高一英语必修4 考点难点等(浙江省杭州市)
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| 名称 | 高一英语必修4 考点难点等(浙江省杭州市) |  | |
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2008-05-21 21:22:00 | ||
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高一必修4 Unit1 Women of achievement考点及语法简练
考点聚焦 真题再现
1. She devoted all her life to medical work for Chinese women and children. (Warming Up)
[考点] devote意为“把……专用于；把……奉献给；专心致力于”，后常接反身代词或表示时间、能源、精力等的名词作宾语，宾语后常接to短语；to为介词，可后接名词，代词或-ing形式。
[真题再现1] Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to ____ some schools for poor children. (上海2001春)
A. set up B. setting up C. have set up D. having set up
[点拨] 选B。此句的结构是Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote ... to ... ， he had是定语从句，修饰all， to为介词， 后跟-ing形式， 可排除A、C；根据句意“利德先生决定用自己所有的一切为贫困儿童建造几所学校”，说明set up这一动作尚未发生，故应用其-ing形式的一般式而非完成式。
[真题再现2] Although the working mother is very busy, she still _____ a lot of time to her children. (上海 2003)
A. devotes B. spends C. offers D. provides
[点拨] 选A。spend time (in) doing sth. / on sth.花……时间干……；offer sb. sth. / offer sth. to sb.向某人提供……； provide sth. for sb. / provide sb. with sth. 提供某物给某人；只有A项符合题意。
2. Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project. (Reading)
[考点] only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句置于句首时，主句要用倒装。
[真题再现1] Only in this way _____ to make improvement in the operating system. (上海2003春)
A. you can hope B. you did hope C. can you hope D. did you hope
[真题再现2] Only when your identity has been checked, ________. (上海 2003)
A. you are allowed in B. you will be allowed in
C. will you allow in D. will you be allowed in
[点拨] 此两题分别选C、D。其中[真题再现2]中的you与allow之间是被动关系， 故用被动语态。
3. But it was not her success at university that had made her famous. (Using Language)
[考点] It was ... that ... 是强调句型。其结构为It is / was + 被强调的部分+ that +句子的其它部分。被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语、表语、状语（从句）， 但不能是谓语。当强调的主语、表语、宾语是人时，that可用who替换。
[真题再现1] It was with great joy _______ he received the news that his lost daughter had been found. (福建 2004)
A. because B. which C. since D. that
[真题再现2] It is the ability to do the job _______ matters not where you come from or what you are. (NMET 2000)
A. one B. that C. what D. it
[点拨] 此两题分别选D、B。 [真题再现1]强调的是状语；[真题再现2] 强调的是主语。
主谓一致练与析
请用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
1. Three years _______ (have) passed since they met last time, and for them, three years_______ (be) really a long time.
2. _______ (be) everybody going to take part in the game this afternoon
3. My family _______ (be) the largest one in our village. Besides, my family ______ (be) all party members.
4. The whole class ________ (be) now listening to the teacher attentively.
5. The news ______ (be) very exciting.
6. To learn one or two foreign languages _______ (be) very important nowadays.
7. The last and most difficult lesson _______ (be) Lesson 14.
8. I, who _______ your friend, will try my best to help you.
9. The scientist and engineer _______ (have) invented a new machine.
10. Alice，together with her friends，_______ (be) punished for having broken the school rules.
11. Every girl and every boy _______ (have) the right to join the club.
12. —_______ (be) either she or you to go and attend the meeting
—Neither she nor I________(be).
13. Ancient and modern history _____ (be) the subjects we are studying.
14. Many a scientist _______ (have) devoted their lives to science.
15. The old _______ (be) respected in our country.
答案与解析：
1. have; is。表示时间、金钱、距离、重量的复数名词表示单位数量用作主语时， 通常看作整体，谓语动词用单数形式（第二空）; 若强调数目，谓语动词用复数形式（第一空）。
2. Is。不定代词anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, everybody, everything, someone, somebody, something, nobody, nothing等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
3. is; are。集体名词family, class等作主语时，如果强调整体（第一空），谓语动词用单数形式；如果强调个体（第二空），则用复数形式。
4. are。
5. is。某些名词以-s结尾，表面看是复数形式，实际上是单数概念，如physics, news等，它们作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
6. is。当主语是不定式短语，-ing形式短语或主语从句时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
7. is。一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰，如果表示的是同一概念，谓语动词一般用单数。该句意为“最后一课十四课是最难的一课。”
8. am。
9. has。两个名词或代词由and连接作主语时，当and不表示并列意义，而连接两个在意义上表示同一人、物或概念或由两个部件配成的物品时，谓语动词用单数。
10. was。主语后面接说明主语的修饰语，如用with，along with， as well as, like, rather than, but, except, besides, including等与修饰语连接，谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响，仍保持同主语一致的关系。
11. has。两个并列的名词由each，every， no等修饰时，谓语动词一般用单数。
12. Is; am。当用作主语的两个名词或代词由or， either ... or, neither ... nor或 not only ... but also等连接时，谓语通常与邻近的名词或代词保持一致。
13. are。一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词一般用复数。
14. has。“many a + 单数名词”作主语时，表达的是复数意义，但谓语动词要用单数。
15. are。“the+形容词 / 过去分词”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数。
必修4 Unit 2 Working the land 考点聚焦 真题再现
1. Using his hybrid rice farmers are producing harvests twice as large as before. (Reading)
[考点] as ... as结构可以被twice (两倍)，three times（三倍）等修饰，表示 “是……的多少倍”。
[真题再现] The house rent is expensive. I’ve got about half the space I had at home and I’m paying _____. (上海 2003)
A. as three times much B. as much three times
C. much as three times D. three times as much
[点拨] 选D。本句为as ... as结构，much后省略了as I paid at home。
2. Dr Yuan would rather work than relax. (Comprehending)
[考点] would rather常与than 连用，表示选择，意为“宁愿……而不愿……”，选择的是前者。
[真题再现] To enjoy the scenery, Irene would rather spend long hours on the train ______ travel by air. (2004全国卷 III)
A. as B. to C. than D. while
[点拨] 选C。句意为“为了欣赏风景，Irene宁愿多花时间坐火车，也不愿乘飞机旅行”。
3. Getting water from wet to dry places is necessary. (Learning about Language)
[考点] -ing形式作主语。-ing 形式短语作主语时, 谓语动词一般用单数。
[真题再现1] _____ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. (上海2003春)
A. The president will attend B. The president to attend
C. The president attended D. The president’s attending
[点拨] 选D。此处是-ing 形式的复合结构作主语，其构成为“名词所有格或形容词性物主代词+ -ing形式”。
[真题再现2] ______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin. (上海 2002)
A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
[点拨] 选C。句中的one’s skin 与expose之间构成逻辑上的被动关系， 故用-ing形式的被动语态作主语，其构成为being done。
4. But whatever they grow they make sure that what is left in the ground after harvesting becomes a natural fertilizer for the next year’s crop. (Using Language)
[考点] whatever 引导名词性从句或让步状语从句。引导让步状语从句时也可用no matter what替换。如：
Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well. （引导主语从句）
凡是值得做的事， 都值得做好。
Do whatever you want. (引导宾语从句)
你想做什么就做什么。
Whatever (No matter what) you say, I will post the letter. (引导让步状语从句)
无论你说什么， 我都要把这封信寄出去。
[真题再现] It is generally considered unwise to give a child ______ he or she wants. (NMET 1997)
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
[点拨] 选B。whatever在此引导宾语从句作give的宾语，它同时在从句中作wants的宾语。
必修4 Unit2 Working the land 重难点解析
1. Although he is one of China’s most famous scientists, Yuan Longping works the land to do his research. (Reading)
此句中work为及物动词，意为“耕种（土地）”。如：
They are working the land together. 他们一起在田间耕作。
work作及物动词，还有“使工作；开动；创造（奇迹）；经营（工厂、农场等）”等意；作不及物动词，意为“工作；（机器等）开动；（办法、计划等）行得通”等。如：
He works his employees long hours. 他使他的员工长时间地工作。
Do you know how to work this machine 你知道怎样开动这台机器吗？
This shows that man can work wonders. 这说明人类可以创造奇迹。
I don’t think that your suggestion will work. 我认为你的建议行不通。
2. So he gives millions of yuan to equip others for their research in agriculture. (Reading)
equip为及物动词，在此作“使有能力；使有资格；赋予”解。该词本意为“装备；配备”，后接宾语+介词for或with短语。如：
We must equip the army for the modern war. 我们必须装备军队打现代化战争。
Our library is well equipped with modern facilities. 我们的图书馆装备着现代化的设施。
A college degree made him well equipped for teaching. 大学文凭使他完全有资格任教。
Your training will equip you for your future job. 你受过的训练将能够使你胜任将来的工作。
3. Now Dr Yuan has another dream: to export his rice so that it can be grown all over the world. (Reading)
此句中another作形容词，指不定范围的“另一个的，又一”，后加单数可数名词；但若another后跟few或数词时，则与复数名词连用。another也可作代词，表示“另一个”。如：
There’s another thing I want to tell you. 我还有一件事想告诉你。
There’s room for another few people in the back of the bus. 公共汽车后面还能坐下几个人。
I don’t like this one; please show me another. 我不喜欢这个，请另拿一个给我看看。
4. When farmers use this kind of natural fertilizer they keep the air, soil and water as well as the food supply free from chemicals. (Using Language)
free from意为“没有；不受……损害的”。如：
a city free from thieves无贼的城市 a day free from wind 无风的一天
You are free from blame. 你没有过错。 I am free from care. 我没有烦恼。
This house is free from flies. 这个房子没有苍蝇。
点击-ing形式作宾语
1. It’s hard to imagine ______ anywhere else but here.
A. live B. to live C. living D. to living
此题选C。英语中，有些动词（短语）一般跟-ing形式作宾语，而不用不定式作宾语。这类动词（短语）包括：advise, allow, avoid, consider(考虑), enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, mind, miss, practise, risk, suggest , feel like, insist on 等。
2. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time ______ the exam.
A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing
此题选D。have a hard time (in) doing意为“费了很大劲做”，-ing形式作介词的宾语。此句中省略了介词in，增加了试题的难度。类似的结构还有：
spend ... (in) doing花费……做
have difficulty / trouble (in) doing 做……有困难
stop / prevent ... (from) doing阻止……做 waste time (in) doing浪费时间做
excuse ... (for) doing原谅……做 be busy (in) doing 忙于做
3. She looks forward every spring to _____ the flower-lined garden.
A. visit B. paying a visit C. walk in D. walking in
此题选D。许多含有to 的短语动词中的to为介词，其后若跟动词，应用其-ing形式作宾语。这类短语有：look forward to, be (get) used to（习惯于）, devote ... to ..., lead to, pay attention to, prefer ... to ... , stick to 等。
4. —The light in the office is still on. —Oh, I forgot ____.
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
此题选C。有些动词既可跟-ing形式也可跟不定式作宾语，但含义不同。如：
（1）forget , remember 后跟-ing形式表示已发生的动作，跟不定式表示未发生的动作。
（2）try to do 尽力做； try doing 试着做
（3）go on to do 接着做（另一件事）； go on doing 继续做（原来在做的事）
（4）mean to do 打算做； mean doing 意味着
（5）can’t help to do 不能帮助做； can’t help doing 禁不住做
（6）stop to do 停下来去做； stop doing停止做
5. —What do you think of the book
—Oh, excellent. It’ s worth ______ a second time.
A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read
此题选C。be worth后常跟-ing形式的主动式作宾语，表示被动意义。
6. This sentence needs ______.
A. a improvement B. improve C. improving D. improved
此题选C。need后常跟-ing形式的主动式或不定式的被动式，表示被动意义。该句相当于This sentence needs to be improved.
