写作专题训练
训练（一）：请你以四川汶川大地震为题作文，可以抒发自己的感想，词数80～100词。
范文：The passage of time bit by bit, every minute, have a lot of the people of disaster areas due to the doctors and rescue officers and men of insufficient resources, and faced with the risk of death. The Internet, the latest news and pictures and video continuously came, of which a video, What I can not forget: the first video screen, is one of the buildings have collapsed, this place was once a beautiful campus. Collapsed in a pile of rubble, an immature in the eyes of Xiaolian. It was a level of about 12 girls. After a day of the burial, the little girl's face due to excessive hunger and the lack of oxygen, the original Hongrun Xiaolian has become a black and yellow of the yellow. In her face, vaguely Kuguo the Leihen can see, there are the touch of despair. The little girl's mouth is still one of a, but in the video but did not hear her voice, presumably little girl buried in the rubble cried out at once, for help and my voice has changed a dud. To see this little girl, my heart is very mixed feelings. Sichuan's major earthquake, resulting in tens of thousands of people under siege in the ruins. They and the little girl, in the rubble of the reactor can not help themselves, if not timely rescue of their officers and men, these people's lives will be at risk, by the death of oppression. At that time, only heard a while shouting: "Anyone here!" A group of officers and men from running, moved to the implementation of the rescue work. The little girl's face suddenly filled with joy, Jiao Zhe shouted: "Come and save me!" Officers and men of a Di Xiatou, the little girl said: "girl, we are to save you. Do not speech, a good Daizhuo, patience And so on us! "The little girl did not listen to the speech, Yan Baba to see the officers and men. As the little girl in the rubble layer, if the use of some rescue equipment, could collapse again ruins of the crisis little girl's life. Can not be used machinery, the officers and men on the tube into a circle, hand-to Paozhao Paxia to rubble. At this time is 1:00, the rescue of these officers and men have a number of locations collapsed, can not long ago tired of. However, as long as their lax one second, then trapped under the ruins of the people may face the risk of death! In order to the affected people, their plight, tired, simply nothing. Officers and men is Bingzhuo "as early as possible into more than one second to save a" belief, uninterrupted rescue the affected people. At that time, little girls around the rubble was finally finished cleaning up the officers and men, girls were successfully rescued by.
Sichuan 7.8 earthquake alerted the world, the fate of the people of disaster areas also affect the 1.3 billion Chinese people's heart. 4 Chuan Wenchuan earthquake, the China Seismological Bureau has launched a plan. 12 by the China Seismological Bureau, a unit of the Beijing Military Region, 150 and the Armed Police Corps General Hospital 22-member national earthquake disaster emergency rescue teams have rushed to the disaster areas Wenchuan, is responsible for search, rescue and medical tasks. China's Air Force today dispatched 22 military transport planes to the earthquake-stricken area in Sichuan air more than 6,000 paratroopers and four command vehicles, the implementation of Mianzhu, County, in north-earthquake relief mission. Ministry of Civil Affairs has allocated 25,000 emergency relief tents support Sichuan disaster areas and other relief supplies are being mobilized in transport. And the community, many enterprises in China Red Cross Society of China, Sichuan is also assistance.
The face of disaster, unity is strength. When the 1.3 billion Chinese people side by side, Shou Wanshou, Xin Lianxin time, any difficulties are temporary, and that any disaster can be overcome!
