(多用于及物动词),它主要有三种意义:1)(1). 允许;许可(1) 跟名词,动名词或代词。例如:We cannot allow such a thing.对这样的事我们不能袖手旁观。(2) 跟名(代)词+不定式。例如:Please allow me to congratulate you on your success.请允许我祝贺你的成功。(3) 跟名词(代词)+副词The doorman allowed us in one by one.看门人让我们一个一个地进去。
2). 给予; 让……有How much money does your father allow you for books?你父亲给你多少钱买书?They allowed us twenty minutes for lunch.他们给我们二十分钟的时间吃午饭。
3). 承认(1) 跟名词或代词The judge allowed the claim.法官同意了这一要求.(2) 跟从句The officer allowed that it was an American tank.那军官承认这是一辆美国制造的坦克。(3) 跟带不定式的复合结构You must allow yourself to be in the wrong.你必需认错。
表示允许的词很多,比如: permit,let,admit等。下面我们来看一看它们之间的差别。allow指“听凭”,“不禁止”,含有消极的意味。例如:My parents do not allow me to go out at night.我父母不允许我晚上出去。
permit指正式地“允许”或根据法律规定“许可”, 比allow来得积极。例如:Smoking is not permitted in the cinema.电影院内禁止吸烟。
试比较:Hunting is allowed in this area, though not officially permitted.这个地区是可以狩猎的,尽管法律上不允许。而let表示“允许”、“让”,指不予以阻止或反对,它比allow更具有口语色彩。
23.apply for
apply for是一个大家都很熟悉的词语,意思是“申请,请求”。例如:I want to apply for the position.我想申请这个职位。
如果把这个词组中的for改为to,那么又是什么含义呢? “apply to”可以表示“敷上,涂上”。例如:Apply some medicine to his wound.在他的伤口上敷一些药。它还可用来表示“努力,专心”,相当于 “devote…to”。例如:He applied himself to the research.他很卖力地做此项研究。
24. ask for
表示“请求得到,请求见到”或“需要”等意。例如:If you get into difficulties, don't hesitate to ask for advice.你要是碰到困难,要赶紧向人请教。They all asked for the job.他们都要求做这项工作。A young man was here earlier, asking for Mary.一位年轻人刚刚来过这里,说要见玛丽。The matter asks for immediate attention.这件事需要立即处理。
ask是一个使用频率较高的字,在高中阶段,ask after 与ask about 也是常常容易弄错的词组。请注意它们的区别。这两个词组都表示“问候,问起”的意思。但在意义上稍有不同。ask after 一般只指对第三者的问候,ask about则既可代替ask after 指对第三者的问候,也可用来表示对对方的直接问候。例如:He asked after your health. 他向你问候。He asked about me when I met him yesterday.我昨天碰到他时,他问起我的情况。
B
because ,as ,for, since
这四个词都是表示原因或理由的连接词,但是as,because,since是从属连词,引导原因状语从句,for是并列连词,所引导的不是原因状语从句,而是表示理由的对等句子,是对前面所讲内容补充和说明。在语气上由强至弱依次为because→since→as→for。because引导的从句多置于句末,表示直接的原因或理由,表示产生那种结果的必然的因果关系,在回答why的提问时,必须用because作答。? because/since/as/for
如:We stayed at home because it rained.因为下雨我们呆在家里。
as与since引导的从句多置于句首,不过as表示十分明显的原因,只说明一般的因果关系,可译为“因为、由于”;而since则表示稍加分析、对方已知的原因,一般可译为“既然”。如:?
As he was not feeling well,I decided to go there alone.由于他身体欠佳,我决定独自去那里。
Since everyone is here,let's start.既然大家都到了,咱们就开始吧。
for引导的从句一般放在句末,其前用逗号,它所叙述的理由是间接的,即推测性理由,或是对前面叙述的事实或看法的补充说明。如:?
There must be nobody in the classroom,for the light is off.
教室里一定没有人,因为灯灭了。(推测性理由)
2) believe;believe in?
believe作及物动词时,其后可跟名词,表示“相信”;后接从句或复合宾语时,表示“认为;料想;相信”等。如:?
I believe what he says.我相信他的话。
I believe that he will succeed.我相信他会成功的。
believe? in 是一个动介型短语动词,表示“信奉;信仰”(指对某种思想、主张、观念、行动具有信心)和“信任(have trust in)”。如:
They believe in God.他们信仰上帝。
I believe in having plenty of exercise.我相信多锻炼有好处。
believe和believe in后均可接表示人的名词或代词,但含义不同。试比较:?
I believe in him(I think he is a frustworthy man).我信任他。
I believe him.(I believe what he says).我相信他的话。
3) belief faith trust confidence? 都含有“相信”的意思。
belief 指“承认某事是真的, 尽管有或没有确凿的证据”, 如:?
belief in ghosts. 相信有鬼。
faith 指“认为有确凿证据或道理而完全相信”, 如:?
I have faith in his ability to succeed. 我相信他有成功的能力。
trust 指“信赖”、“信任”, 含有“坚定的信念”的意思, 如:?
enjoy the trust of the people 得到人民的信任。
confidence 指“在有证据的基础上相信”,? 也常指“自信”、“有把握”, 如:
She has great confidence in her success. 她对自己的成功充满信心。
4) besides;except;but?
三者都可以用作介词。用于肯定句中时,except/but意为“除……外(不再有)”;besides意为“除……外(还有)”。请比较:?
All of them have seen the film except/but Wu Dong. 除了吴东外,他们都看过了那部影片。
All of them have seen the film besides Wu Dong. 除了吴东看过那部影片外,他们也都看过了。
except后接名词、代词、-ing或不定式时,可以与but互换;except后接副词、介词短语时,一般不能为but所替换。如:?
I’ll do everything except/but cook. 除了做饭,我什么事情都干。
This window is never opened except in summer. 除了在夏天,这个窗子从不打开。
用在否定句中,三者可以互换。如:?
There aren’t any other people to do the work except/but/besides you.
除了你,没人能做这工作。
5) be? be anxious to; be anxious for; be anxious about ;be anxious that anxious to表示“急于”、“渴望”,其中to是不定式符号,后面接动词原形;
be anxious? for表示“渴望”,后面接名词或代词时,强调渴望得到某物或渴望了解某事;后面接sb.to do sth.时,表示“渴望某人能做某事”,其中for sb.to do sth.是不定式复合结构。
be anxious? be anxious about 表示“对…感到不安”、“为…担心”、“为…忧虑”;? that表示“渴望”,后面接从句,that从句的谓语动词须用虚拟语气;
[EXERCISES]
①I ____ the result of the examination.
②We ____ know the result of the examination.
③We ____ Mr Liu to help us with our English.
④Mr Li ____ a new car.
⑤They ____ arrive home before dark.
(Key: ①am anxious about/for ②are anxious to ③are anxious for ④is anxious for ⑤are anxious to)
1) The girl ____ a new dictionary. 2) All the students ____ their results of this examination. 3) Everyone _____ know their results of the competition. 4) We ____ Mr Zhao to return. 5) We _____ she should do her best.