必修4 Unit2 Working the land 单元重点辅导
一、日常口语突破
建议与应答
①—How about going out for a walk after class？下课后出去散步好吗？
—I’d prefer to stay at home because it is raining. 因天下雨，我宁愿呆在家里。
②—Would you rather go to the movie tonight with us 你愿意今晚和我们一起去看电影吗？
—I think I’d better look after my sick father at home. 我想最好还是在家照顾生病的父亲。
二、核心单词例析
1. struggle vi. & vt. 努力，拼搏，斗争
struggle to do sth (=make great efforts to do sth.)努力做某事
…he has struggled for the past five decades to help them.他在过去50年来一直在努力帮助他们。
She struggled to keep back the tears. 她努力忍住泪水。
搭配：struggle for争夺；struggle with /against同……斗争
2. equip vi. & vt. 使(某人)具备条件；装备，配备
(1)equip sb. for/to do sth.使某人具备做某事的条件，使某人能够做某事
Your training will equip you for your future job. 你的训练使得你能够胜任将来的工作。
Your education will equip you to earn a good living. 你受的教育能够使你能谋上好生计。
(2)equip…with…用……装备……
He equipped his bike with a head light. 他给自行车装上了前灯。
We should equip our children with a good education. 我们应让孩子应到良好的教育。
3. confuse vt. 使某人迷惑；把某事搞乱
They confused me by asking so many questions. 他们提了一大堆问题上，把我弄糊涂了。
Her unexpected arrival confused all our plans. 她的突然到来把我们的计划全打乱了。
Don’t confuse Austria with /and Australia. 不要把奥地利和澳大利亚弄混了。
比较：confused感到迷惑的；confusing令人迷惑的
4. reduce vt. 减少, 缩小, 简化
He is trying to reduce expenses. 他正试图减少开支。
We must gradually reduce the wage gap. 我们必须缩小工资差别。
同义：bring down, cut, cut down 降低，削减
5. supply n.& vt. 供应，补给
We have a good supply of water here. 我们这里供水充足。
The water supply to the room failed. 这个房间的供水中断了。
We supply the market with fruits and vegetables. 我们为市场提供水果和蔬菜。
We supply power to the three nearby towns. 我们对附近的三个城镇提供电力。
注：作名词时一般是不可数名词，但有修饰语时可加不定冠词；另外，表示“供应品，日用品”等时常用复数。如medical supplies医疗用品，office supplies办公用品。
6. whatever
(1)引导让步状语从句 (=no matter what)
Whatever you say, I won’t believe you. 无论你说什么，我都不信。
You have to go on, whatever difficulties you meet. 不管你碰到什么困难，你都要继续干。
(2)引导名词性从句[=any (thing) (that)]
Whatever she did was right. 凡是她所做的都是正确的。
One should stick to whatever one has begun. 应当持之以恒。
真题：The poor young man is ready to accept ______help he can get. (全国)
A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whenever
解析：因选项B和D不能作定语，应排除；没有选择范围，排除选项A；选C，whatever＝any(任何)。
7. export vi. & vt. 输出，出口
We export rice but import wheat. 我们出口稻米，但进口小麦。
Our factory exports to Southeast Asia. 我厂向东南亚出口产品。
8. suitable adj. 合适的，适当的，相配的
This toy is not suitable for young children. 这个玩具不适合小小孩玩。
I don’t think she is suitable for the job. 我认为她不适合这个工作。
This wine is not suitable to my taste. 这酒不合我的胃口。
同义：be suitable for =be fit for适合
三、关键短语精讲
1. born into…family (由于)出生于……的家庭
Born into a poor farmer’s family in 1931…袁博士1931年出生于一个贫苦农民家庭
Born into a poor peasant family, he couldn’t go to college. 由于出生在贫苦农民家庭，他没能上大学。
2. graduate from 毕业于
Dr Yuan graduated from Southwest Agriculture College. 袁博士毕业于西南农业大学。
注：表示毕业于某专业，用in。如：
He graduated in law from Oxford. 他毕业于牛津大学法律系。
3. thanks to (=because of) 由于，多亏
Thanks to your help, we were successful. 由于你的帮助，我们成功了。
Thanks to you, I was saved from drowning. 幸亏你，我才没淹死。
4. rid…of…使……摆脱……(讨厌或不想要的)
Thanks to his research, the UN is trying to rid the world of hunger. 由于他的研究，联合国正在使世界摆脱饥饿。
You should rid yourself of that bad habit. 你应改掉那个坏习惯。
5. be satisfied with 对……感到满意/满足
I’m very satisfied with you. 我对你很满意。
I’m not at all satisfied with the present situation. 我对目前的情况一点都不满意。
6. care about感兴趣，关心
He also doesn’t care about being famous. 他对成名也毫不在意。
The only thing he cares about is money. 他唯一关心的只是金钱。
7. lead a…life过着……的生活
He didn’t want to lead an empty life.他不想过空虚的生活。
They lead an easy life (=a life of ease).他们过着舒服的日子。 注：其中的lead也可用live替换。
8. would rather宁愿
(1)表示宁愿做某事，直接接动词原形。注意否定式、疑问式及其回答。
He would rather keep time for his hobbies. 他宁愿把时间花在自己业余爱好上。
I’d rather not go there.我宁愿不去那里。
－Wouldn’t you rather live in the country 你不愿住农村？
－No, I wouldn’t. I’d rather live here.是的。我宁愿就住在这里。
(2)表示“宁愿做……不愿做……”，后接than (do) sth.。
I’d rather stay at home than go. 我宁愿呆在家里也不愿去。
(3)后接从句，从句谓语动词用一般过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成时表示过去。
I’d rather you came tomorrow than today. 我宁愿你明天来，不要今天来。
I’d rather you hadn’t done that. 我真希望你没做过那事。
真题：To enjoy the scenery, Irene would rather spend long hours on the train ______ travel by air. (广西)
A. as B. to C. than D. while
解析：因would rather do A than do B是固定句型，故选C。
9. refer to
(1)指的是，指……而言(mean)；与……有关(concern)
You know who I am referring to. 你知道我指的是谁。
(2)提到，谈及，说起(mention, speak of)
I promised not to refer to the matter again. 我答应过再也不提这事了。
(3)查阅，参考，征询(turn to /look at…for information)
You may refer to your notes if you want. 如果需要，可以查阅笔记。
(4)提交(处理)，使(某人)找 (send to…for decision /help)
You should refer this matter to an expert. 你应把此事交给专家处理。
10. insist on坚决主张，一定要(后接doing)
He insisted on my going with him.他坚持要我跟他一起去。
I insist on seeing it. 我一定要见到它。
注：insist表示“坚决主张，坚决要求”时，后面的that从句的谓语要用“(should+)动词原形”；但表示“坚持认为”时，用直陈语气。请比较：
She insisted that he was wrong. 她坚持认为他错了。
He insisted that we (should) accept these gifts. 他一定要我们收下这些礼物。
真题：The man insisted______ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. (江苏)
A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding
解析：因为insist后接on doing sth.，故选C。
11. with /in the hope of怀着……的希望
I called in the hope of finding you at home. 我去看你是希望你在家的。
12. used to 过去常常(现在已不是如此了)
He used to walk to his rice fields twice a day, but now he prefers to ride his motorcycle. 他过去一天两次走着去稻秒田，但现在他更喜欢骑摩托车去。
He is not what he used to be. 他已不是旧日的他了。
You used to live in London, usedn’t /didn’t you 你过去是住伦敦的，是吧
比较：be/get used to (doing) sth. 习惯于(做)某事
You must get used to getting up early. 你必须习惯于早起。
13. (be) rich in盛产，丰富
The country is rich in oil and coal. 这个国家石油和煤资源丰富。
This is a play rich in humour. 这是一部富于幽默的戏剧。
Please try to make your speech rich in humour. 尽量使你的发言富于幽默。
四、重要句型详解
1. 倍数＋as…as…
Using his hybrid rice farmers are producing harvests twice as large as before. 用他的杂交水稻种子，农民们种出比以前多一倍的粮食。
This book is three times as thick as that one. 这本书的篇幅是那本书的三倍厚。
注：表示倍数还可用“倍数＋比较级＋than”或“倍数＋the＋名词＋of”。如：
This book is three times thicker than that one.
This book is three times the thickness of that one.
真题：It is re ported that the United States uses ______ energy as the whole of Europe. (广西)
A. as twice B. twice much C. twice much as D. twice as much
解析：因题干中有as，选项中有twice(两倍)，可见是考查用as…as表示倍数的结构，故选D。
2. not all…并非所有的(部分否定)
Not all students enjoy working in the fields. 并非所有的学生都喜欢到田间劳动。
Not all men can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.) 并非人人都能当头头。
注：(1)all…not易误解为“所有都不”，其实与not all同义。(2)下列句子也是部分否定：
Both (the) windows are not open. 两扇窗子并不都开着。
Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这本书。
He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤。
3. 疑问词+do you think+宾语从句的其余部分
do you think / believe / suppose / imagine / say / suggest / guess / consider等后面接一个由疑问词引导的宾语从句时，通常要将疑问词提到句首，构成复杂疑问句：疑问词＋do you think＋宾语从句的其余部分？
What do you think would happen if tomorrow there was suddenly no rice to eat 你认为要是明天突然没有大米吃，会发生什么事呢？
Why do you think Jane Goodall went to Africa to study chimps rather than to a university 你认为简·古多尔为什么去非洲研究黑猩猩而不去大学？
真题：Mum is coming. What present _____for your birthday (福建)
A. you expect she has got B. you expect has she got
C. do you expect she has got D. do you expect has she got
解析：因为是疑问句，排除选项A和B；do you expect后是宾语从句，只是其中的what present提到了句首，其语序与陈述句语序相同，排除选项D；故选C。
五、课文难句剖析
1. He wants everyone to call him a farmer, for that's how he regards himself.
剖析：本句是并列句，for是表示原因的并列连词；for分句中有一个how引导的表语从句，意为“他就是这样看待自己的”。
译文：他让大家叫他农民，因为他也是这样看待自己的。
2. In 1974, he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output.
剖析：that has a high output是定语从句，修饰rice，即“高产的水稻”；to grow rice that has a high output是不定式短语作定语，修饰agricultural pioneer，即“种植高产水稻的农业先锋”；值得一提的是，在序数词后作定语，通常只用动词不定式。
译文：1974年他成为世界上第一位种植高产水稻的农业先锋。
六、语法知识归纳
1. 动名词作主语
(1)谓语动词用单数
Wishing for things costs nothing. 愿望是不花本钱的。
(2)有时用形式主语，且多用于一些固定句式中。
It’s no use worrying about it.发愁没有用。
It’s useless arguing(=to argue) with them. 跟他们争辩徒劳无益。
It’s no good waiting here.在这里等没有用。
Do you think it's worthwhile quarrelling with me 你认为和我吵值得吗
It is hopeless arguing about it.为此争论毫无用处。
(3)有时用被动式。
It’s fun being taken to the Zoo. 被带去逛动物园很有意思。
Being lost can be a terrifying experience. 迷路有时很可怕。
(4)前面有时用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格做逻辑主语。
It’s a waste of time your talking to him. 你和他谈话是白费时间。.
