Module 8 Unit 2 Words (1)教学案（Welcome to-Reading）(江苏省盐城市)
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| 名称 | Module 8 Unit 2 Words (1)教学案（Welcome to-Reading）(江苏省盐城市) |  | |
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| 更新时间 | 2008-06-04 17:23:00 | ||
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Module 8 Unit 2 Words (1)教学案（Welcome to—Reading）
1.universal adj. 普遍的,公认的;宇宙的; universe n. 宇宙
a universal rule 普遍规律 a universal language 世界通用语言
Ex: Humor is a ________ ________.幽默是一种世界通用的语言。
_______ _______ _____ ______. 足球是全球性的运动_.
The _______ ________ in space. 宇宙存在于太空。
2.Witness n.目击者，证人，证据 Vt .& vi 目睹，目击，作证，说明
Eg A witness told the police how the fire started,
He witnessed the accident on the highway.
1).After the explosion, the policeman did a lot of work to find out some clues from the ____-
A. lookers-on B. viewers C. people D. witness
2).He witnessed to _____ ____ the thief _____ money from the shop.他作证见过这小偷从商店偷钱的事
3.star n. 星,明星 vt.由…担任主角；“用星（或星状物）装饰；加星号 (starred; starring)
Ex: 1) We know something about the play which ______ Wang Ji.
A. stars B. starring C. to star D. having starred
2)The pop ______will be ______ in the concert.
A. stars; stared B. stars; starred C. star; stared D. star; star
4.cast vt.及物动词 投；抛； n 投掷；阵容
I can't bear young people casting away their youth. 我无法忍受年轻人虚掷青春。
·The fisherman cast his net into the water. 渔民把网撒在水里。
5.marriage n结婚，婚姻 marry vt&vi与...结婚,结婚
1) Will you _____ _____ 你愿意和我结婚吗？
2) At present, I don't want to _____ ______. 目前, 我还不想结婚。
3) John _____ _____ ______ _____ Mary for two years.= John _____ _____ _____ Mary two years ago. 约罕与玛利结婚两年了.
6.correctly adv 正确地，恰当地 correct: adj. 正确的vt. 改correct mistakes 纠正错误
EX:____ _____ if _____ _____ _____. 要是我说错了, 就请指出来.
Is my _____ _____ 我的发音对吗？
7．be set in 以...为背景
set up 建立 set a rule 制定规则 set off引起，引爆；动身 set out着手;出发 set sail起航
set fire to 纵火：点燃或使燃烧 set about doing sth 开始干…
EX:1)The book ___ ___ ___ the 17th century Spain.这本书是以17世纪的西班牙为背景。
2) Mr Li made up his mind to devote all he had to ____ _____some school for poor children. A. set up B. setting up C. have set up B. having set
8．for the first time 第一次，首次，（时间状语）
the first time 第一次做某事的时候（引导时间状语从句）
all the time 始终 in time及时 on time 准时 at a time 一次 at one time 一度,曾经
Ex:1)_______ (第一次) I went abroad.I could hardly understand what the foreigners said.
2)This is ________ (第二次)that you have been late this week.
3)This is the first time she had been out with him alone.=This is the first time _____ her being out with him alone.
4)I saw the film ____________
9. take on 呈现出；雇佣,招收；开始从事, 承担（任务、职责）, 接受（角色、职位）
Her eyes took on a hurt expression 她的眼睛里流露出受委屈的神情
Ex:翻译下列句子：
The company is taking on new staff. _____________________
He is always ready to take on heavy responsibilities. __________________
Jackie Chen is going to take on the leading role in this movie.________________
10．be drunk with 醉心于...，对…痴迷，陶醉于…
He is drunk with success.他陶醉于成功之中。
Ex: translate:不要沉迷于网络。___________
They are drunk with making a fortune.____________
The _____ man was _____with joy.
