M8 Unit5 的全部单词的详细讲解（教师备课适用）(辽宁省锦州市北宁市)

1. 确认，识别，鉴别
2. 可能的选择，选择对象
3. 考古学
4. 考古学的
5. 考古学家
6. 试探性的，不确定的
7. 精确，准确
8. 挖掘，发掘
9. 打断讲话，打岔，暂时终止或中断
10. 假定设想
11. 不管不顾
12. 厘米
13. 使锋利，尖锐，清晰
14. 切碎
15. 擦净，削平，磨光
16. 刮刀，刮刀器
17. 足够的，充足的，富裕的
18. 原始的，远古的，简陋的
19. 保持，保存，保藏
20. 小珠子，滴
21. 植物学，植物学的
22. 分析
23. 详细而精确额的，确切的
24. 海贝壳
25. 种类，类别，范畴
26. 重要意义，重要性
★identify
1.Try to identify these objects.鉴别一下这些物品。
2.I identified the jacket at once; it was my brother's. 我立即认出了那件外套,它是我兄弟的。
3.Can you identify your umbrella among this lot 在这么多伞中你能认出你那一把吗？
4.She identified the man as her attacker. 她认出那个人即是动手袭击她的家伙。
ID card =identification card 身份证
★alternative alternatively
Can you think of the alternatives we could use today
1) adj.--(of two things) that may be had, used, etc. in place of sth. else; other
2) n.--choice between two things
a) There are alternative answers to this problem. 这个问题有两个可能的答案。(adj.)
b) The way was blocked, so we went by an alternative road.
这条路被挡住了,因此我们走了另一条路。(adj.)
c) Is there no alternative to what you propose 你的提议没有变通的余地吗？
d) We have no alternative but to go on.除了继续下去,我们没有选择的余地。
e)We could take the train or alternatively go by car.我们可以乘火车去，也可以乘小车去。
★household 1)n. =all the people living in a house.全家人
2)adj. =used in a household; commonly known, familiar
1.It’s a household object from Ancient Greece.
2.The whole household was / were up early. 全家人都起得很早。
3.I grew up as part of a large household.我是在一个大家庭长大的。
4.How many people are there in your household (=family)
household appliances 家用电器 household name 家喻户晓的名字
★tentative
1.Try a tentative guess about what Peking Man might have done and used thousands of years ago.
2.make a tentative suggestion / plan / proposal 提出试验性的建议(提议,计划)
★(in)accurate → (in)accuracy (in)correct → (in)correctness
1.Is this watch accurate 这只表准吗
2.There is a slight inaccuracy in this design. 这张设计图中有一点不大准确。
Word study in Reading
★archaeology n.考古学 archaeologist n.考古学家archaeological adj.考古学(上)的
★show sb around 领着…四处参观
★aware adj.=having knowledge or realization n. awareness
1.You must be aware (=know) that it’s here that we’ve found evidence of some of the earliest people who lived in this part of the world.
*aware + of + n./prom
*aware + that-clause
a) 你可知道你坐在我的帽子上吗？____________ that you are sitting on my hat
b)我们十分明白情势的严重性。We _______________ the gravity of the situation.
c)我不知道他对他母亲的去世如何伤感。I ________ how deeply he had felt the death of his mother
★§excavate: v.①=To make a hole in开凿 ②=to expose or uncover by digging考古发掘
1.We have been excavating here for many years. (Line 6)
2.We have been excavating layers of ash almost six meters thick. (Line 15)
3.The workmen excavated a hole in the wall to let the sewage pipe pass through.
工人们在墙上掘了个洞让排污管道通过。
4.excavate an archaeological site挖掘考古现场
5.excavate a buried city 发掘一个埋在地下的城市
excavation :n.[U]挖掘,发掘[C]挖掘成的洞,出土文物
excavator:挖掘者，挖掘机
★interrupt: vt. & vi.
1)=to break the continuity of 使中断
2)=to break in upon ( a person speaking or doing sth, his speech, etc.) 打断； 插嘴
§ I’m sorry to interrupt you but …
*I’m sorry … but …是用来向别人礼貌地解释情况的一种表达方式。
很抱歉，但我有很重要的事情要说。
I’m sorry but I have something important to say
a) 在我忙的时候不要打扰我。 Don’t interrupt ( me ) while I’m busy.
b)交通被洪水阻断。Traffic was interrupted by floods.
c)下雨中断了我们的捧球比赛。The rain interrupted our baseball game.
d)打断别人的话，是不礼貌的。It is rude to interrupt
★ornament: n. ①[U] (fml) =decoration装饰；
②[C]=thing designed to add beauty to sth, but usu without practical use
(通常没实用价值的)装饰品
1). We have found human and animal bones in those caves higher up the hill as well as tools and ornaments.
