江苏省海门中学2008届高三英语考前讲话
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| 名称 | 江苏省海门中学2008届高三英语考前讲话 |  | |
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| 更新时间 | 2008-06-06 09:01:00 | ||
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江苏省海门中学2008届高三英语考前讲话
一、听力
1、加强“两读”，注意积累
“两读”指的是阅读和朗读。在阅读时，应有目的的选择难易适中的相关读物。同时尽量做到分类阅读，使题材和体裁多样化，避免单一的阅读。朗读，即出声的阅读。可以解决语音辨别能力低、语流连贯能力弱、不同口音辨析能力差等问题。另外，朗读还有利于语感的培养、词汇的积累和写作能力的提高。
2、把握特点，捕捉信息
英语听力测试在把握所听内容话题中心的同时，一定要注意对具体事实信息的把握。如话题所涉及的具体时间、地点、数字、人物等等。这些问题大多以When, where, who, what, why, how等疑问词开头。
3、掌握技巧，事半功倍
(1)放松心情，确定测试要点：听力测试的每段对话或讲话的考点都集中在一些主要信息和重要细节上。考生应该在时间运用方面有超前意识，充分利用有限时间扫视或快速浏览试卷上的问题以及选项，从而确定是考查事件细节(如地点、时间、数字、职业、身份关系)，还是考查标题、中心思想，并推测听力材料的可能意向。做到事先有思想准备，再有的放矢地听，这样在听录音时就可以集中主要精力去捕捉问题所涉及的相关信息。
(2)做好笔记，把握细节：在听力材料较长，干扰项也较多的情况下，学会边听边做笔记尤为重要。考生应该用自己熟悉的符号来速记，将诸如年、月、日、星期、钟点、年龄、价码等数字和关键词尽量记下，对于人名和地名可记下首字母或汉字，这些对于提高正确率大有帮助。
(3)注意特殊句型，把握关键词：考生要注意转折、让步、否定和虚拟语气的特殊句型以及时态的转换，把握说话者的真正意图。表转折的常见词是“but”，一般来说听者尤其要注意but后的意思，这是整句的主要部分。其他表转折和让步意义的词还有：though, although, even though, even if, in spite of, despite, unless, instead of, however及whatever(=no matter what)之类引导让步状语从句的表达法。表示否定意义的关键词、词组有：no, not, never, seldom, hardly, doubt, neither, too...to, little, few等。考生还应掌握虚拟语气的各种句型及在具体语境下的使用。
4、听清主题句，把握中心思想
从历届高考听力测试的情况来看，考查材料的中心思想是测试听力能力的重要内容。短文或独立的主题句往往出现在文章的句首，偶尔也出现在句中或句末。主题句往往是一篇听力材料的中心思想，文章中的其他内容都用来说明和发展主题句。如果考生从问题和选项中已看出该题测试点为主旨要义、标题、中心思想及作者观点等方面的问题，那么听清主题句就尤为重要。
二、单项填空
（一）单项填空的命题特点
1.重英语语言的基础知识的考查及运用，知识点多，覆盖面广。内容上主要涵盖：语法知识语法知识的情景交际，词汇知识，英语固定搭配和纯情景交际。
2.重点突出，强调考查动词的用法。此类题主要集中在时态、语态、非谓语动词、动词词组、词义辩析及情态动词等方面。
3.突出语境的作用，注重语言交际功能的考查，从而达到考查语言运用能力的目的。自99年以来，NMET的考查重点、从语言形式转向语意，不仅考查语法规则、固定搭配等语言知识，更重要的是考查语言知识在具体语境中的运用，且设置的语境自然、巧妙、新颖，而且内容来源于生活，反映实际生活。
4.增加了综合化因素。部分题目综合考查多个语法项目或交叉考查语言知识，增加了试题的灵活性和难度。
（二）NMET解题技巧及应试策略
1.把握题干所给语义信息，抓住关键词、句，提高语义题的得分率。题干中所提供的语义信息有时很明显，有时只能通过分析才能找到，考生务必仔细推敲。如：
（1）—Which of these two ties will you take
—I'll take ______, to give me a change sometimes.
A. either B. neither C. all D. both
注意题中所给信息：“two”和”give me a change sometimes” 答案为D.
（2）--Tom, you didn’t come to the party last night
--- I ___, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do. （2007全国卷（II）20题）
had to B. didn’t C. was going to D. wouldn’t
was/were going to表示“本来打算做某事”。 根据所提供的情景“but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.”可判断出本来打算去参加聚会， 但想起来有作业要做， 故选C. have to 为‘“不得不”；wouldn’t为“不愿意”
2.把握上下文的时间隐含
有时题干中没明确给出时间，而是隐含在上下文中，考生只有通过对题干所给信息的推断，才能选定正确的时态。如：
（1）--- Have you handed in your schoolwork yet
--yes, I have. I guess it ___ now. (2007 辽宁22题)
has graded B. is graded C. is being graded D. is grading
根据答句中的时间状语now可判断出要用现在进行时， 表示正在发生的事。 又根据schoolwork与grade的关系可确定用被动语态， 表示作业正在被批改， 所以选C.
(2) —How are the team playing
—They're playing well ,but one of them _______ hurt .
A. got B. gets C. are D. were
题干隐含信息有：比赛正在进行，但有一人受伤。故选A。
3.排除思维定势的干扰
（1）My parents have always made me ___ about myself, even when I was twelve.
feeling well B. feeling good C. feel well D. feel good (2007江苏35题)
选D.由于我们对I am feeling well today.形成了思维定势， 容易错选C. 这里不表示身体好， 而是表示自我感觉好。
( 2 ) With everything she needed _______ , Mum left the marketplace .
A. to buy B. having bought C. buying D. bought
此题极易误选A或C。陷入思维定势，殊不知she needed为定语从句,后置，修饰everything
考查的是“with+名词/代词+分词”这一结构。故正确答案是D。
4.综合语法知识，注意句子结构
(1) Reality is not the way you wish things to be, nor the way they appear to be,___ the way they actually are. (2007湖南卷21)
as B. or C. but D. and
本句为：现实既不是你希望事情会是什么样的， 也不是似乎是什么样的， 而实际上是什么样的。Not…..but…为固定结构。选C故
(2) Who do you think you’d like _____ with you, a boy or a girl
A. to have go B. to have to go
C. to have gone D. having to go
在确定答案之前，我们先来看看下面这个句子：
I think I’d like to have a boy go with me.
句中的 go 要用原形，这是因为其前有表示使役的动词have。在此句中，假若对名词a boy 提问，便可得出：Who do you think you’d like to have go with you
对照上面一题，答案很显然是A。
5.注意英汉表达习惯差异，排除母语干扰。
英汉两种语言在表达上存在很大的差异，考生很可能会用汉语的思维方式去认识和解决英语中的问题，掉入命题人设置的陷阱。
【例1】—Were all the toys for the children carried to their new kindergarten
—No, only some of them. （2006北京西城区5月第28题）
A. it was B. they were C. there were D. there was
【分析】考生很可能误选C。因为，考生想表达“不，只有一些被运往新幼儿园”，很可能用“There be…”结构表达自己的思想。但是，本句实际采用了强调结构，强调“only some of them”，后面省略了“that were carried to their new kindergarten”。因此，正确答案为A。
【例2】Faced with a bill for $10,000, _______ . （陕西2006第17题）
A. John has taken an extra job B. the boss has given John an extra job
C. an extra job has been taken D. an extra job has been given to John
【分析】句意要表达的是“面临着10，000元的帐单，John找了一份额外的工作”。每一个选项都有可能成为考生的选择对象。但英语表达中，非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。因此，正确答案为A
三、完形填空
（一）命题意图
“完形填空”是一种测试学生的外语语言知识以及运用这种语言的综合能力的试题，题型新颖，难度较大。它融合了主观性考试和客观性考试的双重优点，学生需要在阅读信息破坏较多的短文基础上，通盘考虑短文的整体内容、组织结构、内在逻辑和语言特点。因此，“完形填空”不再仅仅考查学生孤立的语言技能，而是通过完全客观的评分标准测试学生阅读理解、语法结构和词汇运用等多方面的知识和能力。可以毫不夸张地说，“完形填空”得分高低是衡量学生在高考中能否取得高分的重要尺度。
“完形填空”也不同程度地反映了在诸如描写人物内心活动与变化的短文中，以英语为母语的人的思维习惯往往与东方人不同。不少文章涉及英语国家的文化背景、个人主义、竞争意识、平等观念、物质享受、工作态度等价值观，同时也必然包含了英语国家人士的生活观点、友谊标准、对礼貌的见解、谈吐方式等。西方文化与中文化从内容上来说有很大的差别，“完形填空”常要求考生根据文章提供的文化背景进行思考。
“完形填空”删除的空一般以实词（或称信息词汇）为主，名词、动词、形容词、副词等实词居多，还涉及一些英语的固定搭配、习惯用法及某些句型等。因此要求考生解题时不要生搬硬套，而要在分析短文所给的信息的过程中进行上下文比较，按照文章所提供的客观事实的发展趋势寻找相应的答案。
（二）题型分析
设计完形填空测试题，主要是考查考生短文阅读理解的能力。它能够有效地要求考生必须聚精会神地阅读全文，迫使他们尽可能地利用短文中的信息词、信息句去猜测、推断意思，理解线索，弄清句与句之间的关系、段落与段落之间的联系，从而全面理解整篇文章。为了正确选出答案，考生必须从字里行间寻找能够利用的一切线索，例如书写和形态变化线索（graphic and morphological clues）、词汇线索（lexical clues）、句法线索（syntactic clues )社会文化线索（socio-cultural clues）、上下文线索（contextual clues），进而根据有关线索（信息）进行猜测，作出合理的推断。
完形填空测试题通常选取生动有趣的反映生活题材的记述文体，考查内容包括以下几个方面：阅读理解能力、上下文逻辑推测能力、词义辨析和习惯搭配能力、“常识”能力即对各种社会科技或其他现象的理解和领悟能力。
（三）命题特征
1）所给的四个选项词性相同或者属于对等范畴。
2）错误选项（即干扰项）设计周密，大都可以与题中空前、空后的词语形成某种搭配，从不同角度、不同层次设置迷惑，具有很强的干扰性。
3）在所有20小题中使用词汇几乎没有重复，尽可能增加考试覆盖率，而且动词、名词、形容词、副词等实词占总词量的80%。这也是历年高考中，完形填空在考查词汇方面的一个显著特征。
（四）解题思路
1．通读全文，掌握大意
“完形填空”常以段落的形式出现，着眼于对语篇的整体理解。因此，考生切勿操之过急，提笔就做，也不宜边阅读边答题，否则既不利于对全文的理解，又容易忽略上下文的联系，犯“只见树木不见林”的错误。
正确的做法应该是考生先花上一段时间粗读全文，力图从整体上把握文章的脉络，把握作者轨迹，以猎取最重要的信息。由于阅读时间有限，考生大可不必把注意力集中在单词上逐字默读，而应当以意群和句子为单位快速浏览全文，这样即可以扩大视幅、节省时间，又可以使意群直接进入脑海，快速转换成连贯的意思。
.2。上下联系，前后贯通
尽管“完形填空”因为留下许多空格导致信息破坏较多，但是较之于“单项填空”，它提供了更多的语境，而且连词的使用更是为各行、各句之间提供了更为紧密的或因果、或转折、或并列、或条件的内在逻辑关系，使文章在安排上井然有序。考生要善于从语篇的整体概念出发寻找正确的答题线索。在通读全文、了解大意的基础上，先不要急于看四个选项，而应首先对文中空白处所缺的词语或者含义作倾向性的猜测或推测，为下一步选择奠定基础。
3．借助语法，形意结合
除了上述两种解题步骤以外，考生还应该凭借自己掌握的语法知识，兼顾人称、性、数、语态和时态一致等方面的因素，从语法结构方面考虑解题答案。
4．展开联想，推测辨识
不少考生反映，影响他们正确完成“完形填空”的一个不可忽视的原因是单词的阻碍，主要表现在两个方面：学生在短文中遇上了从未见过的生词，因此阅读滞涩；考生受记忆的运用规律的影响，对以往学过的单词的某一含义记忆深刻，但是却对记忆该单词的其他含义产生了干扰，妨碍了记忆的充分展开，因此考生对于某一单词的多重含义往往只知其一不知其二，从而造成了认识上的偏差，影响了对文章的理解。
一般说来，“完形填空”并不着意考查学生猜测、辨识词义的能力（这主要是由单项选择和阅读理解来完成的），但是考生若能掌握一些猜测、辨识词义的能力必然会有助于突破单词造成的障碍，更好地理解原文。考生面对陌生词语时应该保持沉着冷静的态度，采取甄别筛选的办法，从自己已有的知识中尽量提取与答题相关或相通的信息。
当考生无法确定某一词汇在短文中的准确含义时，应该联系上下文，根据关键的信息词，试着寻找答题线索。
.5。仔细推敲，复校全文
考生在试着填完所有空格以后应该把所选择的答案放入短文中的空格处，将弥补完整的全文从头至尾再读一至两遍，以确保上下文的顺畅合理。有些答案从局部看似乎合情合理，但是从上下文的联系来看似乎又不符合题意，这时应该做到局部服从整体，对所选答案进行及时的修改。填完所有空格以后，考生对短文的含义和结构已有了较为清晰的了解，此时在复校过程中对于那些一时难以作出抉择的空格则往往较易选出正确答案。
（五）解题技巧
1）从惯用法及固定搭配的角度考虑。例如：
"They not only make it 29 to sleep at night, but they are 30 damage to our houses and shops of historical 31 ," said John Norris, one of the protesters.
30. A. doing B. raising C. putting D. producing
31. A. scene B. period C. interest D. sense
第30小题考查对习惯用语的掌握：“对……造成危害”用英语表达应为do damage (to
sth./sb.)，所以，即使不看被选答案，也容易选出A来。
2）从词语意义和用法的角度考虑。再以上述第31小题为例：本题考查对词汇意义与搭配的掌握。所给的4个名词选项均能与空前(of) historical构成搭配：
A. historical scene 历史（事件发生的）地点，历史场面B. historical period 历史时期
C. historical sense 历史常识
但只有C (interest)构成的搭配of historical interest可以表示“从历史方面引起人们兴趣的”， 句意符合上下文要求，而其余三个选项都不符合。
3）从上下文的角度考虑。 通读全文,理顺大意，根据上下文找出信息词,是做好完形填空题的关键。
We obeyed, went to our room and closed the door. Soon I heard a sound like that of a door burst in and then a climb of feet. They were hurrying 52 the narrow stairs. Fearing that there was some danger near, I seized the pistol on the table. Then I heard my father cry out “ For God’s sake, child, 54 the door.
52．A. to B. down C. through D. up
要想解答好此题非得读懂这段上下文不可。只根据本题空白处的一句话来做几乎是不可能的，因为按照语法规则似乎填任何一个选项都对。短文中的“我”是在楼上的一间房里，她的父亲在楼下。当一只大猩猩破门而入冲进房门时，父亲只好跑上楼逃命，而大猩猩也追了上来。“我”害怕有什么危险降临，便抓起了桌上的手枪，打开房门，看到父亲身后的大猩猩在追父亲，就开了抢。根据上下文提供的信息，再加以判断，就不难看出：A、B、C三项不仅与上文矛盾，而且也违背情理。所以只有D是正确答案。
54．A. open B. close C pull D. draw
根据该段上下文的意思，我们可以把上文的“and closed the door”这条线索作为推测的依据，进行下述分析：孩子们既然已听从父命把房门已关好，那么父亲不可能再叫她们关门，因此本空不能填B; 而 “pull” 、“ draw”表示“用力去拉门”，这与上下文意思不符，看到大猩猩追父亲，不可能把门拉上。所以，这里应填动词 “open”。既与题意相合，而又能起到前后呼应的作用。
4）从全文的内容考虑。例如：
It wasn't long before the police caught the thief. And Mrs Clarke was greatly surprised at the club for her successful ________
65. A. self-satisfaction B. self-protection C. self-respect D. self- service
本题应根据全文内容进行选择。从前文叙述的Mrs Clarke如何机警地击退了小偷的全
过程，我们知道了在四个备选答案中，只有B (self-protection)才能概括其内容。
5）从常识的角度考虑。
Taking off his clothes, he jumped into the river. The 52 water made him tremble all over.