A. drunk; drunken B. drunk; drink C. drink; drunk D. drunken; drink
11.dare vt/vi 敢,胆敢
1）dare用作实意动词时意为“敢于”，可以有各种词形变化，可用于各类句型(肯定句、否定句、疑问句及各类从句等)，其后多接带 to 的不定式，有时 to 也可省去(尤其是在否定句或疑问句)，可用于非谓语形式，完成时态等。
Eg She doesn't dare (to) meet her teacher's eyes. 她不敢与老师对视。
I wonder how he dares (to) say such things. 我纳闷他怎么竟敢说出这样的话来。
2）dare用作情态动词，后跟动词原形，主要用于疑问句、否定句和if或whether条件句之后。
Eg Dare you catch the mouse 你敢去抓那只老鼠吗？
I don’t know whether he dare try. 我不知他是否敢试一试。
【注】I dare say 是习惯说法(用于肯定句)，并不一定要译为“我敢说”，它所表示的是一种不肯定的语气，常译为“很可能”、“大概”、“我想”等，有时用作反语：
eg I dare say (that) you are right. 我想你是对的。
判断dare做为什么动词：He dares to speak in public. He dare speak in public.
情态动词dare可以有过去式dared，但也可以直接用dare表示过去式，或后接动词完成式：
I didn’t like their new house though I daren’t have said so.我不喜欢他们的新房子,虽然我没敢这样说过。
【注】dare后通常不接动词的进行式。
Ex: 1) The shy girl _____ dance before so many strangers, ______ she
A. daren’t ; does B. daren’t ; dare C. doesn’t dare ; dare D. dare not; dares
2) Nancy __________tell her parents the truth.
A dare not to B. dares not go and C doesn’t dare to go and D. doesn’t dares go
12.exercise control over 对、、、实施控制，控制
We should think of a way to exercise control over our expenses.
Ex: 1）The pilot _______ _______ ________ (失去控制)the plane.
2)She managed to ________ _______ _______(控制住)her car on the ice.
3)She may be old ,but she is still _____ _____ (掌管)
Ex:翻译1）He exercise his right as a citizen._____________
2）Teachers exercise authority over the students. ___________
3) You’d better do more ______to keep fit. Don’t always be busy at desks doing your maths _____
13. disturbing adj烦恼的，恼人的 disturb v. 扰乱,妨碍,使...不安
EX: I am sorry to ______ you, but would you mind going through the memo before I distribute it to the staff （抱歉打扰，你可不可以先看一看这传条，我再把它分发给员工？）
I am sorry to _____ your work but the Marketing Director is calling an urgent meeting in 30 minutes and wants you to attend.（很抱歉打断你的工作，可是市场总监三十分钟后会召开紧急会议，希望你出席。）
I am sorry to ______ your meeting, but there is an urgent long-distance call for Mr. Chow.（很抱歉打断你们的会议，但刚接到找周先生的紧急长途电话。）
14．terrify vt.恐吓，使感到恐怖
The thunderstorm terrified the child.大雷雨把这孩子吓坏了。
terrified adj.害怕的，吓坏了的
The animals were terrified by the storm.动物被风暴吓坏了
The children were terrified of being scolded.那孩子害怕挨骂。
EX: They _____ ______ ______ his sudden appearance.他的突然出现，把他们吓了一跳。
15.threaten v. 恐吓，威胁；预示、、、的凶兆；有、、、的危险
He threatened to make the phone public.
他恐吓说要把那张照片公开。
The heavy black clouds threaten a storm.乌云密布预示着暴风雨将到来。
The robber threatened me with a gun.
threaten sb with death用死威胁某人
threaten to do sth威胁要做谋事
Ex. 翻译：他扬言要辞职。______________
他没有威胁的意思。_____________
Threaten peace_________ Threaten sb with death____________
16. affection n n. 喜爱,感情,作用,影响 affect vt 影响,作用,感动
EX：To ____ a policy is to have an _____ on it. 影响一项政策就是对该政策具有一种影响。
The news did not ______ her at all. ＝ The news had no _____ on her at all. 这条消息对她没有一点影响。
The rescue team made every ______ to find the missing mountain climber.
A. force B. energy C. effort D. possibility
17. aloud adv 大声地
Eg Please read the text aloud. 请朗读一下课文。
Speak louder, please, or no one will hear you. 请大声些，否则没人能听见。
Suddenly the bell on the wall rang loudly. 突然，墙上的铃大声地响起来。
注意 ：aloud, loudly只能用作副词；loud既可作副词，也可用作形容词。当副词用时，loudly与loud一样用来说明声音的强度，意思是"高声地，喧噪地"，只是在动词后面loud比loudly更常用些。他们的反义是：quietly。
EX：1）Don't talk so ____ ---you'll wake the whole street. 别那么大声说话，你快把左邻右舍都吵醒了。
2）Someone knocked _____ at the door. 有人在大声敲门。
3）She has a very good pronunciation when she reads _____.她朗读时，发音很好。
18．condemn vt.判刑，处刑；声讨；谴责
Most people are willing to condemn violence of any sort as evil.