Key: 1) was/is anxious for 2) are anxious about 3) is anxious to 4)are anxious for
5) are anxious that
6) be known as; be known for; be known to; be known in?
be known as 意为“作为……而著名”,其后的名词表示一个人的身份、职业等。如:?
Liu Huan is known as a singer.刘欢作为一个歌手而出名。
We’re sure you’ll be well-known as an artist.我们相信你会成为一位著名的画家。
be known for 意为“因……而著名”,其后所接内容表示某人或物的特点、特长等。如:? Guilin is known for her beautiful mountains and rivers.桂林因其美丽的山水而闻名。
Mr Geldof is well-known for organizing two big pop concerts on the same day.
盖尔多夫先生因在同一天组织两场大型的流行音乐会而出名。
be known to? “为……所了解/知道”,其后接表示人的词语。“(人们都)知道”,其后接动词原形。如:
He is known to all in our village.村子里的人都了解他。
He was known to have invented many things.=It was known that he had invented many things.
人们都知道他已经发明了很多东西。
be known in? 意为“在某地很著名”。如:
He is well-known in the town where he was born. 他在自己出生的那个镇子上很出名。
7) be made of/be made in/be made from/be made by/be? be made? be made of表示“由……制成”,指从原料到制成品,只发生了形状变化,没有发生本质变化(属物理变化)。 ?made up of be made?in当后面接时间的数词或名词时,表示“某物何时制造的或何时产的”。当后面接指地点的名词时,表示“某地产某物”。 be made?from表示“由……制成”,指从原料到制成品,发生了质的变化,已无法复原(属化学变化)。 be made up?by表示“由……制做”,后面接指人的名词或代词,强调动作的执行者。 of表示“由……构成(组成)”,强调主语由两部分或两个以上的部分构成或组成。
【练习】用be made in,be made of,be made from,be made by或be made up of填空。 ①This bike Tianjin. ②This table wood. ③The car
1999. ④Paper wood. ⑤The kite my mother. ⑥The team ten members.
【Keys】was made in; is made of ;was made in be used for/be used as/be used by?;is made from;was made by;is made up of be used? be used for表示“被用作……”或“被用来作……”,后面接名词或v-ing,其中for表示目的。 ? be used?as表示“作为……而用”或“用作……”,后面接名词或动词不定式,强调使用的工具及手段。 by表示“由……使用”,后面接指人的名词或代词,强调使用者。
【练习】用be used for,be used as或be used by填空。 ①A telephone better communication(交流). ②The motorbike Liu Ming. ③A ruler often a knife by him to cut a piece of paper open.
【Keys】is used for;is used by;is,used as
8) be pleased? with; be pleased at(或about);be pleased to
1) The manager ___ you before.
2) My boss must ___ see you again in HongKong.
3) I ___ seeing so many students present.
4) I hear Mr Zhao ___ your article.
析: ①was pleased with。表示“对……满意;喜欢……”后面通常接指人的名词或代词。 ②be pleased to。表示“很高兴或很乐意做某事”,其中to是不定式符号,后面接动词原形。 ③am pleased at(或about)。be pleased at(或about)表示“对(看到或听到的)事感到高兴,”后面接指事的名词或v-ing。 ④is pleased at(或about)。解析同③。
9) be to do sth;be about to do sth;be going to do sth.?
be to? do sth.表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作,后可跟时间状语。如:
You're to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.十点钟以前你得交上试卷。
be about to do sth.表示打算或安排即将发生的动作,它通常不与时间状语连用。如:? I was about to go out when someone knocked at the door.我正要出去,这时有人敲门。
be going to do sth.有三层含义:?
①表示打算、计划或决定要做某事。如:
We're going to spend our holidays in Wales this year. 今年我们打算到威尔士度假。
②用以表示某事物即将发生或很可能发生。如:
I'm going to be twenty next month. 下个月我就二十岁了。
③有迹象表明即将发生的动作或状态。如:
Look at those black clouds, there is going to be a storm. 瞧那些乌云,暴风雨就要来了。
10) beat; strike; hit
strike通常表示“打一下、打若干下”,不一定都是有意的;还有“打动、使……着迷、某种想法突然闪现在脑海里”的含义;也可指“打、擦出(火),(蛇、兽)抓,咬,或(钟)敲响”。?
hit指“打中”或“对准……来打”,“敲打或打击对方的某一点”。?
beat着重“连续地打击”。如:殴打或体罚;也指在游戏、竞赛或战争中击败对方;也指“心跳”。?
?11) blame; scold
blame“责备;责怪”,指某人应对自己不好的行为负责(常与for连用),或将某件不好的事情归咎于他人(常与on或upon连用),往往含有把自己当作评判人来评判某事,没有用言语来进行责骂的意思。例如:
He blamed Tom for the failure. 他责怪汤姆造成了失败。
Don't blame it on him, but on me. 别怪他,该怪我。
scold“责骂”,指唠唠叨叨地数说某人,多用于上级对下级、长辈对晚辈的“责骂”。例如:?
Don't scold the child.It's not his fault. 不要责骂那孩子,这不是他的过失。
I hate to scold, son, but you mustn't stay out so late at night.
我不喜欢斥责,孩子,可你不该呆在外面那么晚不回家。
12)blown down, blown in , blown off, blown over in?
blow down表示“吹倒”、“刮倒”;blow? blow down; blow in; blow off; blow over in表示“吹进”、“吹入”;blow off表示“吹掉”、“炸掉”、“发泄”;blow over表示“?暴风雨?吹散”、“过去”、“结束”。
[EXERCISES]
1) The high winds yesterday _____ thousands of trees. 2) We sometimes had quarrels, but they soon _____. 3) I had my hat ____ by the wind. 4) A lot of dust ____.You must clear it away. Key: 1) blew down 2) blew over 3) blown off 4) has blown in
13) break up; break down; break? out; break into; break in; break away; break through
break? up表示“打碎”、“变坏”、“分解”、“终止”、“破裂”。
break down表示“瓦解”、“分解”、“失败”、“出故障”、“破坏”、“拆毁”。?
break out表示“爆发”、“突然发生”。?
break? into表示“强行进入”、“闯入”、“破门而入”、“打断(谈话、讨论)”、“突然……起来”。
break? in表示“闯入”、“打断”、“插嘴”,其中in是副词。
break? away表示“脱逃”、“脱离”、“突然离开”、“革除”、“戒除”,常与from连用。
break? through表示“战胜”、“突围”、“穿过……而出现”、“突破”。
[练]
①He said his computer _____.
②Those old cars will be ____ for scrap(废铁).
③Last night somebody ____ Mr Brown's house and took away many things.
④A fire ____ after we had gone home.
⑤The boy often ____ while his parents are speaking.
⑥You must ____ from bad habits.
⑦After the heavy rain the sun ____ the clouds.
⑧A thief ____ and stole a lot of things last night.
⑨Tom ____the motor bike which he bought five years ago.
⑩The ice began to ____ on the river.
