——推理判断、主旨归纳
一、阅读理解的四种题型
1、细节理解题(questions of details)
2、词义猜测题(words in context)
3、推理判断题(questions of inference)
4、主旨归纳题(main idea)
二、解题技巧
1）．细节理解题（questions of details）
一般针对某个特定细节而提出，通读短文后一般能直接找出答题依据。通读全文，领悟大意，理解文章结构层次及细节；推荐用排除法排除不符合原文细节的选项，剩下的就是要选择的最佳答案。
2）．词义猜测题(words in context)
从考查内容看，主要是猜测某个生词、熟词、短语或句子的意思以及猜测代词的指代。
1．解题技巧：
①利用文中已知信息推测、判断词义。
②根据因果关系、对比关系、定义、解释和复述来猜测词义。
2．Question forms:
①.Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word…?
②.The word … could best be replaced by…
③.In the … paragraph, the word… means (refers to )…
④.According to the passage,… probably means…
⑤.The author uses the word… to mean…
3．Practice
①（1分钟）Provide incentive. Tell your children the importance of saving. “For every dollar he or she agrees to save and invest rather than spend, you agree to add another dollar to the pot,” says Cathy Pareto, expert in money planning.
The underlined word “incentive” in this paragraph means ______.
A. Honor B. praise C. excitement D. encouragement
②（1分钟）Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they’re being stared at. If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.”
They underlined word “outcome” in the last paragraph most probably means _____.
A. value B. result C. performance D. connection
③（2分钟）The house looked quite normal outside, but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display. As he began putting them into his bag, a god came into the room. It stopped when it saw Buster, then wagged its tail madly and went over to him, licking his outstretched hand. “Good boy,” Buster whispered. “What a great guard dog you are --- trying to lick me to death.”
Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic” in the third paragraph?
A. Messy and untidy. B. Rich and expensive.
C. Comfortable and calming D. Foreign and unusual.
对比是描述、说明事物的常用方式。对比的事物是互为相反的，因此可根据反义或对比关系从已知推出未知。
3）．推理判断题 (questions of inference)
Key point:意思要靠推断得出，而不是从原文照搬；杜绝主观臆断。
Question forms:
1. We can infer(推断）from the passage that _______ .
2.The story suggests(暗示）that _______ .
3.We can conclude(得出结论）from the passage that ____ .
4. Which of the following might / probably happen later ?
5. From the passage we can tell / learn ______ .
6. The writer of the passage considers it _______ .
7. Which of the following indicates / implies____?
Steps:
1. Study the questions & understand them.
2. Find out key words or sentences according to them & analyse them carefully.
3. Delete the impossible choices if necessary.
4. Judge the remaining choices & make a choice that you think is the best.
Practice:
1.（1分钟）Did you ever hear a strange sound coming from the wall? Did it sound like a clock? If so, it may have been made by a beetle. Long ago people thought the ticking meant that someone was about to die. Thus the beetle is called "the deathwatch beetle."
The sound of this beetle ________.
A. pleased people. B. surprised people. C. frightened people. D. excited people.
2.（1.5分钟） It is said that people should take a lesson from the clock. The clock passes the time by keeping its hands busy. People who do what the clock does also pass the time by keeping their hands busy and not by sleeping the time away.
You can tell that busy people:______.
A. act like clocks. B. sleep the time away.
C. don't do what clocks do. D. don't have hands.
3.（1.5分钟）It is fun to turn over a big rock on the beach. Make sure you turn the rock back to the position it was in after you moved it. If you don’t turn it back over, all the sea animals under it or clinging to（依附）the underside will die.
You can tell that rocks ________.
A. hurt sea animals B. protect sea animals
C. won’t be found on beaches D. can’t be found on beaches
4）．主旨归纳题 (How to get the main idea?)
Characteristics of this kind of questions:
①.该观点是作者的观点（不是他人的观点，不是描写、说明，也不一定是事实）。
②.该观点可能是作者提倡的，也可能是作者对他人价值观的批驳。
③.作者的观点只能有一个，其他的内容都起说明、论证作用。
④.主旨句具有归纳性、概括性、抽象性的特点。
⑤.常常结构复杂（命题者有意安排所致）。
Question forms:Two types: main idea, topic / title（文章题目往往具有凝练、醒目的特点）
1.The subject of the passage is ____.
2.The main idea is _____.
3.The passage mainly talks about _____.
4.What topic is treated in this passage?
5.The title is _____.
6.The best headline for the passage would be ____.
7.Which title best gives the idea of the passage?
8.What’s the topic of the first paragraph?
9.The point of the passage is that _____.
10.What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?
Practice: Find the main ideas or main sentences.
1
（1.5分钟）Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smoker’s cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?
2
（1分钟）Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.
