unit 3 Inventors and inventions reading 1&2的理解及语言点课件

课件57张PPT。Unit 3
Inventors and
InventionsThis is the first car that can travel safely on water and on land. When moving on water, the wheels of the car turn sideways and move into the body. The underneath of the car is strong enough to sail as a boat. An amphibious car (2003)
This is an interesting modern ___________ (invention // discovery)inventionamphibious carStephenson’s “Rocket”A railway line(=company) decided to hold a competition to see which engine they should use. The winner was to receive 500 pounds. Ten engines were entered(报名). Five came to the trial(试验) and only three worked well enough to take part. Stephenson’s engine called the “Rocket” won the competition and made him famous. It was a great ________. (invention / discovery)inventionstructure of DNAThe two scientists, Francis Crick and James Watson, were the first to show that our genes consist of two spirals(螺旋) of DNA (called the double-helix双螺旋线). This work led directly to the human genome (基因组) project in 2003,which discovered the structure of DNA.This was a _________ in 1953.discovery核苷Discoveries(D) always lead to inventions(I).
1.electricity 2.computer 3.telephone
4.television 5. the movement of air
6. aero-plane 7. air balloon
8. the circulation of the blood
9. machines to help people with serious disease
(like kidney failure)
10. X-rays
11. body scanners to see whether you are ill
12.machines to treat illnesses(like cancer)DIIIIIDDDIII★the great Chinese inventions:
printing, paper, the compass, gunpowder§What is the difference between a discovery and an invention?
1)Only __________can get patents and so be recognized and protected.
2)To protect a __________ you have to use copyright.inventionsdiscovery§ Do you know the stages (that) every inventor must go through (定从)before they can have their invention approved?
▲ go through sth:经历(痛苦的事)
◎She has gone through such a lot since her parents died.她从父母去世后就经历了许多苦难。
◎These countries have gone / been through too many wars.这些国家饱经战火。(→go through six stages 经历六个阶段)※have their invention approved (by the patent examiners)
▲approve: 1)vt. 批准；认可；通过
◎The resolution was approved 82 to 16. 决议以82票对16票通过。
◎The mayor approved the new building plans.市长批准了新建筑计划。
2)vi./vt. (常与of连用)赞成，赞同
◎I don't approve of wasting time.我不赞成浪费时间。
◎My parents don't approve of me smoking cigarettes.我的父母不准许我吸烟。▲approval: n.[U]赞成,赞许; 批准
◎He showed his approval by smiling.他用微笑表示赞成。
▲disapprove vi./vt.( + (of) n.)→disapproval n. [U]
◎The teacher disapproved our proposal.老师反对我们的提案。
◎My father disapproves of my having long hair.父亲不赞成我留长发。
◎shake one’s head in disapproval 不赞成地摇头§________ is an official document that gives the creator of an invention the sole(唯一的) right to make, use, and sell that invention for a set period of time.专利权是政府授予发明者在一定时期内制造、使用和销售其发明品的唯一的权力。
▲ patent:
1)n. 专利(权); 获专利的发明物(=invention or process that is protected by a patent)
◎apply for a patent 申请专利
◎It’s my patent. 这是我的专利。
◎patent office 专利局
▲patentee: n. person who obtains or holds a patent.PatentInventing is a scientific activity. Look at the list and work out a suitable order.1.3.Pre-reading 2.5.4.6. Applying for a patent
Finding a problem Doing research
Testing the solution Thinking of a creative solution
Deciding on the inventionFinding a problemDoing researchThinking of a creative solutionTesting the solutionDeciding on the inventionApplying for a patentReading
The Problem Of The Snakes§When I called up my mother in the countryside on the telephone she was very upset.Page 26
1.I’ll ring / call him up again.
2.Can I ring / call back later?
3.Hold the line, please.
4.Hang on, please.
5.Just a moment, please.
6.I’m sorry, but this phone is out of order.
7.I can’t get through.Language points§Snakes come near the house now and then, and they seem to have made their home here. Can you get rid of them please?