(Key:①had broken down ②broken up ③broke into ④broke out ⑤breaks in
⑥break away ⑦broke through ⑧broke in ⑨broke down ⑩break up)
14) bring on;bring in;bring out
bring on 使发生;引起;端上(饭菜)。如:?
Tom often brings on meals and his brother,Jim picks up the dishes after meals.
汤姆常常端上饭菜,(而)他弟弟吉姆饭后收拾碗碟。
The sudden cold weather brought on his cold again. 天气突然变冷,使他再次感冒。
bring in 引来;引进;吸收。如:?
His new business brings in 1,000 dollars. 他的新生意使他赚了一千美元。
We also brought in some words from English. 我们也从英语中吸收了一些词汇。
bring out 取出;说出;阐明;出版。如:?
He brought out his gun and pointed at me.他掏出枪来指着我。
Bring out the meaning more clearly.请把意思讲清楚些。
They have brought out a set of children’s books.他们出版了一套儿童读物。
15)? bring? bring down; bring back; bring up; bring in
bring? bring back表示“使回想起”、“归还”、“带回来”;?down表示“使倒下”、“减少”、“降低(价格、温度)”; bring in表示“把......引进来”、“赚入”、“获利”、“把......拿进来”、“吸收”。?up表示“呕吐出”、“养育”;
[EXERCISES]
1) Her singing _____ memories of my mother. 2) They also ____ some words from their own languages. 3) The wind ____ a number of trees. 4) He _____ all he had eaten. 5) Can you try to get them to ____ the price﹖ 6) All library books must be ____ before June 25. 7) Mr White ____ $500 a week. 8) You must manage to _____ the temperature. Key: 1) brings back 2) brought in 3) brought down 4) brought up 5) bring down 6) brought back 7) is bringing in 8) bring down
16) but, however
这两个连词都有“但是,可是,然而”之意。but连接两个分句或有关部分,表示转折或逻辑上的对比关系,使用最广,口语中更为常见。如:? but/however
We love peace but we are not afraid of war.我们热爱和平,但我们并不害怕战争。
however转折意味比but弱,连接的两个分句或有关部分的关系较为松弛,后一部分常起附带说明或衬托作用。however常以插入语形式出现在句子中间,前后用逗号隔开,也可置于句首或句末。如:?
Later,however,he decided to go.可是后来他决定去了。
17) by oneself;oneself?
by oneself=alone,without? help。强调“在无他人或他物的情况下”或“无帮助的情况下”;
oneself作同位语,表示强调本人。?
试比较:
If you come to my house,I’ll cook for you myself.
如果你来我家,我将亲自下厨。(强调亲手为你做饭)
Can you cook by yourself now? 你现在能单独做饭了吗?(强调无他人协作)
18) by? sea;by the sea
by sea意为“走海路;坐轮船”,其中by表示乘坐交通工具或行走方式,by与名词间不可用冠词;by the? sea意为“在海边”,其中by表示“在……旁边”,by与后面的名词间常有冠词修饰。如:
They will go to America by sea. 他们将坐轮船去美国。
There is a small village by the sea.海边有个小村庄。
请比较下面类似有这样区别的短语:
by ship 乘船 by a ship 在一艘轮船旁边
by land 从陆路 by the land 在岸边(在陆地旁边)
by taxi 乘出租车 by the taxi 在出租车旁边
by road 从陆路 by the road 在路边
19.be about to
这个短语与"be to do","be going to do"两个短语都可用来表示"将要做某事,但含义和用法有所不同。be about to 从时间上来讲,等于be just going to do,意思是"即将,马上就要去做"。因此,在由这个短语构成的句子中,一般不可再加上表示时间的状语(如at once, next)
例如:I am about to leave for Shanghai.我将要去上海。be to do主要表示安排或计划要在将来做的事情,它还可以表示命令等语气,相当于should, must 等。它可以同将来的时间状语连用。
例如:The US President Bill Clinton is to visit Japan next week.美国总统比尔?克林顿将于下周访日。The letter is to be handed to him in person.这封信必须面交他本人。
be going to do 一般可以和be to do 换用,它在通常情况下表示计划,安排或准备去做某事的意向,但并不一定马上去做。它一般都与时间状语连用;此外,它还可以用来表示某种推断或可能性。
例如:What are you going to do for your holiday?假期有什么打算吗?
It's going to rain soon, look at those black clouds.看那些乌云,快要下雨了。
20.before long; long before
这两个词组只是在顺序上有所颠倒,其含义却完全不同。before long = soon ,表示"不久以后"。例如:I hope you will be back before long.我希望你不久就回来。
而long before = long time ago很久以前,例如:I saw that American film long before.我很久以前就看过那部美国电影了。
有时long before后面可以跟一个句子,这时候before是连词,引出一句时间状语,表示"在…… 前很久"的意思。例如:He had been a party member long before he came to our school.他到我们学校来之前早就是一个党员了。
21.begin
这个词看来再普遍不过了,但它用于某些词组时,其意思就会有所不同,让我们看一下:
1.begin by 作"先(做某事)"解。例如: I must begin by telling you about the factory itself. 我先给你们谈一谈工厂本身。
2.begin with它的意思是以…开始。例如:Knowledge begins with practice.知识从实践开始。
3.to begin with1). 首先We can't go. To begin with, it's too cold. Besides, we've no money.我们不能去。首先天太冷。此外,我们没有钱。2). 开始时To begin with, they had little support but later on people began to trust them.开始时支持他们的人很少,但后来人们开始信任他们了。
22.beside与besides
这两个词都是介词,且只相差一个字母,但意义却相差甚远。beside的意思是在……旁边 和与……比较起来。例如:May I sit beside you?我可以坐在你的旁边吗?This year's profits don't look very good beside last year's results.与去年相比,今年的利润看来不太好。
besides的意思是除……之外(还),相当于 "in addition to"。例如:There were three other people at the meeting besides Mr. Smith.与会的除了史密斯先生外,还有三人。注:besides还可作副词用,解释为此外,而且。例如:I don't feel like dancing tonight. Besides, I will have an exam tomorrow.我今晚不想跳舞,再说我明天还要测验呢。
23.blow up与blow out
blow up一词的含义颇多,可归纳为:1. 炸毁The soldiers blew up the bridge with dynamite.士兵们用炸药把桥炸毁了。2. 发脾气,责骂 When we arrived a little late, our boss blew us up.我们晚到了一会儿,老板就骂了我们一顿。Mary was two hours late home from the party and his father really blew her up.玛丽聚会后回到家里比她答应的时间晚了两小时就遭到她父亲的一顿骂。3. 打气 Be sure to blow up the type before you drive off.开车之前,一定要把轮胎打足气。
而blow out则表示吹灭。She blew out the candle on her birthday cake.她吹灭了生日蛋糕上的蜡烛。Blow out the lamp, please.请吹灭灯。
24.break into与break in
这两个词组长得很像,有人甚至认为它们完全可以互换,其实则不然。 "break into"表示破门而入,闯入。例如:A house was broken into between midnight and 5am.在午夜到早上5点这段时间,有人闯入一家房子。The robbers broke into his home and robbed him of many possessions.强盗们闯进他的家中,抢走了许多财物。
但它还有一个意思,就是突然开始……",即to suddenly start to do sth."。例如:The audience broke into cheers as the band came on stage.当这支乐队一出场,观众就报以热烈的掌声。
而 "break in"的另外一个意思是打断(话);插嘴。例如:Don't break in when he is telling the story.他讲故事的时候,别打断他There's no doubt about it," he broke in."那是毫无疑问的,他插嘴说。Excuse me for breaking in on your conversation.请原谅我打断了你们的谈话。
25、burn out与burn up
这两个词组都是动副型动词,在表示烧光,烧尽时,可通用。例如:The big fire burned out (up) two tall buildings.这场大火把两座高楼烧掉了。
burn out主要指灯泡,设备等烧坏;它还可以表示放火将……赶出。例如:Any electric light bulb will eventually burn out.任何灯炮最后总会烧坏。I turn on a switch but the light had burnt out.我打开电源,但电灯已经烧坏了。Hundreds of families have been burnt out of their homes.有人放火使数百人无家可归。