时间一点一点的消逝，每一分钟，都有着不少灾区人民因抢救官兵与医生的资源不够，而面临着死亡的危险。在网上，最新的消息和图片以及视频不断传来，而其中一则视频，更让我难以忘怀：视频的第一画面，是一座已经坍塌的楼房，这个地方曾经是一座美丽的校园。在坍塌的瓦砾堆中，一张稚嫩的小脸出现在眼前。那是一个一二年级左右的小女孩。经过了一天的掩埋，小女孩的脸由于过度饥饿和缺氧，原本红润的小脸已经变成了黑黄黑黄了。在她的脸上，依稀可以看见哭过的泪痕，还有那淡淡的绝望。小女孩的嘴巴还在一张一合，可是在视频中却听不到她的声音，想来小女孩在被废墟掩埋时曾经哭喊、求救，嗓子已经变哑了。看到这个小女孩，我心中很是感慨。四川的大地震，导致数以万计的人民围困在废墟中。他们和这位小女孩一样，在瓦砾堆之中无法自救，如果官兵不及时抢救他们，这些人民的生命将岌岌可危，受到死神的压迫。这时，只听一阵大喊：“这里有人！”一群官兵奔跑而来，激动地实施抢救工作。小女孩的脸上顿时充满了喜悦，大声叫着：“快来救我！”一位官兵低下头，对小女孩说道：“小妹妹，我们正在救你。你不要讲话，好好待着，耐心等我们！”小女孩听话地不讲话了，眼巴巴地看着官兵们。由于小女孩在废墟的里层，如果动用一些抢救的机器，可能会使废墟再度坍塌，危机小女孩的生命。不能动用机器，官兵们就围成一个圈，趴下来用手来刨着瓦砾。此时已是凌晨一点，这些官兵们已抢救了多个坍塌地点，早已累的不行了。可是，只要自己松懈一秒，那么困在废墟下的人民就有可能面临死亡的危险！为了受灾人民，自己苦点、累点，根本不算什么。官兵们就是秉着“早进一秒就可能多救一人”的信念，不间断地抢救着受灾人民。这时，小女孩周围的瓦砾终于被官兵们清理完了，小女孩成功地被解救了出来。
四川7.8级地震惊动了世界，灾区人民的命运也牵动着13亿中国人的心。四川汶川地震发生后，中国地震局已启动一级预案。由中国地震局12人、北京军区某部工兵团150人和武警总医院22人组成的国家地震灾害紧急救援队陆续奔赴汶川灾区，负责搜索、营救和医疗救护任务。中国空军今天派出二十二架军用运输机，向四川地震灾区空运六千多名空降兵和四台指挥车，执行绵竹、安县、北川地区的抗震救灾任务。民政部也紧急调拨25000顶救灾帐篷支援四川灾区，其他救灾物资正在调集运输中。而社会各界人士、中国多家企业公司、中国红十字会，也在援助四川。
面对灾难，团结就是力量。当13亿中国人肩并肩，手挽手，心连心的时候，任何困难都是暂时的，任何灾难都是可以战胜的！
你也来练一练吧
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独立训练：请以你熟悉的电影为主题写一篇次数60～80的影评，注意交代电影的主要人物、背景、时间等。
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寄语：写作必须多练，练多了自然就写的更好了！祝各位同学的写作能力更上一层楼！Chapter 7 Have you seen…
★目标导航
重点词汇 ①include②through③noise④need⑤whether⑥dress⑦interested⑧fetch⑨happen 友情提示 ①注意与介词including的区别②注意与across,over的区别③注意与sound,voice的区别④注意不同词性下的应用⑤注意在宾语从句中与if的不同⑥注意其宾语一般是人，与have on,put on的区别⑦注意与interesting,interest的区别⑧第三人称单数形式及与bring,take的区别⑨主语不是人，无被动语态
交际用语 ①Let’s have a drink.②He thinks he is a film star now.③Which would you prefer ①祈使句变反意疑问句②引导词that可以省略③prefer的用法相当于like better
语法聚焦 宾语从句 注意引导词、语序及时态
★知识点
1.roar at 对着...怒吼/咆哮/吼叫
e.g. You need not roar at me.
2.act the part of 扮演...的角色
e.g. He is invited to act the part of a judge.
3.be keen on 对...着迷，喜爱
e.g. Tom was saying you might be keen on yoga
4.jump out of one's skin大吃一惊
e.g. I'm about to jump out of my skin.