52．A． deep B. cool C. dirty D. cold
答案为D。本题的四个形容词选项都可以修饰名词water。但根据常识，正因为水冷“他”才会全身发抖，所以选D。
Soon the rush-hour crowds began to notice. What a wonder! There, 1350 feet above the street, a 53 figure was walking on air.
A. great B. strange C. public D. tiny
本题考查形容词的辨义。从语法角度讲，四个选项的形容词均可用作figure的定语。考生只要运用自己的生活常识加以判断，不难找出答案。该文讲的是一个叫作Philippe Petit的法国人，为出风头而在纽约的两座高楼间铤而走险走钢丝的故事。这里描述的是街头上班的人群看到了的壮观的一幕：1350英尺的高空，一个小小的人形正在空中行走。根据常识，人在1350英尺的高空一定显得很小（tiny），而不是很伟大(great)，这就可以推断出D是正确答案了。
6）从语法知识、语法规则及各种句式、句型的角度考虑。
It wasn't long 63 the police caught the thief.
63. A. before B. since C. until D. when
答案为A。注意两个常用句式：It + be（肯定）…before +从句，意为“……之后，才……”；
It +be（否定）… before +从句，意为“……不久，就……”。文中句意为“不久，警察 抓住了那个贼”，所以选择A。
7）抓住文章第一句话。这是因为第一句通常是全文意义的精髓所在。作者一般会在文章一开始开宗明义地向读者显示这段文字的体裁、形式、涉及内容和写作意图。为了保证考生获得必要的信息，“完形填空”短文中的第一句通常是一个不留空格的完整的句子。
Ella Fant was a middle-aged lady living with her only son John in a small house. She 26 John very much.
A. depended on B. waited on C. trusted D. loved
首句说，“Ella 是个中年妇女，和她的独子John生活一起在一间小屋里。”由此我们可推断下文一定是讲述Ella对John爱的程度及方式。据此推断，26题正确答案应为D。因为其它三项与首句意义不符。从本题考生应该能看出，首句有时不但可以帮助我们判断文章的大意，还可以用来为某些题目的解答找到一个突破口。
8）利用语篇标志 语篇一般指比单个句子长的语言单位，如句群，段落、篇章等。语篇与语篇之间往往有表明其内在联系的词语，这些词语可称为语篇标志。如：表示结构层次的语篇标志语有：firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally等。表示逻辑关系的有：thus， therefore， so等；表示改变话题的有：by the way等 ；表示递进关系的有besides, what is more, further等; 表示时间关系的有 before, so far, yet, meantime, meanwhile, now, later等等。在做完形填空题时，如果能充分利用这些语篇标志语，就可以迅速理清文章的脉络，弄清上下文的关系。
He 36 lost his job as a postman because he sent off all the letters when he should have taken them to people’s house.
A. thus B. even C. once D. only
本题考查副词用法。前文提到 John 曾给人擦过窗子，当过公共汽车售票员，结果都因为他的无能而被炒了鱿鱼。注意语篇标志语： First of all he was a window cleaner… Then he became a bus conductor… 这里说的是 John的第三个工作(as a postman)，是在已经两次丢了饭碗之后又出了差错，故应有明显的强调递进的意味。只有选项 B. even （甚至，还……）能够表达这种逻辑关系。如果没有注意到语篇标志 （first—then—even) 不注意行文的内在联系，很可能误选C. once。
Harry Field also studying 36 said they wanted to make as much noise as possible to force the government officials to realize what everybody was having to stand.
A. well B. hard C. biology D. education
如果不从语篇标志语入手是很难确定答案的。我们发现文中also 是一个重要的语篇标志语。 它表明Harry Field 的情况和上面某个学生的情况一样。顺着这一线索去读上文：“If we must have these noisy trucks on the roads,” said Hean Lacey, a biology student…。只要注意到a biology student, 我们就可推知 Harry Field 也是学 biology 的学生，所以我们可以迅速地选出正确答案C。
9）排除干扰去伪存真 解答完形填空题需要考生进行认真地阅读、理解、推测和判断，需要对四个选项进行仔细的辨别、分析，从而去伪存真。有时我们会遇上这样的情况：对某个题目的正确选项的含义、用法不甚明了、但发现其它选项却有显而易见的谬误，这时候我们可以试试排除法：将干扰项逐项检查验证，凡发现有错误的选项，立即剔除出选择范围。随着选择范围的缩小，选项的准确率就会不断提高。经过这样分析推敲弃误留正，便会水落石出，找出正确答案。排除法如果运用得好，可以收到事半功倍的效果。
Waiting above the crowded streets, on top of a building 110 stories high, was Philippe Petit. This daring Frenchman was about to 31 a tightrope (绷索) between the two towers of the world Trade Center.
A. throw B. walk C. climb D. fix
本题考查动词的辨义。考生如果对walk作及物动词的用法不是很熟悉，很难直接选出答案。在这种情况下运用排除法就会非常方便实用。我们可以先将明显不合题意的三项A、C、D排除掉。因为下文中提到 Philippe Petit 在绷索上走了七个来回（Philippe Petit made seven trips, back and forth）。所以很明显这个大胆的法国人不是在两楼之间扔（throw)绳子，也不是顺着绳子朝上攀登(climb)，更不是在两座楼间固定(fix)绳子。剩下的B当然是正确答案了。
10）摆脱定势逆向思维 考生如果学习方法不当，对某些知识点进行了过度强调，就会产生思维定势。例如过度强调make sb. do sth. 这一结构，当看到 make sb. 时就会不假思索地用不带to的不定式do sth.作宾语补足语。其实make sb. 后面也有可能接不定式短语的。如：The father made a paper tiger to please his son. 不过to please his son 不是宾语补足语，而是目的状语。思维定势使一些考生形成猜题的心理。完形填空题中常利用反猜手段设计一些似是而非的题目，利用学生的思维定势，诱导学生“误入歧途”。根据不同的语境，考生可以进行逆向思维：就是从所求的未知出发，把结论当作条件，一步步推导出起始已知条件或潜在的已知条件，也就是沿着这条线索项相反的方向推导，从而找出正确答案。
It isn’t true that he was too lazy to work--- in fact he had tried a few jobs. First of all he was a window-cleaner and in his first week he managed to 33 at least six windows.
A. rub B. drop C. break D. clean
本题四个选项均为及物动词，都可以带宾语，填入空白处语法都正确，但从短文描述的情况看，John当窗户清洁工和干别的工作一样，总出差错，成事不足，败事有余，应该选C才符合语言情景。可是不少考生由于受定势思维影响，不敢选C。他们认为，manage to do sth. 是“设法作成功某事”，因而误选D。可是John一周怎么只擦了六扇窗子呢？这也太少了吧!其实，这里的“managed to break at least six windows ”是在说John 的无能，所少有点调侃的味道。另外，从下文他的遭遇和工作失误以及It seemed that there was no suitable work for him 句提供的信息，也都可以说明D是正确答案。
【实例分析】
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项（2007全国卷）
In the United States there was an unusual tale telling of the daughter of a mechanic. One day while walking along the bank of a lake, the girl __36__to see 20 eggs laid by a wild goose. After some time the girl ___37__ the mother would not return to her eggs and she ___38____ to take them home. There she carefully __39___ the eggs in the heat of a lamp. Several days __40___ the eggs broke and the baby geese came into the ___41___.
Geese are known to take the first living thing they see as their mother.__42__, to these geese, the girl was their mother.
As they __43__ , the girl was able to __44__her birds to run across the grass, but she could not teach them to __45__. The girl became increasingly worried about this, both when __46__ and in her dreams. Later she had an __47__:She would pilot a plane to guide them in __48__ She asked her father for a plane and he assembled a small aircraft for her.
Caring about __49__safrty, the father decided to pilot the plane himself. However, the birds did not __50__ or follow him, and __51__slept in the grass.
One day, the girl __52__ into the plane, started it and soon left the __53__. Seeing their mother take to the air, the birds __54__ flapped (拍打)their wings and __55__. She flew the plane freely in the sky, her young birds following.
36. A. managed B. attempted C. happened D. supposed
37. A. realized B. expected C. imagined D. admitted
38. A. helped B. decided C. afforded D. meant
39. A. placed B. protected C. treated D examined
40. A. ago B. out C. later D. long
41. A. family B. lake C. home D. world
42. A. but B. also C. thus D. still
43. A. increased B. improved C. rose D. grew
44. A. ask B. lead C. want D. allow
45. A. fly B. race C. swim `D. sing
46. A. asleep B. away C. around D. awake
47. A. idea B. opinion C. explanation D. excuse
48. A. sky B. heaven C. flight D. plane
49. A. his B. her C. their D. its
50. A. respect B. remember C. recognize D. receive
51. A. so B. instead C. hardly D. too
52. A. climbed B. looked C. reached D. fell
53. A. house B. floor C. water D. ground
54. A. secretly B. disappointedly C. patiently D. eagerly
55. A. looked away B. set out C. went by D .turned back
CABAC, DCDBA, DACBC, BADDB
36.C 根据语境“while walking along the bank of a lake.” 可知小女孩碰巧看到天鹅蛋。所以是“happened to see”
37.A 女孩认为鹅妈妈不会回来了。
38.B 结合37题可得出答案为B
39.A 应该是把鹅蛋放到灯所产生的热气里。
40.C 蛋被孵化应该是几天以后的事
41.D come into the world 表示出生
42.C thus 表示因此所以的意思
43.D 根据语境这里应该是随着它们成长的意思
44.B 根据语境女孩在设法教小鹅基本的生活技能
45.A 根据下文中小女孩和父亲的一系列努力可知，小女孩是不能教它们飞
46.D 根据下文的in the dreams 可知，空白处所缺的是与之相关或相对的词。Both when awake and in her dreams, 无论醒着还是睡着的时候
47.A 从下文看出，小女孩想出了个办法。 Have an idea表示有了主意
48.C 指在飞行中引导它们。Sky 前要加the
49.B 父亲担心女儿的安全而决定亲自驾驶飞机
50.C 小天鹅对小女孩的父亲并不熟悉，所以没能认出他来，也不会跟着他学习飞翔
51.B 他们不跟着父亲学飞，反而在草地上睡觉。
52.A 根据常识，小女孩登上飞机，并开始驾驶
53.D 飞机起飞，他不久就离开了地面
54.D 看到妈妈飞到了空中，它们拍打着翅膀，跃跃欲试的心情是急切地
55.B set out 是出发
四、高考阅读理解的解题技巧
《考试大纲》 “要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料。考生应能：理解主旨要义；理解文中具体信息；根据上下文推断生词的词义；作出简单判断和推理；理解文章的基本结构；理解作者的意图和态度。” 高考英语阅读理解也围绕这一要求来命题，基本上可分为五类：1．细节判断题； 2．猜测词义题；3．主旨大意题；4．推理引申题；5．篇章结构题。
第一节 细节判断题解题技巧
细节判断题题干常见的问句形式多种多样。如：
Which of the following statements is NOT true
How many … … ？ What/who/when/where/how/why … …
做这类题的一般方法是通过skimming(浏览)把握文章中心后，再通过寻读法（scanning）快速确定该细节在文中的出处（信息源），对照选项进行“三对一错或三错一对”的判断。
命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把A的观点说成B的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。
（1）转换提问法
出题者使用同义词语、参照词、代词等，要求考生对已有信息进行必要的转换，以得出正确理解。例如：
Students pushed their way outside. Long and loud fire sirens(警报) could be heard nearby, and Mrs. Pott’s embarrassment(难堪)was utmost(极度的)when she spotted(发现) a television crew from a local news station. They squatted (蹲下)on the lawn(草地)and filmed the mass departure(离开) from the school. …
Question: What made Mrs. Pott feel most uncomfortable
A. The head administrator gave the trouble maker his due punishment.
B. The event would probably be broadcasted by the local news station.
C. Other students didn’t do anything to stop Darin from causing trouble.
D. Her sewing class was completely spoiled by Darin.
本文中的embarrassment was utmost近义理解为题干中的feel most uncomfortable，文中的a television crew和filmed the mass departure当然可以理解为B项中probably be broadcasted by the local news station。因此答案为B。
（2）真伪判断法
出题者提出片面的、不确切的，或完全错误的说法让考生去判断。这就要求考生找到与每个选项说法相应的文章部分，了解正确肯定的事实，来排除不符合文章所交待的内容的选项。例如：
An advertisement is just like a Somebody Else Says quotation（引用）in a news story. The newspaper does not say that what the advertiser says is true. All the newspaper says is, “This is what the advertiser says.” To find out whether it is true or not will be left to the readers. All the statements in the ads are the advertiser’s statements, not the papers.
Question: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage
A. The buyer should not share opinions with advertisers.
B. The editor has to answer for the truth of ads in the paper.
C. The buyer himself should find out whether an ad is true or not.
D. The advertiser should not express his own opinions in an ad.
本题中的A、B、D三个选项均是对本文的错误理解，而文中的To find out whether it is true or not will be left to the readers则可正确理解为C项.
（3）计算提问法
当涉及时间、距离、价格、数量等数据等时，你必须经过一些测算才能确定答案。例如：
The first recorded sighting of a transit（运行星）was made, in northwest England, by Jeremiah Herrocks, who had worked out a repeat on 4 December, 1639. The intervals（时间上的间隔）between transits follow an unusual pattern: 8 years, then 121.5, then 8, then 105.5 years, and will do so until 2984.
Question: When can we see the transit of Venus（金星）next time according to the text
A. In 2012 B. In 2033 C. In 2025 D. In 2055
这是一道较为复杂的计算题。从文章可知整个周期需要：8+105.5+8+121.5=243（年），那么下一次应该是在1639年+ 第二个周期中的 8+121.5=2011.5。 所以答案是A
第二节 猜测词义题解题技巧
这种题常见的提问方式有：
1.The word “…” in paragraph … can best be replaced by … ….2.The underlined word “…” most probably means …. 3.By saying “…”, the author means …4.The underlined part “… …” (in Para. … ) means …..
（1）同义法：通常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，这些词或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推知它的大致词义。例如：
To fill the salmon (鲑肉)supply, people have turned to fish farming, or aquaculture.
Question: What does the underlined word “aquaculture” mean according to the passage
A. It means the fastest growing food industry. B. It means fish farming.
C. It means a kind of culture with water. D. It means raising salmon on farms.
答案为B。
（2）反义法：利用反义词说明生词的意义。如反义词hot and cold. Give and receive, perfect and imperfect, 甚至前、后句为肯定与否定、或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。例如：
Some plants have relatively ability not to be affected by a great many diseases, while others have susceptibility to them.
Question: The underlined words “have susceptibility to” means _______.