26、but do与but to do
这两个词组都可表示除了做……之外的意思,相当于except do与except to do。它们属于 "but不定式结构,即but是介词,后接带to的不定式和不带to的不定式。比如在but前面的句子中出现了实义动词do, but后一般接不带to的不定式。反之则用but to do的形式。
例如:He could do nothing but wait.他除了等,别无它法。He had no choice but to kill himself.他除了自杀外,别无其它选择。
27、by heart与at heart
这两个词组在句中均作状语,在意义上却有所不同。by heart 指靠记忆(by memory),常与动词get, learn, know等连用。例如:The students have learned many new words by heart.学生们已背熟很多新单词了。He has made the speech so many times that he knows every word of it by heart.这篇演讲他讲过好多次了,因此,他能把里面的每句话记得清清楚楚。
at heart有两种意义:一是在本质上;二是在内心深处;关心的。例如:His manners are rough, but he is a kind man at heart.他态度粗鲁,但在本质上是个善良的人。When I say "Don't eat sweets", I have your health at heart.当我说你不要吃甜食时,我是在关心你的健康。He has the welfare of the poor people at heart.他把贫苦人民的福利放在心里。
28、by turns与in turn
by turns表示轮流地,交替地的意思,相当于alternately, 多用来强调某一时期反复发生的动作,例如:We clean the classroom by turns.我们轮流打扫教室。She went hot and cold by turns.她一阵发热一阵发冷。in turn有两种意义:一是依次地;轮流地,含有one after another和in proper order的意义;二是转而,反过来。
例如:They spoke at the meeting in turn.他们依次在会上发了言。Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.理论以实践为基础,反过来又为实践服务。
29、by chance与by any chance
by chance表示偶然地,意外地,碰巧的意思,相当于by accident,在句中作状语。例如:I had no idea he was there. I met him by chance.我不知道他会在那儿,我是偶然碰见他的。The news came to my ears by chance.我是偶然听到这个消息的。
by any chance表示万一;也许的意思时,在句子中作插入语,它一般用于否定句或疑问句中。例如:If, by any chance, he failed to come, we'll ask John to work the machine.万一他不来,我们就叫约翰开机器。Have you by any chance a map of Shanghai?你也许有上海的地图吧?
30、but for与but that
but for表示要不是的意思,相当于if it were not for, if it had not been for。它常用于虚拟语气。for 是介词,其后只能接名词(词组)。例如:But for your help and guidance, I should fail.要不是你的帮助与指导,我早就失败了。
but that 表示除……以外,除非等意思,相当于except that; 也可以表示要不是的意思。but that后接从句。例如:We ask nothing from you but that you should give a clear statement of the facts.我们什么也不要你的,就是要你把实情清楚地交代出来。He would have helped us but that he was short of money at that time.要不是他当时没有钱,他就帮助我们了。It will go hard but that we shall bring more land under cultivation.除非我们扩大耕地面积,否则事情就不好办。
C
1、can, be able to
这两个词都可以表示“能够”。can通常用来表示现在的一般能力。如:Look, I can do it.嗨,我会做这事啦。而当表示将来能力时,一般要用will be able to。此外,be able to 还表示要经过一番努力才能做到的事。如:
If I concentrate on the work, I'll be able to work out the problem.如果我集中思想于工作的话,我就可以想出这个问题的解决方法。I'll be able to speak French in another few months.再过几个月我就可以说法语了。
2、call on, visit
call on:“拜访”,为社交用语,强调较正式的访问。如:I hope to call on you at your office at three o'clock today.我希望今天下午三点钟到办公室去拜访你。
visit:“访问,参观”,指为一定目的去访问某人或参观某地。如:Professor Li is often visited by his students.学生们常去看望李教授。
注意:call at与call on都可以作“访问”解,但call at后接地点;call on后接人。如:I called at the bank and drew some money today.今天我去银行取了些钱。
3、centre, middle
centre“中心”,指圆和球体的中心点并可用作比喻,指事物或活动中心。如:He placed the flowers in the centre of the table.他把花放在桌子的中央。At the centre of the park there is a monument in memory of the hero.在公园的中央有一个英雄纪念碑。London is the political, economical and cultural centre of Britain.伦敦是英国政治,经济和文化中心。
middle:“中间”,指空间或时间意义上与两端等距离的中间部分。如:He telephoned me in the middle of the night.他半夜给我打来电话。Soon they were in the middle of the river.不久他们来到河中央。
4、chance, opportunity
chance表示“机会;可能性(强调偶然性)”,如:If we can swim, the chances are that we can save our lives.如果我们会游泳的话,我们就有可能得救。Harold has lost a lot of money so he wants to take a chance on stock exchange.海洛得丢了很多钱,因此他想在股票上碰一碰运气。
而opportunity表示机遇(强调好时机),既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词。如:This has been my only opportunity to practise speaking English.这一直是我练习英语口语的唯一机会。I am very glad to have had the opportunity to talk to you.我很高兴能有机会与你交谈。
5、certain, sure
certain表示“有把握的,确信的”,语气较强,主语可以是人也可以是物,表示有充分的信心。有时也有“某些”的含义。如:It is certain that the temperature will rise.气温一定会上升。He is certain to come.他一定会来。
sure“确信的,无疑的”,作此义解时,主语常为人而不是物。如:He is sure to succeed.他一定会成功。
注意:certain和sure在接不定式和of短语时意思上有差别。
试比较:They are certain/sure to succeed.他们一定会成功。They are certain/sure of success.他们有成功的把握。第一例用不定式表示说话人对某事的推断,有“一定,必然”的含义;第二例用of短语表示主语本人的信念,有“确信,对...有把握”的含义。
再如:The strike is certain/sure to take place.罢工必然会发生。They are certain/sure of victory.他们确信会获得胜利。
6、care about, care for
这是两个动介型短语动词,后接名词或代词作其宾语。在表示“为...担忧”的意思时,两者可交换使用。
care about主要用来表示“对...感兴趣;关心;在乎”的意思。如:I don't much care about going.我并不很想去。I don't care about what people think.我不在乎人们怎么认为。
care for则主要用来表示“喜欢,对...中意”和“照顾”等意思。如:She doesn't seem to care for him.她好像不喜欢他。Small children are well cared for in nurseries when their parents are working.当父母在工作时,孩子们在托儿所里受到良好的照顾。
7、carry on, carry out
carry on意为“进行,继续”,强调一个行为的进行过程。它可以不跟宾语,也可接表示“工作,讨论,竞赛,战斗”等一类的名词作宾语,相当于continue。它另可作“经营”解,相当于manage。如:Don't let me interrupt you, just carry on.别让我打断你,请继续。I'll try to carry on the work in spite of difficulties.尽管有困难,但我还是会继续这项工作。Rising costs make it hard to carry on the business.成本上升给生意经营带来了困难。
carry out意为“进行,贯彻,实现”,含有按照某个要求或准则进行的意思。它必须接宾语,且宾语往往是表示“工作,活动,职责,命令,计划”等一类的名词。此词语相当于put into practice。如:I have some difficulties in carrying out her order.我感到执行她的命令有些困难。The government was trying to carry out the policy of "family planning".当时,政府正尽力贯彻“计划生育”政策。
8、catch up with, keep up with
catch up with为“赶上(某人或某事)”,有追上并可能超过的含义。如:We'll do out best to catch up with the advanced industrial countries.我们将尽力赶超先进的工业国家。
keep up with作“不落后于(某人或某对手)”解,有与之并驾齐驱的含义。如:The girls had to run to keep up with the boys.这些女孩子不得不加快脚步以赶上男孩子们。
9、cause, reason
cause指造成一种事实或现象的“原因”,尤指自然原因或客观原因。如:What's the cause of his success?他成功的原因是什么?