5.green with envy 非常嫉妒的,十分妒忌的
e.g. If you buy that car, you'll make your friends green with envy.
6.a piece of cake 小菜一碟/非常容易(简单)
e.g. That problem is just a piece of cake.
7.shout at 对...大叫(含责备之意)
e.g. The boss shouted at his secretary.
8.look as if 看起来似乎...
e.g. He looks as if I owed him a lot of money.
9.①towards us 朝/向我们
e.g. The policeman ran towards us.
②go towards to sb./sth.朝......过来
10.dream of doing sth. 梦想.....
11. promise to do sth. 答应做某事
12. 指示某人做......tell sb. to do sth.
13. 追逐某人/某物chase sb. / sth.= run after sb./sth.
14. 对......兴趣不大be not interested in/ be less keen on
15. be impressed by被...给予印象,被...所感动, 对……印象深刻
16. a tour of 可以翻作“...之旅”既可以指真正的旅游，也可以用作比喻，如a tour of human body就是“人体之旅”
be on a tour of 一般来说就是用于表示“在...的旅途中”，比如
When I was on a tour of Yunan, I met my first girfriend.
我在一次去云南的旅途中，邂逅了我的第一位女友。
17.dress 意为“为...穿衣，打扮”
用法是dress sb，如：The babysitter dresses the baby everyday.保姆每天都要给宝宝穿衣。
而be/get dressed （in）意为“穿着...”,如果后跟宾语，则in不可少。如：She is dressed well today.她今天穿得很漂亮。She is dressed in a new skirt.她穿着一条新裙子。
▲ 辨析：be/get dressed (in)与have on , wear , put on
Be/get dressed (in) , have on , wear强调“穿着”的状态；而put on强调“穿”的动作.
e.g. ①Mary is wearing a red coat. =Mary has on a red coat. =Mary is dressed in red. “Mary穿着一件红衣服。” ②Mary, put on your coat. It”s cold out. “Mary, 穿上你的外套。外面很冷。”
18.keep on doing sth.“继续做某事；反复做某事”
e.g. They kept on making the same mistake.他们老是犯同样的错误。
●延伸：keep的用法
⑴Keep sb./sth.+adj.表示“使……保持某种状态”
e.g. We must keep the river clean.我们必须使河水保持干净。
⑵Keep sb. doing sth.表示“使某人做某事”
e.g. Don’t keep him waiting long.不要让他等得太久。
⑶Keep sb. from doing sth.表示“阻止某人做某事”
e.g. We must keep them from throwing rubbish into the river.
我们必须阻止他们把垃圾扔进河里。
19.trip ; tour ; travel ; journey
这四个词都有“旅游；旅行”之意，但是区别如下：
①Trip(n.)---“旅行”，指来往有定的短距离旅行,强调在路上所花的时间和所走的路程；②Tour(n.)---“周游”，指途中在许多地方作短暂停留的观光游览（长途或短途）；③Travel(n.)---“旅行”，惯用复数形式，泛指旅行各地,表示旅行的路途远,时间长；④Journey(n.)---“旅行”,“旅程”，普通用语，指陆地上的远程旅行。
20.seem的用法：
①seem(to be)+n./adj.
②seem to do sth.
③seem+that从句
21.see sb. doing sth.“看见某人正在做某事”
see sb. do sth.“看见某人做过某事”
22.both…and “既……又……”“……和…..都”
23.fetch 取来
fetch的第三人称单数形式是fetches
①bring是把某物从别处带到说话者的地方
②take是把某物从说话者的地方带走
③fetch 就是从说话者的地方出发到某地去取了某物再回来
★ 语法专栏
宾语从句
宾语从句
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句.
1.宾语从句的连接词
从属连词
连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that,if,whether.
that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句.
He told that he would go to the college the next year
他告诉我他下一年上大学.
I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.
我不知道是否还会有公交车.
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
没人知道他是否会通过考试.
连接代词
连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等.
连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述.