3
（2.5分钟）If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only ＄79. Two days sale. Hurry.”However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs ＄395. This sales method is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale.
The paragraph could be entitled _________.
A. Buying A TV Set
B. A Selling Method
C. Buyer Beware
D. TV On Sale
4 （2分钟）Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida. The main idea of this paragraph is that ______. A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university. B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from
Boston College. C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university. D. Tom received an excellent education.
Types Of Paragraph Structures
type
The position of the topic
Information words
At the beginning
for example……
At the end
so, therefore,……
In the middle
No clear topic sentence
？How to get the main idea of a passage？
5（4分钟）
①Magellan’s men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship.
②Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the tip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died.
③Magellan’s voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.
Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage?
A. Magellan’s death B. Going Around The World
C. The World Is Round D. Magellan’s Voyage
6
（4分钟）Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ).
The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the children’s department.
Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the children’s department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class. The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager.
①What is mainly discussed in the text? A. Children’s reading difficulties. B. Advantages of raising dogs. C.?Service in a public library D.?A special reading program.
②Specialists use dogs to listen to children reading because they think ______. A. dogs are young children’s best friends B.?children can play with dogs while reading C.?dogs can provide encouragement for shy children D.?children and dogs understand each othe
③By saying “ The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on this idea”, the writer means the library______. A. uses dogs to attract children B. accept the idea put forward by ITA C.?has opened a children’s department D.?has decided to train some dogs
④A “Pawgraphed” book is most probably ______. A. a book used in Saturday classes B. a book written by the children C. a prize for the children D. a gift from parents
课件36张PPT。Welcome to our class!JechieReading comprehension1、细节理解题(questions of details)
2、词义猜测题(words in context)
3、推理判断题(questions of inference)
4、主旨归纳题(main idea)
1. questions of details细节理解题 一般针对某个特定细节而提出，通读短文后一般能直接找出答题依据。 推荐方法： ①通读全文，领悟大意，理解文章结构层次及细节； ②并选用排除法排除不符合原文细节的选项，剩下的就是要选择的最佳答案。2. Words in context词义猜测题从考查内容看，主要是猜测某个生词、熟词、短语或句子的意思以及猜测代词的指代。解题技巧：
①充分利用文中已知信息推测、判断词义。
②根据因果关系、对比关系、定义、解释和复述来猜测词义。1.Which of the following is the closest in
meaning to the word…?
2.The word … could best be replaced by…
3.In the … paragraph, the word… means
(refers to )…
4.According to the passage,…probably
means…
5.The author uses the word… to mean…
Question forms:①Provide incentive. Tell your children the importance of saving. “For every dollar he or she agrees to save and invest rather than spend, you agree to add another dollar to the pot,” says Cathy Pareto, expert in money planning. （1分钟） The underlined word “incentive” in this paragraph means ______.
honor B. praise
C. excitement D. encouragement ② Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they’re being stared at. If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.” （1分钟）
They underlined word “outcome” in the last paragraph most probably means _____.
A. value B. result
C. performance D. connection阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生、转化或合成的新词。掌握构词法对猜测词义很有帮助。 ③ The house looked quite normal outside, but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display. As he began putting them into his bag, a god came into the room. It stopped when it saw Buster, then wagged its tail madly and went over to him, licking his outstretched hand. “Good boy,” Buster whispered. “What a great guard dog you are --- trying to lick me to death.” （2分钟）
Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic” in the third paragraph?
A. Messy and untidy. B. Rich and expensive.
C. Comfortable and calming D. Foreign and unusual.
对比是描述、说明事物的常用方式。对比的事物是互为相反的，因此可根据反义或对比关系从已知推出未知。3. questions of inference推理判断题1. We can infer(推断)from the passage that ___ .
2.The story suggests(暗示)that _______ .
3.We can conclude(得出结论)from the passage that ____ .
4.Which of the following might / probably happened later ?
5.From the passage we can tell / learn ______ .
6.The writer of the passage considers it _______ .
7. Which of the following indicates / implies____?Question forms:Key point:意思要靠推断得出，而不是从原文照搬Steps:
1. Study the questions & understand them.
2. Find out key words or sentences according to them & analyse them carefully.
3. Delete the impossible choices if necessary.
4. Judge the remaining choices & make a choice that you think is the best.1. Did you ever hear a strange sound coming from the wall? Did it sound like a clock? If so, it may have been made by a beetle. Long ago people thought the ticking meant that someone was about to die. Thus the beetle is called "the deathwatch beetle." （1分钟）
The sound of this beetle ________.