Jenny’s not going to college is her one regret. 杰妮没上过大学是她感到遗憾的事。
真题：______ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. (上海)
A. The president will attend B. The president to attend
C. The president attended D. The president’s attending
解析：因gave是句子的谓语动词，前面应是主语；用名词所有格加动名词作主语，选D。句意是：总统亲自来参加会议对他们是极大的鼓舞。
2. 动名词作宾语
(1)牢记只能接动名词，不接不定式的动词、短语或句型
动词：allow, permit(允许), consider(考虑), suggest, advice(建议), keep(on)(反复，不停), finish(完成), imagine(想象), practise(练习), understand(明白), appreciate, enjoy(喜欢), miss(错过; 怀念), prevent(阻止), forbid(禁止), escape(避免), include(包括), deny(否认), forgive, pardon, excuse(原谅), dislike(厌恶), discuss(讨论), report(报道), admit(承认), mind(介意), risk(冒险), delay, postpone (推迟)等。
短语：put off(推迟), can’t stand(不能忍受), burst out(突然开始), feel like(想要), insist on(坚持), give up(放弃), be busy(忙于), be worth(值得), succeed in(在某方面成功), look forward to(盼望), devote…to /be devoted to(致力于), be/get used to(习惯), lead to(导致), get down to(开始认真), pay attention to(注意), refer to(谈到), point to(指向), turn to(转向), object to(反对), equal to(等于, 能胜任), belong to(属于)等。
句型：spend…in doing 在做某事方面花费
prevent /stop /keep…from doing 阻止……做……
How /What about doing sth. 做……怎么样？
have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing 在做某事方面有些困难
have a hard time in doing sth. 做某事很艰难
there is no sense in doing 做……是没有道理的
(2)牢记接动名词和接不定式意义差别很大的动词或短语
①remember to do(记住去做)，remember doing(记得做过)
②forget to do(忘记去做)，forget doing(忘记做过)
③regret to do (遗憾地做)，regret doing(后悔做了)
④mean to do(打算做)，mean doing(意味着)
⑤stop to do(停下来去做)，stop doing(停止做)
⑥try to do(设法做)，try doing(试做)
⑦go on to do(接着做另一事)，go on doing(继续做同一事)
⑧can’t help to do(不能帮助做)，can’t help doing(情不自禁做)
⑨sb. need /want /require to do(需要/想要/要求做某事), sth. need /want /require doing (=to be done) (某物需要做某事)等。
真题：(1)I really can’t understand ______ her like that. (2005安徽)
A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating
解析：因understand要接动名词作宾语，you是treating的逻辑主语，故选D。
(2)Victor apologized for ______to inform me of the change in the plan. (2004上海春)
A. his being not able B. him not to be able
C. his not being able D. him to be not able
解析：for是介词，要接动名词，排除B和D；动名词的否定式是在其前面加not，故选C。
(3)The discovery of new evidence led to ______. (上海)
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief
C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
解析：因lead to中的to是介词，要接动名词，排除B和D；逻辑主语the thief与catch是被动关系，所以用动名词的被动式，故选C。
(4) When asked by the police, he said that he remembered ______at the party, but not______. (北京)
A. to arrive; leaving B. to arrive; to leave C. arriving; leaving D. arriving; to leave
解析：由语境可知，是表示“记得曾经做过某事”，用remember doing，另外but not是与前面并列
的，都作remember的宾语，所以都用动名词，故选C。
七、背景知识介绍
现代农业：中国的传统农业数千年来变化不大。大多数的土地都是由单个家庭来耕作，尽管中国是个大国，但只有7%的土地能用来耕作。从二十世纪九十年代初开始，科学家们就开始开发新技术，而不破坏环境来增加农业产量。未来的农业既要依靠传统方法又要依靠高科技，不仅食物产量重要而且也要爱护环境。
中国农民最大的问题是缺少可耕作的土地，中国科学家们用最新的技术在温室里种蔬菜，这些蔬菜的根不是种在泥土里，而是悬挂在容器的水中。今天，许多蔬菜不是种在菜地，而在种在温室里了，不受风、雨和昆虫的破坏，温度由电脑来控制。
必修4 Unit3 A taste of English humor 单元重点辅导
一、日常口语突破
情 感
(1)— What do you think of the lecture 你认为那讲座如何呀？ — How wonderful. 好极了。
(2)— The party is so fun. 晚会是那么有趣。 — I’m pleased you are amused at it. 很高兴你被它逗乐了。
二、核心单词例析
1. astonish vt 使惊讶(= surprise sb. greatly)
The earthquake astonished the whole country. 这次地震震惊了全国。
辨析：astonishing adj.令人震惊的；astonished adj.感到惊呀的
2. particular 非一般的，特别的，特殊的
He left for no particular reason. 他无缘无故就走了。
To Jane, her diary is a particular friend. 对简来说，日记是她的特殊朋友。
搭配：in particular =especially特别是
3. entertain vt. & vi. 使欢乐, 招待, 款待
We were all entertained by his humorous stories. 他的幽默故事使我们大家都很开心。
They often entertained their friends at weekends. 他们常在周末招待朋友。
I don’t entertain very often. 我不常在家请客.
派生：entertaining adj. 使人愉快的，有趣：his entertaining silent movies他那逗乐的无声电影，an entertaining story/guess一个有趣的故事/客人。
4. throughout prep. 遍及, 贯穿adv. 到处, 始终, 全部
It rained throughout the night. 雨下了一整夜。
I watched the film and cried throughout. 我看那个电影时从头哭到尾。
5. failure n.失败(不可数)；失败的经历，失败的人或事(可数)
Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。
I became successful after many failures. 在多次失败后，我终于成功了。
She was a failure as a manager. 她是一个不称职的经理。
6. overcome v. 克服，战胜(defeat)；找到解决……的办法)
He has overcome the bad habit of smoking. 他改掉了吸烟的坏习惯。
After hours of hard working, they overcame the difficulty. 经过几个小时的努力，他们终于把这难题解决了。
搭配：be overcome with /by因……不能自持
He was overcome by the heat. 他热得受不了。
7. fortunate adj. 幸运的，交好运的(=lucky)
He is a fortunate man (=a lucky dog). 他是个幸运的人。
I was fortunate to have a good teacher. 我很幸运，有位好老师。
派生：fortunately adv.幸好(=luckily常置于句首)；unfortunate adj. 不幸的(=unlucky) ；unfortunately adv. 不幸的是(=unluckily)；fortune n. 运气，财富，巨款
8. mouthful n. 一口, 满口
I’m so full I couldn’t eat another mouthful. 我吃得太饱了，一口也不能多吃了。
He took a mouthful of fresh air. 他吸一口新鲜空气。
注：不要因以ful结尾而误以为是形容词，这类名词还有handful(一把)等。
9. direct vt. & vi. 导演，指示, 指挥adj. 直接的adv. 直接地
Chaplin directed the film. 卓别林导演这部电影。
He took a direct flight to New York. 他直飞纽约。
We flew direct from London to New York. 我们直接从伦敦飞到纽约。
10. outstanding adj. 突出的, 杰出的，显著的
She is an outstanding actress. 她是一个杰出的演员。
He has many outstanding gifts. 他多才多艺。
12. sense n. 官能，感觉，理性vt. 感觉到，理解
She has no sense of time. 她没有时间观念。
He has a good sense of smell. 他的嗅觉很灵敏。
Your brother has a good sense of humor. 你兄弟很有幽默感。
The dog sensed that I was afraid. 这只狗感觉到我害怕了。
三、关键短语精讲
1. be content(=satisfied) with…/to do…对……感到满意/满足的
He was content with his work. 他对自己的工作很满意。
The old man seems content to live here. 这个老人似乎很乐意住在这里。
注：content是表语形容词，若需作定语，可用contented，如a contented person /smile心满意足的人/微笑。
2. badly off 穷的，缺少的，处境差
比较级：worse off境况更差，更穷困
反义词：well off富裕，处境好(比较级：better off)
I am quite badly off recently. 最近我经济上很拮据。
His health is worse off than before. 他的身体比以前更糟糕。
He is quite well off, I hear. 我听说他相当富裕。
He is much better off than I am. 他的日子比我宽裕得多。
注：well-to-do life或a better-off life小康生活；well-off family小康之家
3. pick out挑选出，认出，弄懂
Please pick out the books that you’d like to read. 请把你想看的书选出来。
Can you pick out your sister in this crowd 你能在这人群中认出你姐姐来吗？
The box was so dirty that we couldn’t pick out the directions on the label. 盒子太脏，我们看不清标签上的说明。
真题：This picture was taken a long time ago. I wonder if you can ________my father. (湖北)
A. find out B. pick out C. look out D. speak out
解析：表示从人群中“辨认出”，用pick out，故选B。
4. cut off切断，割下；隔开，断绝；停止供应
Mind you don’t cut your fingers off. 小心别切断手指头。
She feels very cut off living in the country. 她感到生活在乡间很闭塞。
Our water supply has been cut off. 我们断水了。
真题：He was in hospital for six months. He felt as if he was ______from the outside world. (安徽)
A. cut out B. cut off C. cut up D. cut through
解析：表示与外界“隔绝”，用cut off (from…)，故选B。
5. star in 主演，在……中担任主角
She has starred in some thirty films. 她主演过大约三十部影片。
6. knock into撞上，撞见
The boy knocked into her. 那个男孩撞到了她身上。
I knocked into an old friend of mine in the park. 我昨天在公园里碰见一位老朋友。
7. bump into 碰上，偶遇，邂逅(= meet sb. /sth. by chance)
I bumped into an old friend of mine in the street yesterday.我昨天在街上遇到一个老朋友。
The bus bumped into the car in front.巴士撞上了前面那辆汽车。
8. in search of 寻找，寻求
They came here in search of new markets for their products. 他们来此为他们的产品寻找新市场。
They started off at once in search of (=in their search for) the missing girl. 他们立刻动身寻找那个失踪的女孩。
注：若名词search前有物主代词或冠词等限定词时，多用介词for。
9. be/get caught in a rain / traffic jam遇上雨/交通阻塞
We got caught in the storm. 我们碰上暴雨了。
Caught in a rain, he was wet all over. 淋到了一场雨，他全身都湿了。
I was caught in the traffic jam. That’s why I was late. 我遇上阻车了，这就是我迟到的原因。
10. as if = as though 好像 似乎
as if 引导状语或表语从句时，从句内容若是事实用陈述语气，若不是事实就用虚拟语气(be一般用were)。如：
She talked to me in such a way as if we were sisters. 她那样对我说话，就好像我们是姐妹一样。
He opened his mouth as if (he was) to speak. 他张开嘴好像要说话。
四、重要句型详解
1. all(指事物)+定语从句
指事物的all后只能由that引导定语从句；all后接定语从句时常常有这样两个意思：the only thing或everything。如：
…and all there is to eat is a boiled shoe. 身边所有能吃的东西只是一只煮了的鞋子。
He took all there was. 他把所有的都拿去了。
All I want is peace and quiet. 我所要的只是安宁。
2. I will be better off if…要是……我的境况就更好了。
I will be better off if I have enough money because I can buy a computer for my lessons. 我要是有钱，我的境况就更好了，因为我可以买台电脑来做功课。
五、课文难句剖析
1. Do you find it funny to see someone sliding on a banana skin, bumping into someone else round a corner, or falling down a hole in the road
剖析：(1)句中find 后的it为形式宾语, 形容词funny是宾补，不定式to see…in the road为真正的宾语；(2)作主语的不定式中有see sb. doing句型，sliding…bumping…falling三个现在分词短语都作someone的补足语；(3)要明白三个词的意思：bump into撞到，碰上；around the corner在拐角处；fall down掉下，倒下。
译文：你看到有人被香蕉皮滑倒，或看到有人在拐角处撞到另外一个人，或看到有人掉进路边一个洞里时，你会觉得滑稽可笑吗
2. However, some actors can astonish us with the deep feelings they can inspire in us for a character they are playing.
剖析：(that) they can inspire in us是定语从句，修饰the deep feeling，意为“在我们身上鼓动起来的深深情感”；(that) they are playing也是定语从句，修饰a character，意为“因为/用他们所演的角色”。inspire…in sb. 鼓动起/激起/唤起某人的……
译文：然而，有些演员能用他们所演的角色在我们身上鼓动起来的深深情感震撼我们。
3. He played a poor and homeless person, who wore large trousers, worn-out shoes and a small round black hat and carried a walking stick.
剖析：这是个长句，who引导一个较长的非限制性定语从句； a small round black hat中的hat前有“大小+形状+颜色”三个形容词作定语，在英语中多个形容词修饰名词时的顺序是：描绘+大小(长短，高低)+形状+年龄(新旧)+颜色+国籍或产地+物质材料+用途+名词。
译文：他扮演的是一位穷苦的无家可归的人，穿着大裤子，破鞋子，头顶着黑色的小圆帽，手里拿着一根手杖。
六、语法知识归纳
1. 动词-ing形式作表语
(1)动名词作表语，说明主语的内容，指一般性、经常性的动作。如：
His job is teaching English. 他的工作是教英语。(可以说成Teaching English is his job.)
