杭州中考试卷命题方向指导(浙江省杭州市)

课件41张PPT。英语试卷编制的
基本技能及运用
杭州市教育局教研室 周瑜一、试卷命题的主要问题
1.随意
布点 题量 分值 时间
2.盲目
不针对教学内容（内容不明确）
不根据考试要求（层次不到位）
不符合学生实际（难度不把握）
3 .误导
偏题 怪题 低效题
66. Letting the water run while you brush your teeth
w water. (0.08)
Nowadays millions of people of all age take pleasure in a 76.——hobby which is both interested and fun. And every year 77. ——
more and more people start a stamp collection of your own 78. ——
and discover an interest which can even last lifetime . Starting 79.——
your collection of stamps are easy because they are everywhere. 80. —_ Holiday and birthday postcards from relatives and letters 81. ——
from friends can all provide you for stamps from all over 82. ——
the world. So once you’ve started collecting seriously, you 83. ——
will probably want to join in the Stamp Collectors’ Club 84. ——
which exist to add more stamps to your collection. 85. ——
难度系数 .55 .52 .60 .02 .56 .39 .28 .06 .41 .30二、试卷命题的基本技能
1.把握命题的三个“维度”
? 信度
试卷考测的成绩与学生平时的成绩相关联、
相一致的程度。
提高信度的方法：
①扩大考查内容的覆盖面
②提高试卷的区分能力（试题难宜比例）
③提高试卷评分的客观性和准确性(网上阅卷) ?效度
反映一项考试实现其既定目标的成
功程度的指标。（评价功能、选拔功能）
提高效度的方法：
①规定考试的目标
②讲究命题的科学
试题取样(材料）科学 试题编制（拟题）科学
③编制命题的计划 考试命题细目表全卷估计难度： ，及格率：?难度
试卷的难易程度。
①水平性考试（评价性）——毕业考
难度系数：0.75——0.80
容易题、稍难题、较难题比例：7：2：1
②选拔性考试 ——招生考
难度系数：0.70——0.72
容易题、稍难题、较难题比例：6：3：1
2.坚持命题的四项“指标”
?考查的覆盖面广，考点分布合理，考查内容具有代
表性。
?考查深度符合课程标准和考纲的要求。
降低同一能力点考查难度的方法：
①增加提示 减小模糊
September is the n month of the year.
September is the n month of the year, after August and before October.
②调节试题 把握难度
— Would you please _______ the TV a little? Jack is doing his homework.
— Terribly sorry. I will.
A．turn down B．turn up C．turn on D．turn off Oh, it’s you, Ella! Your voice sounds very different the phone. What’s happening?
A．from B．in C．of D．on
Don't talk to Martha. She's _______ the phone.
A．from B．in C．of D．on ?各道试题要有相对独立性
任一道试题的表述及正确答案不能构成对另一
试题正确答案的提示；任一试题的正确解答不能以
其它试题的正确解答为前提。选项之间不能相互包
容。
× 6. What is the speaker most probably doing now?
A. Giving a lesson. B. Holding a meeting. C. Having a party.
9. Which subject is the speaker teaching?
A. Chinese. B. Chemistry. C. Math.
× What does Liz think of Beijing opera?
A. She doesn’t like it. B. She doesn’t mind it. C. She can’t stand it.
× What does the writer do on weekends?
A. Stay in bed until lunchtime. B. Go to his friend’s house.
C. Go shopping in the markets. D, A, B and C

?题干表述要明确，题序排列要合理
做什么——怎样做——答案用什么形式
单词拼写
×根据句意和首字母，用单词的正确形式完成句子。
根据下列句子及所给单词的首字母，在答题纸上按题号写出各单词正确的完全形式（每空限填一词）。
× Read the following passage and then answer the questions
2. Bandits is ________.
A. a comedy B. an action movie C. country music

3.“题型”的选择和编制
（1）题型类别（正确答案是否唯一，评分标准是
否唯一）
客观题：选择题、判断题、填空题（部分）、
填图题（部分）
主观题：简答题、 写作题、填空题（部分）