reason指说明一种看法或行为的“理由”,它往往是通过逻辑推理得出的。如:Give me your reasons for refusing.给我你拒绝的理由。This is the reason why he killed the woman.这就是他杀掉那个女人的原因。
10、clothes, clothing, cloth
这三个词都与人们穿的“衣”有关,但含义却不同。clothes永远以复数的形式出现,指人们穿的各种衣服包括裤子,内衣,衬衫等;其前不能用数词修饰。如:These clothes are new.这些衣服是新的。Do I have to change my clothes for the meeting?我去参加会议要换衣服吗?
clothing是集体名词,为衣物的总称,是一种区别于其他事物的概念。除了衣裤之外,它还包括帽,袜,手套,被褥之类的东西,如:The shop sells articles of men's clothing.这个商店卖男式服装。In winter, children need warm clothing.冬天,孩子们需要暖和的衣服。
cloth一般用作不可数名词,指“棉布,毛织品”;它亦可作可数名词,指“某一特定用途的一块布”,复数形式是cloths。如:He will take three yards of cloth to make a suit.他做一套衣服要三码布。She cleaned the window with an old cloth.她用一块旧布擦窗户。
11、chief, main
这两者都表示“主要的”。chief表示所指的对象在重要性、地位、等级方面高于其他同类事物,暗示其他事物处于从属或次要地位。
main多用来形容事物的某一组成部分,表示该部分在重要性、力量、大小等方面超过其 他部分,起着主体的作用。The chief reason for going to school is to learn. 去学校主要是去学习的。The president is chief of the armed force.总统是武装部队的首脑。Our main meal is in the evening.我们的主餐是在晚上。Note down the main points of the speech.请记下讲演的要点。
12、choose, select
choose为“挑选,选择”,使用范围较广,指从众多的对象中挑选,这种挑选取决于个人的意志与判断,不强调客观标准。它所选择的对象可以是不同种类的,可以是有形的或无形的。choose带有最终选定的含义,即表示选定后不再变化。如:In the new department store there is a lot to choose from.在新的百货商店有很多可供选择的商品。He chose Miss Li for his wife.他选李小姐为妻。You have to choose between life and dead.你必须在生与死之间作出选择。
select为“挑选,精选”,语气比choose重,多用于正式场合。它指仔细地,审慎地精选,强调客观性,而不是主观性。它所挑选的对象可以是有形的或是无形的,但一定是同一种类的。如:The best machines were selected and sent to the exhibition.最好的机器被选去参展了。He selected a birthday present for his dear daughter.他为他亲爱的女儿挑选了一个生日礼物。
13、come to one's help, come for one's help
come to one's help表示“来帮某人的忙”,与come to help someone意义相同。如:When they heard my cry, they immediately came to my help.他们一听到我的叫声就赶忙来帮忙了。When one man is in difficulties, ten thousand come to his help.一人有难,万人帮忙。
come for one's help表示“来求某人帮助”,与come to ask someone for help意义相同。如:When he is short of money, he often comes for my help.他缺钱花的时候,他常来找我帮忙。She couldn't solve the problem, so she came for our help.她不能解决这个问题,因而来找我们帮忙。
14、continual, continuous
这两个形容词均可表示“连续不断”的意思,但它们在含义上有区别。continual指某一动作不时重复,重复之间有短暂停顿的含义;还有使人不愉快的含义。如:We are not happy with those continual interruptions.我们对那些不断的打扰很生气。My work has been delayed by his continual visit.我的工作被他频繁的拜访给耽搁了。
continuous指某一动作在一段时间内没有中断的含义,表示“持续不断”的意思。如:We felt tired after two days' continuous flight.经过两天不停的飞行,我们感到很累了。There was continuous fighting on the frontier all day yesterday.昨天一整夜,边界上的战斗没有停过。
15、compare...to, compare...with
compare...to为“把...比喻为,把...比成“,指不同类事物的比较,表示抽象的比喻。compare...with为“把...与...比较”,指两个同类的事物相比较,表示人和人,事物与事物之间异同的程度。
Life is compared to a voyage.生命常被比作一次航行。People compared him to a little white cat.人们把她比作一只小白猫。Compared with many women, she was indeed very lucky.与许多其他女人相比,她的确很幸运。Compare your translation with his, you'll find how many mistakes you've made.与他的翻译相比,你会发现你的有很多错误。
16、consider, regard as, treat as
consider和regard as都表示“认为是”,两者常可换用。前者偏重经过考虑后的看法,后者则偏重“把...看作”的含义,且必须与介词as连用。如:They considered Miss Shen a good English teacher.他们认为沈小姐是一位优秀的英语教师。I regard her as my own sister.我把她看作自己的亲妹妹。They regarded me as their best friends.他们把我看作是最好的朋友。
treat as表示“对待,当作”,指在某种认识的基础上对待某人某物,着重点在行动,而不是看法。treat as 中的as也可用like代替。如:Don't treat me as/like a child.别待我象孩子似的。They treated me as/like a member of the family.他们待我像家里人一样。
consider 后可接从句,也可跟带有名词,形容词,不定式及介词短语的复合结构;regard as后除接名词外,还可接形容词,分词及介词短语等;treat后则只能接名词。如:I consider that he is the most suitable man to do this work.我认为他是担任此项工作最适合的人选。They considered my opinion valuable.他们认为我的观点很有价值。I regard him as stupid.我认为他很蠢。She considered herself to be correct.她认为自己是对的。We can't regard the matter as settled.我们不认为事情已经解决。He regarded it as of little use.他觉得这没什么用。
17、coloured, colourful
虽然这两个形容词的词根均是colour,但它们的含义不同。coloured表示“有某种颜色的(having the colour specified)"的意义,常用以构成复合词。如:She is wearing a cream-coloured dress today.她今天穿着奶油色的衣服。Coloured people were looked down upon at that time in America.那时在美国有色人种被人瞧不起。
colourful表示“富有色彩的(full of colours),色彩鲜艳的”等意思。如:The girls looked very attractive in their colourful dresses.女孩子们穿着色彩鲜艳的衣服显得非常漂亮。Colourful wall paper would brighten up your room.色彩艳丽的墙纸会使你房间焕然一新。
D
1) daily; everyday; every day?