A. are not likely to be influenced by B. are not very easily controlled by
C. are seldom attacked by D. are very likely to be harmed by
本句中的while引导的是个表示转折分句，意思是“然而”，因此前后句的意思应该是相反的，A、B、C三种说法都与前面的分句一致，只有D表示相反的意思，是正确的。
（3）释义法：在文中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。例如：
A globalized workforce, with better transport links and remote access to office resources means that traveling long distances to work has become commonplace and more popular. Job commuting has become a reality for millions so people can choose where they live.
Question: What does the underlined phrase “Job commuting” mean
A. Job hunting in large cities B. House hunting in large cities
C. Traveling long distance to work every day D. A program designed for job hunting
本文的第一个句子就是对后文划线词组的解释，概括为C项的Traveling long distance to work every day。
（4）情景推断法：猜测任何词义都离不开文章的语言情景，词义可以从上下文的具体语言环境中推断出来。例如：
So many of us hold on to the little resentment（怨愤）that may have come from an argument, a misunderstanding, or some other painful events. Stubbornly(倔强地), we wait believing this is the only way we can forgive or regain a friendship or family relationship for someone else to reach out to us, believing this is the only way we can forgive or regain a friendship or family relationship.
Question: The underlined part means ________.
A. stretch out one’s hand B. give help
C. offer an apology D. explain something
本题是典型的利用情景推断法来确定词组的含义，从上下文的意思，尤其是下文的forgive，可以推知词组的正确含义是“作出道歉”。
（5）代词替代法：一般来讲，代词所指代的内容多在这一句话的前后句中。找到指代的内容后把它放在那个代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理，与前后的内容是否一致，然后再判定它是否为正确答案。例如：
Most great inventors in the capitalist（资本主义的） society meet with much opposition(对立)to their inventions from the people who place their interests before those of the people.
Question: The underlined word “those” refers to ________.
A. inventors B. inventions C. interests D. monopolies
了解句子的含义：把他们自己的利益放在人民的利益之前。可见用interests代替those句子意义成立，因此C项正确。
（6）构词法
根据学过的构词法知识，知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义，就可猜出由它们组成的新词词义。例如：
Waves from earthquake-generated tsunamis can travel at speeds exceeding those of a jet airplane, making an early warning system all the more important, delegates said.
Question: The underlined word “exceeding” means ________.
A. equaling B. reaching C. greater than D. lower than
根据构词法我们知道ex-前缀有“向外；脱离”之意，引申为“超出范围”，所以可以推测为greater than。
第三节 主旨大意题解题技巧
这类题型常见的提问方式有：What’s the main idea of the passage
What does the passage mainly discuss The topic of Paragraph … is ….
A good/suitable title for this passage would be ….
我们知道：文章的主旨是通过段落来表达的，而段落的大意主要由主题句来体现，所以段落的主题句是构成文章中心思想的有机组成部分。因此，识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的中心思想是解答该类题的关键。做这类题时常用略读法。快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。把各个段落的主题句联系起来着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。
文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。干扰项把文中的细节当主旨，利用局部信息编造干扰项，编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度，考生要特别留意。
看看下面两个例题：
Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise．Leadership means power, commands respect and, most important, encourages achievement．Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can't be easily swallowed down．They must be carefully cultivated.
Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born．They learn their skills in their everyday lives．But which do they develop How do they (and how can you) get others to follow
Always give credit．Many leaders note that the most efficient way to get a good performance from others is to treat them like heroes．Giving public credit to someone who has earned it is the best leadership technique in the world．It is also an act of generosity (慷慨) that's never forgotten.
Giving credit is more effective than even the most constructive criticism (批评) , which often
hurts rather than helps．Kenneth Blanchard, the author of The One-Minute Manager, agrees.
"Catch people doing something right!" he says．Then tell everyone about it.
Take informed risks．" The best leaders know that taking a risk is not a thoughtless exercise," says management adviser Marilyn Machlowitz, "Sky divers don't go up in an airplane without checking the parachutes (降落伞) beforehand．"
Because the idea of risk also carries with it the possibility of failure, many of us usually wait for others to take charge．But if you want to be a leader, you must learn to fail - and not die a thousand deaths．Pick yourself up and start all over again.
Encourage enthusiasm (热情)．"When people understand the importance of work, they lend their mental strengths," says Lee Ducat．But when they get excited about the work, all their energy gets poured into the job．That's a great force! Is this the best way to create excitement Be enthusiastic yourself. You will be followed by everyone.
63．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
A．Leadership Is of Skills and Techniques B．Leadership Is Very Important
C．Not Many Can Be Leaders D．How to Be a Leader
解析：这一题考查主旨大意，要考生为文章选择标题。文章第一第二两段提出：‘Leadership skills must be carefully cultivated.’ ‘Most good leaders are made, not born.’（领导能力要精心培养。）接下来文章从三个方面阐述了培养领导能力的方法：Always give credit/ Take informed risks/ Encourage enthusiasm (热情)。根据各个段落的主题句，结合文章的结构，我们不难归纳出文章的中心：这篇文章讲的是怎样培养领导才能。由此，我们判断选项D 在意义上涵盖了文章的中心，是最好的标题。
Everyone’s at it, even my neighbors. I thought I might be the only person left in the world who hadn’t done an eBay deal. So, I decided to try my hand at online auction (网上拍卖) . Buying for beginners: Sign up on www.ebay.co.uk ( http: / / www.ebay.co.uk / " \t "_blank ) . Most items (e. g. tables, computers, and books) ready for auction will come with a picture and a sharp description; others may be marked with “Buy It Now” and have a fixed price. You can buy these right away.
If the item is being auctioned , you offer the highest price you are prepared to pay and eBay bids (出价) for you . The bid will be increased little by little until it goes beyond your highest bid, then you are emailed and asked if you would like to bid again. Auctions last up to 10 days and when they finish you get an email telling you whether you have won the item.
How to pay: Sellers decide how they would like to be paid and you need to check this before placing a bid as you might not want to post a cheque or postal orders. The easiest way is through PayPal, an online payment system that takes the money away from your credit card (信用卡).
Selling made simple: If you plan to sell on eBay, it helps to include a picture of the item. I followed my friends’ advice and put up the items I wanted to sell for a 10-day auction, starting on a Thursday. This way buyers had two weekends to bid.
The big things in life: It’s easy to post a small item, but furniture is a big part of eBay and this has to be collected or sent by deliverymen. Check the ways of delivery before you bid.
36．What is the passage mainly about
A．How to make payment online. B．Ways of making delivery online.
C．Advantages of an online-auction system. D．How to use an online-auction system.
解析：这是一篇说明文，文章结构清晰明了，第一段介绍注册网址、网上的拍卖品；第二段介绍怎样竞价；第三段介绍怎样付款。把三段的大意联系起来我们就可以概括出文章的中心：网络拍卖系统的使用方法。由此，我们很容易得出答案：D。
第四节 推理引申题解题技巧
推理引申题题干中常常含有infer，imply, suggest，conclude, learn，tone, attitude, intend， purpose 等一类的词。常见的提问形式有：
The purpose of the passage is to … …It can be inferred from the passage that …
When the writer talks about …., what the writer really means is …
The author suggests that….The story implies that….
正确的答题方法：对于隐含在字里行间或者流露于文章修饰词语中的人物的行为动机、事件中的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、态度、等. 要依据文章的主题思想进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。命题者在出推理类题时往往编造一些文中已言明的事实、超出文章范围的推理、过度发挥的引申等. 因此，特别注意：文中已明确说明的内容不需要推理，推理以原文中心为依据，引申要适度。对于涉及作者观点和态度一类题时，不要把自己的态度掺入其中，还要注意区分作者的观点态度和作者引用别人的观点态度，当作者没有明确表示态度时，要学会根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断。
例如： Mom came to tell me that I should stay with my grandpa until the power came back on.
I was really disappointed because I felt that we did not have much to talk about. But I knew he would be frightened alone in the dark. I went to his room and told him that I’d stay with him until the power was restored. He was quite happy and said: “Great opportunity.”
“What is ” I asked.
“To talk, you and I,” he said.” To hold a private little meeting about what we’re going to do with your mom and dad, and what we’re going to do with ourselves now that we’re in the situation we are in.”
“But we can’t do anything about it , Grandpa,” I said , surprised that here was someone with whom I could share my feelings and someone who was in the same “boat” as I was .
And that’s how the most unbelievable friendship between my grandfather and me started. Sitting there in the dark, we talked about our feelings and fears of life—from how fast things change, to how they sometimes don’t change fast enough. That night, because the power went out, I found a new friend, with whom I could safely talk about all my fears and pains, whatever they may be.
Suddenly, the lights all came back on. “Well,” he said, “I guess that means you’ll go now .I really like our talk. I hope the power will go out every few nights!”
58．What can be inferred from the passage
A．The grandchild was eager to leave. B．They would have more chats.
C．The lights would go out again. D．It would no longer be dark.
解析：短文的中心是：在一个停电的夜晚，“我”和爷爷愉快畅谈的故事。故事中已言明：He was quite happy and said : “Great opportunity.”； I found a new friend, with whom I could safely talk about all my fears and pains, whatever they may be；I hope the power will go out every few nights!这些事实，结合短文的中心，我们不难推断出：爷孙两个人以后会有更多的交流。所以，这题答案为：B。
推断文章的出处 判断文章来源应将文章的形式及内容特点加以综合考虑才能下结论
Linguists(语言学家)believe that the languages of about one-third of the human race all developed from one Indo-European language .But who were the speakers of this ancient language Linguistic detective work offers some clues. It’s sometimes said that you can deduce (推断) a people’s history from the words they use. Study of some fifty ancient vocabularies has led to a reconstruction of the lifestyle of the first Indo-European, a vanished (消失的) people…
Question: Where do you think this passage probably appeared
A. In an article meant for general readers. B. In an article meant for linguists
C. In an article for specialists in archaeology D. In an article for specialists in history
这段文字作者以第三者的视角向读者介绍了语言的发展，因此不是写给linguists看的，从内容来看也不是讲考古或历史，从语气来看比较亲切，比如用了疑问句以及It’s sometimes said that you can…中的第二人称。由此可见是写给一般读者看的。
如何推断人物性格 把握字里行间的意思,切忌用自己的观点代替作者的观点；特别注意表达情感、态度和观点的词语
Dad did so many things for me during my primary school years. He asked the school bus driver to pick me up at my house instead of the usual bus stop that was six blocks away. He always had my lunch ready when I came home — usually a sandwich that was shaped for the season. My favorite was at Christmas. The sandwiches would be covered with green sugar and cut in the shape of a tree.
Question: The author lists so many details in order to show _______.
A. her father was childish B. her father was careful and thoughtful
C. she failed to gain independence D. her father was not like a man
这段文字的第一句已经对Dad作出了肯定的评价，后面的例子进一步说明了Dad的优秀品质，所以B项才正确地判断了任务的性格。
第五节 篇章结构题解题技巧
英语的文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章的开头,主题句根据段落的写作手法的不同可能在段落的开头，也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾。段与段之间常用词语连接，逻辑严密。为突出主题作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。高考对这类题型的考查主要体现在以下方面：
对文章组织结构的理解。最常见的提问方式是：How is the passage organized ；Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage The paragraph preceding（先于...） this one most probably discusses .. What does the paragraph following the passage most likely discuss 例如：
Scientists have worked hard to figure out average air temperature in order to see how much these have changed. One of our best estimates is that the Earth has warmed up about 1F°in the past hundred years. That may not sound like much, but for the planet even small changes in temperature have big effects.
Question: If there were a paragraph following this passage, what would it most probably talk about
A. The influence that the small changes in temperature will have on the Earth.
B. The increasing temperature that more and more carbon dioxide is causing.
C. The greenhouse effect caused by serious pollution.
D. The construction of the big laboratory in the Pacific Ocean.
从本段文字的最后一句可知后文很有可能对这一论点作进一步的论证和说明，而B、C、D都与该段文字内容相距甚远，所以A正确。
The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before: changes for the better, changes for the worse; changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger. Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.
Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought us a better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology m the application of science m has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life.
The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings: in pure science -- a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning; in applied science -- a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment.
Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons, Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the number of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as of many kinds of animals.
William Shakespeare said, "The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (纱线), good and ill together. '’The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities – science seems to prove what Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so Must the ill always go together with the good Are we biologically programmed for war
1. Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage
A. B. C. D.
[答案与解析]
1．A 文章结构考查题。从各个段落的内容来看，第一小节是总起，第二和第三两小节都是讲现代科技的给人类带来的好处，第四小节内容有了转折，讲现代科技的给人类带来的不利，第五小节是借Shakespeare的话来作出总结。因此图示A符合本文的写作思路。
五、任务型阅读解题技巧
任务型阅读是今年高考英语试题中新设题型，要求考生在阅读完一段材料后，能比较清楚地把握整篇文章的结构，较好地分析作者的观点和意图，并进行准确的表达。考生要能够获得直接信息，分析、总结信息，并转换信息，这有利于考查学生把握文章的篇章结构、综合处理信息的能力。考生在完成任务型阅读时，要遵循以下步骤。
（一）读懂短文，了解大意
读懂短文是解题的第一环，也是关键的一步。只有读懂了短文，才能顺利地在表格中填出相关信息。值得注意的是：如果表格前提供了小标题，要特别注意小标题，它通常是段落和表格的主题句。读懂了标题有助于理解短文和表格的大意和结构。
（二） 理清思路，加深理解
理清短文主体结构，了解短文的写作思路和线索结构，有助于加深对篇章内容的理解，同时短文的结构往往也是很重要的命题线索，表格项目基本上就是根据篇章结构而设计的。
（三）分析整理，确定答案
通过分析、理顺表格线索，根据已有的表格内容提示来确定短文表格的设计线索，理清短文表格的设计原理，从而确定正确答案。同时答题时，务必遵循“先易后难，各个击破”的原则，不要在个别选项上耗费太多时间。
（四）书写规范，词形正确
需要注意的是，书写答案时，务必要注意规范，书写工整，千万不能因为大小写或抄写错误而扣分。另外，还要注意词性的转移和词形的正确使用，
如: 1.名词的性、数、格
2.动词的过去式、过去分词和现在分词
3.动词的第三人称单数形容词的比较级和最高级
由于今年是新课程改革的第一年，命题者在命题时，会注意平稳性原则。而任务型阅读又是个新题型，所以可以预测今年高考任务型阅读的难度应该不会太大。同时，对于考试说明中所提供的第三种题型，由于其答案的不惟一性，不利于阅卷的操作，所以在高考中的使用几率不会太高。但考生要想提高任务型阅读的效率，想要在该项目上得高分，甚至得满分，除了进行系统的训练外，还应注意以下问题。
系统复习语法，掌握扎实的基础知识
掌握扎实的英语语言知识是顺利完成阅读任务的基础，特别是有些英语表达与中国人的思维习惯不相同。因此，只有真正掌握了阅读材料中的字、词、句式以及一些字词句的背景知识，才能灵活运用于阅读材料，才能做到成竹于胸。
增加阅读量，培养良好的阅读习惯
为了拓展我们的阅读面，养成英语阅读的习惯。我们可以读一些英文小故事、幽默、笑话，或者篇幅较长的简易英文读物；如果条件许可的话，还可开展一些读书活动，如everyday report、英文故事会、朗诵会、戏剧表演、介绍英语时事新闻等。同时，针对不同的阅读材料，使用扫读、略读等不同阅读技巧。
（五）实战练习：
认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的词（仅限一词）
A smart card is a card that is carried with either a microprocessor and a memory chip or only a memory chip that is not programmable. The microprocessor card can add. delete, and deal with the information on the card, while a memory-chip card can only do one thing.
Smart cards, unlike magnetic stripe cards, can do many different things and hold a lot of information. In this way, they do not need to get information from a faraway place when they are used.