(2)现在分词作表语，相当于形容词，说明主语的性质；可有比较形式，亦可被very等副词所修饰。如：
He was very amusing. 他很有趣。
Skiing is more exciting than skating. 滑雪比溜冰更刺激。
2. 动词-ing形式作定语
(1)动名词作定语表示所修饰名词的功能；被修饰的名词与动名词没有逻辑上的主谓关系；可用“名词+for+动名词”来表达；动名词通常只能位于所修饰的名词前。如：
a swimming pool (=a pool for swimming) 游泳池
a walking stick (=a stick for walking) 手杖
(2)现在分词作定语表示性质、特征、状态或动作；被修饰的名词与现在分词在逻辑上有主谓关系；可换成定语从句来表达；单个的现在分词作定语，常置于被修饰的名词的前面；现在分词短语作定语，须置于被修饰名词的后面。如：
Nobody can stop the running horse (=the horse that is running). 没有人能阻止那匹奔马。(horse与running在逻辑上有主谓关系)
I know the man standing there (=who is standing there.). 我认识站在那儿的那个人。(the man与standing there在逻辑上有主谓关系)
3. 动词-ing形式用作宾语补足语。
(1)动词-ing形式用作宾语补足语，宾语与补足语有主动关系，表示“动作正在发生（即处于发生的过程中）”。如：
She caught them stealing her apples. 她撞见他们偷她的苹果。(them与stealing有主动关系；在“撞见”时，正在偷)
(2)试比较以下句子：
I saw the boy climb the wall. 我看见小孩爬墙。(强调爬墙这件事)
I saw the boy climbing the wall. 我看见小孩正在爬墙。(强调爬墙的情景)
七、背景知识介绍
查理-卓别林是著名的喜剧大师，他丰富的肢体语言使他在整个默片时代成为备受瞩目的风云人物，也是默片时代的巨星。他所创造出来的流浪汉夏洛特的形象是家喻户晓，他擅长塑造小人物，通过他们的遭遇来讽刺生活的现实。他的喜剧不但引人发笑，而且引人深思,有深刻的内涵。
1889年4月16日，卓别林诞生在英国伦敦的一个贫民区。他的父母都是喜剧演员，经常在伦敦的游艺场里演出。后来父母离异，生活十分贫苦。由于过度劳累，母亲染上了喉炎，卓别林五岁那年，母亲在一次演唱时，由于嗓音过于微弱，被观众哄下了舞台。管事灵机一动，让卓别林代替母亲演出，卓别林故意用沙哑的嗓子学妈妈唱歌，没想到观众却大为欣赏，报以热烈的掌声。此后，卓别林就开始了他用肢体演出的生涯。
1977年12月25日，喜剧大师卓别林在瑞士科西耶逝世。
人教新课标必修4 Unit4 Body language 考点点拨
Unit4 Body language 考点聚焦 真题再现
1. They will be meeting at a major hotel with local business people and people who represent the Chinese government. (Reading)
[考点] will be meeting是将来进行时，其构成形式为“will / shall be doing”，主要表示将来某时刻或某阶段内正在进行的动作，或在口语中表示预计即将发生或势必要发生的动作。
[真题再现] At this time tomorrow _______ over the Atlantic. (北京 2003)
A. we’re going to fly B. we’ll be flying C. we’ll fly D. we’re to fly
[点拨] 选B。根据时间状语at this time tomorrow可知， 应用将来进行时。
2. Four people enter looking around in a curious way. (Reading)
[考点] curious 意为 “好奇的，感兴趣的”；be curious about 对……感到好奇。
[真题再现] Don’t be too ____ about things you are not supposed to know.
(上海 1998)
A. strange B. amusing C. curious D. conscious
[点拨] 选C。strange奇怪的； amusing好笑的，有趣的； curious 好奇的；conscious 感觉到， 有意识的。
3. You introduce them to each other, and are surprised by what you see. (Reading)
[考点] introduce 在此意为“介绍”；introduce sb. to sb. 把……介绍给……。 如：
Please allow me to introduce my teacher to you. 请允许我向你介绍我的老师。
introduce还可意为“引进；采用；投放”。如：
New methods were introduced into the factory to improve its products. 这家工厂引进了一些新的办法来改进其产品。
The company is introducing a new family saloon this year. 这家公司准备今年推出一种新型的家庭轿车。
[真题再现] When first ______ to the market, their products enjoyed great success. (2004 全国卷II)
A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced
[点拨] 选B。their products 与introduce之间构成逻辑上的被动关系，故用过去分词。
4. Not all cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable touching strangers or being too close or too far away. (Reading)
[考点] nor置于句首时，其后的句子要用倒装语序，常将助动词或连系动词提到主语之前，表示“……也不”。此时也可用neither。
[真题再现] Of the making of good books there is no end; neither ____ any end to their influence on man’s lives. (广东 2004)
A. there is B. there are C. is there D. are there
[点拨] 选C。 neither位于句首，句子要用倒装语序，可排除A、B；主语为any end，故谓语用单数。
5. Some body language is similar everywhere. (Using Language)
[考点] similar意为“相像的；相仿的；类似的”，常与介词to搭配，表示“与……相似/类似”。其副词为similarly，意为“同样地；相仿地”，常在句中作状语。
[真题再现] Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise. _______, our minds are developed by learning. (上海2000)
A. Probably B. Likely C. Similarly D. Generally
[点拨] 选C。 probably和likely表示可能性；generally表示总体概括，都不能过渡性连接“我们通过锻炼增强体质”与“我们通过学习开发思维”。两者有相似之处，应用similarly作评注性状语。
人教新课标必修四Unit 4典例精讲
经典题型
例1（2004年江苏）A man is being questioned in relation to the murder last night.
A.advised B.attended C.attempted D.admitted
思路解析
这道题考查过去分词作定语的用法，同时也是一个词义辨析题。advise 指“建议”，attend 为“参加;出席”，attempt 指“想要;企图”，admit指“承认”。根据句意“那个正在被质问的男人与昨晚的蓄意谋杀案相关”可知，the attempted murder是“故意杀人，蓄意谋杀”。答案： C
绿色通道
掌握过去分词作定语时和其所修饰的名词往往有被动或完成的含义。而现在分词作定语时和其所修饰的名词往往有主动的意味。
例2（2004年天津）It was not a serious illness，and she soon it.
A.got over B.got on with C.got around D.got out of
思路解析
get over 指“克服；熬过；（从疾病中）恢复”；get on with 为“继续做，在……有进展”； get around 指“到处走动；传播出去”；get out of 指“从……之中获救；避免”。结合题意，可知此处是指从病中恢复过来。答案：A
黑色陷阱
本题易错选D项。原因是未掌握 get over 有“从疾病中恢复”的意思，而对 get out of 望文生义。
绿色通道
掌握这些常用短语意思的区别是解题的关键。还有一些其他类似的常用动词短语也是常考内容。如 get 短语：get together（聚会），get along（进展;相处），get around （消息传开），get away （走开;逃走），get down to （开始认真做），get in （进来;收庄稼），get off （下车），get on （上车;进展），get over （克服;摆脱），get through （通过;做完）。
例3（2004年北京春季）We’re going to with some friends for a picnic.Would you like to join us
A.get in B.get over C.get along D.get together
思路解析
get in 为“进入;收获;陷入”；get over为“爬过;克服;熬过”； get along with为“与……相处”。根据前后语境，此处应用get together（聚会）。答案:D
黑色陷阱
本题容易错选C。错选的原因是get along with 是我们比较熟悉的短语，意思是“与……相处”，如果断章取义的理解题干，就会以为是“我们要和朋友友好相处”。
例4（2002年上海）The famous scientist grow up he was born and in 1930 he came to Shanghai.
A.when B.in which C.where D.wherever
思路解析
本题考查where 引导状语从句的用法，意为“在……地方”，该句意思是“这位著名的科学家在他出生的地方长大，1９３０年来到上海”。答案为C。
黑色陷阱
本题B项干扰很大。做这类题时，容易把状语从句当成定语从句，从而误选“介词＋which”代替where的情况。而where 引导状语从句时前面不需要先行词。
绿色通道
在做本题时，一定要注意状语从句和定语从句的区别。状语从句没有先行词引导，而定语从句必须要有先行词引导。掌握这个特点，遇到相似题型时就能迎刃而解。
例5（2003年上海）A story goes Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified gentlemen at court.
A.when B.where C.what D.that
思路解析
本题考查that引导的同位语从句，that 引导的从句修饰句子的主语 a story。答案：D
黑色陷阱
本题易错选C项。错选的原因是没有看出本句考查的是同位语从句，而把它当成宾语?从句。
绿色通道
要解对本题先要弄清楚同位语从句的含义。同位语从句用以解释、说明被修饰词的内容，常接同位语从句的词有：idea，fact，rumor，news，hope，belief，thought，problem，doubt，suggestion，fear等。that引导同位语从句时在从句中不充当成分，但不能省略。
例6（2004年上海春季）The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain as the plane was making a landing.
A.seat B.seating C.seated D.to be seating
思路解析
该题考查seat 的用法。seat 为及物动词，意为“使……坐”，当表示“坐着”的意思时，须用其过去分词seated。答案：C
黑色陷阱
本题最大的干扰项是选项B。因为要表示“飞机上的乘客在飞机着落的时候仍然坐着”，多数人首先想到的表示主动意义的现在分词。
绿色通道
在系动词后面要用过去分词作表语的有seat，locate，dress，lose，devote，hide等，平时加强记忆，解题时遇到这些词要多加注意。
例7（2004年湖北）What surprised me was not what he said but he said it.
A.the way B.in the way of C.in the way D.the way which
思路解析
此题考查way后接定语从句的关系词的选用问题。way作先行词时，关系词常有三种形式：（1）省略，（2）that,（3）in which。本题A选项符合要求。答案：A
黑色陷阱
本题易错选C项。错选的原因是没有掌握not ...but 结构要求后面所接的词是一致的，即not 后是名词，but 后也应是名词。本句中what he said 应看作名词结构，和but 后的the way 一致，所以in the way不合题意。
绿色通道
选对本题的关键是掌握way 在定语从句中作先行词的用法。way后接定语从句，若关系词在从句中作定语，用以上三种形式中的任何一种；若关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，则应用that/which。
例8（2004年甘肃）—Is there any rule as to how the people who are invited to the ball should be dressed
—No，not really.They can wear they like.
A.whatever B.wherever C.however D.whenever
思路解析
本题所选答案应作like 的宾语，whatever所引导的从句具有名词性，可在句中作宾语，其余三个选项在句中只能作状语。答案:A
黑色陷阱
做本题时会因为不理解“疑问词+ever”的句法功能而无所适从。解题时最忌把疑问词加ever理解为一类结构，即等同于no matter+疑问词。要知道whatever还可理解为something that/anything that，引出名词短语或从句。
绿色通道
whatever，whoever，whichever 等既可引导名词性从句，也可引导状语从句，引导状语从句时才可以转换成 no matter what/who/which...。
志鸿原创题
阅读短文，完成表格：
Tarawa is one of the two largest of the Gilbert Islands in the western Pacific Ocean，but it is a very tiny island，with an area of about eight square miles，and a population of about 17 000.Small as it is，three nations fought to control and use it as an air base during World War Ⅱ.The Japanese took it from the British in 1941，only to lose it to the Americans two years later after one of the bloodiest（血腥的）battles of the war.Today，the Gilbert Islands having become part of the Kiribati Republic，Tarawa is now its capital and major seaport.
Information about Tarawa
TIME CONTROLLER
1. 1941 British
After 1941 2.