▲ now and then / now and again / from time to time / occasionally 偶尔地,不时地
▲He seems to have known the truth.看来他已知道真相。
◎I’ve gotten rid of a bad cold.我重感冒痊愈了。
◎Mice are difficult to get rid of.老鼠很难驱除。
◎I’m glad to be / get rid of him.甩掉他我真高兴。§Here was a chance for me to distinguish myself.▲ distinguish: vt. / vi.1)(+oneself)使杰出;使扬名→distinguished (adj.)卓越的,杰出的,超群的,出众的,著名的
◎The monitor distinguished himself by his performance in the examination. 班长在考试中成绩优异,因而显得突出。
◎The young officer distinguished himself many times in battle. 这个年青军官屡建战功。
◎She distinguished herself by her coolness and bravery.她以沉着勇敢著称。
◎The Chinese nation is distinguished(adj.) for its diligence and courage. 中华民族以勤劳勇敢著称。3)(常与from, between连用)区别；区分
◎Can you distinguish the different musical instruments playing now?你能区分出正在演奏的各种不同的乐器吗？
◎Can you distinguish between those two objects? 你能区分那两个物体吗?
4)(常与from连用)使别于；有…特点
◎Speeches distinguishes man from the animals. 言语使人区别于动物。
◎Elephants are distinguished by their long noses (= trunks). 象因为有长鼻子而有别于其他动物。2)辨别,辨认 eg I can distinguish them at a distance.
从远处我能认出他们。industrial and agricultural products(n.[C])工农业产品
a (semi)finished product (半)成品
the product of one’s labor 劳动成果
the product of a competitive society竞争社会的产物
agricultural / farm products 农产品
produce: n.[U] (集合名词)农产品
the agricultural / farm produce 农产品
the native produce 土特产
production: n.[U]产量；[C]电影,戏剧,作品
The theme of his late productions was life and death.
他晚期作品的主题是生与死。▲ soap / face / gun powder
洗衣粉 / 搽脸香粉 /火药▲ powdered milk
奶粉§A new _________(=way, method) was clearly needed.approach§-1:I set about researching the habits of snakes so (that) I could trap them in the easiest way.(Page 20)
§-2:Bell never set out to invent the telephone.(Page 25)
Bell从未打算发明电话。
▲set about doing…/ set out to do…
(=start / begin doing…)着手，开始
◎他一到那儿就着手解决这个问题。
He ______________________________the problem as soon as he arrived there.set about solving / set out to solve◎He set about his homework right after supper.晚饭后他开始做家庭作业。
◎He got down to his homework right after supper.晚饭后他开始静下心来做家庭作业。
▲get down to (doing) sth…开始认真对待
◎get down to work (n.) 静下心来工作
get down to business 认真做正经事，专心工作
▲set out / off for…(=leave for…)动身(出发)前往…
set out / off on a trip / tour 踏上旅途，启程去旅行
◎They have set out / off for Shanghai.(=They have left for Shanghai.)▲so that ：1)“为了,以便”(that从句常用may/might, can/could,美口语中也用will/would;that间或可省略。)
2)“因此，所以”
▲so…that…(so修饰形容词、副词或动词，口语中that有时可省略。)为了；以致，因而…
◎We left early so that we could catch the first train.
◎I was caught in a shower, so that all my clothes got wet.我被阵雨淋了，所以衣服全湿了。
◎This book is so rewritten that children can enjoy.这 本书是为了使孩子喜欢看而加以改写的。
◎She was so exhausted that she couldn’t eat dinner.她疲惫得吃不下晚餐。§好在这些爬行动物较小，问题较容易解决。
__________________ these _______ were small and that made the _________ easier.Luckily/Fortunatelyreptilessolution§经过这样一番调查准备后，我决定采用三种可能的方法。___________ with these findings, I _______ _____ three possible approaches.Prepareddecidedon◎你解决困难的办法是什么？ What is the ________ _____ your trouble?solutionto◎She decided on / upon the red shoes.她决定买那双红鞋。
◎She decided on / upon spending the vacation by the sea.她决定在海边度假。▲the scent / perfume of flowers
花香
an expensive French scent / perfume
昂贵的法国香水
◎She was wearing a strong perfume.(n.)
她身上有浓烈的香水味。
◎to perfume(vt.) one's hair
在头发上洒香水★cologne(科隆香水,古龙水) 一词指代toilet water(花露水)， 来源于德国一城市的法语名字Cologne ，在德语中叫Koln，自18世纪初期科隆香水在此制造。cologne 第一次用于toilet water(花露水)是1814年， 在英语中用于复合词 cologne water 。在英语中一提到科隆，虽然不太明显，一般来说是轻度奢侈的代名词。§There is some jelly (n.[U,C]), which freezes hard when (it is) cooled.(冷却vt.→heat(ed)加热)
▲Once (they were) picked up, they tried to bite me. (Para 5)
▲jellyfish n.水母,海蜇
§I put the bowl into the freezer and waited for 24 hours. At the same time I prepared some ice-cubes.