Today, there are several kinds of smart cards, all of which are very popular in the market:
IC (Integrated Circuit) Microprocessor Cards Microprocessor Cards (chip cards) offer a larger memory and better security than the traditional magnetic stripe cards do. Chip cards can also hold data. These cards are used for many things. Thus, chips have been the main platform for cards that hold a secure digital identity. Some examples of these cards are:
Cards that hold money.
Cards that provide safe access to a network.
Cards that allow setting stop boxes on televisions to remain safe from privacy.
Optical Memory Cards Optical memory cards look like cards with a piece of CD on the top. Optical memory cards can store up to 4MB of data. But once written, the data can not be changed or removed. Thus, this type of card is good for keeping records, such as medical files, driving records or travel histories. Today, these have no processors in them (although this is coming in the near future). While the cards are almost as cheap as chip cards, the card readers are expensive.
Title: (1)_______________cards
Types (3)________________ Disadvantages Similarities
IC Chip Cards A larger memory &Better (4)___________Hold data Not mentioned PopularityLarge (10) ____Low cost ofcards
Optical (2)______cards Store much dataGood for (5)_________Drivers and (6)_______to keep records(7)_______ not much (8)______ dataNo processorsExpensive card(9)_________
1. Smart 2. Memory 3. Advantages 4. security 5. doctors
6. travelers 7. cost 8. Unchangeable 9. readers 10.memory
五、书面表达
第一部分
1. 如何写好书面表达之具体要求：
1. 紧扣主题，内容完整
2. 确定主题，与主题无关的内容可省略。完成书面表达画面及文字所要求的内容。
3. 语言准确、表达清楚。
要用你掌握了的词、短语及句型等表达出正确的英语，切不可写出汉语式的英语。时态错误和不完整的句子被视为“严重错误”。
4. 行文连贯，构成语篇
语篇连贯的标准：(1)通顺 (2)恰当使用衔接词 (3)时态、人称和数要前后一致（4）上下文逻辑关系清楚
5. 丰富句式，生动精彩
衡量一篇文章的好与差，除了要看写明要点、行文连贯和表达清楚外，更注重看考生能否用词准确、生动精彩。句子的长短变化和句子结构的变化。
6. 字迹清晰，卷面整洁
字迹优美，卷面整齐是直接影响评分因素之一。
高考评分标准
第五档(很好)；(21-25分)
1. 完全完成了试题规定的任务。
2. 覆盖所有内容要点。
3. 应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。
4. 语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言运用能力。
5. 有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。
6. 完全达到了预期的写作目的。
第四档(好)：(16-20分)
1. 完全完成了试题规定的任务。
2. 虽漏掉1、2个次重点，但覆盖所有主要内容。
3. 应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。
4. 语法结构或词汇方面应用基本准确，些许错误主要是因尝试较复杂语法结构或词汇所致。
5. 应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。
6. 达到了预期的写作目的。(第三档(适当)至第一档(差)略)
不得分：（0分）
1.未能传达给读者任何信息：内容太少，无法评判；写的内容均与所要求内容无关或所写内容无法看清
注意：
1. 评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量，确定或调整档次，最后给分。
2. 词数少于 130和多于170的，从总分中减去2分。
3. 评分时，应注意的主要内容为：内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性、上下文的连贯性及语言的得体性。
4. 拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写汉词汇用法均可接受。
5. 如书写较差，以至影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。
6. 内容要点可用不同方式表达，对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分
2. 不同文体的写作
书面表达旨在测试学生的英语书面表达能力。高考的书面表达是一种指导性写作。试题对写作的目的，对象，体裁及字数等都有明确的规定。提供给学生的材料形式为文字，图画或图表。试题要求学生根据所给的情景和要表达的意义，写出一篇 120 字左右的文章。高考中常见的文体为记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文等。
（一）记叙文：
记叙文是以叙述人物的经历或事物的发展变化过程为主的一种文体。它分为记人和记事两种。记叙文的几个要点为：
1. 时间、地点、人物、事件，这几个要素在写作时要交代清楚。
2. 人称：记叙文一般可以有第一人称和第三人称两种叙事方式：第一人称是作者以当事人的口吻，把文章中的事情以“我”的所见所闻的方式来叙述，第三人称是写作者从旁观者的角度来叙述，反映事件中的不同人的感受和见解。
3. 记叙文的线索一般为时间，即按照事件的发展顺序来写。以可以按照地点的线索来写，即以地点的转移为顺序。
4. 重点突出，层次分明，详略得当。
5. 注意文章的完整性。
6. 所用的时态通常为一般过去时。
例： 江苏省连云港、徐州、淮安、宿迁四市联考2008届高三第二次调研考试
春节期间，我国南方多个地区遭受了几十年来罕见的雪灾。它给人们的生产和生活带来了极大的影响-------房屋倒塌, 断水断电, 食品供应紧张……。面对灾害, 举国上下齐心协力抗击雪灾, 展示了强大的中国精神。请结合下图用英语为China Daily写一篇简短的报道。
注意: 1.报道要包含雷灾的危害和抗灾情况，并适当谈谈人们自己的感受。
2.字数: 150左右。报道的标题、开头已为你写好, 不计人总词数。
Disaster Occurred，Help Came
During the Spring Festival, many areas across southern China saw a snow disaster never seen in more than 50 years. The snowstorm ______________________________________
写作步骤：
1. 审题：理解图意，将几幅图构成一个完整的情节。
2. 列出要点：
雪灾导致了很大的危害；
很多人参与了这场特殊的战役：战士们清扫积雪、帮助受困的人们；修理工及时修理电线；人们捐了钱物；全国各地的人们伸出了援助之手……
自己的感受
3. 将要点扩展成文，注意上下文的连接，用适当的连词，副词。
4. 通读一遍，改错。
One possible version:
Disaster Occurred, Help came
During the Spring Festival, many areas across southern China saw a snow disaster never seen in more than 50 years. The snowstorm caused great damage to houses and power lines. Millions of people suffered from the shortage of water, vegetables and power supply. Roads were blocked. Flights were cancelled and trains were delayed, leaving tens of thousands of passengers unable to go back home.
Facing the disaster, the government took all kinds of urgent measures to ensure everything returned to normal as soon as possible. Soldiers cleared snow and ice on the road and rescued the people trapped in the snowstorm. Repairmen worked around the clock to ensure water and power supply, for which some even lost their lives. Large quantities of aid relief, including the money donated by ordinary people across the whole country, were rushed to the disaster areas. Thanks to the joint efforts, people in the disaster areas were able to recover to normal.
Looking back upon the experience, I feel that united, we’re strong. The efforts of the Chinese government and the Chinese people in face of hardships will be always appreciated. (164 words
（二）议论文：
在近几年的高考中，议论文的比重占得越来越多，议论文的出题形式可以多种多样，有看图写作、图表、表格、书信等各种类型，但文体实际上是议论文，而有时是夹叙的议论文。议论文的写作要点是：
1. 观点鲜明，文章一定有一个明确的中心论点。
2. 层次分明，一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持，不同层次之间要分明，过渡清晰自然。
3. 最后一段一般要总结全文，得出一个符合逻辑的结论，突出中心思想。
4. 一般采用一般现在时。
5. 语言简洁有力，一般不采用口语。
例：05年全国高考英语(福建卷)
目前，学校存在少数学生考试作弊现象。某英文杂志社拟对此现象向中学生征文，标题是“My opinion on Cheating in Examinations”，请根据下列提示用英语写一篇征文稿。
内容要点如下：
主要原因 考试偏多，偏难
不用功，懒惰
取悦老师，父母
个人看法 作弊不对，影响校规
要诚实，努力学习
……其他看法
注意：
1. 短文必须包括所有内容要点，可适当发挥；
2. 短文标题与开头已为你写好，不计入总词数；
3. 词数：100左右；
4. 参考词汇：作弊 cheat (v.)
写作思路：
1. 首先审题，确定要点——本文的中心论题是：My pinions on Cheating in Examinations ，所以首先要提出中心论题，点题。
2. 接下来从两方面来讨论这个问题，可以分做两段，现分析这种现象的产生原因， 然后很自然地过渡到自己的看法。在讲述自己看法时要有鲜明的观点及支持观点的论据。
3. 最后对自己的观点做简短的总结，点题。
One possible version:
My opinions on Cheating in Examinations
It is known to us all that some students cheat in examinations at school.
As students, we often take examinations at school, but sometimes we have too many examinations which are too difficult for us. On the other hand, some of us are lazy and don’t work hard at their lessons. So when taking examinations, they sometimes cheat in order to get better results to please their parents and teachers.
In my opinion , it is wrong to cheat in examinations because it breaks the rules of schools. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard instead of cheating in examinations. What’s more, we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for examinations.
In a word, it is wrong to cheat in examinations.
（三）说明文：
说明文是以简明的文字介绍事物的形状、性质、构造、变化、功用、特征等的文章。写好说明文的关键是抓住事物的特征，说明事物的顺序要有一定的逻辑性。
说明文常见的顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序等。
例：
南通市2008届高三第三次调研测试
假如你是李明，你的英国笔友约翰给你发来一封电子邮件，要求你简要介绍北京奥运会火炬以及火炬在江苏境内传递的情况。请你根据下列所有提示内容，给他回一封电子邮件。
北京奥运会火炬由我国自主设计研发（长72厘米）；
造型：纸卷轴，意指纸是中国四大发明之一，通过丝绸之路传到西方。
图案：祥云，象征和谐，是具有代表性的中国文化符号。
火焰高度25—30厘米；在强日光情况下亦可识别和拍摄；能在强风和大雨情况下保持燃烧。
火炬在江苏境内传递时间与路线：5月22日至24日；苏州→南通→泰州→扬州→南京
你的感想。
注意：1 .对所给要点，不要简单翻译，要有适当发挥；
2.词数150。电子邮件中已写好了的部分，不计入词数。
3.参考词汇：纸卷轴a paper scroll 丝绸之路the Silk Road 祥云lucky clouds
Dear John,
Nice to hear from you again. Now I’m happy to tell you about the Beijing Olympic Torch.
Bye for now!
Li Ming
写作思路：
1. 首先确定这是一篇描述事物的说明文。
2. 确定写作要点：根据所给信息，大体可以分为三个部分——火炬简介；火炬传递时间与路线；你的感想。
3. 各层次之间注意使用恰当的连词，让过渡自然，结构合理。比如：besides, in my opinion等。
One possible version:
Dear John,
Nice to hear from you again. Now I’m happy to tell you about the Beijing Olympic pletely designed by the Chinese, the 72-centimetre-tall torch takes the form of a paper scroll, suggesting that paper was one of the four greatest inventions in ancient China and was introduced to the West by way of the Silk Road. In the design, lucky clouds, a typical symbol of Chinese culture, represent harmony.
The flame of the torch can reach a height between 25 and 30 centimetres, and it can be identified and photographed in the strong daylight. Besides, it will keep burning even in a strong wind or a heavy rain.
The torch will pass through Jiangsu Province via Suzhou, Nantong, Taizhou, Yangzhou and Nanjing from May22 to 24.…
Bye for now!
Li Ming
（四）应用文：包括书信、通知、便条等。
（1）书信写作：在我们的日常生活中，我们经常给朋友、父母、亲戚等写信，这些信件都属于私人信件。私人书信是写给亲朋好友的，不仅是互通信息的工具，也是交流感情的渠道。书信写作是高考中经常出现的一种题型。写作时应注意以下要点：
1. 写好开头，提一提来信里谈到的各项事情，顺笔写来。
2. 一般先答复对方的问题，然后再谈自己想要说的话。
3. 结束信时要向对方表示友善或亲切的问候。
4. 语言要自然、平实、简洁。
Useful Expressions：
1. I’m very pleased to hear from you yesterday.
2. I’m sorry I’ve taken so long to answer your last letter.
3. We were all so pleased to hear you will be coming to visit us.
4. Look forward to hearing from you soon.
5. Please write back soon.
6. Do write to us when you have time.
7. We hope to hear from you soon.
8. Give my best wishes to the family.
例： 南通四县市2008届高三期末联考试卷
根据教育部通知，从2007年9月1日起，中小学生每天要跳校园集体舞。通知发出后，在社会上引起了热烈的讨论。假如你是李华，请根据下表提供的内容给 “China Daily” 编辑写一封信反映讨论情况, 并提出自己的看法和理由。
注意：（1）字数：150
(2) 开头已写好,不计入总词数。
(3) 参考词汇： 集体舞 group dancing
社交能力 sociability
赞 成 1．能锻炼身体；丰富校园生活。2．培养舞蹈素质和审美情趣。3．培养社交能力，是一种健康的交流方式。
反 对 1．在农村学校无法实施，教师没有能力教,也没有合适的地方。2．校园集体舞不能达到锻炼身体的目的，只是一种表演。
你的看法 ……
Dear Editor,
The Department of Education announced in June, 2007 that from Sept. 1. 2007 primary and secondary school students will dance into the new semester(学期). This has led to a warmly debate. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
写作要点：
1. 审清题意 信的内容包括以下几点：赞成者的观点、反对者的观点、你的看法。
2. 信可以分为三段来写，力求结构清晰，思路完整。
3. 注意语言自然流畅。
One possible Version：
Dear Editor,
The Department of Education announced in June, 2007 that from Sept. 1. 2007 primary and secondary school students will dance into the new semester(学期). This has led to a warmly debate. Some people think group dancing is good for health and can enrich our school life. It helps to develop the students’ dancing quality. The students can understand better what is beauty. Also it can help students overcome feeling of shyness and improve their sociability. It is a healthy means of communication. With the correct guidance group dancing should be encouraged nationwide.
But other people hold the opposite view. They feel that in the countryside, the teachers don’t have enough experience in dancing and also there isn’t proper room for students to learn dancing. Last but not least, group dancing is just a form or a performance, which can’t help students to keep fit.
As to me, group dancing might cause children to have too early an interest in the opposite sex and neglect their studies. There will be an increase of boys and girls falling in love once they have more chances for physical interaction./ When the students dancing together, it is natural to hold hands and dancers can learn to be elegant, like at a party.
Yours,
Li Hua
（2）通知的写作
通知是一种安排活动或布置工作时使用的文体，包括了口头通知和书面通知。口头通知是当面向有关人员口授有关活动的信息，而书面通知是以布告的形式把事情通知给有关人员。通知的要素是时间，地点，对象，事件具体内容，注意事项等。通知的语言应该是简洁明了，直截了当。还应该注意要有一定的逻辑顺序。
注意：
1）口头通知一般都会将下列词句放在开头
Ladies and gentlemen
Boys and girls
May I have your attention , please
I have something important to tell you.
结尾时会以以下句子结束：That’s all. Thank you.
2）书面通知在正文之前的正中位置写Notice字样，结尾要写明时间及发出通知的单位。
例：南京市2008届高三第一学期期末调研卷
书面通知：
目前高三学生普遍感到学习负担重，压力大，因此焦虑、忧郁等多种心理问题日益突出。为此，你校学生会成立了快乐俱乐部（Happy Club）。请用英语写一个书面通知，准备刊登在你校英文校刊上，欢迎高三学生加入该俱乐部。内容要点如下：
1宗旨：帮助学生以积极乐观的态度面对问题，迎接挑战。
2活动内容：（1）定期请专家开讲座，解决心理问题
（2）组织讨论，交流学习经验
（3）请你再拟定两项活动
3活动时间：周六下午
4报名方式：在学生会填写申请表或在校园网上登记
注意：（1）不要简单翻译所给要点，要有适当发挥；
（2）词数150，短文中已写出的部分不计入总词数；
（3）参考词汇：心理的psychological；学生会the Student Union
Do you feel stressed up Do you want to keep up a good state of mind Why not join our Happy Club
Don’t hesitate.It’ll be great fun!