daily用作名词意为“日报” 如:China? everyday意为“每日的、日常的”,在句中作定语。everyday?Daily《中国日报》用作形容词,意同everyday;用作副词意同everyday。 every?English=daily English日常英语;everyday life=daily life日常生活。 day(分开写)意为“每天”,在句中作状语。如: He comes here every day.=He comes here daily.他每天来这儿。
2) damage; destroy;? ruin
这三个词都有“破坏;损坏”的意思,区别如下:
damage意为“损坏、破坏”。它可用于表示损坏或破坏具体的物品,一般暗示损坏后价值或效益会降低,这种损坏是部分性的,通常指损坏的程度不那么严重,还可以修复再用。也可用于表示损坏抽象的东西,有时该词也用于借喻。如:?
The car was not damaged badly in the accident, but five people were seriously hurt.
汽车在事故中损坏不严重,但却有五个人受了重伤。
Her heart was slightly damaged as a result of her long illness.长期生病使她的心脏受到轻度损伤。
What they said and did damaged the relations between the two countries.
他们的言行损害了这两个国家之间的关系。
Smoking has damaged his health badly. 吸烟严重地损害了他的健康。
damage还可用作可数或不可数名词。如:?
The earthquake did a lot of damages to the city.这场地震给这座城市带来了巨大的破坏。
destroy意为“破坏;摧毁;消灭;毁灭”,通常指程度非常严重的“毁坏”,一般情况下不可以修复再用。另外,它既可表示毁坏具体的物品,也可表示毁坏抽象的东西。如:?
The rain will ruin the crops.这雨会把庄稼毁掉的。
I was ruined by that law case; I'm a ruined man?我被那场官司毁了,我破产了。
3) damp wet dank moist humid 都含"潮湿的"意思。
damp指"轻度潮湿, 使人感觉不舒服的", 如:?
I don't like damp weather. 我不喜欢潮湿的天气。
wet 指"含水分或其他液体的"、"湿的", 如:?
be wet to the skin 浑身湿透。
dank 指"阴湿的", 如:?
a dark dank and chilly cave 一个既黑暗又潮湿、又阴冷的洞。
moist指"微湿的"、"湿润的", 常含"不十分干, 此湿度是令人愉快的"意思,? 如:
Grasses were moist with dew. 草被露水润湿了。
humid为正式用语,? 常表示"空气中湿度大的", 如:
In the east, the air is humid in summer. 在东方, 夏季空气潮湿。
4) day by day; day after day?
day by? day意为“一天一天地”,“逐日”,表示事情的逐渐变化过程。该短语只能作状语。如:
It's getting colder day by day.天气一天天冷了起来。
The boy is getting better day by day.那孩子一天天好了起来。
day? after day意为“日复一日”、“一天又一天”,表示一个重复(周而复始或循环重复)的动作或事件。该短语可作主语和状语。如:
Day after day went by, and still no message arrived.日子一天天过去,仍然杳无音讯。
I have to do the work day after day.我得天天做这项工作。
5) deal with; do with; get rid of?
get rid of表示“处理”,侧重“消灭;摆脱或清除”;deal with和do? with侧重“处理”的手段、方法或方式。do的后面可接宾语,deal的后面不接宾语;do with常与what连用,deal with常与how连用。
[练]
①If they are not coming, we can ___ the tickets.
②How did they ____ matters of this sort﹖
③What did you ____ the broken car﹖
④Mr Zhang wrote a book ____ life in England.
⑤We should ____ the weeds in the fields.
(Key: ①get rid of ②deal with ③do with ④dealing with ⑤get rid of)
6) demonstrate? demonstrate,illustrate ? 证明,论证,以科学严谨的态度,通过推理、辩论或提供证据来证明事物的正谬。illustrate 指用实物、图片等进行说明,illustrate后常用介词by,with。
A.The lecturer ____ his point with a diagram ont heblackboard.
B.To ____ his arguments,he showed us a lot of facts.
C.These figures clearly ___ the size of the economic problem facing the country.
Answers:A.illustrated B.demonstrate C.demonstrate
7) discover;invent;find;find? out
invent意为“发明”,指通过劳动运用聪明才智“发明/创造”出以前从未存在过的新事物。?
Who invented the telephone? 是谁发明电话的?
He invented a new teaching method.他发明了一种新的教学方法。
find意为“找到、发现”,指找到或发现自己所需要的东西或丢失的东西,着重指找到的结果。?
We've found oil under the South Sea.我们已在南海发现了石油。
They finally found a way. 他们终于找到了办法。
discover意为“发现”,? 表示“偶然”或“经过努力”发现客观存在的事物、真理或错误,即指发现原来客观存在但不为人所知的事物,也可表示发现已为人所知的事物的新的性质或用途。
Columbus discovered America in1492. 哥伦布1492年发现了美洲。
We soon discovered the truth. 我们很快就弄清了真相。
find out指经过研究或询问查明某事或真相。?
[EXERCISES]
1.Edison ____ the electric lamp.
2.I lost my necklace last night.I haven’t ____ it.
3.Who ____ America first?
4.Can you ____ what time the train leaves?
ANSWER: 1.invented 2.found 3.discovered 4.find out
8)disgrace dishonor shame infamy scandal ?
disgrace dishonor shame infamy scandal 都含“丢人”、“耻辱”的意思
disgrace? 指“失去别人的尊敬”、“因自己或别人的行为所产生的耻辱感”, 如:
He was in disgrace after his ungentlemanly behavior. 他因为行为不检而为人所不齿。
dishonor指“因自己的言行而丧失自尊或玷辱名誉”, 如:?
His desertion to the enemy was a dishonor to his family. 他的投敌行为对他的家庭是耻辱。
shame指“由于失去自尊心而感到羞愧或羞耻”, 如?
I think it a shame to be so wasteful. 我认为那样浪费太可耻了。infamy指“声名狼藉”、“臭名昭著”, 如:
His name will live in infamy. 他的名字将遗臭万年。
scandal指“引起公愤的行为”、“丑事”, 如?