▲freezer n. 冰箱；冷库;（电冰箱中的）冷冻室
◎We keep frozen food in a freezer.我们在冰箱里保存冷冻的食品。(=refrigerator 亦作: fridge)▲cube n.立方体, 立方→cubic adj.
◎ 冰块 ice-cube
◎一块方糖 a cube of sugar
◎ 5的立方是125。 The cube of 5 is 125.
◎ 立方根 cube root
◎立方米 a cubic meter§他们一下子就消失在墙壁附近的洞里去了。我只好调整我的计划。They ________ disappeared into a ___________ hole in the wall. So I had to _______ my plan.abruptlyconvenientadjust◎ an abrupt / a sudden change in the weather
天气的突然变化
◎ The car made an abrupt turn / stop.
车子突然拐弯(停下来)。
◎ an abrupt slope 陡坡
◎ in an abrupt manner 粗鲁地
◎他突然(粗鲁地)打断我们的谈话。He interrupted us abruptly.（比suddenly的意外程度强）▲convenient:adj.1) = easy to reach,accessible 近便的,容易到达的,易于接近的; 2) = suitable方便的
◎Our house is convenient to the children’s school. 我们家到孩子们的学校近而方便。
◎The dishwasher is convenient. 这个洗碗机使用非常方便。
◎Is it convenient to / for you if I come at 6 p.m.? 如果我下午6点来访，（对你来说）方便吗？
◎Let’s make it 6 p.m., if it suits your convenience.如果对你方便，我们就敲定下午6点吧。
§我在夜晚气温开始 变凉的时候把冻结的碗放在蛇窝的上方，而且是通宵放在那儿。I placed the frozen bowl over the _______________in the evening as the temperature was starting to cool and left it ________.snakes’ habitatovernight▲ overnight : adj. 通宵的, 过夜(用)的//adv.通宵,整夜
◎ an overnight trip 一整夜的旅行
◎ an overnight success 突如其来的成功
◎ We stayed overnight with my mother.我们整个晚上都和妈妈在一起。
◎ Byron became famous overnight.
拜伦突然间(一夜)成名了。§我手里拿了个 捕鱼的小网，这是因为我预料蛇还会再咬人。I carried ____ my hand a small net _________ catching fish. This was in the ___________ that the snakes would bite again.inused forexpectation(同位语从句)◎beyond one’s wildest expectation 出乎预料
◎have every expectation of winning 胜券在握
◎fall (far) short of sb’s expectations
◎not come up to (sb’s) expectations远没想象的好；有负众望◎In expectation of a traffic jam, I decided to walk.我预料会堵车，所以决定步行。
◎We waited at the station in expectation of her arrival.我们在车站等着，期待她的到来。
◎There is no expectation of snow tonight.今晚不会下雪。§经过仔细的监控，证明这些蛇不会惹麻烦，一切都按计划进行着。_________ carefully, the snakes proved to be no trouble and all _____ according to plan.Monitoredwent▲monitor: vt. =to watch, keep track of, or check usually for a special purpose 密切监视，监控，监听
◎monitor an examination 监考
◎We have been monitoring the enemy‘s radio broadcasts to try to find out their secret plans.我们一直在监听敌方的电台广播,设法查探他们的秘密计划。
◎This instrument monitors the patient‘s heartbeats.?? 这台仪器监听病人的心跳。(a heart monitor→n.)▲go: vi. =to get along 进展
◎How are things going? 情况如何?