2). The palace was rich in ornament.这个宫殿装饰得富丽堂皇。
3). The shelf was crowded with ornaments. 这个架子摆满了装饰品。
ornament: v. = decorate
Her dress was ornamented with lace. 她的裙子饰有花边
★assume: v. 1)=accept (sth) as true before there is proof 假定，设想
2)=take on, undertake 担任，承担
*assume + n.
*assume + n. + (to be … )
*assume + that-clause
1). We think it is reasonable to assume they lived in these caves, regardless of the cold.
我们有理由认为他们不顾严寒，就住在这些洞穴里。
2). We must assume his innocence/him to be innocent / that he is innocent before he is proved guilty. 在证实他有罪前，我们必须假定他是无罪的。
3). 他并非你所以为的那样愚蠢。
He is not such a fool as you assumed him to be. (→supposed)
4). 每个人都被认为知道这些规则。
Everyone ___________________ to know the rules.
5). 假定这条消息是真的，你会感到惊讶吗？
___________ that the news is true, will you feel surprised
6). assume office 就职
★regardless of：prep.1)＝in spite of不管; 2)=paying no attention to不顾
a) We will continue regardless of past failures.尽管以前我们失败过，但仍要坚持下去。
b) regardless of the consequences / danger / expense / one’s feelings
不顾后果(危险,费用,某人的感情）
★at (the) most → at (the) least
1.They didn’t have material like(=as) we have today. (P38)
2.Did early people really care about their appearance like (=as) we do (P39)
3.她烹饪的技术不如她的母亲。 She can’t cook like/as her mother does.
★They(=animal skins) would be so heavy to cut and sew together.
sew→ sewed→sewed/sewn 缝纫
saw → sawed→sawed/sawn 锯开
a sewing machine 缝纫机
It seems that they might have used sharpened stone tools to cut up the animals and remove their skin.
★sharpen a pencil / knife 削铅笔/磨刀
a pencil-sharpener 铅笔刀
a knife-sharpener 磨刀石
blacken/deepen /strengthen/lengthen/widen /heighten
★cut up:=to cut something into smaller pieces
cut down the tree → cut up the (fire)wood
Complete the sentences with the proper expressions: cut away/cut down/cut off/cut out
1)洪水切断了我们的供应. The floods have _______ our supplies.
2)我们正忙于砍树. We are busy ______ _____ the trees.
3)我们把树上所有的枯枝都砍去了. We _________ all the dead wood from the tree.
4)裁缝在裁剪衣服之前仔细检查了这块布. The tailor carefully examined the cloth before starting to _______ a garment
★scrape: v.=make (a surface, etc) clean or smooth by drawing a sharp tool or sth rough across it
Then smaller scrapers might have been used to clean the fat and meat from them.
1)scrape the wallpaper off before painting the wall 在墙上涂油漆前把壁纸刮掉
2)I scraped my knee on the sidewalk. 我的膝盖在人行道上刮破了。
3)Scrape the mud off your shoes with this knife.用这把小刀把你鞋上的土刮去。
4)scraper:刮刀,擦具, 铲土机
§They would have had to rub an ample amount of salt inside the skin to make it soft enough.
★ample : adj. = more than enough, plenty of, abundant, large in size
1) He has ample resources.
→He is wealthy.
2) $5 will be ample for my needs.
→$5 will be enough for my needs.
3) We have ample time to get to the station.我们有充足的时间到车站。
4) an ample salary 优厚的薪金
5)车内的空间足以容纳你们所有人. There’s _____________ room for all of you in the car.
It’s a primitive necklace. 这是条原始的项链。
1) primitive societies / tribes 原始社会/部落
2) Primitive man lived in caves. 原始人住在山洞里。
3)Primitive man made tools from sharp stones and animal bones.
原始人用尖石块和动物的骨制造工具。
4)The natives of that region still live in primitive straw huts.
那个地区的居民依然住在古老的茅草屋里。
5)Small seashells were once used as a primitive kind of money. 小贝壳曾经被用作简单的钱币。
★primitive: adj.