Iran Scandal 伊朗丑闻(指美国向伊朗出售武器的秘密被揭露后, 所引起的批评)。
9. damage, harm, hurt, injure, spoil
乍看这几个词,觉得意思都差不多。它们都有“损害,伤害,破坏”的意思。其实,它们之间还是有不同的。damage: “毁坏,损坏”,主要指造成价值,效用,完整性方面的损坏。例如:
Mr. Smith, I wonder if we could arrange a talk about the damaged cargo sometime.史密斯先生,我们能不能安排个时间商谈破损货物的问题。The water they had thrown over everything to put out the fire damaged the books.为了灭火,他们把水往一切东西上泼,把书也损坏了。
harm: “损害,伤害”,词义具体,强调带来损失,病痛或痛苦。Though he knows clearly that smoking harms his health, he simply cannot give it up.虽然他很清楚吸烟对身体有害,但他就是戒不了。
hurt: “疼痛,伤害”,尤其指感情或身体遭受创伤。Nothing hurts more than a bad tooth, so he had to go to the dentist to have it pulled out.没有比牙齿坏了更疼痛的了,所以他不得不找牙医拔掉那颗坏牙。My little boy fell off a ladder and hurt himself.我的儿子从楼梯上摔了下来,把自己摔伤了。
injure: “伤害,损害”,一般常指不公正地对待或冤屈某人,即有意识地侵害别人的权利或毁坏别人的健康、成就等,也可以指外表、健康、安逸等遭受破坏。The gas polluted the surroundings and injured the health of workers and residents of the area.这种气体污染环境,损害工人和该地区居民的健康。
spoil: 有强烈的“毁坏,毁灭”之意。指不仅造成价值,精力,兴致的“损伤”,还意味着可能造成某种毁灭或彻底破坏,也有“宠坏”的意思。
John joined the party and spoiled the pleasure of everyone by his impolite behavior.约翰参加了这个晚会,他的不礼貌行为破坏了大家的兴致。Quarreling completely spoiled the dinner, which broke up in discord.争吵完全破坏了了宴会的气氛,结果宴会不欢而散。I do hate to spoil your fun, but I've got something urgent to tell you.我真不愿扫了你的兴,但我有紧急的事必须告诉你。
10、dare not , don't dare
dare是“敢”的意思,它既可作情态动词,也可作实义动词。dare not中的dare是情态动词,后接动词原形。dare作为情态动词,其过去式为dared。 如:I dare not think of it.我不敢想这事。He dared not go near the woods in the daytime.白天,他不敢到灌木丛附近去。
作为情态动词的dare除用于否定句外,还可用于疑问句和条件句,但不能用于肯定句。 如可以说 Dare you say so before your parents?和Jump now if you dare,但不可以说I dare touch it.
don't dare中的dare是实义动词,后面要接动词不定式。如:I did not dare to move.我不敢动。He had never dared to ask her to go anywhere with him.他从来不敢要求她跟他去任何地方。
作为实义动词的dare与其它实义动词一样,可以用于肯定句,疑问句和条件句等。如:She dared to go there alone.她敢一个人去那里。Do you dare to come here?你敢一个人来这儿吗?
dare与普通实义动词的不同之处在于:在否定句和疑问句中,dare后的不定式往往可以省去 to。如:He didn't dare (to) say that to my face. 他不敢当面对我说这些。Do you dare (to) climb that high mountain? 你敢爬那座高山吗?
11. deadly, deathly
deadly和deathly都可作形容词,表示“死一般地”,指死的表象。如:The deadly/deathly silence filled the meeting-room.会议室里一片沉默,没有一点声音。两者都可以充当形容词及副词,表示“非常,极度”,强调极端性。如:I have deadly/deathly fear of snakes.我非常害怕蛇。The man is deadly/deathly ill. 这人病得很重。
deadly另可表示:“致命的,势不两立的”,指导致死亡与毁灭的事物,表示死亡的可能性。 如deadly poison(致命的毒药),deadly illness(致命的疾病),deadly weapon(致命的武器)。 又如:Fog is one of the sailor's deadliest enemies.雾是海员一个最大的敌人。The sad news was a deadly blow to the poor old lady.这条消息对这个可怜的老太太是致命一击。
12、deal in, deal with
deal in主要“做……买卖,经营(to buy and sell, trade in)"的意思,后接事物名词,表示经营,买卖的内容。如:This shop deals in textile good.这家商店经营纺织品。This import and export corporation deals in general merchandise, paper, building material, electrical appliances, light, etc.这家进出口公司经营日用百货,纸张,建筑材料,电器用品和灯具等。
deal with的主要意思有:1)“与……做生意(do business, esp. trade with...), 后接集体名词或人物名词,表示做生意的对方;2)“对付,处理”;3)关于,论及(be about, be concerned with)"等。如:I've dealt with this store for 20 years.我与这家商店做了20年的生意。Children are tiring to deal with.带小孩最令人讨厌。Deal with a man as he deals with you.以其人之道还治其人之身。This article deals with an important subject.这篇文章谈论到一个重要的问题。
13、demand, request, require
demand为“要求,查问”,语气较重,是强硬、断然的口气。它可接名词,不定式及用虚拟语气表示的宾语从句,当以被要求的人作宾语时,要加介词of。如:She demanded that we give him an immediate answer.她要求我立即给他回复。All of us demand of him whether he had heard from her recently.我们大家都问他最近是否收到她的来信。
require为“请求,恳求”,语气较和缓,指非常礼貌地正式请求。它可接名词及不定式的复合结构,也可以后接用宾语从句,但宾语从句中要用虚拟语气。当以被要求的人作宾语时,要加介词of。如:We'll do all that is required of us.我们会把要求做的全部都做完。
与demand和request的用法不同,require另可接动名词作宾语,其主动形式表示被动意义。它也可接不定式作宾语,但仍要用被动形式来表示被动意义。如:The car requires repairing/to be repaired.这辆车需要修理。
14、display, exhibit, expose
这些词都指以展示的方式吸引注意,亦有“表现”之意。display:“展示,陈列”,指将物品最充分、有效地展示在人的视线或便于看清楚的位置。此外,此词还有体现、表现之意。
If a child displays negative behavior by hitting someone, adults must try to persuade him to use reasoning to solve future conflicts.假如孩子有打人的不良习惯,成年人必须规劝他用讲道理的方式来解决今后发生的争执。She is so fascinated by the beautiful dress displayed in the shop window that she cannot help looking at it admirably whenever she passes there.她对橱窗里展示的那套漂亮衣服非常痴迷,每次经过,她都忍不住羡慕地看看它。
exhibit:“展出,表现出”,往往指出于某个特殊目的而公开地推出某些事物。Although the supervisor said he needn't be responsible for the result, John still exhibited signs of stress.尽管督查员说约翰不必为此事负责,他还是显现出承受压力的迹象。
expose:“显示出,展出,显露”,指让某物从藏匿、隐蔽状态中显示出来;也有使某些不妥当或被隐匿之事显露于众,即“揭露,暴露”之意。
It's too bad that children are exposed to films and reports about crime and violence.让孩子耳濡目染电影与新闻报道中的暴力与犯罪行为是很糟糕的。It was my duty to leave no stone unturned to discover and expose the awful truth.我的责任就是想方设法发现这可怕的真相并公之于众。
15、die from, die of