PAGE
18
一、听力
1、加强“两读”，注意积累
“两读”指的是阅读和朗读。在阅读时，应有目的的选择难易适中的相关读物。同时尽量做到分类阅读，使题材和体裁多样化，避免单一的阅读。朗读，即出声的阅读。可以解决语音辨别能力低、语流连贯能力弱、不同口音辨析能力差等问题。另外，朗读还有利于语感的培养、词汇的积累和写作能力的提高。
2、把握特点，捕捉信息
英语听力测试在把握所听内容话题中心的同时，一定要注意对具体事实信息的把握。如话题所涉及的具体时间、地点、数字、人物等等。这些问题大多以When, where, who, what, why, how等疑问词开头。
3、掌握技巧，事半功倍
(1)放松心情，确定测试要点：听力测试的每段对话或讲话的考点都集中在一些主要信息和重要细节上。考生应该在时间运用方面有超前意识，充分利用有限时间扫视或快速浏览试卷上的问题以及选项，从而确定是考查事件细节(如地点、时间、数字、职业、身份关系)，还是考查标题、中心思想，并推测听力材料的可能意向。做到事先有思想准备，再有的放矢地听，这样在听录音时就可以集中主要精力去捕捉问题所涉及的相关信息。
(2)做好笔记，把握细节：在听力材料较长，干扰项也较多的情况下，学会边听边做笔记尤为重要。考生应该用自己熟悉的符号来速记，将诸如年、月、日、星期、钟点、年龄、价码等数字和关键词尽量记下，对于人名和地名可记下首字母或汉字，这些对于提高正确率大有帮助。
(3)注意特殊句型，把握关键词：考生要注意转折、让步、否定和虚拟语气的特殊句型以及时态的转换，把握说话者的真正意图。表转折的常见词是“but”，一般来说听者尤其要注意but后的意思，这是整句的主要部分。其他表转折和让步意义的词还有：though, although, even though, even if, in spite of, despite, unless, instead of, however及whatever(=no matter what)之类引导让步状语从句的表达法。表示否定意义的关键词、词组有：no, not, never, seldom, hardly, doubt, neither, too...to, little, few等。考生还应掌握虚拟语气的各种句型及在具体语境下的使用。
4、听清主题句，把握中心思想
从历届高考听力测试的情况来看，考查材料的中心思想是测试听力能力的重要内容。短文或独立的主题句往往出现在文章的句首，偶尔也出现在句中或句末。主题句往往是一篇听力材料的中心思想，文章中的其他内容都用来说明和发展主题句。如果考生从问题和选项中已看出该题测试点为主旨要义、标题、中心思想及作者观点等方面的问题，那么听清主题句就尤为重要。
二、单项填空
（一）单项填空的命题特点
1.重英语语言的基础知识的考查及运用，知识点多，覆盖面广。内容上主要涵盖：语法知识语法知识的情景交际，词汇知识，英语固定搭配和纯情景交际。
2.重点突出，强调考查动词的用法。此类题主要集中在时态、语态、非谓语动词、动词词组、词义辩析及情态动词等方面。
3.突出语境的作用，注重语言交际功能的考查，从而达到考查语言运用能力的目的。自99年以来，NMET的考查重点、从语言形式转向语意，不仅考查语法规则、固定搭配等语言知识，更重要的是考查语言知识在具体语境中的运用，且设置的语境自然、巧妙、新颖，而且内容来源于生活，反映实际生活。
4.增加了综合化因素。部分题目综合考查多个语法项目或交叉考查语言知识，增加了试题的灵活性和难度。
（二）NMET解题技巧及应试策略
1.把握题干所给语义信息，抓住关键词、句，提高语义题的得分率。题干中所提供的语义信息有时很明显，有时只能通过分析才能找到，考生务必仔细推敲。如：
（1）—Which of these two ties will you take
—I'll take ______, to give me a change sometimes.
A. either B. neither C. all D. both
注意题中所给信息：“two”和”give me a change sometimes” 答案为D.
（2）--Tom, you didn’t come to the party last night
--- I ___, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do. （2007全国卷（II）20题）
had to B. didn’t C. was going to D. wouldn’t
was/were going to表示“本来打算做某事”。 根据所提供的情景“but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.”可判断出本来打算去参加聚会， 但想起来有作业要做， 故选C. have to 为‘“不得不”；wouldn’t为“不愿意”
2.把握上下文的时间隐含
有时题干中没明确给出时间，而是隐含在上下文中，考生只有通过对题干所给信息的推断，才能选定正确的时态。如：
（1）--- Have you handed in your schoolwork yet
--yes, I have. I guess it ___ now. (2007 辽宁22题)
has graded B. is graded C. is being graded D. is grading
根据答句中的时间状语now可判断出要用现在进行时， 表示正在发生的事。 又根据schoolwork与grade的关系可确定用被动语态， 表示作业正在被批改， 所以选C.
(2) —How are the team playing
—They're playing well ,but one of them _______ hurt .
A. got B. gets C. are D. were
题干隐含信息有：比赛正在进行，但有一人受伤。故选A。
3.排除思维定势的干扰
（1）My parents have always made me ___ about myself, even when I was twelve.
feeling well B. feeling good C. feel well D. feel good (2007江苏35题)
选D.由于我们对I am feeling well today.形成了思维定势， 容易错选C. 这里不表示身体好， 而是表示自我感觉好。
( 2 ) With everything she needed _______ , Mum left the marketplace .
A. to buy B. having bought C. buying D. bought
此题极易误选A或C。陷入思维定势，殊不知she needed为定语从句,后置，修饰everything
考查的是“with+名词/代词+分词”这一结构。故正确答案是D。
4.综合语法知识，注意句子结构
(1) Reality is not the way you wish things to be, nor the way they appear to be,___ the way they actually are. (2007湖南卷21)
as B. or C. but D. and
本句为：现实既不是你希望事情会是什么样的， 也不是似乎是什么样的， 而实际上是什么样的。Not…..but…为固定结构。选C故
(2) Who do you think you’d like _____ with you, a boy or a girl
A. to have go B. to have to go
C. to have gone D. having to go
在确定答案之前，我们先来看看下面这个句子：
I think I’d like to have a boy go with me.
句中的 go 要用原形，这是因为其前有表示使役的动词have。在此句中，假若对名词a boy 提问，便可得出：Who do you think you’d like to have go with you
对照上面一题，答案很显然是A。
5.注意英汉表达习惯差异，排除母语干扰。
英汉两种语言在表达上存在很大的差异，考生很可能会用汉语的思维方式去认识和解决英语中的问题，掉入命题人设置的陷阱。
【例1】—Were all the toys for the children carried to their new kindergarten
—No, only some of them. （2006北京西城区5月第28题）
A. it was B. they were C. there were D. there was
【分析】考生很可能误选C。因为，考生想表达“不，只有一些被运往新幼儿园”，很可能用“There be…”结构表达自己的思想。但是，本句实际采用了强调结构，强调“only some of them”，后面省略了“that were carried to their new kindergarten”。因此，正确答案为A。
【例2】Faced with a bill for $10,000, _______ . （陕西2006第17题）
A. John has taken an extra job B. the boss has given John an extra job
C. an extra job has been taken D. an extra job has been given to John
【分析】句意要表达的是“面临着10，000元的帐单，John找了一份额外的工作”。每一个选项都有可能成为考生的选择对象。但英语表达中，非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。因此，正确答案为A
三、完形填空
（一）命题意图
“完形填空”是一种测试学生的外语语言知识以及运用这种语言的综合能力的试题，题型新颖，难度较大。它融合了主观性考试和客观性考试的双重优点，学生需要在阅读信息破坏较多的短文基础上，通盘考虑短文的整体内容、组织结构、内在逻辑和语言特点。因此，“完形填空”不再仅仅考查学生孤立的语言技能，而是通过完全客观的评分标准测试学生阅读理解、语法结构和词汇运用等多方面的知识和能力。可以毫不夸张地说，“完形填空”得分高低是衡量学生在高考中能否取得高分的重要尺度。
“完形填空”也不同程度地反映了在诸如描写人物内心活动与变化的短文中，以英语为母语的人的思维习惯往往与东方人不同。不少文章涉及英语国家的文化背景、个人主义、竞争意识、平等观念、物质享受、工作态度等价值观，同时也必然包含了英语国家人士的生活观点、友谊标准、对礼貌的见解、谈吐方式等。西方文化与中文化从内容上来说有很大的差别，“完形填空”常要求考生根据文章提供的文化背景进行思考。
“完形填空”删除的空一般以实词（或称信息词汇）为主，名词、动词、形容词、副词等实词居多，还涉及一些英语的固定搭配、习惯用法及某些句型等。因此要求考生解题时不要生搬硬套，而要在分析短文所给的信息的过程中进行上下文比较，按照文章所提供的客观事实的发展趋势寻找相应的答案。
（二）题型分析
设计完形填空测试题，主要是考查考生短文阅读理解的能力。它能够有效地要求考生必须聚精会神地阅读全文，迫使他们尽可能地利用短文中的信息词、信息句去猜测、推断意思，理解线索，弄清句与句之间的关系、段落与段落之间的联系，从而全面理解整篇文章。为了正确选出答案，考生必须从字里行间寻找能够利用的一切线索，例如书写和形态变化线索（graphic and morphological clues）、词汇线索（lexical clues）、句法线索（syntactic clues )社会文化线索（socio-cultural clues）、上下文线索（contextual clues），进而根据有关线索（信息）进行猜测，作出合理的推断。
完形填空测试题通常选取生动有趣的反映生活题材的记述文体，考查内容包括以下几个方面：阅读理解能力、上下文逻辑推测能力、词义辨析和习惯搭配能力、“常识”能力即对各种社会科技或其他现象的理解和领悟能力。
（三）命题特征
1）所给的四个选项词性相同或者属于对等范畴。
2）错误选项（即干扰项）设计周密，大都可以与题中空前、空后的词语形成某种搭配，从不同角度、不同层次设置迷惑，具有很强的干扰性。
3）在所有20小题中使用词汇几乎没有重复，尽可能增加考试覆盖率，而且动词、名词、形容词、副词等实词占总词量的80%。这也是历年高考中，完形填空在考查词汇方面的一个显著特征。
（四）解题思路
1．通读全文，掌握大意
“完形填空”常以段落的形式出现，着眼于对语篇的整体理解。因此，考生切勿操之过急，提笔就做，也不宜边阅读边答题，否则既不利于对全文的理解，又容易忽略上下文的联系，犯“只见树木不见林”的错误。
正确的做法应该是考生先花上一段时间粗读全文，力图从整体上把握文章的脉络，把握作者轨迹，以猎取最重要的信息。由于阅读时间有限，考生大可不必把注意力集中在单词上逐字默读，而应当以意群和句子为单位快速浏览全文，这样即可以扩大视幅、节省时间，又可以使意群直接进入脑海，快速转换成连贯的意思。
.2。上下联系，前后贯通
尽管“完形填空”因为留下许多空格导致信息破坏较多，但是较之于“单项填空”，它提供了更多的语境，而且连词的使用更是为各行、各句之间提供了更为紧密的或因果、或转折、或并列、或条件的内在逻辑关系，使文章在安排上井然有序。考生要善于从语篇的整体概念出发寻找正确的答题线索。在通读全文、了解大意的基础上，先不要急于看四个选项，而应首先对文中空白处所缺的词语或者含义作倾向性的猜测或推测，为下一步选择奠定基础。
3．借助语法，形意结合
除了上述两种解题步骤以外，考生还应该凭借自己掌握的语法知识，兼顾人称、性、数、语态和时态一致等方面的因素，从语法结构方面考虑解题答案。
4．展开联想，推测辨识
不少考生反映，影响他们正确完成“完形填空”的一个不可忽视的原因是单词的阻碍，主要表现在两个方面：学生在短文中遇上了从未见过的生词，因此阅读滞涩；考生受记忆的运用规律的影响，对以往学过的单词的某一含义记忆深刻，但是却对记忆该单词的其他含义产生了干扰，妨碍了记忆的充分展开，因此考生对于某一单词的多重含义往往只知其一不知其二，从而造成了认识上的偏差，影响了对文章的理解。
一般说来，“完形填空”并不着意考查学生猜测、辨识词义的能力（这主要是由单项选择和阅读理解来完成的），但是考生若能掌握一些猜测、辨识词义的能力必然会有助于突破单词造成的障碍，更好地理解原文。考生面对陌生词语时应该保持沉着冷静的态度，采取甄别筛选的办法，从自己已有的知识中尽量提取与答题相关或相通的信息。
当考生无法确定某一词汇在短文中的准确含义时，应该联系上下文，根据关键的信息词，试着寻找答题线索。
.5。仔细推敲，复校全文
考生在试着填完所有空格以后应该把所选择的答案放入短文中的空格处，将弥补完整的全文从头至尾再读一至两遍，以确保上下文的顺畅合理。有些答案从局部看似乎合情合理，但是从上下文的联系来看似乎又不符合题意，这时应该做到局部服从整体，对所选答案进行及时的修改。填完所有空格以后，考生对短文的含义和结构已有了较为清晰的了解，此时在复校过程中对于那些一时难以作出抉择的空格则往往较易选出正确答案。
（五）解题技巧
1）从惯用法及固定搭配的角度考虑。例如：
"They not only make it 29 to sleep at night, but they are 30 damage to our houses and shops of historical 31 ," said John Norris, one of the protesters.
30. A. doing B. raising C. putting D. producing
31. A. scene B. period C. interest D. sense
第30小题考查对习惯用语的掌握：“对……造成危害”用英语表达应为do damage (to
sth./sb.)，所以，即使不看被选答案，也容易选出A来。
2）从词语意义和用法的角度考虑。再以上述第31小题为例：本题考查对词汇意义与搭配的掌握。所给的4个名词选项均能与空前(of) historical构成搭配：
A. historical scene 历史（事件发生的）地点，历史场面B. historical period 历史时期
C. historical sense 历史常识
但只有C (interest)构成的搭配of historical interest可以表示“从历史方面引起人们兴趣的”， 句意符合上下文要求，而其余三个选项都不符合。
3）从上下文的角度考虑。 通读全文,理顺大意，根据上下文找出信息词,是做好完形填空题的关键。
We obeyed, went to our room and closed the door. Soon I heard a sound like that of a door burst in and then a climb of feet. They were hurrying 52 the narrow stairs. Fearing that there was some danger near, I seized the pistol on the table. Then I heard my father cry out “ For God’s sake, child, 54 the door.
52．A. to B. down C. through D. up
要想解答好此题非得读懂这段上下文不可。只根据本题空白处的一句话来做几乎是不可能的，因为按照语法规则似乎填任何一个选项都对。短文中的“我”是在楼上的一间房里，她的父亲在楼下。当一只大猩猩破门而入冲进房门时，父亲只好跑上楼逃命，而大猩猩也追了上来。“我”害怕有什么危险降临，便抓起了桌上的手枪，打开房门，看到父亲身后的大猩猩在追父亲，就开了抢。根据上下文提供的信息，再加以判断，就不难看出：A、B、C三项不仅与上文矛盾，而且也违背情理。所以只有D是正确答案。
54．A. open B. close C pull D. draw
根据该段上下文的意思，我们可以把上文的“and closed the door”这条线索作为推测的依据，进行下述分析：孩子们既然已听从父命把房门已关好，那么父亲不可能再叫她们关门，因此本空不能填B; 而 “pull” 、“ draw”表示“用力去拉门”，这与上下文意思不符，看到大猩猩追父亲，不可能把门拉上。所以，这里应填动词 “open”。既与题意相合，而又能起到前后呼应的作用。
4）从全文的内容考虑。例如：
It wasn't long before the police caught the thief. And Mrs Clarke was greatly surprised at the club for her successful ________
65. A. self-satisfaction B. self-protection C. self-respect D. self- service
本题应根据全文内容进行选择。从前文叙述的Mrs Clarke如何机警地击退了小偷的全
过程，我们知道了在四个备选答案中，只有B (self-protection)才能概括其内容。
5）从常识的角度考虑。
Taking off his clothes, he jumped into the river. The 52 water made him tremble all over.