（2）题型利弊
主观题优点：
①可以进行整体性的综合考试（写作题）
②可以提高考查的深度（一题多解） ③可以反映考生解答问题的思路和回答问题的正确
程度
主观题局限：
①题量少，覆盖面窄
②阅卷评分因人而异
客观题优点 ：
①题量大，覆盖面广（英语卷）
②评分简单、客观、正确
客观题局限 ：
①难以考核表达能力、发散思维能力
②难以反映解题的思维过程（3）题目编制
主观题：
①指向明确，要求具体
× Look! The students are w_______ in the classroom.
---How many days are there in a w____?
---Seven.
× Lucy is the name of .
A. a girl B. a game C. a doll D. an earthquake
According to the passage, Lucy is the name of _____.
②活而不怪，既重视基础又考出深度
假如你叫Liu Mei。前不久，你和来自英国的一位中学生Allen一起讨论了一个话题: the ways to learn English better。现请你根据他的观点和你自己的观点，用英语给你的外籍老师Mr Nunan写一篇关于这次讨论的汇报材料。
His ideas Your ideas
reading English newspapers 1. …
talking with friends in English 2. …
seeing English films 3. …
注意：1. 开头和结尾部分已写好。
2. 可适当增加谈论话题时经常用到的话语，使所写内容连贯。
3．所写内容必须包括上面表格中他的观点和你自己的至少三个观点。
4．词数：70个左右。
③注意涉外性，与学生生活有关的话题
×本月我区开展交通安全宣传月活动。请你写一篇80字左右的短文，谈谈如何遵守交通法规。短文的开头已给出(不计人总词数)。
要求：1．条理清楚，语意连贯，句式规范，字迹工整。
2．以下内容供参考。
walkers look，cross，left and right，carefully…drivers／riders drink，slow down，wear a seat belt(系安全带)，traffic lights，a helmet（头盔），fast… passengers get on／off，push，wait，in line…In order to keep the road orderly and people safe, everyone should follow traffic rules.
选择题
①话题同一（各备选答案按同一方面编制）
× Bandits is ________.
A. a comedy B. an action movie C. country music
（电影类别；音乐类别）
②意义接近（错项似是而非，具有迷惑性）
× Which is the most suitable word to replace the underlined word
“extinction”?
A. living B. disappearance C. appearance D. survival
The writer must think her mother is a ________ woman.
A. famous B. free C. rich D. great
③干枝相接（题干和题枝相连接）
× What do you think of the farmer’s forecast?
A. He was right. B. He was wrong
C. It was useless(无用的） D. It was nice.
△题干表述与题枝内容不同
× Was the food awful?
A. Yes, it was. B. No, it wasn’t.
C. It was delicious. D. We don’t know
△题枝与题干语意上不连贯④句式相近
× When there is rain, frogs are not _______.
A. in the pool B. out of the water
C. making a big noise D. swimming in the water
⑤长度基本相等
× Which of the following statements is right according to the passage?
A. Now less and less people are talking with each other through different ways.
B. People think they need the same language to better communicate, so they made English this language after thinking and choosing for a long time
C. Experts are sure that only English will survive in the near future..
D. English happens to be the common language people are using.教学大纲对英语听力教学要求
高中二级教学目标--能听懂对方基本在所学过的语言范围内，用略慢的语速
谈有关日常生活的内容，偶尔需要对方重复。
--能基本听懂没有生词、题材熟悉、难度略低于所学材料
的语段。语速为每分钟110-120个词。
--能听懂广播、电视机及其它音像制品中与本学段水平相
当的语言材料或教学内容。除教材外，泛听总量应达到
40小时左右。新课程标准对英语听力技能的描述
高中毕业基本要求--能从有关熟悉的话题的演说、讨论、辩论和报告中提取信息。
--能推断陌生习语的意思。
--能通过线索将简单的事实和信息联系起来。
--能从简单的文段中区分事实语观点。
--能基本听懂国内广播电台或电视台一般英语新闻的主题或
大意。
--能听懂各种故事中人物和行为的发展与结果。
--能听懂他人委婉的建议、忠告和推荐等。
--能听懂交谈中他人的观点、态度和爱好。
--能意识会话中语气的正式程度。2. 听力测试中的六大因素
--语速
--播放次数
--长度
--录音材料（日常生活、文化教育、风土人情、时事和科普常识）
--题量
--考点
日常生活的话题：
谈论天气(weather) 购物(shopping)
问路(direction) 问时间(time)
问日期(date) 打电话(make a telephone call)
就餐(dining) 看病(see the doctor)
问候(greetings) 介绍(introduction)
告别(farewell) 约会 (make an appointment)
谈论家庭成员(family)
谈论学校生活(school life)
（二）听力测试的考点1. 确定身份、地点 M: Hello, may I speak to Mrs Arnold?
W: Speaking.
M: This is Sparkle Company. You are one of the lucky housewives chosen to receive a free soap.
W: That’s very nice of you. But I’d rather go on using what I’ve always used. Thanks just the same.
Where is the woman?
In a soap factory. B. In her home. C. At an information desk.
1）提问方式：
Where does the conversation take place?
Where is the conversation most likely taking place?
Where is the man/woman now?2)关键词：
At a school: classroom, grade, textbook, mark, exam, subjects
At a library: books, magazines, renew, library card, bookshelf
At a bank: check, cash, deposit, credit card, change money
At an airport: airplane, departure time, take off, flight, check in
At a restaurant: dinner, snack, order, menu, delicious, bill
At a shop: shopping, size, color, on sale, price, try on, expensive
At a hospital: doctor, dentist, pain, fever, cough, tablets, medicine
At a hotel: reception desk, single/double room, porter, luggage,
At a post office: letter, postage, parcel, postcard, stamp, telegram2。 确定职业和身份W: I like to read Chris Paine.
M: So do I. I hear he writes on his computer. And
his new book will come out next week.
W: Great. I’ve got to get one as soon as it’s out.
Who is Chris Paine?
A. A computer engineer.
B. A book seller.
C. A writer.
提问方式：
What does the man/woman do?
What’s the woman’s/man’s job?
确定谈话人之间的关系W: Jack, can you do the dishes tonight?? I'm very tired.
M: Can't we just put them in the dish-washer?? I've had a very bad day, too!? I just want to kick back and relax.
W: Hey!? Just because you had a bad day today doesn't give you permission to take it out on me!
M: Just leave me alone!
W: Why are you being such a turd!? I wish I hadn't gotten married!
?
What’s the relationship between the two speakers?
A.???? Mother and son. B.???? Husband and wife. C.???? Sister and brother.
提问方式：
What’s the (most) probable relationship between the two speakers?
Who are the two speakers?4.确认谈话主题和对话人的行为状态 W: Do you know that Michael Owen has won the
France Football Golden Ball Prize?
M: Not surprise. He had 20 goals this season.
Q: What are the two speakers talking about?
A. A football player.
B. A football team.
C. A football match.
W: So, how long have you been here?
M: Just a couple of days actually. I’m on a
big journey. You know, I’m visiting all
the places of interest here.
Q: What’s the man doing?
A. He’s working in a hotel.
B. He’s visiting a young couple.
C. He’s traveling around.提问方式：