A. pleased people. B. surprised people. C. frightened people. D. excited people.Practice:2. It is said that people should take a lesson from the clock. The clock passes the time by keeping its hands busy. People who do what the clock does also pass the time by keeping their hands busy and not by sleeping the time away. （1.5分钟）
You can tell that busy people______
A. act like clocks. B. sleep the time away. C. don't do what clocks do. D. don't have hands.3. It is fun to turn over a big rock on the beach. Make sure you turn the rock back to the position it was in after you moved it. If you don’t turn it back over, all the sea animals under it or clinging to（依附）the underside will die. （1.5分钟）
You can tell that rocks ________.
A. hurt sea animals B. protect sea animals
C. won’t be found on beaches D. can’t be found on beachesSteps:
1. Study the questions & understand them.
2. Find out key words or sentences according to them & analyse them carefully.
3. Delete the impossible choices if necessary.
4. Judge the remaining choices & make a choice that you think is the best.4. How to get the main idea?主旨归纳题Characteristics of this kind of questions:1. 该观点是作者的观点（不是他人的观点，不是描写、说明，也不一定是事实）。2. 该观点可能是作者提倡的，也可能是作者对他人观点的批驳。3. 作者的观点只能有一个，其他的内容都起说明、论证作用。4.主旨句具有归纳性、概括性、抽象性的特点。5.常常结构复杂（命题者有意安排所致）。Question forms:The subject of the passage is ____.2.The main idea is _____.5.The title is _____.3.The passage mainly talks about _____.4.What topic is treated in this passage?9.The point of the passage is that _____.8.What’s the topic of the first paragraph?6.The best headline for the passage would be ____.7.Which title best gives the idea of the passage?10.What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?Two types: main idea; topic / title1
Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smoker’s cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it? （1.5分钟） Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.Practice：2
Often no one looks more guilty than
the innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professi-
-onal criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to
hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to
try to judge a person only by his appearance. （1分钟） So, it is foolish to
try to judge a person only by his appearance 3
If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only ＄79. Two days sale. Hu-
-rry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs ＄395. This sales method is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale. (2.5分钟)
The paragraph could be entitled _________.
A. Buying A TV Set
B. A Selling Method
C. Buyer Beware
D. TV On Sale This sales method is called “bait and switch”.(detail)
(detail)
(detail)诱售法 4 Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.（2分钟） The main idea of this paragraph is that ______. A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university. B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College. C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university. D. Tom received an excellent education.detaildetaildetailTypes Of Paragraph StructuresAt the beginningAt the endIn the middleNo clear topic sentencefor example……so, therefore,……How to get the main idea of a passage?detailsParagraph ideasPassage idea5
① Magellan’s men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship.
② Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the trip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died.
③ Magellan’s voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball. （4分钟）
Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage?
A. Magellan’s death
B. Going Around The World
C. The World Is Round
D. Magellan’s Voyage ① Magellan’s men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship.
Magellan’s voyage was the first trip around the world . ②Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the tip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died.1. time2. ships and
people3. route4. Sufferings
and difficultiesa. Lack of
food and
freshwaterb. Hunger
and diseases c. DeathsThe process of Magellan’s long difficult voyage5. success ③Magellan’s voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball. Magellan’s voyage proved the earth is round. ①Magellan’s men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship.
②Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the tip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Goed Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died.
③Magellan’s voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.Paragraph 1:
Magellan’s voyage was the first trip around the world .Paragraph 2:
The process of Magellan’s long difficult voyageParagraph 3:
Magellan’s voyaged proved the earth is round.Magellan’s
voyage5
Magellan’s men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship.
Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the trip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died.
Magellan’s voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.
Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage?
A. Magellan’s death
B. Going Around The World
C. The World Is Round
D. Magellan’s Voyage(too narrow)(too narrow)(too broad)(proper)练习6
Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ).
The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the children’s department.
Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the children’s department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class. The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager.Example and success of the program6
Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ).
The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the children’s department.
Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the children’s department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager.
Example and success of the program1. What is mainly discussed in the text?
A. Children’s reading difficulties. B. Advantages of raising dogs.
C. Service in a public library. D. A special reading program.
①What is mainly discussed in the text? A. Children’s reading difficulties. B. Advantages of raising dogs. C.?Service in a public library D.?A special reading program.
②Specialists use dogs to listen to children reading because
they think ___. A. dogs are young children’s best friends
B.?children can play with dogs while reading C.?dogs can provide encouragement for shy children
D.?children and dogs understand each othe
③By saying “ The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on this
idea”,the writer means the library______. A. uses dogs to attract children B. accept the idea put forward by ITA C.?has opened a children’s department D.?has decided to train some dogs
④A “Pawgraphed” book is most probably ______. A. a book used in Saturday classes
B. a book written by the children C. a prize for the children
D. a gift from parentsTIPSPut yourself in the writer’s shoes !Thanks.
Bye-bye!预祝大家考上理想的大学！