这两个动词词组都表示“因……而死”。die from和die of都可表示因疾病,饥饿,寒冷,年迈,疲劳过度等造成的死亡。如:die from/of illness/hunger/cold/old age/overwork/poison。再如:It is reported that as many as 1 out of 10 heavy cigarette smokers will eventually die from/of lung cancer.据报道,有十分之一烟瘾很重的人会死于肺癌。In a severe winter, wild animals can die from/of lack of food.在严冬,野生动物可能会因食物不足而死。
die from另可表示由外因而造成的死亡,象事故,损伤,环境条件,自然灾害等。如:die from a traffic accident/a wound/carelessness/an electric shock/an earthquake。再如:The young driver died from the wounds he received in the road accident.这个年轻的司机因交通事故致伤而死。The 3-year-old child died from her fall out of the high window.这个三岁的小孩从高楼的窗户摔下来而死。
die of另可表示因内在感情而造成的死亡,像失恋,失望,羞愧,大喜大悲等。如:die of love/disappointment/shame/joy/grief/a broken heart。再如:Grandma Zhou died of grief soon after her husband's death.周奶奶在她丈夫死后不久因悲伤过度也去世了。They drowned themselves in the sea and died of love.他们跳海殉情了。
16、deep, deeply
deep用作副词时,易和deeply混淆。这两个副词在修饰具体动作时,一般可以换用。如:We shall probe deep (or: deeply) into the matter.我们要深入地探索这件事。
deep通常用来形容静止状态,多用来修饰作状语的介词短语,带有far into之意。如:They danced deep into the night.他们跳舞跳到深夜。He stood there thinking, his hands deep in his pockets.他站在那儿思索,两手深深地插在口袋里。
deeply常常用来修饰形容词或过去分词,作程度状语。如:We were all deeply disturbed when we heard the news.我们听到那消息都感到极为不安。I'm deeply grateful for the advice you gave me.我非常感激你给我的劝告。
E
1) ever before;ever since;ever? after
ever? since意为“从……之后一直”,其中的since既可作副词,也可作连词,该短语与完成时连用。有时ever可以省略。
ever? before意为“比以往任何时候”,其中的before为副词,常与比较级连用并放在than之后。ever用来加强before的语气,before有时可以省略。
ever? after意为“从那以后”,其中的after可作连词,也可作副词,该短语常与过去时连用。
[EXERCISES]
1.He went to Tibet in 1969 and has lived there ____.
2.The flowers grow more beautiful than ____.
3.The couple lived a hard life ____.
ANSWER: 1.ever since 2.ever before 3.ever after
2)except but
except/but? 二者意思均为:除……之外。except强调所除外的人(或事物);而but则将重点置于其他人(或事物)。?
如:We all passed the exam except Tom.除了汤姆没及格外,我们都及格了。(汤姆一人不及格)
Nobody knew her name but me.除我以外,没有人知道他的名字。(强调除“我”知道外,其他人都不知道)
except前常有all,any,every,no及其复合词等;but也常与no,nobody,nothing,all,anywhere等词连用。二者后都可接名词、代词、动词的ing形式和原形动词,可以互换;但except后还可跟副词、介词短语等,此时,不能用but来代替。?
如:He answered all the questions except/but the last one.除最后一个问题没答外,其余问题他都答了。
He has always been in high spirits except recently.除近来外,他总是精神饱满。(except后跟副词)
The window is never opened except in summer.除夏季外,这扇窗户从来不开。(except后跟介词短语)
except,but用于否定句时,可以互换。?
如:There aren't any other people to be considered except/but you.除你之外,其他人将不予考虑。
3. excuse, forgive, pardon
这三个词都表示“原谅,宽恕”。
excuse:“原谅”,指有意放过人们在社会,习俗方面的具体行为。如错误,疏忽或失职,不予以指责和惩罚。常用词组:excuse for原谅;excuse from/to do免除。如:
Please excuse me for using your telephone without asking permission. I thought you wouldn't mind.请原谅,我没有得到你的允许就用了你的电话,我想你不会介意吧!The meeting lasted so long that Mr. Laurence had to excuse himself to keep an appointment.会开了好久,因此劳伦斯为了赶另一个约会,不得不请求先行离去。
forgive:“饶恕,宽恕,赦免”,感彩较浓,表示不但放弃一切报复要求,而且打消一切复仇的心理,不再愤恨,强调主观和内心的宽恕。
She was so kind as to forgive her intimate friend who had betrayed her when she was in a great difficulty.她如此善良,竟能原谅在她处境最艰难时背叛她的挚友。He forgave injuries so readily that he might be said to invite them.他如此爽快地宽恕了那些伤害,简直可以说,他是在招惹伤害。
pardon:“原谅,宽恕”,正式用语,指放弃处罚要求,予以赦免,尤其指由上级按法律正式赦免过失或过错。作原谅讲时,同excuse。
It became necessary to fly our lives, but we couldn't expect to be pardoned.我们有必要逃命,但我们不能指望得到宽恕。Please pardon my asking, but isn't my text book on your desk?对不起,请问,我的课本是在你的桌子上吗?
4. each, every
这两者都表示“每个”,有时可互换,有时却不能。
1). each可作形容词及代词,而every只能作形容词,但它可与-one,-body,-thing等构成合成代词。each 用在代词或复数名词前要用介词of连接,如each of them, each of the boys; 而every则不能直接跟of 连接,如不可说every of them,而要说every one of them或each of them。
2). each通常用指两个人或物,而every则指三个或三个以上的人或物,不能指两者。如each end of the? bridge和each side of the road中的each均不能用every代替。
3). each指一个整体中的每一个,强调个体;而every着重于全体的总和,强调整体。试比较: Each has a different book. (强调各有不同。) Here every child at the age of six can go to school. (侧重整体,无一例外。)
4).every另可表示“每隔”,后接基数词加复数名词,或接序数词加单数名词,如:every four weeks,? every three months等,此种结构中的every不能用each代替。
5、economic, economical
两个词都可译成“经济的”,但含义不同。economic用以指与贸易、工业或财富等有关的“经济上的”或“有关经济学方面”的意义,一般用作定语。如:They are faced with many economic problems.他们面临许多经济问题。The country is in a bad economic state, so we must reduce profits.国家经济状况不佳,所以我们应减少利润。
economical则指与“节约”同义的“经济”,相当于not wasteful。既可指人也可指物,既可作表语也可作定语。如:This is an economical stove.这是一种经济煤炉。She is an economical housekeeper and feeds her family cheaply.她是一个节俭的家庭主妇,她全家的花销不大。
6、each other, one another
这两个代词词组都作“互相”解,较多地在句子中充当宾语。each other一般只用于两个人或事物之间,one another则用于超过两个人或事物的场合。试比较:Wagner and Strauss often exchanged gifts with each other. (指两者。)The members in our group learned from one another. (指超过两者。)
又如:They sat down opposite to each o