任何人都愿意把任何暴力行为视为恶行加以谴责。
Ex: The judge _______ him for fraud(欺骗). A. denounced B. condemned C. charged D. accused
A murderer ____ ____ _____ _____.一个杀人犯被判处死刑。
Answers: Module 8 Unit2 Words(welcome to the unit ---Reading)
1. Humor is a universal language; Football is a universal game. universe exists D having seen steal 3.A. B 5. 1) marry me 2) get married 3)has been married to 4)got married to
6．1) Correct me if I'm wrong. 2) pronunciation correct 7.1) is set in 2) B
8.The first time ; the second time; of ; for the first time
9.那家公司正在招人，你可以去试一试。；他总是乐于挑重担。；成龙将在这部影片中扮演主角。10.Don’t be drunk with network . 他们醉心于发财致富。 A
11.1) B 2) C(在英语中，dare一词可用作情态动词，其结构是：dare (not) do sth 敢(不敢)做某事,也可用作实义动词，其结构是：dare to do sth / don”t (doesn”t) dare to do sth由此可知，A的错误在于，在这里dare是情态动词，不能加to B的错误在于情态动词不能加s ,所以要去掉s C是正确的D的错误在于doesn’t 后面的dare要用原形，不能加s所以，正确答案是C )12. Lost control of; keep control of; in control 他行使公民权。；教师对学生进行管束。exercise exercises 13. disturb interrupt disrupt 14. were terrified by
15.He threatened to resign.; He doesn’t mean to threaten.; 威胁和平； 用死来威胁某人
16. affect effect ； affect effect ； C17. 1）loud (loudly) 2）loudly (loud) 3）aloud.
18. B was condemned to death
相关短语： exercise one’s right 行使权力
exercise authority over sb管束某人
相关搭配：be condemned to被宣告… be condemned to death被判死刑；
condemn sb for…因…而责备/指责某人
lose control of / be(get) out of control 失去控制
be in control of sth 在、、、控制下，指挥，管理某事物
under the control of 被、、、控制着
be under control抑制；控制
辨析：①aloud 强调发出的声音能被听见，意思为“出声地”或“大声地”，常用 read ， call，think 等动词连用。
②loud 意为“响亮地”、“大声”或“高声地”，侧重发出的音量大，传得远，一般多用来修饰 speak, talk, laugh 等动词。loud 还可用作形容词。
③loudly 意为“响亮地”，其基本意义与 loud 相同，还常与 ring ， knock 等动词连用。 loudly 放在动词前后均可，含有“喧闹”或“嘈杂”的意味。
一、marry sb表示\"嫁给某人；与......结婚\"。
二、be/get married to sb表示\"与某人结婚\"。
三、marry sb to sb表示\"父母把女儿嫁给某人\"或\"为儿子娶媳妇\"。
四、marry作不及物动词时，往往用副词或介词短语来修饰。
五、marry 一般不与介词with 连用。
六、若问某某是否结婚，而不涉及结婚的对象，可用be / get married的形式，相当于系表结构。
the North/polar star北极星 a shooting star 流星 a film/movie star 电影明星
an old film starring Charlie Chaplin 以…为主演
辨析：1.To disturb在这种情况下的用法，除了指『打扰人家』，也包含了『请求帮忙』的意思，不过这种忙不能太过份，只可以是小人情(favor)，不会占对方太多时间和精力。因为要打扰人家的工作，所以用to disturb的时候，必须先道歉后请求，而且态度要客气。
2.如果对方在进行重要的工作，不好意思打扰，但偏偏手上的事非常要紧，就可用to interrupt（打断）这个词，
3.To disrupt（中断）和to interrupt有相近的解释，但表示干扰的程度很大，对方差不多要把手上的工作完全放下来办求问者的事，
区别 affect 与 effect：①affect(影响，感动)通常只用作动词(及物)，而不用作名词。
②effect(影响) 通常只用作名词 (可数或不可数)，且主要用于have an effect (on) 这类结构；有时虽用作动词(及物)，但不表示“影响”，而表示“实现，而表示”或“产生”等，且通常以“改进”、“变化”之类的词作宾语。