3. Americans
参考答案： 1.Before 2.Japanese 3.From 1943
思路解析
阅读图表可知，左栏为时间，右栏为控制该岛的国家（形容词）。由此可见阅读的注意力要放在Tarawa所属关系的变化上。美国控制Tarawa的时间没有明确的表达，但是文章中提到Japanese took it from the British in 1941，only to lose it to Americans two years later,从本句中可以推断出美国统治的时间。
黑色陷阱
本题介词的使用最难的一处是空格3，如果我们没有太在意就会填1943。这并不是说其他几个时间用了介词，这里就必须用介词，而是因为from 1943与1943 所表达的概念不同。
绿色通道
解题时要注意题目同一范畴的内容表述方式一致，如空格2。并要学会从原文提供的信息中去推断。表达时要注意其准确性,如空格3。
志鸿巧学法园地
It的用法巧记歌诀
人称、指示和价值，
天气、时间和距离，
全用it来表示。
不定式、动名词、that句，
经常充当主、宾语，
it大胆来代替，
真正主、宾语后置。
it作用真不小，
还可用于强调句，
强调句子某一语，
构成it’s...that...句。
PAGE
１５
考点聚焦 真题再现
1. She devoted all her life to medical work for Chinese women and children. (Warming Up)
[考点] devote意为“把……专用于；把……奉献给；专心致力于”，后常接反身代词或表示时间、能源、精力等的名词作宾语，宾语后常接to短语；to为介词，可后接名词，代词或-ing形式。
[真题再现1] Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to ____ some schools for poor children. (上海2001春)
A. set up B. setting up C. have set up D. having set up
[点拨] 选B。此句的结构是Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote ... to ... ， he had是定语从句，修饰all， to为介词， 后跟-ing形式， 可排除A、C；根据句意“利德先生决定用自己所有的一切为贫困儿童建造几所学校”，说明set up这一动作尚未发生，故应用其-ing形式的一般式而非完成式。
[真题再现2] Although the working mother is very busy, she still _____ a lot of time to her children. (上海 2003)
A. devotes B. spends C. offers D. provides
[点拨] 选A。spend time (in) doing sth. / on sth.花……时间干……；offer sb. sth. / offer sth. to sb.向某人提供……； provide sth. for sb. / provide sb. with sth. 提供某物给某人；只有A项符合题意。
2. Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project. (Reading)
[考点] only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句置于句首时，主句要用倒装。
[真题再现1] Only in this way _____ to make improvement in the operating system. (上海2003春)
A. you can hope B. you did hope C. can you hope D. did you hope
[真题再现2] Only when your identity has been checked, ________. (上海 2003)
A. you are allowed in B. you will be allowed in
C. will you allow in D. will you be allowed in
[点拨] 此两题分别选C、D。其中[真题再现2]中的you与allow之间是被动关系， 故用被动语态。
3. But it was not her success at university that had made her famous. (Using Language)
[考点] It was ... that ... 是强调句型。其结构为It is / was + 被强调的部分+ that +句子的其它部分。被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语、表语、状语（从句）， 但不能是谓语。当强调的主语、表语、宾语是人时，that可用who替换。
[真题再现1] It was with great joy _______ he received the news that his lost daughter had been found. (福建 2004)
A. because B. which C. since D. that
[真题再现2] It is the ability to do the job _______ matters not where you come from or what you are. (NMET 2000)
A. one B. that C. what D. it
[点拨] 此两题分别选D、B。 [真题再现1]强调的是状语；[真题再现2] 强调的是主语。
主谓一致练与析
请用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
1. Three years _______ (have) passed since they met last time, and for them, three years_______ (be) really a long time.
2. _______ (be) everybody going to take part in the game this afternoon
3. My family _______ (be) the largest one in our village. Besides, my family ______ (be) all party members.
4. The whole class ________ (be) now listening to the teacher attentively.
5. The news ______ (be) very exciting.
6. To learn one or two foreign languages _______ (be) very important nowadays.
7. The last and most difficult lesson _______ (be) Lesson 14.
8. I, who _______ your friend, will try my best to help you.
9. The scientist and engineer _______ (have) invented a new machine.
10. Alice，together with her friends，_______ (be) punished for having broken the school rules.
11. Every girl and every boy _______ (have) the right to join the club.
12. —_______ (be) either she or you to go and attend the meeting
—Neither she nor I________(be).
13. Ancient and modern history _____ (be) the subjects we are studying.
14. Many a scientist _______ (have) devoted their lives to science.
15. The old _______ (be) respected in our country.
答案与解析：
1. have; is。表示时间、金钱、距离、重量的复数名词表示单位数量用作主语时， 通常看作整体，谓语动词用单数形式（第二空）; 若强调数目，谓语动词用复数形式（第一空）。
2. Is。不定代词anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, everybody, everything, someone, somebody, something, nobody, nothing等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
3. is; are。集体名词family, class等作主语时，如果强调整体（第一空），谓语动词用单数形式；如果强调个体（第二空），则用复数形式。
4. are。
5. is。某些名词以-s结尾，表面看是复数形式，实际上是单数概念，如physics, news等，它们作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
6. is。当主语是不定式短语，-ing形式短语或主语从句时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
7. is。一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰，如果表示的是同一概念，谓语动词一般用单数。该句意为“最后一课十四课是最难的一课。”
8. am。
9. has。两个名词或代词由and连接作主语时，当and不表示并列意义，而连接两个在意义上表示同一人、物或概念或由两个部件配成的物品时，谓语动词用单数。
10. was。主语后面接说明主语的修饰语，如用with，along with， as well as, like, rather than, but, except, besides, including等与修饰语连接，谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响，仍保持同主语一致的关系。
11. has。两个并列的名词由each，every， no等修饰时，谓语动词一般用单数。
12. Is; am。当用作主语的两个名词或代词由or， either ... or, neither ... nor或 not only ... but also等连接时，谓语通常与邻近的名词或代词保持一致。
13. are。一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词一般用复数。
14. has。“many a + 单数名词”作主语时，表达的是复数意义，但谓语动词要用单数。
15. are。“the+形容词 / 过去分词”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数。
必修4 Unit 2 Working the land 考点聚焦 真题再现
1. Using his hybrid rice farmers are producing harvests twice as large as before. (Reading)
[考点] as ... as结构可以被twice (两倍)，three times（三倍）等修饰，表示 “是……的多少倍”。
[真题再现] The house rent is expensive. I’ve got about half the space I had at home and I’m paying _____. (上海 2003)
A. as three times much B. as much three times
C. much as three times D. three times as much
[点拨] 选D。本句为as ... as结构，much后省略了as I paid at home。
2. Dr Yuan would rather work than relax. (Comprehending)
[考点] would rather常与than 连用，表示选择，意为“宁愿……而不愿……”，选择的是前者。
[真题再现] To enjoy the scenery, Irene would rather spend long hours on the train ______ travel by air. (2004全国卷 III)
A. as B. to C. than D. while
[点拨] 选C。句意为“为了欣赏风景，Irene宁愿多花时间坐火车，也不愿乘飞机旅行”。
3. Getting water from wet to dry places is necessary. (Learning about Language)
[考点] -ing形式作主语。-ing 形式短语作主语时, 谓语动词一般用单数。
[真题再现1] _____ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. (上海2003春)
A. The president will attend B. The president to attend
C. The president attended D. The president’s attending
[点拨] 选D。此处是-ing 形式的复合结构作主语，其构成为“名词所有格或形容词性物主代词+ -ing形式”。
[真题再现2] ______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin. (上海 2002)
A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
[点拨] 选C。句中的one’s skin 与expose之间构成逻辑上的被动关系， 故用-ing形式的被动语态作主语，其构成为being done。
4. But whatever they grow they make sure that what is left in the ground after harvesting becomes a natural fertilizer for the next year’s crop. (Using Language)
[考点] whatever 引导名词性从句或让步状语从句。引导让步状语从句时也可用no matter what替换。如：
Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well. （引导主语从句）
凡是值得做的事， 都值得做好。
Do whatever you want. (引导宾语从句)
你想做什么就做什么。
Whatever (No matter what) you say, I will post the letter. (引导让步状语从句)
无论你说什么， 我都要把这封信寄出去。
[真题再现] It is generally considered unwise to give a child ______ he or she wants. (NMET 1997)
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
[点拨] 选B。whatever在此引导宾语从句作give的宾语，它同时在从句中作wants的宾语。
必修4 Unit2 Working the land 重难点解析
1. Although he is one of China’s most famous scientists, Yuan Longping works the land to do his research. (Reading)
此句中work为及物动词，意为“耕种（土地）”。如：
They are working the land together. 他们一起在田间耕作。
work作及物动词，还有“使工作；开动；创造（奇迹）；经营（工厂、农场等）”等意；作不及物动词，意为“工作；（机器等）开动；（办法、计划等）行得通”等。如：
He works his employees long hours. 他使他的员工长时间地工作。
Do you know how to work this machine 你知道怎样开动这台机器吗？
This shows that man can work wonders. 这说明人类可以创造奇迹。
I don’t think that your suggestion will work. 我认为你的建议行不通。
2. So he gives millions of yuan to equip others for their research in agriculture. (Reading)
equip为及物动词，在此作“使有能力；使有资格；赋予”解。该词本意为“装备；配备”，后接宾语+介词for或with短语。如：
We must equip the army for the modern war. 我们必须装备军队打现代化战争。
Our library is well equipped with modern facilities. 我们的图书馆装备着现代化的设施。
A college degree made him well equipped for teaching. 大学文凭使他完全有资格任教。
Your training will equip you for your future job. 你受过的训练将能够使你胜任将来的工作。
3. Now Dr Yuan has another dream: to export his rice so that it can be grown all over the world. (Reading)
此句中another作形容词，指不定范围的“另一个的，又一”，后加单数可数名词；但若another后跟few或数词时，则与复数名词连用。another也可作代词，表示“另一个”。如：
There’s another thing I want to tell you. 我还有一件事想告诉你。
There’s room for another few people in the back of the bus. 公共汽车后面还能坐下几个人。
I don’t like this one; please show me another. 我不喜欢这个，请另拿一个给我看看。
4. When farmers use this kind of natural fertilizer they keep the air, soil and water as well as the food supply free from chemicals. (Using Language)
free from意为“没有；不受……损害的”。如：
a city free from thieves无贼的城市 a day free from wind 无风的一天
You are free from blame. 你没有过错。 I am free from care. 我没有烦恼。
This house is free from flies. 这个房子没有苍蝇。
点击-ing形式作宾语
1. It’s hard to imagine ______ anywhere else but here.
A. live B. to live C. living D. to living
此题选C。英语中，有些动词（短语）一般跟-ing形式作宾语，而不用不定式作宾语。这类动词（短语）包括：advise, allow, avoid, consider(考虑), enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, mind, miss, practise, risk, suggest , feel like, insist on 等。
2. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time ______ the exam.
A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing
此题选D。have a hard time (in) doing意为“费了很大劲做”，-ing形式作介词的宾语。此句中省略了介词in，增加了试题的难度。类似的结构还有：
spend ... (in) doing花费……做
have difficulty / trouble (in) doing 做……有困难
stop / prevent ... (from) doing阻止……做 waste time (in) doing浪费时间做
excuse ... (for) doing原谅……做 be busy (in) doing 忙于做
3. She looks forward every spring to _____ the flower-lined garden.
A. visit B. paying a visit C. walk in D. walking in
此题选D。许多含有to 的短语动词中的to为介词，其后若跟动词，应用其-ing形式作宾语。这类短语有：look forward to, be (get) used to（习惯于）, devote ... to ..., lead to, pay attention to, prefer ... to ... , stick to 等。
4. —The light in the office is still on. —Oh, I forgot ____.
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
此题选C。有些动词既可跟-ing形式也可跟不定式作宾语，但含义不同。如：
（1）forget , remember 后跟-ing形式表示已发生的动作，跟不定式表示未发生的动作。
（2）try to do 尽力做； try doing 试着做
（3）go on to do 接着做（另一件事）； go on doing 继续做（原来在做的事）
（4）mean to do 打算做； mean doing 意味着
（5）can’t help to do 不能帮助做； can’t help doing 禁不住做
（6）stop to do 停下来去做； stop doing停止做
5. —What do you think of the book
—Oh, excellent. It’ s worth ______ a second time.
A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read
此题选C。be worth后常跟-ing形式的主动式作宾语，表示被动意义。
6. This sentence needs ______.
A. a improvement B. improve C. improving D. improved
此题选C。need后常跟-ing形式的主动式或不定式的被动式，表示被动意义。该句相当于This sentence needs to be improved.