Do you know who has won Red Alert game
你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗
I don’t know whom you should depend on.
我不知道你该依靠谁.
The book will show you what the best CEOs know.
这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么.
Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone
你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗
连接副词
连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等.
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.
他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.
Could you please tell me how you read the new panel
你能展示给我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.
2.动词的宾语从句
大多数动词都可以带宾语从句
We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger.
我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮.
He told us that they would help us though the whole work.
他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮忙的.
部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句
I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.
我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了.
Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip
你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗
动词短语也可以带宾语从句
常见的这些词有:
make sure确保 make up one’s mind下决心 keep in mind牢记
Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.
在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.
可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句
①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .
我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.
I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together.
我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾.
I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.
我每天写日记成了习惯.
We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater.
我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要.
②有些动词带宾语从句时寻要在宾语与从句前加it
这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.
I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.
我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.
He will have it that our plan is really practical.
他会认为我们的计划确实可行.
We take it that you will agree with us.
我们认为你会同意我们的.
When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.
开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.
③若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替
We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.
我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.
We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.
我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.
3.介词的宾语从句
用wh-类的介词宾语从句
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.
The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.
这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升如太空的.
用that,if引导的介词宾语从句
有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句
I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.
对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知.
4.形容词的宾语从句
常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised
I am sure I will pass the exam.
我确信我会通过考试.
I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.
很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.
He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.
他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.
5.if,whether在宾语从句中的区别
①if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if
②少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether.
③whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.
④在不定式前只能用whether.
如： I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。
⑤避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.
6.哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that
当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时;
当宾语从句较长时;
当主语状语置于主句尾,宾语从句之前时;
当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时;
当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略;
当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时;
当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时;
当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时;
当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时;
当宾语从句有it做其先行词时;
在直接引语中,转述分句把宾语从句隔开时.
7.宾语从句的否定转移
主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.
I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party.
我认为他不会来我的舞会.
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he
我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是
如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he
我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是
8.宾语从句的时态和语序
当主句为现在时或将来时的时候,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响.
当主句为过去时的时候
①从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生
I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didn’t know what country he was in.
我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家.
He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.
他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读<老人与海>.
②从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前
He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.
他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉的了Mary.
③从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后
The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.
记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱.
如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时候不根据主句的时态而变化
The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.
老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转.
当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首
Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year
你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手.
宾语从句，即：在主句中担当宾语的从句。学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：连接词、语序和时态。
连接词一般都是that(指事务或人),which（指事）,who（指人）
1．从句为陈述句，常选择连接词that或将that省略，直接与主句相连。
2．从句为一般疑问句，常选择连接词if或whether。在whether…ornot结构中不能用if替换。
3．从句为特殊疑问句，常选择what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑问代、副词作连接词。
注意：当who为主语时，句式为：who+谓语+其他三：判断时态情况：
1。主句是一般现在时，从句为各种时态情况
2。主句是一般过去时，从句为各种相应过去时态注意：从句描绘客观事实，用一般现在时
1. The teacher told the children that the sun＿＿＿＿ round.
A. was B. is C. were D. are
2. I believe that our team＿＿＿＿ the basketball match.
A. win B. won C. will win D. wins
3. I don’t know＿＿＿＿ to visit the old man.
A. whether B. if C. that D. who
The soldiers soon reached( )was once an old temple( )the villagers used as a school.
A.which;where B.what;which C.where;which D.what;where
答：选B，动词reach后接宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，where不可，which引导宾语从句时表疑问含义“哪一个…”而此句中并非疑问含义，不知道哪一座庙宇，而是用what从句表陈述含义，意“过去的一座旧庙宇”；temple后为对其修饰的定语从句，用关系代词which代替，并在从句中作动词used的宾语，use sth. as…“把…用作…
whether + or not
宾语从句，在复合句中作宾语，位于及物动词后；
eg． Tell him which class you are in ．
Do you know what he likes？
注：(1)主、从句时态一致：
主句谓语过去时，从句相应过去时；
He answered that he was listening to me.