③表示“影响”时，affect＝have an effect on： effort n. 努力 make every effort尽一切努力
1.universal adj. 普遍的,公认的;宇宙的; universe n. 宇宙
a universal rule 普遍规律 a universal language 世界通用语言
Ex: Humor is a ________ ________.幽默是一种世界通用的语言。
_______ _______ _____ ______. 足球是全球性的运动_.
The _______ ________ in space. 宇宙存在于太空。
2.Witness n.目击者，证人，证据 Vt .& vi 目睹，目击，作证，说明
Eg A witness told the police how the fire started,
He witnessed the accident on the highway.
1).After the explosion, the policeman did a lot of work to find out some clues from the ____-
A. lookers-on B. viewers C. people D. witness
2).He witnessed to _____ ____ the thief _____ money from the shop.他作证见过这小偷从商店偷钱的事
3.star n. 星,明星 vt.由…担任主角；“用星（或星状物）装饰；加星号 (starred; starring)
Ex: 1) We know something about the play which ______ Wang Ji.
A. stars B. starring C. to star D. having starred
2)The pop ______will be ______ in the concert.
A. stars; stared B. stars; starred C. star; stared D. star; star
4.cast vt.及物动词 投；抛； n 投掷；阵容
I can't bear young people casting away their youth. 我无法忍受年轻人虚掷青春。
·The fisherman cast his net into the water. 渔民把网撒在水里。
5.marriage n结婚，婚姻 marry vt&vi与...结婚,结婚
1) Will you _____ _____ 你愿意和我结婚吗？
2) At present, I don't want to _____ ______. 目前, 我还不想结婚。
3) John _____ _____ ______ _____ Mary for two years.= John _____ _____ _____ Mary two years ago. 约罕与玛利结婚两年了.
6.correctly adv 正确地，恰当地 correct: adj. 正确的vt. 改correct mistakes 纠正错误
EX:____ _____ if _____ _____ _____. 要是我说错了, 就请指出来.
Is my _____ _____ 我的发音对吗？
7．be set in 以...为背景
set up 建立 set a rule 制定规则 set off引起，引爆；动身 set out着手;出发 set sail起航
set fire to 纵火：点燃或使燃烧 set about doing sth 开始干…
EX:1)The book ___ ___ ___ the 17th century Spain.这本书是以17世纪的西班牙为背景。
2) Mr Li made up his mind to devote all he had to ____ _____some school for poor children. A. set up B. setting up C. have set up B. having set
8．for the first time 第一次，首次，（时间状语）
the first time 第一次做某事的时候（引导时间状语从句）
all the time 始终 in time及时 on time 准时 at a time 一次 at one time 一度,曾经
Ex:1)_______ (第一次) I went abroad.I could hardly understand what the foreigners said.
2)This is ________ (第二次)that you have been late this week.
3)This is the first time she had been out with him alone.=This is the first time _____ her being out with him alone.
4)I saw the film ____________
9. take on 呈现出；雇佣,招收；开始从事, 承担（任务、职责）, 接受（角色、职位）
Her eyes took on a hurt expression 她的眼睛里流露出受委屈的神情
Ex:翻译下列句子：
The company is taking on new staff. _____________________
He is always ready to take on heavy responsibilities. __________________
Jackie Chen is going to take on the leading role in this movie.________________
10．be drunk with 醉心于...，对…痴迷，陶醉于…
He is drunk with success.他陶醉于成功之中。
Ex: translate:不要沉迷于网络。___________
They are drunk with making a fortune.____________
The _____ man was _____with joy.
A. drunk; drunken B. drunk; drink C. drink; drunk D. drunken; drink
11.dare vt/vi 敢,胆敢
1）dare用作实意动词时意为“敢于”，可以有各种词形变化，可用于各类句型(肯定句、否定句、疑问句及各类从句等)，其后多接带 to 的不定式，有时 to 也可省去(尤其是在否定句或疑问句)，可用于非谓语形式，完成时态等。
Eg She doesn't dare (to) meet her teacher's eyes. 她不敢与老师对视。
I wonder how he dares (to) say such things. 我纳闷他怎么竟敢说出这样的话来。
2）dare用作情态动词，后跟动词原形，主要用于疑问句、否定句和if或whether条件句之后。
Eg Dare you catch the mouse 你敢去抓那只老鼠吗？
I don’t know whether he dare try. 我不知他是否敢试一试。
【注】I dare say 是习惯说法(用于肯定句)，并不一定要译为“我敢说”，它所表示的是一种不肯定的语气，常译为“很可能”、“大概”、“我想”等，有时用作反语：
eg I dare say (that) you are right. 我想你是对的。
判断dare做为什么动词：He dares to speak in public. He dare speak in public.