52．A． deep B. cool C. dirty D. cold
答案为D。本题的四个形容词选项都可以修饰名词water。但根据常识，正因为水冷“他”才会全身发抖，所以选D。
Soon the rush-hour crowds began to notice. What a wonder! There, 1350 feet above the street, a 53 figure was walking on air.
A. great B. strange C. public D. tiny
本题考查形容词的辨义。从语法角度讲，四个选项的形容词均可用作figure的定语。考生只要运用自己的生活常识加以判断，不难找出答案。该文讲的是一个叫作Philippe Petit的法国人，为出风头而在纽约的两座高楼间铤而走险走钢丝的故事。这里描述的是街头上班的人群看到了的壮观的一幕：1350英尺的高空，一个小小的人形正在空中行走。根据常识，人在1350英尺的高空一定显得很小（tiny），而不是很伟大(great)，这就可以推断出D是正确答案了。
6）从语法知识、语法规则及各种句式、句型的角度考虑。
It wasn't long 63 the police caught the thief.
63. A. before B. since C. until D. when
答案为A。注意两个常用句式：It + be（肯定）…before +从句，意为“……之后，才……”；
It +be（否定）… before +从句，意为“……不久，就……”。文中句意为“不久，警察 抓住了那个贼”，所以选择A。
7）抓住文章第一句话。这是因为第一句通常是全文意义的精髓所在。作者一般会在文章一开始开宗明义地向读者显示这段文字的体裁、形式、涉及内容和写作意图。为了保证考生获得必要的信息，“完形填空”短文中的第一句通常是一个不留空格的完整的句子。
Ella Fant was a middle-aged lady living with her only son John in a small house. She 26 John very much.
A. depended on B. waited on C. trusted D. loved
首句说，“Ella 是个中年妇女，和她的独子John生活一起在一间小屋里。”由此我们可推断下文一定是讲述Ella对John爱的程度及方式。据此推断，26题正确答案应为D。因为其它三项与首句意义不符。从本题考生应该能看出，首句有时不但可以帮助我们判断文章的大意，还可以用来为某些题目的解答找到一个突破口。
8）利用语篇标志 语篇一般指比单个句子长的语言单位，如句群，段落、篇章等。语篇与语篇之间往往有表明其内在联系的词语，这些词语可称为语篇标志。如：表示结构层次的语篇标志语有：firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally等。表示逻辑关系的有：thus， therefore， so等；表示改变话题的有：by the way等 ；表示递进关系的有besides, what is more, further等; 表示时间关系的有 before, so far, yet, meantime, meanwhile, now, later等等。在做完形填空题时，如果能充分利用这些语篇标志语，就可以迅速理清文章的脉络，弄清上下文的关系。
He 36 lost his job as a postman because he sent off all the letters when he should have taken them to people’s house.
A. thus B. even C. once D. only
本题考查副词用法。前文提到 John 曾给人擦过窗子，当过公共汽车售票员，结果都因为他的无能而被炒了鱿鱼。注意语篇标志语： First of all he was a window cleaner… Then he became a bus conductor… 这里说的是 John的第三个工作(as a postman)，是在已经两次丢了饭碗之后又出了差错，故应有明显的强调递进的意味。只有选项 B. even （甚至，还……）能够表达这种逻辑关系。如果没有注意到语篇标志 （first—then—even) 不注意行文的内在联系，很可能误选C. once。
Harry Field also studying 36 said they wanted to make as much noise as possible to force the government officials to realize what everybody was having to stand.
A. well B. hard C. biology D. education
如果不从语篇标志语入手是很难确定答案的。我们发现文中also 是一个重要的语篇标志语。 它表明Harry Field 的情况和上面某个学生的情况一样。顺着这一线索去读上文：“If we must have these noisy trucks on the roads,” said Hean Lacey, a biology student…。只要注意到a biology student, 我们就可推知 Harry Field 也是学 biology 的学生，所以我们可以迅速地选出正确答案C。
9）排除干扰去伪存真 解答完形填空题需要考生进行认真地阅读、理解、推测和判断，需要对四个选项进行仔细的辨别、分析，从而去伪存真。有时我们会遇上这样的情况：对某个题目的正确选项的含义、用法不甚明了、但发现其它选项却有显而易见的谬误，这时候我们可以试试排除法：将干扰项逐项检查验证，凡发现有错误的选项，立即剔除出选择范围。随着选择范围的缩小，选项的准确率就会不断提高。经过这样分析推敲弃误留正，便会水落石出，找出正确答案。排除法如果运用得好，可以收到事半功倍的效果。
Waiting above the crowded streets, on top of a building 110 stories high, was Philippe Petit. This daring Frenchman was about to 31 a tightrope (绷索) between the two towers of the world Trade Center.
A. throw B. walk C. climb D. fix
本题考查动词的辨义。考生如果对walk作及物动词的用法不是很熟悉，很难直接选出答案。在这种情况下运用排除法就会非常方便实用。我们可以先将明显不合题意的三项A、C、D排除掉。因为下文中提到 Philippe Petit 在绷索上走了七个来回（Philippe Petit made seven trips, back and forth）。所以很明显这个大胆的法国人不是在两楼之间扔（throw)绳子，也不是顺着绳子朝上攀登(climb)，更不是在两座楼间固定(fix)绳子。剩下的B当然是正确答案了。
10）摆脱定势逆向思维 考生如果学习方法不当，对某些知识点进行了过度强调，就会产生思维定势。例如过度强调make sb. do sth. 这一结构，当看到 make sb. 时就会不假思索地用不带to的不定式do sth.作宾语补足语。其实make sb. 后面也有可能接不定式短语的。如：The father made a paper tiger to please his son. 不过to please his son 不是宾语补足语，而是目的状语。思维定势使一些考生形成猜题的心理。完形填空题中常利用反猜手段设计一些似是而非的题目，利用学生的思维定势，诱导学生“误入歧途”。根据不同的语境，考生可以进行逆向思维：就是从所求的未知出发，把结论当作条件，一步步推导出起始已知条件或潜在的已知条件，也就是沿着这条线索项相反的方向推导，从而找出正确答案。
It isn’t true that he was too lazy to work--- in fact he had tried a few jobs. First of all he was a window-cleaner and in his first week he managed to 33 at least six windows.
A. rub B. drop C. break D. clean
本题四个选项均为及物动词，都可以带宾语，填入空白处语法都正确，但从短文描述的情况看，John当窗户清洁工和干别的工作一样，总出差错，成事不足，败事有余，应该选C才符合语言情景。可是不少考生由于受定势思维影响，不敢选C。他们认为，manage to do sth. 是“设法作成功某事”，因而误选D。可是John一周怎么只擦了六扇窗子呢？这也太少了吧!其实，这里的“managed to break at least six windows ”是在说John 的无能，所少有点调侃的味道。另外，从下文他的遭遇和工作失误以及It seemed that there was no suitable work for him 句提供的信息，也都可以说明D是正确答案。
【实例分析】
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项（2007全国卷）
In the United States there was an unusual tale telling of the daughter of a mechanic. One day while walking along the bank of a lake, the girl __36__to see 20 eggs laid by a wild goose. After some time the girl ___37__ the mother would not return to her eggs and she ___38____ to take them home. There she carefully __39___ the eggs in the heat of a lamp. Several days __40___ the eggs broke and the baby geese came into the ___41___.
Geese are known to take the first living thing they see as their mother.__42__, to these geese, the girl was their mother.
As they __43__ , the girl was able to __44__her birds to run across the grass, but she could not teach them to __45__. The girl became increasingly worried about this, both when __46__ and in her dreams. Later she had an __47__:She would pilot a plane to guide them in __48__ She asked her father for a plane and he assembled a small aircraft for her.
Caring about __49__safrty, the father decided to pilot the plane himself. However, the birds did not __50__ or follow him, and __51__slept in the grass.
One day, the girl __52__ into the plane, started it and soon left the __53__. Seeing their mother take to the air, the birds __54__ flapped (拍打)their wings and __55__. She flew the plane freely in the sky, her young birds following.
36. A. managed B. attempted C. happened D. supposed
37. A. realized B. expected C. imagined D. admitted
38. A. helped B. decided C. afforded D. meant
39. A. placed B. protected C. treated D examined
40. A. ago B. out C. later D. long
41. A. family B. lake C. home D. world
42. A. but B. also C. thus D. still
43. A. increased B. improved C. rose D. grew
44. A. ask B. lead C. want D. allow
45. A. fly B. race C. swim `D. sing
46. A. asleep B. away C. around D. awake
47. A. idea B. opinion C. explanation D. excuse
48. A. sky B. heaven C. flight D. plane
49. A. his B. her C. their D. its
50. A. respect B. remember C. recognize D. receive
51. A. so B. instead C. hardly D. too
52. A. climbed B. looked C. reached D. fell
53. A. house B. floor C. water D. ground
54. A. secretly B. disappointedly C. patiently D. eagerly
55. A. looked away B. set out C. went by D .turned back
CABAC, DCDBA, DACBC, BADDB
36.C 根据语境“while walking along the bank of a lake.” 可知小女孩碰巧看到天鹅蛋。所以是“happened to see”
37.A 女孩认为鹅妈妈不会回来了。
38.B 结合37题可得出答案为B
39.A 应该是把鹅蛋放到灯所产生的热气里。
40.C 蛋被孵化应该是几天以后的事
41.D come into the world 表示出生
42.C thus 表示因此所以的意思
43.D 根据语境这里应该是随着它们成长的意思
44.B 根据语境女孩在设法教小鹅基本的生活技能
45.A 根据下文中小女孩和父亲的一系列努力可知，小女孩是不能教它们飞
46.D 根据下文的in the dreams 可知，空白处所缺的是与之相关或相对的词。Both when awake and in her dreams, 无论醒着还是睡着的时候
47.A 从下文看出，小女孩想出了个办法。 Have an idea表示有了主意
48.C 指在飞行中引导它们。Sky 前要加the
49.B 父亲担心女儿的安全而决定亲自驾驶飞机
50.C 小天鹅对小女孩的父亲并不熟悉，所以没能认出他来，也不会跟着他学习飞翔
51.B 他们不跟着父亲学飞，反而在草地上睡觉。
52.A 根据常识，小女孩登上飞机，并开始驾驶
53.D 飞机起飞，他不久就离开了地面
54.D 看到妈妈飞到了空中，它们拍打着翅膀，跃跃欲试的心情是急切地
55.B set out 是出发
四、高考阅读理解的解题技巧
《考试大纲》 “要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料。考生应能：理解主旨要义；理解文中具体信息；根据上下文推断生词的词义；作出简单判断和推理；理解文章的基本结构；理解作者的意图和态度。” 高考英语阅读理解也围绕这一要求来命题，基本上可分为五类：1．细节判断题； 2．猜测词义题；3．主旨大意题；4．推理引申题；5．篇章结构题。
第一节 细节判断题解题技巧
细节判断题题干常见的问句形式多种多样。如：
Which of the following statements is NOT true
How many … … ？ What/who/when/where/how/why … …
做这类题的一般方法是通过skimming(浏览)把握文章中心后，再通过寻读法（scanning）快速确定该细节在文中的出处（信息源），对照选项进行“三对一错或三错一对”的判断。
命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把A的观点说成B的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。
（1）转换提问法
出题者使用同义词语、参照词、代词等，要求考生对已有信息进行必要的转换，以得出正确理解。例如：
Students pushed their way outside. Long and loud fire sirens(警报) could be heard nearby, and Mrs. Pott’s embarrassment(难堪)was utmost(极度的)when she spotted(发现) a television crew from a local news station. They squatted (蹲下)on the lawn(草地)and filmed the mass departure(离开) from the school. …
Question: What made Mrs. Pott feel most uncomfortable
A. The head administrator gave the trouble maker his due punishment.
B. The event would probably be broadcasted by the local news station.
C. Other students didn’t do anything to stop Darin from causing trouble.
D. Her sewing class was completely spoiled by Darin.
本文中的embarrassment was utmost近义理解为题干中的feel most uncomfortable，文中的a television crew和filmed the mass departure当然可以理解为B项中probably be broadcasted by the local news station。因此答案为B。
（2）真伪判断法
出题者提出片面的、不确切的，或完全错误的说法让考生去判断。这就要求考生找到与每个选项说法相应的文章部分，了解正确肯定的事实，来排除不符合文章所交待的内容的选项。例如：
An advertisement is just like a Somebody Else Says quotation（引用）in a news story. The newspaper does not say that what the advertiser says is true. All the newspaper says is, “This is what the advertiser says.” To find out whether it is true or not will be left to the readers. All the statements in the ads are the advertiser’s statements, not the papers.
Question: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage
A. The buyer should not share opinions with advertisers.
B. The editor has to answer for the truth of ads in the paper.
C. The buyer himself should find out whether an ad is true or not.
D. The advertiser should not express his own opinions in an ad.
本题中的A、B、D三个选项均是对本文的错误理解，而文中的To find out whether it is true or not will be left to the readers则可正确理解为C项.
（3）计算提问法
当涉及时间、距离、价格、数量等数据等时，你必须经过一些测算才能确定答案。例如：
The first recorded sighting of a transit（运行星）was made, in northwest England, by Jeremiah Herrocks, who had worked out a repeat on 4 December, 1639. The intervals（时间上的间隔）between transits follow an unusual pattern: 8 years, then 121.5, then 8, then 105.5 years, and will do so until 2984.
Question: When can we see the transit of Venus（金星）next time according to the text
A. In 2012 B. In 2033 C. In 2025 D. In 2055
这是一道较为复杂的计算题。从文章可知整个周期需要：8+105.5+8+121.5=243（年），那么下一次应该是在1639年+ 第二个周期中的 8+121.5=2011.5。 所以答案是A
第二节 猜测词义题解题技巧
这种题常见的提问方式有：
1.The word “…” in paragraph … can best be replaced by … ….2.The underlined word “…” most probably means …. 3.By saying “…”, the author means …4.The underlined part “… …” (in Para. … ) means …..
（1）同义法：通常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，这些词或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推知它的大致词义。例如：
To fill the salmon (鲑肉)supply, people have turned to fish farming, or aquaculture.
Question: What does the underlined word “aquaculture” mean according to the passage
A. It means the fastest growing food industry. B. It means fish farming.
C. It means a kind of culture with water. D. It means raising salmon on farms.
答案为B。
（2）反义法：利用反义词说明生词的意义。如反义词hot and cold. Give and receive, perfect and imperfect, 甚至前、后句为肯定与否定、或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。例如：
Some plants have relatively ability not to be affected by a great many diseases, while others have susceptibility to them.
Question: The underlined words “have susceptibility to” means _______.
A. are not likely to be influenced by B. are not very easily controlled by
C. are seldom attacked by D. are very likely to be harmed by
本句中的while引导的是个表示转折分句，意思是“然而”，因此前后句的意思应该是相反的，A、B、C三种说法都与前面的分句一致，只有D表示相反的意思，是正确的。
（3）释义法：在文中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。例如：
A globalized workforce, with better transport links and remote access to office resources means that traveling long distances to work has become commonplace and more popular. Job commuting has become a reality for millions so people can choose where they live.