◎His lecture went well. 他的演讲进行得很顺利。
◎According to my watch it is 10 o'clock. 按我的表是10点钟。
◎According to the TV, it will be fine today. 根据电视报道，今天会是个晴天。
◎According to Tom, Jane got married last month. 据Tom说 ,Jane上个月结婚了。
◎I’ll do it according to your instructions.我会按你的指示做。§我把这些温顺的蛇收集起来，第二天就把它们全放回了野外。I collected the _______snakes and the next day ________them all back into the wild.passivereleased▲passive : adj.=accepting or submitting without objection or resistance 顺从的,无反对或反抗地接受或忍受的，驯服的
◎the passive voice 被动语态
◎passive smoking 被动吸烟(吸二手烟)
◎passive resistance 消极抵抗(=refuse to co-operate or obey orders)
◎a passive audience 兴趣索然的听众▲release:vt. 1)=to set free; 2)=let go,free; 3)=allow sth(like news,etc) to be made known; 4)=make sth available to the public
◎release the prisoners 释放囚犯
◎release the balloons 放走气球
◎release a flood of questions 提出一大堆问题
◎release sb from a duty 免除某人的义务
◎The police have released no further details about the crime.对这桩罪案警方没有透露进一步的详情。
◎release a film / book / record 发行影片(书籍,唱片)§-1只有取得他们的认可，你才可以说是一个真正的发明者。_________ you have had their ___________ can you say that you are truly an inventor.(Page 21)Only afterrecognition§-2 In addition, no invention will get a patent if it is a discovery. Nor will you receive a patent until a search has been made to find out that your product really is different from everybody else’s.(Page 21) (倒装句)
▲only修饰状语，置于句首，主句的语序要倒装。某些否定词置于句首，表示强调时也引起倒装。如：never, seldom, hardly, neither, nor, not, little等。
◎Only by working hard can we make progress.
◎Never have I seen such an exciting film.
◎Little did I know what was about to happen.▲recognition (n. [U])←recognize / recognise (v.)
◎She received recognition for her many achievements.
她的许多成就得到了认可。
◎win recognition from the public 获得公众的认可
◎the recognition of a new state 承认新国家
◎He said hello to her but there was no recognition in her eyes. 他跟她打招呼, 可看她的眼神仿佛不认识他。
◎recognize a new government 承认新政府
◎His services to the State were recognized. 他的贡献受到了表扬。§评定专利的标准非常严格，因此除非设想真的很新颖，否则很难被接受。The ________ are so strict that it is difficult for new ideas to be accepted ______ they are truly _______.criterianovelunless▲criterion: n. (pl -ria)=standard by which sth is judged 标准，准绳
◎Success in making money is not always a good criterion of success in life. 能赚大钱不一定是人生成功的好标志。
◎What are the criteria for deciding who is the winner? 决定谁获胜的标准是什么？
★phenomenon (pl. phenomena) 现象▲novel: adj.= new, unusual, or different 新奇的
◎a novel idea / fashion / design / experience
新奇的想法（款式，设计，经历）
◎The novelty(n.) of his surroundings soon wore off.他对环境的新奇感不久就淡漠了。
★详见课本Page 89 “Notes to Unit 3”
§There is a large number of patent examiners, whose only job is to examine whether your claim is valid or not.
▲claim: n. & vt. 要求, 认领, 声称, 主张
▲valid: adj.有根据的, (法律上)有效的，正当的
invalid: adj. (法律上)无效的◎Did you claim(v.) on the insurance after your car accident? 你的车子出事之后, 要求领保险金了吗？
◎Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim (v.) to have seen monsters in the lake. 渔夫和水手有时声称看到过湖里的妖怪。
◎Has anyone claimed(v.) the watch?有人来认领这只表了吗？
◎They made a claim(n.) for higher pay. 他提出更高报酬的要求。
◎The government's claim(n.) that war was necessary was clearly mistaken. 政府声称战争是必然的，这说法显然是错误的。a valid contract / check 有效的合同(支票)
an invalid contract / check 无效的合同(支票)
a valid argument 正确的论点
an invalid argument 站不住脚的论点
a valid method 有效的办法
be valid for three months 有效期三个月
a valid reason / excuse 正当的理由
a valid claim 正当的诉求
an invalid license 作废的执照§如果通过了审查，你申请的专利就会在你提出申请的18个月之后公布出来。If it passes that test, your _______________ for a patent will be published 18 months _____ the date you________.application([U,C])fromapply◎ an application for a job 求职书
◎ fill in an application form 填写申请表
◎ apply for a job / a scholarship 求职 / 申请奖学金
◎ applicant 申请者§我填了表，向专利局提交了申请书。I have _____ ____ the form and _______ my patent application ____ the Patent Office.▲file: v. 1)=to put items in a file(n.文件,档案) 归档
2)=to make application; apply 提出申请,申请
◎file an application with… 向…提交申请书
◎file (an application) for a job 申请工作
◎file (a suit) for divorce 提起离婚起诉
◎Please file this paper away. 请把这份文件归档。filledinfiledwith§将来你看到我的银行结余金额就会知道我是否成功了。You will know if I succeed ___ the size of my bank__________.bybalance▲ balance: n.[C]结余, 余额，找头