1) [use attrib] =of or at an early stage of social development
2) = simple, as if from an earlier period of history
It is so well preserved.
★ preserve: 1)v.
a)=keep from harm or danger 保护; 防护
b)=keep from decay, risk of going bad, etc. 保藏; 贮存
c)=to prepare (food) for future use, as by canning or salting 腌制食物
2)n. a)[C use pl]果脯，蜜饯
b)[U] 果酱: strawberry p～
1.preserve fruit / eggs 保存水果/蛋
2.preserve one’s eyesight 保护视力
3.a well-preserved old man
→one who shows few signs of the usual weakness of old age 保养得好的老人
4. They spent a lot of money to preserve the old castle and other places of historic interest.
他们花了不少钱来维修那座古城堡和其它古迹。
5.You can preserve meat or fish in salt. 你可以用盐保存肉或鱼。
6. preserve peace/public order 维持和平 / 公共秩序
★bead: 珠子,小而圆的材料(如玻璃,塑料,木材),其上有孔可穿在线上
1). Some of the beads are made of animal bones but some are made of shells.
2). She wore a string of beads round her neck. 她脖子上挂了一串珠子。
3). beads of sweat 汗珠
★botany: n.植物学 植物
botanical: adj.植物的, 植物学的,与植物学有关的
botanist: n. 植物学家
a botanical garden 植物园
★analysis: n.[U, C pl - ses]
chemical analysis 化学分析
an analysis of the milk 对牛奶的分析
The analysis of the samples on the murder spot showed some valuable clues to the police.
对谋杀现场标本的分析为警察提供了一些有价值的线索。
analysis of sales figures 对销售数额的分析
a detailed analysis of the situation 详细的形势分析报告
★specific: adj.精确的,特定的 n.精确的细节
1). What are your specific aims 你的确切目标是什么？
2). The money is to be used for a specific purpose. 这钱将用于某特定用途。
3). I want a specific answer. 我想要一个明确的回答。
4). You were specifically warned by your doctor not to eat fish.医生曾特别警告你不能吃鱼。
5). The houses are specifically designed for old people.这些住宅是特地为老年人设计的。
6). As the botanical analyses have been specifically showing us, all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake. 植物学的分析结果明确告诉我们，这儿四周曾经是个很大的浅水湖。
7). 毫无疑问，当时湖里是有鱼的。
_______________________________ there were fish swimming in the lake.
★herd: n.
1)牧群, 家养动物群
2)兽群 eg a herd of elephants 一群大象
3)一群人：eg a herd of stranded passengers. 一群处于困境的旅客
★category: n. class or group of things in a complete system of grouping 类，群
1). There are different categories of books in a library. 图书馆里有各种不同种类的书籍。
2). place things in categories 把东西分门别类进行整理
★significance:重要； 意义；价值
be of great significance = be very significant
be of great + n. = be very + adj.
1). What is the significance of this speech 这个讲话有什么意义？
2). The significance for college students of doing a part-time job means more than money and experience. 大学生打工的意义还不仅在于钱和经验。
★somehow / someway: adv.
1)=in some way, by some means设法
2)=for a reason that is unknown 不知何故，反正
1. I must finish this work somehow.我必须设法完成这工作。
2. Somehow, I don’t feel I can trust him.反正，我觉得不能信任他。
3. Somehow I don’t like him. 不知何故，我不喜欢他。
4. Somehow he made a terrible mistake.不知何故，他犯了个大错误
★systematic: adj.有系统的,有计划的; 有预谋的,故意的
1. He’s very systematic in all he does.他做一切事情都有条不紊。
2. systematic learning of English英语的系统学习
3. systematic research有系统的研究
4. systematic liar 故意说谎者
5. _______ is a large and well prepared meal, usually for many persons and often accompanied by ★ feast: entertainment. (n.) 盛宴,筵席 (通常有很多人参加，并有娱乐活动)
1. 拉拉担心她这次盛宴的准备工作，所以赶紧把坚果和水果收集起来就快步回家了。
Worried about the ___________ for her feast, Lala quickly turned for home with her _________ of nuts and fruit.
2. We feasted on chicken and coconuts. 我们吃鸡肉和椰子，大饱口福。(v.)
3. Our reporter feasted his eyes on the beautiful scene of Venice. (喻)
我们的记者大饱眼福，饱览了威尼斯美丽的景色。(v.)