Question: What does the underlined phrase “Job commuting” mean
A. Job hunting in large cities B. House hunting in large cities
C. Traveling long distance to work every day D. A program designed for job hunting
本文的第一个句子就是对后文划线词组的解释，概括为C项的Traveling long distance to work every day。
（4）情景推断法：猜测任何词义都离不开文章的语言情景，词义可以从上下文的具体语言环境中推断出来。例如：
So many of us hold on to the little resentment（怨愤）that may have come from an argument, a misunderstanding, or some other painful events. Stubbornly(倔强地), we wait believing this is the only way we can forgive or regain a friendship or family relationship for someone else to reach out to us, believing this is the only way we can forgive or regain a friendship or family relationship.
Question: The underlined part means ________.
A. stretch out one’s hand B. give help
C. offer an apology D. explain something
本题是典型的利用情景推断法来确定词组的含义，从上下文的意思，尤其是下文的forgive，可以推知词组的正确含义是“作出道歉”。
（5）代词替代法：一般来讲，代词所指代的内容多在这一句话的前后句中。找到指代的内容后把它放在那个代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理，与前后的内容是否一致，然后再判定它是否为正确答案。例如：
Most great inventors in the capitalist（资本主义的） society meet with much opposition(对立)to their inventions from the people who place their interests before those of the people.
Question: The underlined word “those” refers to ________.
A. inventors B. inventions C. interests D. monopolies
了解句子的含义：把他们自己的利益放在人民的利益之前。可见用interests代替those句子意义成立，因此C项正确。
（6）构词法
根据学过的构词法知识，知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义，就可猜出由它们组成的新词词义。例如：
Waves from earthquake-generated tsunamis can travel at speeds exceeding those of a jet airplane, making an early warning system all the more important, delegates said.
Question: The underlined word “exceeding” means ________.
A. equaling B. reaching C. greater than D. lower than
根据构词法我们知道ex-前缀有“向外；脱离”之意，引申为“超出范围”，所以可以推测为greater than。
第三节 主旨大意题解题技巧
这类题型常见的提问方式有：What’s the main idea of the passage
What does the passage mainly discuss The topic of Paragraph … is ….
A good/suitable title for this passage would be ….
我们知道：文章的主旨是通过段落来表达的，而段落的大意主要由主题句来体现，所以段落的主题句是构成文章中心思想的有机组成部分。因此，识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的中心思想是解答该类题的关键。做这类题时常用略读法。快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。把各个段落的主题句联系起来着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。
文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。干扰项把文中的细节当主旨，利用局部信息编造干扰项，编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度，考生要特别留意。
看看下面两个例题：
Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise．Leadership means power, commands respect and, most important, encourages achievement．Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can't be easily swallowed down．They must be carefully cultivated.
Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born．They learn their skills in their everyday lives．But which do they develop How do they (and how can you) get others to follow
Always give credit．Many leaders note that the most efficient way to get a good performance from others is to treat them like heroes．Giving public credit to someone who has earned it is the best leadership technique in the world．It is also an act of generosity (慷慨) that's never forgotten.
Giving credit is more effective than even the most constructive criticism (批评) , which often
hurts rather than helps．Kenneth Blanchard, the author of The One-Minute Manager, agrees.
"Catch people doing something right!" he says．Then tell everyone about it.
Take informed risks．" The best leaders know that taking a risk is not a thoughtless exercise," says management adviser Marilyn Machlowitz, "Sky divers don't go up in an airplane without checking the parachutes (降落伞) beforehand．"
Because the idea of risk also carries with it the possibility of failure, many of us usually wait for others to take charge．But if you want to be a leader, you must learn to fail - and not die a thousand deaths．Pick yourself up and start all over again.
Encourage enthusiasm (热情)．"When people understand the importance of work, they lend their mental strengths," says Lee Ducat．But when they get excited about the work, all their energy gets poured into the job．That's a great force! Is this the best way to create excitement Be enthusiastic yourself. You will be followed by everyone.
63．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
A．Leadership Is of Skills and Techniques B．Leadership Is Very Important
C．Not Many Can Be Leaders D．How to Be a Leader
解析：这一题考查主旨大意，要考生为文章选择标题。文章第一第二两段提出：‘Leadership skills must be carefully cultivated.’ ‘Most good leaders are made, not born.’（领导能力要精心培养。）接下来文章从三个方面阐述了培养领导能力的方法：Always give credit/ Take informed risks/ Encourage enthusiasm (热情)。根据各个段落的主题句，结合文章的结构，我们不难归纳出文章的中心：这篇文章讲的是怎样培养领导才能。由此，我们判断选项D 在意义上涵盖了文章的中心，是最好的标题。
Everyone’s at it, even my neighbors. I thought I might be the only person left in the world who hadn’t done an eBay deal. So, I decided to try my hand at online auction (网上拍卖) . Buying for beginners: Sign up on www.ebay.co.uk ( http: / / www.ebay.co.uk / " \t "_blank ) . Most items (e. g. tables, computers, and books) ready for auction will come with a picture and a sharp description; others may be marked with “Buy It Now” and have a fixed price. You can buy these right away.
If the item is being auctioned , you offer the highest price you are prepared to pay and eBay bids (出价) for you . The bid will be increased little by little until it goes beyond your highest bid, then you are emailed and asked if you would like to bid again. Auctions last up to 10 days and when they finish you get an email telling you whether you have won the item.
How to pay: Sellers decide how they would like to be paid and you need to check this before placing a bid as you might not want to post a cheque or postal orders. The easiest way is through PayPal, an online payment system that takes the money away from your credit card (信用卡).
Selling made simple: If you plan to sell on eBay, it helps to include a picture of the item. I followed my friends’ advice and put up the items I wanted to sell for a 10-day auction, starting on a Thursday. This way buyers had two weekends to bid.
The big things in life: It’s easy to post a small item, but furniture is a big part of eBay and this has to be collected or sent by deliverymen. Check the ways of delivery before you bid.
36．What is the passage mainly about
A．How to make payment online. B．Ways of making delivery online.
C．Advantages of an online-auction system. D．How to use an online-auction system.
解析：这是一篇说明文，文章结构清晰明了，第一段介绍注册网址、网上的拍卖品；第二段介绍怎样竞价；第三段介绍怎样付款。把三段的大意联系起来我们就可以概括出文章的中心：网络拍卖系统的使用方法。由此，我们很容易得出答案：D。
第四节 推理引申题解题技巧
推理引申题题干中常常含有infer，imply, suggest，conclude, learn，tone, attitude, intend， purpose 等一类的词。常见的提问形式有：
The purpose of the passage is to … …It can be inferred from the passage that …
When the writer talks about …., what the writer really means is …
The author suggests that….The story implies that….
正确的答题方法：对于隐含在字里行间或者流露于文章修饰词语中的人物的行为动机、事件中的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、态度、等. 要依据文章的主题思想进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。命题者在出推理类题时往往编造一些文中已言明的事实、超出文章范围的推理、过度发挥的引申等. 因此，特别注意：文中已明确说明的内容不需要推理，推理以原文中心为依据，引申要适度。对于涉及作者观点和态度一类题时，不要把自己的态度掺入其中，还要注意区分作者的观点态度和作者引用别人的观点态度，当作者没有明确表示态度时，要学会根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断。
例如： Mom came to tell me that I should stay with my grandpa until the power came back on.
I was really disappointed because I felt that we did not have much to talk about. But I knew he would be frightened alone in the dark. I went to his room and told him that I’d stay with him until the power was restored. He was quite happy and said: “Great opportunity.”
“What is ” I asked.
“To talk, you and I,” he said.” To hold a private little meeting about what we’re going to do with your mom and dad, and what we’re going to do with ourselves now that we’re in the situation we are in.”
“But we can’t do anything about it , Grandpa,” I said , surprised that here was someone with whom I could share my feelings and someone who was in the same “boat” as I was .
And that’s how the most unbelievable friendship between my grandfather and me started. Sitting there in the dark, we talked about our feelings and fears of life—from how fast things change, to how they sometimes don’t change fast enough. That night, because the power went out, I found a new friend, with whom I could safely talk about all my fears and pains, whatever they may be.
Suddenly, the lights all came back on. “Well,” he said, “I guess that means you’ll go now .I really like our talk. I hope the power will go out every few nights!”
58．What can be inferred from the passage
A．The grandchild was eager to leave. B．They would have more chats.
C．The lights would go out again. D．It would no longer be dark.
解析：短文的中心是：在一个停电的夜晚，“我”和爷爷愉快畅谈的故事。故事中已言明：He was quite happy and said : “Great opportunity.”； I found a new friend, with whom I could safely talk about all my fears and pains, whatever they may be；I hope the power will go out every few nights!这些事实，结合短文的中心，我们不难推断出：爷孙两个人以后会有更多的交流。所以，这题答案为：B。
推断文章的出处 判断文章来源应将文章的形式及内容特点加以综合考虑才能下结论
Linguists(语言学家)believe that the languages of about one-third of the human race all developed from one Indo-European language .But who were the speakers of this ancient language Linguistic detective work offers some clues. It’s sometimes said that you can deduce (推断) a people’s history from the words they use. Study of some fifty ancient vocabularies has led to a reconstruction of the lifestyle of the first Indo-European, a vanished (消失的) people…
Question: Where do you think this passage probably appeared
A. In an article meant for general readers. B. In an article meant for linguists
C. In an article for specialists in archaeology D. In an article for specialists in history
这段文字作者以第三者的视角向读者介绍了语言的发展，因此不是写给linguists看的，从内容来看也不是讲考古或历史，从语气来看比较亲切，比如用了疑问句以及It’s sometimes said that you can…中的第二人称。由此可见是写给一般读者看的。
如何推断人物性格 把握字里行间的意思,切忌用自己的观点代替作者的观点；特别注意表达情感、态度和观点的词语
Dad did so many things for me during my primary school years. He asked the school bus driver to pick me up at my house instead of the usual bus stop that was six blocks away. He always had my lunch ready when I came home — usually a sandwich that was shaped for the season. My favorite was at Christmas. The sandwiches would be covered with green sugar and cut in the shape of a tree.
Question: The author lists so many details in order to show _______.
A. her father was childish B. her father was careful and thoughtful
C. she failed to gain independence D. her father was not like a man
这段文字的第一句已经对Dad作出了肯定的评价，后面的例子进一步说明了Dad的优秀品质，所以B项才正确地判断了任务的性格。
第五节 篇章结构题解题技巧
英语的文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章的开头,主题句根据段落的写作手法的不同可能在段落的开头，也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾。段与段之间常用词语连接，逻辑严密。为突出主题作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。高考对这类题型的考查主要体现在以下方面：
对文章组织结构的理解。最常见的提问方式是：How is the passage organized ；Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage The paragraph preceding（先于...） this one most probably discusses .. What does the paragraph following the passage most likely discuss 例如：
Scientists have worked hard to figure out average air temperature in order to see how much these have changed. One of our best estimates is that the Earth has warmed up about 1F°in the past hundred years. That may not sound like much, but for the planet even small changes in temperature have big effects.
Question: If there were a paragraph following this passage, what would it most probably talk about
A. The influence that the small changes in temperature will have on the Earth.
B. The increasing temperature that more and more carbon dioxide is causing.
C. The greenhouse effect caused by serious pollution.
D. The construction of the big laboratory in the Pacific Ocean.
从本段文字的最后一句可知后文很有可能对这一论点作进一步的论证和说明，而B、C、D都与该段文字内容相距甚远，所以A正确。
The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before: changes for the better, changes for the worse; changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger. Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.
Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought us a better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology m the application of science m has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life.
The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings: in pure science -- a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning; in applied science -- a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment.
Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons, Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the number of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as of many kinds of animals.
William Shakespeare said, "The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (纱线), good and ill together. '’The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities – science seems to prove what Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so Must the ill always go together with the good Are we biologically programmed for war
1. Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage
A. B. C. D.
[答案与解析]
1．A 文章结构考查题。从各个段落的内容来看，第一小节是总起，第二和第三两小节都是讲现代科技的给人类带来的好处，第四小节内容有了转折，讲现代科技的给人类带来的不利，第五小节是借Shakespeare的话来作出总结。因此图示A符合本文的写作思路。
五、任务型阅读解题技巧
任务型阅读是今年高考英语试题中新设题型，要求考生在阅读完一段材料后，能比较清楚地把握整篇文章的结构，较好地分析作者的观点和意图，并进行准确的表达。考生要能够获得直接信息，分析、总结信息，并转换信息，这有利于考查学生把握文章的篇章结构、综合处理信息的能力。考生在完成任务型阅读时，要遵循以下步骤。
（一）读懂短文，了解大意
读懂短文是解题的第一环，也是关键的一步。只有读懂了短文，才能顺利地在表格中填出相关信息。值得注意的是：如果表格前提供了小标题，要特别注意小标题，它通常是段落和表格的主题句。读懂了标题有助于理解短文和表格的大意和结构。
（二） 理清思路，加深理解
理清短文主体结构，了解短文的写作思路和线索结构，有助于加深对篇章内容的理解，同时短文的结构往往也是很重要的命题线索，表格项目基本上就是根据篇章结构而设计的。
（三）分析整理，确定答案
通过分析、理顺表格线索，根据已有的表格内容提示来确定短文表格的设计线索，理清短文表格的设计原理，从而确定正确答案。同时答题时，务必遵循“先易后难，各个击破”的原则，不要在个别选项上耗费太多时间。
（四）书写规范，词形正确
需要注意的是，书写答案时，务必要注意规范，书写工整，千万不能因为大小写或抄写错误而扣分。另外，还要注意词性的转移和词形的正确使用，
如: 1.名词的性、数、格
2.动词的过去式、过去分词和现在分词
3.动词的第三人称单数形容词的比较级和最高级
由于今年是新课程改革的第一年，命题者在命题时，会注意平稳性原则。而任务型阅读又是个新题型，所以可以预测今年高考任务型阅读的难度应该不会太大。同时，对于考试说明中所提供的第三种题型，由于其答案的不惟一性，不利于阅卷的操作，所以在高考中的使用几率不会太高。但考生要想提高任务型阅读的效率，想要在该项目上得高分，甚至得满分，除了进行系统的训练外，还应注意以下问题。
系统复习语法，掌握扎实的基础知识
掌握扎实的英语语言知识是顺利完成阅读任务的基础，特别是有些英语表达与中国人的思维习惯不相同。因此，只有真正掌握了阅读材料中的字、词、句式以及一些字词句的背景知识，才能灵活运用于阅读材料，才能做到成竹于胸。
增加阅读量，培养良好的阅读习惯
为了拓展我们的阅读面，养成英语阅读的习惯。我们可以读一些英文小故事、幽默、笑话，或者篇幅较长的简易英文读物；如果条件许可的话，还可开展一些读书活动，如everyday report、英文故事会、朗诵会、戏剧表演、介绍英语时事新闻等。同时，针对不同的阅读材料，使用扫读、略读等不同阅读技巧。
（五）实战练习：
认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的词（仅限一词）
A smart card is a card that is carried with either a microprocessor and a memory chip or only a memory chip that is not programmable. The microprocessor card can add. delete, and deal with the information on the card, while a memory-chip card can only do one thing.
Smart cards, unlike magnetic stripe cards, can do many different things and hold a lot of information. In this way, they do not need to get information from a faraway place when they are used.
