Reporting/Indirect Speech(安徽省安庆市)

Grammar Summary Direct Speech and Indirect Speech
（直接引语→间接引语）
直接引语:直接引述别人的原话. 直接引语通常都用“ ”括起来。
间接引语:用自己的话转述别人的话. 间接引语在多数情况下都构成一个宾从。
一、如何变人称
学生在将直接引语变间接引语时。常常弄不清人称变化。下面有一句顺口溜“一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更新”。
“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化 如：
She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：
He said to Kate, “How is your sister now " →He asked Kate how her sister was then。
“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化,如：
Mr Smith said, "Jack is a good worker."→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。
二、如何变时态
主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,直接引语变为间接引语时,从句的谓语动词在时态上要做相应的变化.如主句的谓语动词是现在时,从句的时态无须变化.
现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成 ( http: / / action. / c / c.php r=http%3A / / www. / search%3Fcomplete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26q%3D%25E7%259B%25B4%25E6%258E%25A5%25E5%25BC%2595%25E8%25AF%25AD%25E4%25B8%258E%25E9%2597%25B4%25E6%258E%25A5%25E5%25BC%2595%25E8%25AF%25AD%25E6%2595%2599%25E6%25A1%2588%26btnG%3DGoogle+%25E6%2590%259C%25E7%25B4%25A2%26meta%3Dlr%253Dlang_zh-CN%257Clang_zh-TW%26aq%3Df&aid=4492&sid=6235007045039517&click=1&url=http%3A / / www.&v=0&s=http%3A / / www. / Article / 75 / show / 052092716134.html&rn=855821&k=%u5B8C%u6210" \o "2元钱怎么造就500万的富翁？@" \t "_blank )时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：
1)She said. "I have lost a pen."→She said she had lost a pen
2)She said. "We hope so."→She said they hoped so.
3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→She said he would go to see his friend。
但要注意在以下几种情况下,在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。
①直接引语是客观真理。
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. →
The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
②直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：
Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street "
→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：
Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" →Xiao Wang said he was born on April20, 1980。
④直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：
He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →He said he gets up at six every morning。
⑤如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如：
Peter said. "You had better come have today。" →Peter said I had better go there that day。
三、如何变状语
直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that),如：
He said, "These books are mine." →He said those books were his.
四、如何变句型
①直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：
She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes."→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.
②直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：
He said, "Can you swim,John " →He asked John if he could swim.
"You have finished the homework, haven‘t you " my mother asked. →My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.
"Do you go to school by bus or by bike " →He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.
③直接引语如果是特殊 ( http: / / action. / c / c.php r=http%3A / / www. / search%3Fcomplete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26q%3D%25E7%259B%25B4%25E6%258E%25A5%25E5%25BC%2595%25E8%25AF%25AD%25E4%25B8%258E%25E9%2597%25B4%25E6%258E%25A5%25E5%25BC%2595%25E8%25AF%25AD%25E6%2595%2599%25E6%25A1%2588%26btnG%3DGoogle+%25E6%2590%259C%25E7%25B4%25A2%26meta%3Dlr%253Dlang_zh-CN%257Clang_zh-TW%26aq%3Df&aid=6335&sid=6235007045039517&click=1&url=http%3A / / www. / hotel.asp&v=0&s=http%3A / / www. / Article / 75 / show / 052092716134.html&rn=924472&k=%u7279%u6B8A" \o "快动网文字-080507-8@" \t "_blank )问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。
She asked me, "When do they have their dinner "→ She asked me when they had their dinner.
④直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。如：
"Don’t make any noise,"she said to the children. →She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise.
"Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she.→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.
⑤直接引语如果是以“Let‘s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”如：
He said, "Let’s go to the film." →He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.
Notes:
1) 人称
2) 时态
3) 相应的时间、地点状语
4) 标点符号（问号改为句号）、大小写、
5） 宾语从句由什么引出
6） 语序---疑问改陈述
7) 祈使句要使用动词不定式来引述
Grammar Summary Direct Speech and Indirect Speech
（直接引语和间接引语）
1. (1)John said, “I like reading novels.”
(2)John said that he liked reading novels.
直接引语:直接引述别人的话.
间接引语:用自己的话转述别人的话.
2.陈述句(statements):
(1)He said, “I like it very much.”
(2)Tom said to me, “I broke your CD player.”
直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时,用连词that引导(that在口语中可省略),从句中的人称,时态,指示代词,时间状语,地点状语等要做相应变化.
1)人称的变化:
(1)He said, “I like it very much.”
He said that he liked it very much.
(2)Tom said to me, “I broke your CD player.”
Tom told me that he had broken my CD player.
2)时态的变化:
主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,直接引语变为间接引语时,从句的谓语动词在时态上要做相应的变化.如主句的谓语动词是现在时,从句的时态无须变化.
(1)一般现在时一般过去时:
He said, “I am afraid I cannot finish the work.”
He said that he was afraid he couldn’t finish
the work.
(2)现在进行时过去进行时
He said, “I’m using the knife.”
He said that he was using the knife
(3)现在完成时过去完成时
She said, “I’ve not heard from him since May.”
She said that she had not heard from him since May.
(4)一般过去时过去完成时
He said , “I came to help you.”
He said that he had come to help me.
(5)过去完成时不变
He said, “I had finished my homework before supper.”
He said that he had finished his homework before supper.
(6)一般将来时过去将来时
She said, “I’ll do it after class.”
She said that she worked do it after class
3)指示代词,时间状语,地点状语和动词的变化.
(1) She said, “ I’ll finish the work this morning.”
She said that she would finish the work that morning.
(2)He said, “These books are mine.”
He said that those books were his.
(3)He said, “It’s nine now.”
He said that it was nine then
(4)He said, “I haven’t seen her today.”
He said that he hadn’t seen her that day
(5)She said, “I went there yesterday.”
She said that she had gone there the day before.
(6)She said, “I ‘ll go there tomorrow.”
She said that she would go there the next/following day.
(7)She said, “He left 30 minutes ago.”
She said that he had left 30 minutes before.
(8)He said, “ My sister was here one week ago.”
He said that his sister had been there one week before.
(9)She said , “ I’ll come here this evening.”
She said that she would go there that evening.
He said, “Light travels much faster than sound.”
He said that light travels much faster than sound.
注：直接引语如果是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
注: 如果在当地转述，here不必改成there,动词come也不必改成go
2)疑问句（questions）
(1)一般疑问句：直接引语是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，用连词whether 或if 引导。主句谓语动词是said 时,要改为asked.没有间接宾语的,可加一个间接宾语（me,him,us等）。将疑问句语序改为陈述句语序（主语在谓语前面时），句末用句号，主语的人称，时态和状语要相应变化。
(1)He said, “Are you interested in English ”
He asked (me)if I was interested in English.
(2)He said, “ Did you see him last night ”
He asked (me) whether I had seen him the night before.
2)特殊疑问句：
“What can I do for you ” he asked me.
3.祈使句
将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据句子的意思加上tell,ask,order等动词，句型是：tell/ask /order someone (not) to do something.
如果祈使句为否定式，不定式前加not.
(1) “Make sure the door is shut ,” she said to her little son.
She told her little son to make sure the door was shut.
(2) “Don’t smoke in the room,” he said to me.
He told me not to smoke in the room。