★applaud: means to express approval, especially by clapping the hands. 赞许，尤指鼓掌赞许
1. 当族人为他的选择欢呼鼓掌的时候，拉拉觉得非常自豪。
She had felt so proud as the group shouted loudly to _________ his choice.
2. 演唱会结束时，大家都(对他/对他的表演)热烈鼓掌。
Everyone __________ (him / his performance) at the end of the concert.
3. I applaud your decision. (=approve of赞成) 我赞成你的决定
★if only “要是，但愿”，相当于“How I wish”,往往引起虚拟语气，用感叹句。用一般过去时表示对现在的虚拟(a),用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟(b)。
if only + S + did…(a) / had done…(b)
If only she had looked ahead and planned better! 要是她早有预见，计划得更好些就好了！
1. 要是我能飞就好了！If only I could fly!
2. 要是我早点知道就好了。If only I had known it earlier.
★look ahead: think about what is going to happen in the future计划未来, 预测未来
1. 你是否想过五年后你要做些什么？_______ to what you’ll be doing in five years’ time
2. Everyone should look ahead and save a little money each year for when he retires
★accelerate: v.(make sth) move faster or happen earlier; increase the speed of (使)加速，加快
acceleration: n.
accelerator: n. 加速器
1. 赛跑运动员在转弯处顺势加速。The runners accelerated smoothly around the bend.
2. 那辆车加速超过了我。The car accelerated to overtake me.
★lie in wait (for)埋伏以待(等候袭击)
1. 猫躲在那儿等着鸟飞下来。The cat lay in wait for the bird to fly down.
2. The robbers were lying in wait for the rich travelers
★ arrest: vt. 逮捕；吸引；阻止，抑制
n. [U,C]逮捕,停止
1. The bright colors of the flowers arrested the boy’s attention.
2. 花卉的鲜艳颜色引起了小孩的注意。( 吸引/引起注意)
3. Poor food arrests the natural growth of children.
4. 粗劣食物妨碍儿童的自然成长。(阻止,妨碍)
5. She had almost reached her destination when a delicious smell arrested her progress and she stopped. 她快到目的地的时候，一阵香气扑鼻而来，使得她驻足不前。
6. 他被警察逮捕了。 _____________________________.
7. 她警告的口吻引起了我的注意。 Her warning tone ___________________.
8. 警方在足球赛时逮捕了一些人。 The policeman made several ________ during the football match.
arresting: attracting and holding the attention; striking; noticeable
醒目的, 给人深刻印象的,引人注目的
★dizzy: adj. 1. (指人)晕眩的, 昏乱的 2. (指地点, 情况)使人晕眩的
1. 她饿得头昏眼花。 Her senses became dizzy with hunger.
2. The children ran in a circle until they were dizzy.
★senses: n.[pl] 神智，正常的精神状态
She lost her senses at the news.她听到消息后就晕了过去。
★relief n. [U, singular](痛苦或忧虑的)减轻或解除; 宽慰,宽心;救济品
1. 这药可以稍微减轻你的痛苦。This medicine will give you some ________.
2. 政府送救济品给在台风中失去家园的难民。
The government sent _______ to the refugees who lost their homes in the typhoon.
3. 见到你平安无事也就放心了。 It’s a great _______to find you safe.
4. relieve headaches 缓解头痛
5. relieve pressure 减轻压力
6. relieve oneself 解手,上厕所
7. relieve one’s fears 消除…的恐惧
8. relieved: adj. 放心的,得到安慰的
★spirits: n.[pl]情绪；烈酒
1. Lala情绪高涨起来。 Lala’s _____ _____.
2. be in good / high spirits 精神高昂饱满
3. be in bad / low spirits 垂头丧气
4. Your letter raised my spirits. 你的来信令我精神为之一振。
5. I’ll be with you in spirit. 我心与你同在。
6. The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak. 心有余而力不足。
★ affectionate: adj.=loving and tender 充满深情的；有爱心的
1. 他给她写了一封充满深情的信。He wrote her an affectionate letter.
2. 他很爱他的孩子们。He is very affectionate towards his children.
3. an affectionate child 可爱的小孩
4. affectionate kisses / words / smiles 深情的吻/话语/微笑
affection: n.[U, C usu pl] 友爱, 爱(情)
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