必修4 Unit2 Working the land 单元重点辅导
一、日常口语突破
建议与应答
①—How about going out for a walk after class？下课后出去散步好吗？
—I’d prefer to stay at home because it is raining. 因天下雨，我宁愿呆在家里。
②—Would you rather go to the movie tonight with us 你愿意今晚和我们一起去看电影吗？
—I think I’d better look after my sick father at home. 我想最好还是在家照顾生病的父亲。
二、核心单词例析
1. struggle vi. & vt. 努力，拼搏，斗争
struggle to do sth (=make great efforts to do sth.)努力做某事
…he has struggled for the past five decades to help them.他在过去50年来一直在努力帮助他们。
She struggled to keep back the tears. 她努力忍住泪水。
搭配：struggle for争夺；struggle with /against同……斗争
2. equip vi. & vt. 使(某人)具备条件；装备，配备
(1)equip sb. for/to do sth.使某人具备做某事的条件，使某人能够做某事
Your training will equip you for your future job. 你的训练使得你能够胜任将来的工作。
Your education will equip you to earn a good living. 你受的教育能够使你能谋上好生计。
(2)equip…with…用……装备……
He equipped his bike with a head light. 他给自行车装上了前灯。
We should equip our children with a good education. 我们应让孩子应到良好的教育。
3. confuse vt. 使某人迷惑；把某事搞乱
They confused me by asking so many questions. 他们提了一大堆问题上，把我弄糊涂了。
Her unexpected arrival confused all our plans. 她的突然到来把我们的计划全打乱了。
Don’t confuse Austria with /and Australia. 不要把奥地利和澳大利亚弄混了。
比较：confused感到迷惑的；confusing令人迷惑的
4. reduce vt. 减少, 缩小, 简化
He is trying to reduce expenses. 他正试图减少开支。
We must gradually reduce the wage gap. 我们必须缩小工资差别。
同义：bring down, cut, cut down 降低，削减
5. supply n.& vt. 供应，补给
We have a good supply of water here. 我们这里供水充足。
The water supply to the room failed. 这个房间的供水中断了。
We supply the market with fruits and vegetables. 我们为市场提供水果和蔬菜。
We supply power to the three nearby towns. 我们对附近的三个城镇提供电力。
注：作名词时一般是不可数名词，但有修饰语时可加不定冠词；另外，表示“供应品，日用品”等时常用复数。如medical supplies医疗用品，office supplies办公用品。
6. whatever
(1)引导让步状语从句 (=no matter what)
Whatever you say, I won’t believe you. 无论你说什么，我都不信。
You have to go on, whatever difficulties you meet. 不管你碰到什么困难，你都要继续干。
(2)引导名词性从句[=any (thing) (that)]
Whatever she did was right. 凡是她所做的都是正确的。
One should stick to whatever one has begun. 应当持之以恒。
真题：The poor young man is ready to accept ______help he can get. (全国)
A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whenever
解析：因选项B和D不能作定语，应排除；没有选择范围，排除选项A；选C，whatever＝any(任何)。
7. export vi. & vt. 输出，出口
We export rice but import wheat. 我们出口稻米，但进口小麦。
Our factory exports to Southeast Asia. 我厂向东南亚出口产品。
8. suitable adj. 合适的，适当的，相配的
This toy is not suitable for young children. 这个玩具不适合小小孩玩。
I don’t think she is suitable for the job. 我认为她不适合这个工作。
This wine is not suitable to my taste. 这酒不合我的胃口。
同义：be suitable for =be fit for适合
三、关键短语精讲
1. born into…family (由于)出生于……的家庭
Born into a poor farmer’s family in 1931…袁博士1931年出生于一个贫苦农民家庭
Born into a poor peasant family, he couldn’t go to college. 由于出生在贫苦农民家庭，他没能上大学。
2. graduate from 毕业于
Dr Yuan graduated from Southwest Agriculture College. 袁博士毕业于西南农业大学。
注：表示毕业于某专业，用in。如：
He graduated in law from Oxford. 他毕业于牛津大学法律系。
3. thanks to (=because of) 由于，多亏
Thanks to your help, we were successful. 由于你的帮助，我们成功了。
Thanks to you, I was saved from drowning. 幸亏你，我才没淹死。
4. rid…of…使……摆脱……(讨厌或不想要的)
Thanks to his research, the UN is trying to rid the world of hunger. 由于他的研究，联合国正在使世界摆脱饥饿。
You should rid yourself of that bad habit. 你应改掉那个坏习惯。
5. be satisfied with 对……感到满意/满足
I’m very satisfied with you. 我对你很满意。
I’m not at all satisfied with the present situation. 我对目前的情况一点都不满意。
6. care about感兴趣，关心
He also doesn’t care about being famous. 他对成名也毫不在意。
The only thing he cares about is money. 他唯一关心的只是金钱。
7. lead a…life过着……的生活
He didn’t want to lead an empty life.他不想过空虚的生活。
They lead an easy life (=a life of ease).他们过着舒服的日子。 注：其中的lead也可用live替换。
8. would rather宁愿
(1)表示宁愿做某事，直接接动词原形。注意否定式、疑问式及其回答。
He would rather keep time for his hobbies. 他宁愿把时间花在自己业余爱好上。
I’d rather not go there.我宁愿不去那里。
－Wouldn’t you rather live in the country 你不愿住农村？
－No, I wouldn’t. I’d rather live here.是的。我宁愿就住在这里。
(2)表示“宁愿做……不愿做……”，后接than (do) sth.。
I’d rather stay at home than go. 我宁愿呆在家里也不愿去。
(3)后接从句，从句谓语动词用一般过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成时表示过去。
I’d rather you came tomorrow than today. 我宁愿你明天来，不要今天来。
I’d rather you hadn’t done that. 我真希望你没做过那事。
真题：To enjoy the scenery, Irene would rather spend long hours on the train ______ travel by air. (广西)
A. as B. to C. than D. while
解析：因would rather do A than do B是固定句型，故选C。
9. refer to
(1)指的是，指……而言(mean)；与……有关(concern)
You know who I am referring to. 你知道我指的是谁。
(2)提到，谈及，说起(mention, speak of)
I promised not to refer to the matter again. 我答应过再也不提这事了。
(3)查阅，参考，征询(turn to /look at…for information)
You may refer to your notes if you want. 如果需要，可以查阅笔记。
(4)提交(处理)，使(某人)找 (send to…for decision /help)
You should refer this matter to an expert. 你应把此事交给专家处理。
10. insist on坚决主张，一定要(后接doing)
He insisted on my going with him.他坚持要我跟他一起去。
I insist on seeing it. 我一定要见到它。
注：insist表示“坚决主张，坚决要求”时，后面的that从句的谓语要用“(should+)动词原形”；但表示“坚持认为”时，用直陈语气。请比较：
She insisted that he was wrong. 她坚持认为他错了。
He insisted that we (should) accept these gifts. 他一定要我们收下这些礼物。
真题：The man insisted______ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. (江苏)
A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding
解析：因为insist后接on doing sth.，故选C。
11. with /in the hope of怀着……的希望
I called in the hope of finding you at home. 我去看你是希望你在家的。
12. used to 过去常常(现在已不是如此了)
He used to walk to his rice fields twice a day, but now he prefers to ride his motorcycle. 他过去一天两次走着去稻秒田，但现在他更喜欢骑摩托车去。
He is not what he used to be. 他已不是旧日的他了。
You used to live in London, usedn’t /didn’t you 你过去是住伦敦的，是吧
比较：be/get used to (doing) sth. 习惯于(做)某事
You must get used to getting up early. 你必须习惯于早起。
13. (be) rich in盛产，丰富
The country is rich in oil and coal. 这个国家石油和煤资源丰富。
This is a play rich in humour. 这是一部富于幽默的戏剧。
Please try to make your speech rich in humour. 尽量使你的发言富于幽默。
四、重要句型详解
1. 倍数＋as…as…
Using his hybrid rice farmers are producing harvests twice as large as before. 用他的杂交水稻种子，农民们种出比以前多一倍的粮食。
This book is three times as thick as that one. 这本书的篇幅是那本书的三倍厚。
注：表示倍数还可用“倍数＋比较级＋than”或“倍数＋the＋名词＋of”。如：
This book is three times thicker than that one.
This book is three times the thickness of that one.
真题：It is re ported that the United States uses ______ energy as the whole of Europe. (广西)
A. as twice B. twice much C. twice much as D. twice as much
解析：因题干中有as，选项中有twice(两倍)，可见是考查用as…as表示倍数的结构，故选D。
2. not all…并非所有的(部分否定)
Not all students enjoy working in the fields. 并非所有的学生都喜欢到田间劳动。
Not all men can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.) 并非人人都能当头头。
注：(1)all…not易误解为“所有都不”，其实与not all同义。(2)下列句子也是部分否定：
Both (the) windows are not open. 两扇窗子并不都开着。
Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这本书。
He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤。
3. 疑问词+do you think+宾语从句的其余部分
do you think / believe / suppose / imagine / say / suggest / guess / consider等后面接一个由疑问词引导的宾语从句时，通常要将疑问词提到句首，构成复杂疑问句：疑问词＋do you think＋宾语从句的其余部分？
What do you think would happen if tomorrow there was suddenly no rice to eat 你认为要是明天突然没有大米吃，会发生什么事呢？
Why do you think Jane Goodall went to Africa to study chimps rather than to a university 你认为简·古多尔为什么去非洲研究黑猩猩而不去大学？
真题：Mum is coming. What present _____for your birthday (福建)
A. you expect she has got B. you expect has she got
C. do you expect she has got D. do you expect has she got
解析：因为是疑问句，排除选项A和B；do you expect后是宾语从句，只是其中的what present提到了句首，其语序与陈述句语序相同，排除选项D；故选C。
五、课文难句剖析
1. He wants everyone to call him a farmer, for that's how he regards himself.
剖析：本句是并列句，for是表示原因的并列连词；for分句中有一个how引导的表语从句，意为“他就是这样看待自己的”。
译文：他让大家叫他农民，因为他也是这样看待自己的。
2. In 1974, he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output.
剖析：that has a high output是定语从句，修饰rice，即“高产的水稻”；to grow rice that has a high output是不定式短语作定语，修饰agricultural pioneer，即“种植高产水稻的农业先锋”；值得一提的是，在序数词后作定语，通常只用动词不定式。
译文：1974年他成为世界上第一位种植高产水稻的农业先锋。
六、语法知识归纳
1. 动名词作主语
(1)谓语动词用单数
Wishing for things costs nothing. 愿望是不花本钱的。
(2)有时用形式主语，且多用于一些固定句式中。
It’s no use worrying about it.发愁没有用。
It’s useless arguing(=to argue) with them. 跟他们争辩徒劳无益。
It’s no good waiting here.在这里等没有用。
Do you think it's worthwhile quarrelling with me 你认为和我吵值得吗
It is hopeless arguing about it.为此争论毫无用处。
(3)有时用被动式。
It’s fun being taken to the Zoo. 被带去逛动物园很有意思。
Being lost can be a terrifying experience. 迷路有时很可怕。
(4)前面有时用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格做逻辑主语。
It’s a waste of time your talking to him. 你和他谈话是白费时间。.