◎I have a balance of $5000 in my bank (account). 我在银行(帐户)有5000美元的余额。
◎You may keep the balance. 找头你留着吧。Page 22
▲in case:conj.如果,以防万一 adv.以防万一(多与just连用)
◎In case anything happens, call me immediately.如果发生了什么事，请立刻打电话给我。
◎You’d better take an umbrella in case it rains.你最好带把伞,以防下雨。
◎You’d better take a raincoat (just) in case.你最好带雨衣以防万一。
◎in case of: prep.如果(通常见于句首); 以防
◎In case of fire, call 119. 火灾时请打电话119。
◎He insured his house in case of fire.他将房屋投保以防火灾。a fishing rod 钓鱼杆
a lightning rod 避雷针
Spare the rod and spoil the child.《谚》不打不成器。▲precede:
◎Spring precedes summer. 春天过后是夏天。 2.Helpful rats: These future rats have received training to help people in difficult or dangerous situations. The new part of this is the computer program training, so it ___________ (can / cannot) receive a patent.Comprehending--Page 22--Ex.3
1.Healthier meat: This is a new kind of meat produced by introducing plant genes into traditional animal meat genes. As this can be considered as a new variety of animal, it _________ (can / cannot) receive a patent.cannotcannot3.Mapping the stars: The new star system that scientists have discovered is very important. But it is a discovery and not an invention. So it _________ (can / cannot) receive a patent.cannot4.A trap for insects: This method of preventing insects coming into a house is a true invention. It solves a problem in a practical way. It _________ (should / should not) be given a patent.should5.New book: A book is a work of literature and so ________ (can / cannot) be given a patent even though it may be a best-seller.cannotDiscovering useful words and expressionsAnswer key for Exercise 1 (P23)
1. set about
2. strict
3. expectation
4. application
5. abruptly
6. validAnswer key for Exercise2 (P23)
1. the most convenient
2. distinguish them
3. now and then
4. call him up
5. criteria
6. monitoredAnswer Key for Exercise 2
1. designed
2. developed
3. reject
4. tested
5. improved
6. welcomedAnswer Key for
Exercise 3
1. suggested
2. signed
3. embarrassed
4. lost, crowded
5. burned/burnt
6. understood
7. disappointed, beaten
8. pleased
9. injured
10. invitedAnswer Key for Exercise 4
1.the play performed
2.the car started
3.her paintings displayed
4.your bedroom tidied
5.myself thrown
6.my time taken up1.set out
2.set down
3.set up
4.set off
5.set aside
6.set abouta.to build
b.to write about sth
c.to begin a journey; to set fire to
d.to begin to do sth; to make plans to do;
e.to start doing sth; to deal with sth in a particular way
f.to cancel ;to ignoreWB-Exercise 1(P63)▲set sth aside:
1)=place sth to one side 放在一旁
eg She set her newspaper aside and drank some coffee.
她把报纸放在一旁，喝了点咖啡。
2)=save or keep (money or time) for a particular purpose
eg She sets aside a bit of money every month.
她每月存点钱。
eg I try to set aside a few minutes each day to do some
exercises. 我尽量每天腾出几分钟活动活动身体。
3)=ignore, abandon, reject
eg Let’s set aside our personal feelings.
不要理会我们的个人感情。▲set sb down: (of a vehicle or its driver) stop and allow (a passenger) to get off 停下来让乘客下车
eg I’ll set you down on the corner of your street.
▲set sth down: note or record sth on paper, write sth down 记录下来，写下来
eg Why don’t you set down your idea on paper?▲set off: begin a race, journey,etc
eg set off on a journey
set off for a station
▲set sth off: cause a bomb, landmine, etc to explode
eg Be careful with the fireworks; the slightest spark could set them off. 对这些烟花要多加小心，一点火星都会引起它们爆炸。
Exercise 1(P64)
1. set aside
2. set out
3. set down
4. set about
5. set off
6. set up
7. set about
8. set off Exercise 2(P64)
1. ring …up
2. get through
3. out of order
4. hang on
5. ring back
6. ring offExercise 3(P64)
1. I can hardly ______the ____________and the
environmental _____ in this city.
2. You must _____________________________a patent _______ someone else steals your invention.
3. In order to ______________customers’____________,
the company is designing new_________.
4.________________, I don’t mind whether my application will be _________by the committee or not.
5. He __________research, trying to understand the importance of the __________of radium in human history.beartraffic jamsmessapply forin case/ file an application formeet / satisfyexpectationsproductsIn truth / In factapproveddived intodiscovery