Today, there are several kinds of smart cards, all of which are very popular in the market:
IC (Integrated Circuit) Microprocessor Cards Microprocessor Cards (chip cards) offer a larger memory and better security than the traditional magnetic stripe cards do. Chip cards can also hold data. These cards are used for many things. Thus, chips have been the main platform for cards that hold a secure digital identity. Some examples of these cards are:
Cards that hold money.
Cards that provide safe access to a network.
Cards that allow setting stop boxes on televisions to remain safe from privacy.
Optical Memory Cards Optical memory cards look like cards with a piece of CD on the top. Optical memory cards can store up to 4MB of data. But once written, the data can not be changed or removed. Thus, this type of card is good for keeping records, such as medical files, driving records or travel histories. Today, these have no processors in them (although this is coming in the near future). While the cards are almost as cheap as chip cards, the card readers are expensive.
Title: (1)_______________cards
Types (3)________________ Disadvantages Similarities
IC Chip Cards A larger memory &Better (4)___________Hold data Not mentioned PopularityLarge (10) ____Low cost ofcards
Optical (2)______cards Store much dataGood for (5)_________Drivers and (6)_______to keep records(7)_______ not much (8)______ dataNo processorsExpensive card(9)_________
1. Smart 2. Memory 3. Advantages 4. security 5. doctors
6. travelers 7. cost 8. Unchangeable 9. readers 10.memory
五、书面表达
第一部分
1. 如何写好书面表达之具体要求：
1. 紧扣主题，内容完整
2. 确定主题，与主题无关的内容可省略。完成书面表达画面及文字所要求的内容。
3. 语言准确、表达清楚。
要用你掌握了的词、短语及句型等表达出正确的英语，切不可写出汉语式的英语。时态错误和不完整的句子被视为“严重错误”。
4. 行文连贯，构成语篇
语篇连贯的标准：(1)通顺 (2)恰当使用衔接词 (3)时态、人称和数要前后一致（4）上下文逻辑关系清楚
5. 丰富句式，生动精彩
衡量一篇文章的好与差，除了要看写明要点、行文连贯和表达清楚外，更注重看考生能否用词准确、生动精彩。句子的长短变化和句子结构的变化。
6. 字迹清晰，卷面整洁
字迹优美，卷面整齐是直接影响评分因素之一。
高考评分标准
第五档(很好)；(21-25分)
1. 完全完成了试题规定的任务。
2. 覆盖所有内容要点。
3. 应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。
4. 语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言运用能力。
5. 有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。
6. 完全达到了预期的写作目的。
第四档(好)：(16-20分)
1. 完全完成了试题规定的任务。
2. 虽漏掉1、2个次重点，但覆盖所有主要内容。
3. 应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。
4. 语法结构或词汇方面应用基本准确，些许错误主要是因尝试较复杂语法结构或词汇所致。
5. 应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。
6. 达到了预期的写作目的。(第三档(适当)至第一档(差)略)
不得分：（0分）
1.未能传达给读者任何信息：内容太少，无法评判；写的内容均与所要求内容无关或所写内容无法看清
注意：
1. 评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量，确定或调整档次，最后给分。
2. 词数少于 130和多于170的，从总分中减去2分。
3. 评分时，应注意的主要内容为：内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性、上下文的连贯性及语言的得体性。
4. 拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写汉词汇用法均可接受。
5. 如书写较差，以至影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。
6. 内容要点可用不同方式表达，对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分
2. 不同文体的写作
书面表达旨在测试学生的英语书面表达能力。高考的书面表达是一种指导性写作。试题对写作的目的，对象，体裁及字数等都有明确的规定。提供给学生的材料形式为文字，图画或图表。试题要求学生根据所给的情景和要表达的意义，写出一篇 120 字左右的文章。高考中常见的文体为记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文等。
（一）记叙文：
记叙文是以叙述人物的经历或事物的发展变化过程为主的一种文体。它分为记人和记事两种。记叙文的几个要点为：
1. 时间、地点、人物、事件，这几个要素在写作时要交代清楚。
2. 人称：记叙文一般可以有第一人称和第三人称两种叙事方式：第一人称是作者以当事人的口吻，把文章中的事情以“我”的所见所闻的方式来叙述，第三人称是写作者从旁观者的角度来叙述，反映事件中的不同人的感受和见解。
3. 记叙文的线索一般为时间，即按照事件的发展顺序来写。以可以按照地点的线索来写，即以地点的转移为顺序。
4. 重点突出，层次分明，详略得当。
5. 注意文章的完整性。
6. 所用的时态通常为一般过去时。
例： 江苏省连云港、徐州、淮安、宿迁四市联考2008届高三第二次调研考试
春节期间，我国南方多个地区遭受了几十年来罕见的雪灾。它给人们的生产和生活带来了极大的影响-------房屋倒塌, 断水断电, 食品供应紧张……。面对灾害, 举国上下齐心协力抗击雪灾, 展示了强大的中国精神。请结合下图用英语为China Daily写一篇简短的报道。
注意: 1.报道要包含雷灾的危害和抗灾情况，并适当谈谈人们自己的感受。
2.字数: 150左右。报道的标题、开头已为你写好, 不计人总词数。
Disaster Occurred，Help Came
During the Spring Festival, many areas across southern China saw a snow disaster never seen in more than 50 years. The snowstorm ______________________________________
写作步骤：
1. 审题：理解图意，将几幅图构成一个完整的情节。
2. 列出要点：
雪灾导致了很大的危害；
很多人参与了这场特殊的战役：战士们清扫积雪、帮助受困的人们；修理工及时修理电线；人们捐了钱物；全国各地的人们伸出了援助之手……
自己的感受
3. 将要点扩展成文，注意上下文的连接，用适当的连词，副词。
4. 通读一遍，改错。
One possible version:
Disaster Occurred, Help came
During the Spring Festival, many areas across southern China saw a snow disaster never seen in more than 50 years. The snowstorm caused great damage to houses and power lines. Millions of people suffered from the shortage of water, vegetables and power supply. Roads were blocked. Flights were cancelled and trains were delayed, leaving tens of thousands of passengers unable to go back home.
Facing the disaster, the government took all kinds of urgent measures to ensure everything returned to normal as soon as possible. Soldiers cleared snow and ice on the road and rescued the people trapped in the snowstorm. Repairmen worked around the clock to ensure water and power supply, for which some even lost their lives. Large quantities of aid relief, including the money donated by ordinary people across the whole country, were rushed to the disaster areas. Thanks to the joint efforts, people in the disaster areas were able to recover to normal.
Looking back upon the experience, I feel that united, we’re strong. The efforts of the Chinese government and the Chinese people in face of hardships will be always appreciated. (164 words
（二）议论文：
在近几年的高考中，议论文的比重占得越来越多，议论文的出题形式可以多种多样，有看图写作、图表、表格、书信等各种类型，但文体实际上是议论文，而有时是夹叙的议论文。议论文的写作要点是：
1. 观点鲜明，文章一定有一个明确的中心论点。
2. 层次分明，一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持，不同层次之间要分明，过渡清晰自然。
3. 最后一段一般要总结全文，得出一个符合逻辑的结论，突出中心思想。
4. 一般采用一般现在时。
5. 语言简洁有力，一般不采用口语。
例：05年全国高考英语(福建卷)
目前，学校存在少数学生考试作弊现象。某英文杂志社拟对此现象向中学生征文，标题是“My opinion on Cheating in Examinations”，请根据下列提示用英语写一篇征文稿。
内容要点如下：
主要原因 考试偏多，偏难
不用功，懒惰
取悦老师，父母
个人看法 作弊不对，影响校规
要诚实，努力学习
……其他看法
注意：
1. 短文必须包括所有内容要点，可适当发挥；
2. 短文标题与开头已为你写好，不计入总词数；
3. 词数：100左右；
4. 参考词汇：作弊 cheat (v.)
写作思路：
1. 首先审题，确定要点——本文的中心论题是：My pinions on Cheating in Examinations ，所以首先要提出中心论题，点题。
2. 接下来从两方面来讨论这个问题，可以分做两段，现分析这种现象的产生原因， 然后很自然地过渡到自己的看法。在讲述自己看法时要有鲜明的观点及支持观点的论据。
3. 最后对自己的观点做简短的总结，点题。
One possible version:
My opinions on Cheating in Examinations
It is known to us all that some students cheat in examinations at school.
As students, we often take examinations at school, but sometimes we have too many examinations which are too difficult for us. On the other hand, some of us are lazy and don’t work hard at their lessons. So when taking examinations, they sometimes cheat in order to get better results to please their parents and teachers.
In my opinion , it is wrong to cheat in examinations because it breaks the rules of schools. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard instead of cheating in examinations. What’s more, we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for examinations.
In a word, it is wrong to cheat in examinations.
（三）说明文：
说明文是以简明的文字介绍事物的形状、性质、构造、变化、功用、特征等的文章。写好说明文的关键是抓住事物的特征，说明事物的顺序要有一定的逻辑性。
说明文常见的顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序等。
例：
南通市2008届高三第三次调研测试
假如你是李明，你的英国笔友约翰给你发来一封电子邮件，要求你简要介绍北京奥运会火炬以及火炬在江苏境内传递的情况。请你根据下列所有提示内容，给他回一封电子邮件。
北京奥运会火炬由我国自主设计研发（长72厘米）；
造型：纸卷轴，意指纸是中国四大发明之一，通过丝绸之路传到西方。
图案：祥云，象征和谐，是具有代表性的中国文化符号。
火焰高度25—30厘米；在强日光情况下亦可识别和拍摄；能在强风和大雨情况下保持燃烧。
火炬在江苏境内传递时间与路线：5月22日至24日；苏州→南通→泰州→扬州→南京
你的感想。
注意：1 .对所给要点，不要简单翻译，要有适当发挥；
2.词数150。电子邮件中已写好了的部分，不计入词数。
3.参考词汇：纸卷轴a paper scroll 丝绸之路the Silk Road 祥云lucky clouds
Dear John,
Nice to hear from you again. Now I’m happy to tell you about the Beijing Olympic Torch.
Bye for now!
Li Ming
写作思路：
1. 首先确定这是一篇描述事物的说明文。
2. 确定写作要点：根据所给信息，大体可以分为三个部分——火炬简介；火炬传递时间与路线；你的感想。
3. 各层次之间注意使用恰当的连词，让过渡自然，结构合理。比如：besides, in my opinion等。
One possible version:
Dear John,
Nice to hear from you again. Now I’m happy to tell you about the Beijing Olympic pletely designed by the Chinese, the 72-centimetre-tall torch takes the form of a paper scroll, suggesting that paper was one of the four greatest inventions in ancient China and was introduced to the West by way of the Silk Road. In the design, lucky clouds, a typical symbol of Chinese culture, represent harmony.
The flame of the torch can reach a height between 25 and 30 centimetres, and it can be identified and photographed in the strong daylight. Besides, it will keep burning even in a strong wind or a heavy rain.
The torch will pass through Jiangsu Province via Suzhou, Nantong, Taizhou, Yangzhou and Nanjing from May22 to 24.…
Bye for now!
Li Ming
（四）应用文：包括书信、通知、便条等。
（1）书信写作：在我们的日常生活中，我们经常给朋友、父母、亲戚等写信，这些信件都属于私人信件。私人书信是写给亲朋好友的，不仅是互通信息的工具，也是交流感情的渠道。书信写作是高考中经常出现的一种题型。写作时应注意以下要点：
1. 写好开头，提一提来信里谈到的各项事情，顺笔写来。
2. 一般先答复对方的问题，然后再谈自己想要说的话。
3. 结束信时要向对方表示友善或亲切的问候。
4. 语言要自然、平实、简洁。
Useful Expressions：
1. I’m very pleased to hear from you yesterday.
2. I’m sorry I’ve taken so long to answer your last letter.
3. We were all so pleased to hear you will be coming to visit us.
4. Look forward to hearing from you soon.
5. Please write back soon.
6. Do write to us when you have time.
7. We hope to hear from you soon.
8. Give my best wishes to the family.
例： 南通四县市2008届高三期末联考试卷
根据教育部通知，从2007年9月1日起，中小学生每天要跳校园集体舞。通知发出后，在社会上引起了热烈的讨论。假如你是李华，请根据下表提供的内容给 “China Daily” 编辑写一封信反映讨论情况, 并提出自己的看法和理由。
注意：（1）字数：150
(2) 开头已写好,不计入总词数。
(3) 参考词汇： 集体舞 group dancing
社交能力 sociability
赞 成 1．能锻炼身体；丰富校园生活。2．培养舞蹈素质和审美情趣。3．培养社交能力，是一种健康的交流方式。
反 对 1．在农村学校无法实施，教师没有能力教,也没有合适的地方。2．校园集体舞不能达到锻炼身体的目的，只是一种表演。
你的看法 ……
Dear Editor,
The Department of Education announced in June, 2007 that from Sept. 1. 2007 primary and secondary school students will dance into the new semester(学期). This has led to a warmly debate. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
写作要点：
1. 审清题意 信的内容包括以下几点：赞成者的观点、反对者的观点、你的看法。
2. 信可以分为三段来写，力求结构清晰，思路完整。
3. 注意语言自然流畅。
One possible Version：
Dear Editor,
The Department of Education announced in June, 2007 that from Sept. 1. 2007 primary and secondary school students will dance into the new semester(学期). This has led to a warmly debate. Some people think group dancing is good for health and can enrich our school life. It helps to develop the students’ dancing quality. The students can understand better what is beauty. Also it can help students overcome feeling of shyness and improve their sociability. It is a healthy means of communication. With the correct guidance group dancing should be encouraged nationwide.
But other people hold the opposite view. They feel that in the countryside, the teachers don’t have enough experience in dancing and also there isn’t proper room for students to learn dancing. Last but not least, group dancing is just a form or a performance, which can’t help students to keep fit.
As to me, group dancing might cause children to have too early an interest in the opposite sex and neglect their studies. There will be an increase of boys and girls falling in love once they have more chances for physical interaction./ When the students dancing together, it is natural to hold hands and dancers can learn to be elegant, like at a party.
Yours,
Li Hua
（2）通知的写作
通知是一种安排活动或布置工作时使用的文体，包括了口头通知和书面通知。口头通知是当面向有关人员口授有关活动的信息，而书面通知是以布告的形式把事情通知给有关人员。通知的要素是时间，地点，对象，事件具体内容，注意事项等。通知的语言应该是简洁明了，直截了当。还应该注意要有一定的逻辑顺序。
注意：
1）口头通知一般都会将下列词句放在开头
Ladies and gentlemen
Boys and girls
May I have your attention , please
I have something important to tell you.
结尾时会以以下句子结束：That’s all. Thank you.
2）书面通知在正文之前的正中位置写Notice字样，结尾要写明时间及发出通知的单位。
例：南京市2008届高三第一学期期末调研卷
书面通知：
目前高三学生普遍感到学习负担重，压力大，因此焦虑、忧郁等多种心理问题日益突出。为此，你校学生会成立了快乐俱乐部（Happy Club）。请用英语写一个书面通知，准备刊登在你校英文校刊上，欢迎高三学生加入该俱乐部。内容要点如下：
1宗旨：帮助学生以积极乐观的态度面对问题，迎接挑战。
2活动内容：（1）定期请专家开讲座，解决心理问题
（2）组织讨论，交流学习经验
（3）请你再拟定两项活动
3活动时间：周六下午
4报名方式：在学生会填写申请表或在校园网上登记
注意：（1）不要简单翻译所给要点，要有适当发挥；
（2）词数150，短文中已写出的部分不计入总词数；
（3）参考词汇：心理的psychological；学生会the Student Union
Do you feel stressed up Do you want to keep up a good state of mind Why not join our Happy Club
Don’t hesitate.It’ll be great fun!
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