Jenny’s not going to college is her one regret. 杰妮没上过大学是她感到遗憾的事。
真题：______ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. (上海)
A. The president will attend B. The president to attend
C. The president attended D. The president’s attending
解析：因gave是句子的谓语动词，前面应是主语；用名词所有格加动名词作主语，选D。句意是：总统亲自来参加会议对他们是极大的鼓舞。
2. 动名词作宾语
(1)牢记只能接动名词，不接不定式的动词、短语或句型
动词：allow, permit(允许), consider(考虑), suggest, advice(建议), keep(on)(反复，不停), finish(完成), imagine(想象), practise(练习), understand(明白), appreciate, enjoy(喜欢), miss(错过; 怀念), prevent(阻止), forbid(禁止), escape(避免), include(包括), deny(否认), forgive, pardon, excuse(原谅), dislike(厌恶), discuss(讨论), report(报道), admit(承认), mind(介意), risk(冒险), delay, postpone (推迟)等。
短语：put off(推迟), can’t stand(不能忍受), burst out(突然开始), feel like(想要), insist on(坚持), give up(放弃), be busy(忙于), be worth(值得), succeed in(在某方面成功), look forward to(盼望), devote…to /be devoted to(致力于), be/get used to(习惯), lead to(导致), get down to(开始认真), pay attention to(注意), refer to(谈到), point to(指向), turn to(转向), object to(反对), equal to(等于, 能胜任), belong to(属于)等。
句型：spend…in doing 在做某事方面花费
prevent /stop /keep…from doing 阻止……做……
How /What about doing sth. 做……怎么样？
have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing 在做某事方面有些困难
have a hard time in doing sth. 做某事很艰难
there is no sense in doing 做……是没有道理的
(2)牢记接动名词和接不定式意义差别很大的动词或短语
①remember to do(记住去做)，remember doing(记得做过)
②forget to do(忘记去做)，forget doing(忘记做过)
③regret to do (遗憾地做)，regret doing(后悔做了)
④mean to do(打算做)，mean doing(意味着)
⑤stop to do(停下来去做)，stop doing(停止做)
⑥try to do(设法做)，try doing(试做)
⑦go on to do(接着做另一事)，go on doing(继续做同一事)
⑧can’t help to do(不能帮助做)，can’t help doing(情不自禁做)
⑨sb. need /want /require to do(需要/想要/要求做某事), sth. need /want /require doing (=to be done) (某物需要做某事)等。
真题：(1)I really can’t understand ______ her like that. (2005安徽)
A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating
解析：因understand要接动名词作宾语，you是treating的逻辑主语，故选D。
(2)Victor apologized for ______to inform me of the change in the plan. (2004上海春)
A. his being not able B. him not to be able
C. his not being able D. him to be not able
解析：for是介词，要接动名词，排除B和D；动名词的否定式是在其前面加not，故选C。
(3)The discovery of new evidence led to ______. (上海)
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief
C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
解析：因lead to中的to是介词，要接动名词，排除B和D；逻辑主语the thief与catch是被动关系，所以用动名词的被动式，故选C。
(4) When asked by the police, he said that he remembered ______at the party, but not______. (北京)
A. to arrive; leaving B. to arrive; to leave C. arriving; leaving D. arriving; to leave
解析：由语境可知，是表示“记得曾经做过某事”，用remember doing，另外but not是与前面并列
的，都作remember的宾语，所以都用动名词，故选C。
七、背景知识介绍
现代农业：中国的传统农业数千年来变化不大。大多数的土地都是由单个家庭来耕作，尽管中国是个大国，但只有7%的土地能用来耕作。从二十世纪九十年代初开始，科学家们就开始开发新技术，而不破坏环境来增加农业产量。未来的农业既要依靠传统方法又要依靠高科技，不仅食物产量重要而且也要爱护环境。
中国农民最大的问题是缺少可耕作的土地，中国科学家们用最新的技术在温室里种蔬菜，这些蔬菜的根不是种在泥土里，而是悬挂在容器的水中。今天，许多蔬菜不是种在菜地，而在种在温室里了，不受风、雨和昆虫的破坏，温度由电脑来控制。
必修4 Unit3 A taste of English humor 单元重点辅导
一、日常口语突破
情 感
(1)— What do you think of the lecture 你认为那讲座如何呀？ — How wonderful. 好极了。
(2)— The party is so fun. 晚会是那么有趣。 — I’m pleased you are amused at it. 很高兴你被它逗乐了。
二、核心单词例析
1. astonish vt 使惊讶(= surprise sb. greatly)
The earthquake astonished the whole country. 这次地震震惊了全国。
辨析：astonishing adj.令人震惊的；astonished adj.感到惊呀的
2. particular 非一般的，特别的，特殊的
He left for no particular reason. 他无缘无故就走了。
To Jane, her diary is a particular friend. 对简来说，日记是她的特殊朋友。
搭配：in particular =especially特别是
3. entertain vt. & vi. 使欢乐, 招待, 款待
We were all entertained by his humorous stories. 他的幽默故事使我们大家都很开心。
They often entertained their friends at weekends. 他们常在周末招待朋友。
I don’t entertain very often. 我不常在家请客.
派生：entertaining adj. 使人愉快的，有趣：his entertaining silent movies他那逗乐的无声电影，an entertaining story/guess一个有趣的故事/客人。
4. throughout prep. 遍及, 贯穿adv. 到处, 始终, 全部
It rained throughout the night. 雨下了一整夜。
I watched the film and cried throughout. 我看那个电影时从头哭到尾。
5. failure n.失败(不可数)；失败的经历，失败的人或事(可数)
Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。
I became successful after many failures. 在多次失败后，我终于成功了。
She was a failure as a manager. 她是一个不称职的经理。
6. overcome v. 克服，战胜(defeat)；找到解决……的办法)
He has overcome the bad habit of smoking. 他改掉了吸烟的坏习惯。
After hours of hard working, they overcame the difficulty. 经过几个小时的努力，他们终于把这难题解决了。
搭配：be overcome with /by因……不能自持
He was overcome by the heat. 他热得受不了。
7. fortunate adj. 幸运的，交好运的(=lucky)
He is a fortunate man (=a lucky dog). 他是个幸运的人。
I was fortunate to have a good teacher. 我很幸运，有位好老师。
派生：fortunately adv.幸好(=luckily常置于句首)；unfortunate adj. 不幸的(=unlucky) ；unfortunately adv. 不幸的是(=unluckily)；fortune n. 运气，财富，巨款
8. mouthful n. 一口, 满口
I’m so full I couldn’t eat another mouthful. 我吃得太饱了，一口也不能多吃了。
He took a mouthful of fresh air. 他吸一口新鲜空气。
注：不要因以ful结尾而误以为是形容词，这类名词还有handful(一把)等。
9. direct vt. & vi. 导演，指示, 指挥adj. 直接的adv. 直接地
Chaplin directed the film. 卓别林导演这部电影。
He took a direct flight to New York. 他直飞纽约。
We flew direct from London to New York. 我们直接从伦敦飞到纽约。
10. outstanding adj. 突出的, 杰出的，显著的
She is an outstanding actress. 她是一个杰出的演员。
He has many outstanding gifts. 他多才多艺。
12. sense n. 官能，感觉，理性vt. 感觉到，理解
She has no sense of time. 她没有时间观念。
He has a good sense of smell. 他的嗅觉很灵敏。
Your brother has a good sense of humor. 你兄弟很有幽默感。
The dog sensed that I was afraid. 这只狗感觉到我害怕了。
三、关键短语精讲
1. be content(=satisfied) with…/to do…对……感到满意/满足的
He was content with his work. 他对自己的工作很满意。
The old man seems content to live here. 这个老人似乎很乐意住在这里。
注：content是表语形容词，若需作定语，可用contented，如a contented person /smile心满意足的人/微笑。
2. badly off 穷的，缺少的，处境差
比较级：worse off境况更差，更穷困
反义词：well off富裕，处境好(比较级：better off)
I am quite badly off recently. 最近我经济上很拮据。
His health is worse off than before. 他的身体比以前更糟糕。
He is quite well off, I hear. 我听说他相当富裕。
He is much better off than I am. 他的日子比我宽裕得多。
注：well-to-do life或a better-off life小康生活；well-off family小康之家
3. pick out挑选出，认出，弄懂
Please pick out the books that you’d like to read. 请把你想看的书选出来。
Can you pick out your sister in this crowd 你能在这人群中认出你姐姐来吗？
The box was so dirty that we couldn’t pick out the directions on the label. 盒子太脏，我们看不清标签上的说明。
真题：This picture was taken a long time ago. I wonder if you can ________my father. (湖北)
A. find out B. pick out C. look out D. speak out
解析：表示从人群中“辨认出”，用pick out，故选B。
4. cut off切断，割下；隔开，断绝；停止供应
Mind you don’t cut your fingers off. 小心别切断手指头。
She feels very cut off living in the country. 她感到生活在乡间很闭塞。
Our water supply has been cut off. 我们断水了。
真题：He was in hospital for six months. He felt as if he was ______from the outside world. (安徽)
A. cut out B. cut off C. cut up D. cut through
解析：表示与外界“隔绝”，用cut off (from…)，故选B。
5. star in 主演，在……中担任主角
She has starred in some thirty films. 她主演过大约三十部影片。
6. knock into撞上，撞见
The boy knocked into her. 那个男孩撞到了她身上。
I knocked into an old friend of mine in the park. 我昨天在公园里碰见一位老朋友。
7. bump into 碰上，偶遇，邂逅(= meet sb. /sth. by chance)
I bumped into an old friend of mine in the street yesterday.我昨天在街上遇到一个老朋友。
The bus bumped into the car in front.巴士撞上了前面那辆汽车。
8. in search of 寻找，寻求
They came here in search of new markets for their products. 他们来此为他们的产品寻找新市场。
They started off at once in search of (=in their search for) the missing girl. 他们立刻动身寻找那个失踪的女孩。
注：若名词search前有物主代词或冠词等限定词时，多用介词for。
9. be/get caught in a rain / traffic jam遇上雨/交通阻塞
We got caught in the storm. 我们碰上暴雨了。
Caught in a rain, he was wet all over. 淋到了一场雨，他全身都湿了。
I was caught in the traffic jam. That’s why I was late. 我遇上阻车了，这就是我迟到的原因。
10. as if = as though 好像 似乎
as if 引导状语或表语从句时，从句内容若是事实用陈述语气，若不是事实就用虚拟语气(be一般用were)。如：
She talked to me in such a way as if we were sisters. 她那样对我说话，就好像我们是姐妹一样。
He opened his mouth as if (he was) to speak. 他张开嘴好像要说话。
四、重要句型详解
1. all(指事物)+定语从句
指事物的all后只能由that引导定语从句；all后接定语从句时常常有这样两个意思：the only thing或everything。如：
…and all there is to eat is a boiled shoe. 身边所有能吃的东西只是一只煮了的鞋子。
He took all there was. 他把所有的都拿去了。
All I want is peace and quiet. 我所要的只是安宁。
2. I will be better off if…要是……我的境况就更好了。
I will be better off if I have enough money because I can buy a computer for my lessons. 我要是有钱，我的境况就更好了，因为我可以买台电脑来做功课。
五、课文难句剖析
1. Do you find it funny to see someone sliding on a banana skin, bumping into someone else round a corner, or falling down a hole in the road
剖析：(1)句中find 后的it为形式宾语, 形容词funny是宾补，不定式to see…in the road为真正的宾语；(2)作主语的不定式中有see sb. doing句型，sliding…bumping…falling三个现在分词短语都作someone的补足语；(3)要明白三个词的意思：bump into撞到，碰上；around the corner在拐角处；fall down掉下，倒下。
译文：你看到有人被香蕉皮滑倒，或看到有人在拐角处撞到另外一个人，或看到有人掉进路边一个洞里时，你会觉得滑稽可笑吗
2. However, some actors can astonish us with the deep feelings they can inspire in us for a character they are playing.
剖析：(that) they can inspire in us是定语从句，修饰the deep feeling，意为“在我们身上鼓动起来的深深情感”；(that) they are playing也是定语从句，修饰a character，意为“因为/用他们所演的角色”。inspire…in sb. 鼓动起/激起/唤起某人的……
译文：然而，有些演员能用他们所演的角色在我们身上鼓动起来的深深情感震撼我们。
3. He played a poor and homeless person, who wore large trousers, worn-out shoes and a small round black hat and carried a walking stick.
剖析：这是个长句，who引导一个较长的非限制性定语从句； a small round black hat中的hat前有“大小+形状+颜色”三个形容词作定语，在英语中多个形容词修饰名词时的顺序是：描绘+大小(长短，高低)+形状+年龄(新旧)+颜色+国籍或产地+物质材料+用途+名词。
译文：他扮演的是一位穷苦的无家可归的人，穿着大裤子，破鞋子，头顶着黑色的小圆帽，手里拿着一根手杖。
六、语法知识归纳
1. 动词-ing形式作表语
(1)动名词作表语，说明主语的内容，指一般性、经常性的动作。如：
His job is teaching English. 他的工作是教英语。(可以说成Teaching English is his job.)