情态动词dare可以有过去式dared，但也可以直接用dare表示过去式，或后接动词完成式：
I didn’t like their new house though I daren’t have said so.我不喜欢他们的新房子,虽然我没敢这样说过。
【注】dare后通常不接动词的进行式。
Ex: 1) The shy girl _____ dance before so many strangers, ______ she
A. daren’t ; does B. daren’t ; dare C. doesn’t dare ; dare D. dare not; dares
2) Nancy __________tell her parents the truth.
A dare not to B. dares not go and C doesn’t dare to go and D. doesn’t dares go
12.exercise control over 对、、、实施控制，控制
We should think of a way to exercise control over our expenses.
Ex: 1）The pilot _______ _______ ________ (失去控制)the plane.
2)She managed to ________ _______ _______(控制住)her car on the ice.
3)She may be old ,but she is still _____ _____ (掌管)
Ex:翻译1）He exercise his right as a citizen._____________
2）Teachers exercise authority over the students. ___________
3) You’d better do more ______to keep fit. Don’t always be busy at desks doing your maths _____
13. disturbing adj烦恼的，恼人的 disturb v. 扰乱,妨碍,使...不安
EX: I am sorry to ______ you, but would you mind going through the memo before I distribute it to the staff （抱歉打扰，你可不可以先看一看这传条，我再把它分发给员工？）
I am sorry to _____ your work but the Marketing Director is calling an urgent meeting in 30 minutes and wants you to attend.（很抱歉打断你的工作，可是市场总监三十分钟后会召开紧急会议，希望你出席。）
I am sorry to ______ your meeting, but there is an urgent long-distance call for Mr. Chow.（很抱歉打断你们的会议，但刚接到找周先生的紧急长途电话。）
14．terrify vt.恐吓，使感到恐怖
The thunderstorm terrified the child.大雷雨把这孩子吓坏了。
terrified adj.害怕的，吓坏了的
The animals were terrified by the storm.动物被风暴吓坏了
The children were terrified of being scolded.那孩子害怕挨骂。
EX: They _____ ______ ______ his sudden appearance.他的突然出现，把他们吓了一跳。
15.threaten v. 恐吓，威胁；预示、、、的凶兆；有、、、的危险
He threatened to make the phone public.
他恐吓说要把那张照片公开。
The heavy black clouds threaten a storm.乌云密布预示着暴风雨将到来。
The robber threatened me with a gun.
threaten sb with death用死威胁某人
threaten to do sth威胁要做谋事
Ex. 翻译：他扬言要辞职。______________
他没有威胁的意思。_____________
Threaten peace_________ Threaten sb with death____________
16. affection n n. 喜爱,感情,作用,影响 affect vt 影响,作用,感动
EX：To ____ a policy is to have an _____ on it. 影响一项政策就是对该政策具有一种影响。
The news did not ______ her at all. ＝ The news had no _____ on her at all. 这条消息对她没有一点影响。
The rescue team made every ______ to find the missing mountain climber.
A. force B. energy C. effort D. possibility
17. aloud adv 大声地
Eg Please read the text aloud. 请朗读一下课文。
Speak louder, please, or no one will hear you. 请大声些，否则没人能听见。
Suddenly the bell on the wall rang loudly. 突然，墙上的铃大声地响起来。
注意 ：aloud, loudly只能用作副词；loud既可作副词，也可用作形容词。当副词用时，loudly与loud一样用来说明声音的强度，意思是"高声地，喧噪地"，只是在动词后面loud比loudly更常用些。他们的反义是：quietly。
EX：1）Don't talk so ____ ---you'll wake the whole street. 别那么大声说话，你快把左邻右舍都吵醒了。
2）Someone knocked _____ at the door. 有人在大声敲门。
3）She has a very good pronunciation when she reads _____.她朗读时，发音很好。
18．condemn vt.判刑，处刑；声讨；谴责
Most people are willing to condemn violence of any sort as evil.