What are the two speakers talking about?
What happened to the woman/man?
What did the woman/ man do?
What are the speakers doing?
What has the woman done?
5. 数字及简单的计算 W: Good morning! Can I help you?
M: Yes, I’d like a double room.
W: How many nights do you plan to stay with us?
M: Three. I’ll be checking out Friday morning.
?
?
When is the man checking in?
A. Friday.
B. Thursday.
C. Tuesday.
1.提问方式
When did the plane take off?
When will the train arrive?
What time is it now?
How long did the meeting last?
How much is the shirt/coat?
What’s the price of the dictionary?2. 关键词
Double, twice, three times as big as…, ten minutes late/earlier,
Half the price, ten percent, 6. 推论题:W: Jack, can you do the dishes tonight?? I'm very tired.
M: Can't we just put them in the dish-washer?? I've had a very bad day, too!? I just want to kick back and relax.
W: Hey!? Just because you had a bad day today doesn't give you permission to take it out on me!
M: Just leave me alone!
W: Why are you being such a turd!? I wish I hadn't gotten married!
?How does the woman feel?
A.???? She was sad.
B.???? She was excited.
C.???? She was angry.
提问方式:
What does the man / the woman mean?
What is the most probable result of the conversation?
What can we learn from what the speaker said?
What does the man / the woman imply?
What can we infer / conclude from the conversation?比较结构
I prefer to stay at home rather than go on a trip.
Tom’s math is no better than his brother’s.
虚拟结构
I wish I had joined in your discussion.
If I could finish my job, I would be glad to go fishing with you.
让步结构
Although he had a lot of things to do, he went to the party with me.
Even if he worked hard, he didn’t succeed.7. 原因题W: I’m so tired. I spent the entire afternoon shopping for a
heavy coat for Jimmy.
M: At this time of the year! Don’t you know it’s summer?
W: Yes, I know, but he and Billy are going camping in the
mountains and it’ll be cold up there.
Q: Why did the woman buy a heavy coat for Jimmy?
A. Winter is coming soon.
B. Jimmy’ll go into the mountains.
C. Jimmy has caught a cold.提问方式:
Why is she late/ angry?
What is the reason for her leaving for New York?What is the writer trying to do in the text?
What can the reader learn from the text?
How do you think the writer might describe her weekend?
What do we learn about the group?
Which of the following advertisements describe the Activity Center?三、试卷命题的操作程序
1.学习和研究《考试命题实施细则》和参考卷
2.制定试卷命题计划表（命题细目表）
3.准备试卷命题材料（时代性、针对性、思想性）
4.编制试题（对课外原材料进行加工）
5.试题论证（科学性、难度；格式：试题卷、答题
卷、参考答案及评分标准，均按中考试卷）
6.试卷校对（仔细、严谨）