(2)现在分词作表语，相当于形容词，说明主语的性质；可有比较形式，亦可被very等副词所修饰。如：
He was very amusing. 他很有趣。
Skiing is more exciting than skating. 滑雪比溜冰更刺激。
2. 动词-ing形式作定语
(1)动名词作定语表示所修饰名词的功能；被修饰的名词与动名词没有逻辑上的主谓关系；可用“名词+for+动名词”来表达；动名词通常只能位于所修饰的名词前。如：
a swimming pool (=a pool for swimming) 游泳池
a walking stick (=a stick for walking) 手杖
(2)现在分词作定语表示性质、特征、状态或动作；被修饰的名词与现在分词在逻辑上有主谓关系；可换成定语从句来表达；单个的现在分词作定语，常置于被修饰的名词的前面；现在分词短语作定语，须置于被修饰名词的后面。如：
Nobody can stop the running horse (=the horse that is running). 没有人能阻止那匹奔马。(horse与running在逻辑上有主谓关系)
I know the man standing there (=who is standing there.). 我认识站在那儿的那个人。(the man与standing there在逻辑上有主谓关系)
3. 动词-ing形式用作宾语补足语。
(1)动词-ing形式用作宾语补足语，宾语与补足语有主动关系，表示“动作正在发生（即处于发生的过程中）”。如：
She caught them stealing her apples. 她撞见他们偷她的苹果。(them与stealing有主动关系；在“撞见”时，正在偷)
(2)试比较以下句子：
I saw the boy climb the wall. 我看见小孩爬墙。(强调爬墙这件事)
I saw the boy climbing the wall. 我看见小孩正在爬墙。(强调爬墙的情景)
七、背景知识介绍
查理-卓别林是著名的喜剧大师，他丰富的肢体语言使他在整个默片时代成为备受瞩目的风云人物，也是默片时代的巨星。他所创造出来的流浪汉夏洛特的形象是家喻户晓，他擅长塑造小人物，通过他们的遭遇来讽刺生活的现实。他的喜剧不但引人发笑，而且引人深思,有深刻的内涵。
1889年4月16日，卓别林诞生在英国伦敦的一个贫民区。他的父母都是喜剧演员，经常在伦敦的游艺场里演出。后来父母离异，生活十分贫苦。由于过度劳累，母亲染上了喉炎，卓别林五岁那年，母亲在一次演唱时，由于嗓音过于微弱，被观众哄下了舞台。管事灵机一动，让卓别林代替母亲演出，卓别林故意用沙哑的嗓子学妈妈唱歌，没想到观众却大为欣赏，报以热烈的掌声。此后，卓别林就开始了他用肢体演出的生涯。
1977年12月25日，喜剧大师卓别林在瑞士科西耶逝世。
人教新课标必修4 Unit4 Body language 考点点拨
Unit4 Body language 考点聚焦 真题再现
1. They will be meeting at a major hotel with local business people and people who represent the Chinese government. (Reading)
[考点] will be meeting是将来进行时，其构成形式为“will / shall be doing”，主要表示将来某时刻或某阶段内正在进行的动作，或在口语中表示预计即将发生或势必要发生的动作。
[真题再现] At this time tomorrow _______ over the Atlantic. (北京 2003)
A. we’re going to fly B. we’ll be flying C. we’ll fly D. we’re to fly
[点拨] 选B。根据时间状语at this time tomorrow可知， 应用将来进行时。
2. Four people enter looking around in a curious way. (Reading)
[考点] curious 意为 “好奇的，感兴趣的”；be curious about 对……感到好奇。
[真题再现] Don’t be too ____ about things you are not supposed to know.
(上海 1998)
A. strange B. amusing C. curious D. conscious
[点拨] 选C。strange奇怪的； amusing好笑的，有趣的； curious 好奇的；conscious 感觉到， 有意识的。
3. You introduce them to each other, and are surprised by what you see. (Reading)
[考点] introduce 在此意为“介绍”；introduce sb. to sb. 把……介绍给……。 如：
Please allow me to introduce my teacher to you. 请允许我向你介绍我的老师。
introduce还可意为“引进；采用；投放”。如：
New methods were introduced into the factory to improve its products. 这家工厂引进了一些新的办法来改进其产品。
The company is introducing a new family saloon this year. 这家公司准备今年推出一种新型的家庭轿车。
[真题再现] When first ______ to the market, their products enjoyed great success. (2004 全国卷II)
A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced
[点拨] 选B。their products 与introduce之间构成逻辑上的被动关系，故用过去分词。
4. Not all cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable touching strangers or being too close or too far away. (Reading)
[考点] nor置于句首时，其后的句子要用倒装语序，常将助动词或连系动词提到主语之前，表示“……也不”。此时也可用neither。
[真题再现] Of the making of good books there is no end; neither ____ any end to their influence on man’s lives. (广东 2004)
A. there is B. there are C. is there D. are there
[点拨] 选C。 neither位于句首，句子要用倒装语序，可排除A、B；主语为any end，故谓语用单数。
5. Some body language is similar everywhere. (Using Language)
[考点] similar意为“相像的；相仿的；类似的”，常与介词to搭配，表示“与……相似/类似”。其副词为similarly，意为“同样地；相仿地”，常在句中作状语。
[真题再现] Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise. _______, our minds are developed by learning. (上海2000)
A. Probably B. Likely C. Similarly D. Generally
[点拨] 选C。 probably和likely表示可能性；generally表示总体概括，都不能过渡性连接“我们通过锻炼增强体质”与“我们通过学习开发思维”。两者有相似之处，应用similarly作评注性状语。
人教新课标必修四Unit 4典例精讲
经典题型
例1（2004年江苏）A man is being questioned in relation to the murder last night.
A.advised B.attended C.attempted D.admitted
思路解析
这道题考查过去分词作定语的用法，同时也是一个词义辨析题。advise 指“建议”，attend 为“参加;出席”，attempt 指“想要;企图”，admit指“承认”。根据句意“那个正在被质问的男人与昨晚的蓄意谋杀案相关”可知，the attempted murder是“故意杀人，蓄意谋杀”。答案： C
绿色通道
掌握过去分词作定语时和其所修饰的名词往往有被动或完成的含义。而现在分词作定语时和其所修饰的名词往往有主动的意味。
例2（2004年天津）It was not a serious illness，and she soon it.
A.got over B.got on with C.got around D.got out of
思路解析
get over 指“克服；熬过；（从疾病中）恢复”；get on with 为“继续做，在……有进展”； get around 指“到处走动；传播出去”；get out of 指“从……之中获救；避免”。结合题意，可知此处是指从病中恢复过来。答案：A
黑色陷阱
本题易错选D项。原因是未掌握 get over 有“从疾病中恢复”的意思，而对 get out of 望文生义。
绿色通道
掌握这些常用短语意思的区别是解题的关键。还有一些其他类似的常用动词短语也是常考内容。如 get 短语：get together（聚会），get along（进展;相处），get around （消息传开），get away （走开;逃走），get down to （开始认真做），get in （进来;收庄稼），get off （下车），get on （上车;进展），get over （克服;摆脱），get through （通过;做完）。
例3（2004年北京春季）We’re going to with some friends for a picnic.Would you like to join us
A.get in B.get over C.get along D.get together
思路解析
get in 为“进入;收获;陷入”；get over为“爬过;克服;熬过”； get along with为“与……相处”。根据前后语境，此处应用get together（聚会）。答案:D
黑色陷阱
本题容易错选C。错选的原因是get along with 是我们比较熟悉的短语，意思是“与……相处”，如果断章取义的理解题干，就会以为是“我们要和朋友友好相处”。
例4（2002年上海）The famous scientist grow up he was born and in 1930 he came to Shanghai.
A.when B.in which C.where D.wherever
思路解析
本题考查where 引导状语从句的用法，意为“在……地方”，该句意思是“这位著名的科学家在他出生的地方长大，1９３０年来到上海”。答案为C。
黑色陷阱
本题B项干扰很大。做这类题时，容易把状语从句当成定语从句，从而误选“介词＋which”代替where的情况。而where 引导状语从句时前面不需要先行词。
绿色通道
在做本题时，一定要注意状语从句和定语从句的区别。状语从句没有先行词引导，而定语从句必须要有先行词引导。掌握这个特点，遇到相似题型时就能迎刃而解。
例5（2003年上海）A story goes Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified gentlemen at court.
A.when B.where C.what D.that
思路解析
本题考查that引导的同位语从句，that 引导的从句修饰句子的主语 a story。答案：D
黑色陷阱
本题易错选C项。错选的原因是没有看出本句考查的是同位语从句，而把它当成宾语?从句。
绿色通道
要解对本题先要弄清楚同位语从句的含义。同位语从句用以解释、说明被修饰词的内容，常接同位语从句的词有：idea，fact，rumor，news，hope，belief，thought，problem，doubt，suggestion，fear等。that引导同位语从句时在从句中不充当成分，但不能省略。
例6（2004年上海春季）The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain as the plane was making a landing.
A.seat B.seating C.seated D.to be seating
思路解析
该题考查seat 的用法。seat 为及物动词，意为“使……坐”，当表示“坐着”的意思时，须用其过去分词seated。答案：C
黑色陷阱
本题最大的干扰项是选项B。因为要表示“飞机上的乘客在飞机着落的时候仍然坐着”，多数人首先想到的表示主动意义的现在分词。
绿色通道
在系动词后面要用过去分词作表语的有seat，locate，dress，lose，devote，hide等，平时加强记忆，解题时遇到这些词要多加注意。
例7（2004年湖北）What surprised me was not what he said but he said it.
A.the way B.in the way of C.in the way D.the way which
思路解析
此题考查way后接定语从句的关系词的选用问题。way作先行词时，关系词常有三种形式：（1）省略，（2）that,（3）in which。本题A选项符合要求。答案：A
黑色陷阱
本题易错选C项。错选的原因是没有掌握not ...but 结构要求后面所接的词是一致的，即not 后是名词，but 后也应是名词。本句中what he said 应看作名词结构，和but 后的the way 一致，所以in the way不合题意。
绿色通道
选对本题的关键是掌握way 在定语从句中作先行词的用法。way后接定语从句，若关系词在从句中作定语，用以上三种形式中的任何一种；若关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，则应用that/which。
例8（2004年甘肃）—Is there any rule as to how the people who are invited to the ball should be dressed
—No，not really.They can wear they like.
A.whatever B.wherever C.however D.whenever
思路解析
本题所选答案应作like 的宾语，whatever所引导的从句具有名词性，可在句中作宾语，其余三个选项在句中只能作状语。答案:A
黑色陷阱
做本题时会因为不理解“疑问词+ever”的句法功能而无所适从。解题时最忌把疑问词加ever理解为一类结构，即等同于no matter+疑问词。要知道whatever还可理解为something that/anything that，引出名词短语或从句。
绿色通道
whatever，whoever，whichever 等既可引导名词性从句，也可引导状语从句，引导状语从句时才可以转换成 no matter what/who/which...。
志鸿原创题
阅读短文，完成表格：
Tarawa is one of the two largest of the Gilbert Islands in the western Pacific Ocean，but it is a very tiny island，with an area of about eight square miles，and a population of about 17 000.Small as it is，three nations fought to control and use it as an air base during World War Ⅱ.The Japanese took it from the British in 1941，only to lose it to the Americans two years later after one of the bloodiest（血腥的）battles of the war.Today，the Gilbert Islands having become part of the Kiribati Republic，Tarawa is now its capital and major seaport.
Information about Tarawa
TIME CONTROLLER
1. 1941 British
After 1941 2.
3. Americans
参考答案： 1.Before 2.Japanese 3.From 1943
思路解析
阅读图表可知，左栏为时间，右栏为控制该岛的国家（形容词）。由此可见阅读的注意力要放在Tarawa所属关系的变化上。美国控制Tarawa的时间没有明确的表达，但是文章中提到Japanese took it from the British in 1941，only to lose it to Americans two years later,从本句中可以推断出美国统治的时间。
黑色陷阱
本题介词的使用最难的一处是空格3，如果我们没有太在意就会填1943。这并不是说其他几个时间用了介词，这里就必须用介词，而是因为from 1943与1943 所表达的概念不同。
绿色通道
解题时要注意题目同一范畴的内容表述方式一致，如空格2。并要学会从原文提供的信息中去推断。表达时要注意其准确性,如空格3。
志鸿巧学法园地
It的用法巧记歌诀
人称、指示和价值，
天气、时间和距离，
全用it来表示。
不定式、动名词、that句，
经常充当主、宾语，
it大胆来代替，
真正主、宾语后置。
it作用真不小，
还可用于强调句，
强调句子某一语，
构成it’s...that...句。
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