任何人都愿意把任何暴力行为视为恶行加以谴责。
Ex: The judge _______ him for fraud(欺骗). A. denounced B. condemned C. charged D. accused
A murderer ____ ____ _____ _____.一个杀人犯被判处死刑。
Answers: Module 8 Unit2 Words(welcome to the unit ---Reading)
1. Humor is a universal language; Football is a universal game. universe exists D having seen steal 3.A. B 5. 1) marry me 2) get married 3)has been married to 4)got married to
6．1) Correct me if I'm wrong. 2) pronunciation correct 7.1) is set in 2) B
8.The first time ; the second time; of ; for the first time
9.那家公司正在招人，你可以去试一试。；他总是乐于挑重担。；成龙将在这部影片中扮演主角。10.Don’t be drunk with network . 他们醉心于发财致富。 A
11.1) B 2) C(在英语中，dare一词可用作情态动词，其结构是：dare (not) do sth 敢(不敢)做某事,也可用作实义动词，其结构是：dare to do sth / don”t (doesn”t) dare to do sth由此可知，A的错误在于，在这里dare是情态动词，不能加to B的错误在于情态动词不能加s ,所以要去掉s C是正确的D的错误在于doesn’t 后面的dare要用原形，不能加s所以，正确答案是C )12. Lost control of; keep control of; in control 他行使公民权。；教师对学生进行管束。exercise exercises 13. disturb interrupt disrupt 14. were terrified by
15.He threatened to resign.; He doesn’t mean to threaten.; 威胁和平； 用死来威胁某人
16. affect effect ； affect effect ； C17. 1）loud (loudly) 2）loudly (loud) 3）aloud.
18. B was condemned to death
相关短语： exercise one’s right 行使权力
exercise authority over sb管束某人
相关搭配：be condemned to被宣告… be condemned to death被判死刑；
condemn sb for…因…而责备/指责某人
lose control of / be(get) out of control 失去控制
be in control of sth 在、、、控制下，指挥，管理某事物
under the control of 被、、、控制着
be under control抑制；控制
辨析：①aloud 强调发出的声音能被听见，意思为“出声地”或“大声地”，常用 read ， call，think 等动词连用。
②loud 意为“响亮地”、“大声”或“高声地”，侧重发出的音量大，传得远，一般多用来修饰 speak, talk, laugh 等动词。loud 还可用作形容词。
③loudly 意为“响亮地”，其基本意义与 loud 相同，还常与 ring ， knock 等动词连用。 loudly 放在动词前后均可，含有“喧闹”或“嘈杂”的意味。
一、marry sb表示\"嫁给某人；与......结婚\"。
二、be/get married to sb表示\"与某人结婚\"。
三、marry sb to sb表示\"父母把女儿嫁给某人\"或\"为儿子娶媳妇\"。
四、marry作不及物动词时，往往用副词或介词短语来修饰。
五、marry 一般不与介词with 连用。
六、若问某某是否结婚，而不涉及结婚的对象，可用be / get married的形式，相当于系表结构。
the North/polar star北极星 a shooting star 流星 a film/movie star 电影明星
an old film starring Charlie Chaplin 以…为主演
辨析：1.To disturb在这种情况下的用法，除了指『打扰人家』，也包含了『请求帮忙』的意思，不过这种忙不能太过份，只可以是小人情(favor)，不会占对方太多时间和精力。因为要打扰人家的工作，所以用to disturb的时候，必须先道歉后请求，而且态度要客气。
2.如果对方在进行重要的工作，不好意思打扰，但偏偏手上的事非常要紧，就可用to interrupt（打断）这个词，
3.To disrupt（中断）和to interrupt有相近的解释，但表示干扰的程度很大，对方差不多要把手上的工作完全放下来办求问者的事，
区别 affect 与 effect：①affect(影响，感动)通常只用作动词(及物)，而不用作名词。
②effect(影响) 通常只用作名词 (可数或不可数)，且主要用于have an effect (on) 这类结构；有时虽用作动词(及物)，但不表示“影响”，而表示“实现，而表示”或“产生”等，且通常以“改进”、“变化”之类的词作宾语。
③表示“影响”时，affect＝have an effect on： effort n. 努力 make every effort尽一切努力