主句谓语现在时，从句时态任所需；
eg． He says (that) he will leave a message on my desk.
They know (that) he is working hard.
具体过去永不变，真理格言现在时；
eg．He told me that he was born in 1980.
Father told me that practice makes perfect .
（2）否定前移，及完成反意问句；
在think / believe / suppose / guess / imagine / expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，应转移到主句上去，完成反意问句时，应与从句主、谓保持一致。（注: 否定前移的条件是，主句主语是第一人称）
eg． I don't think you are right ,are you
I don't believe they have finished their work yet,have they
（3）在表示建议 suggest , advise
要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose；
决定 decide;
命令 order、command;
坚决主张 insist;
等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v．（虚拟语气）
eg． I suggested that you（should）study hard．
He ordered that we should go out at once．
（4）如果宾语从句后有宾语补语，用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句后置
eg．You may think it strange that he would live there．
（5）宾语从句that常可省略，但在以下情况下不能省略
A．当主句谓语动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，可以省略第一个that，其他不能省略。
eg．I believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get bet 鄄ter．
B．当it作形式宾语时
eg．She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him．
C．当宾语从句前置时
eg．That our team will win，I believe．Chapter 5 A success story
★目标导航
重点词汇 ①diver②performance③dry④charity⑤one of…⑥be good at⑦be strict with⑧both…and 友情提示 ①其动词是dive②其动词是perform③其过去式是dried④其复数是charities⑤……之一，后接“形容词最高级+名词复数”形式⑥擅长。Be good for…对……有益⑦对……要求严格，with后跟人⑧后面的谓语动词用复数
交际用语 ①Can I help you with… ②Thanks very much.③Give you a hand④If you want… ①help sb. with sth.帮助某人做某事②与hanks a lot同意③give sb. a hand给某人帮忙④if引导的条件状语从句，常用一般现在时
语法聚焦 ①用过去进行时表述过去某一时刻正在发生的动作②能区分一般过去时与过去进行时 ①掌握现在分词的构成②熟记不规则动词的过去式
★知识点
1,be responsible for sth./doing sth.对某事负责
如：Who is responsible for breaking the mirror 这镜子是谁打破的？
2.at a price 以很高的价钱
如：You can buy excellent wine here at a price. 你可以在这里买到好酒但要出高价。
3.be regarded as 被认为是…
如：Sge is generally regarded as one of the best writers in the country.
人们普遍认为她是该国最优秀的作家之一。
5.in place of 代替
And now ,in place of advertised programmes,there will be a specail news broadcast.
现在将有一节特别新闻广播来代替广告节目。
6.make money 挣钱
如：He makes a lot of money.
7.make up one's mind 下决心，决定
如：I can't make up my mind whethwe to accept his offer or not.
我无法决定是否要接受他的提议。
8.medical students 医科学生
如：She is a medical student.
9.at the age of 在…岁的时候
如：At the age of 26 ,she entered Parliament.她26岁的时候成为国会议员。
10.be worth doing 值得做某事
如：The food is not worth eating. 这种饭菜不值得一吃。
11.prepare meals 准备饭菜
如：My mother is preparing meals.
12.first prize 第一名
如：I got the first price.
13.rely on 依赖、指望某人或某物
如：We are relying on your support.我们期望得到你的支持。
14.vacuum the floor 用吸尘器打扫
I have vacuumed the floor. 我用吸尘器打扫了地面。
15.be strict with 对…严格
如：They are very strict with their children. 他们对孩子十分严格。
16. 给某人做手术 to have an operation on sb.
e.g. You can get a private doctor to operate on him.
你可以找个私人医生为他做手术
★ 语法专栏
过去进行时
(1） 概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
(2） 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。
(3) 常用的时间状语:
this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while
e.g.
①My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
②It was raining when they left the station.
③When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
典型例题
(1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同 时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。
(2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A.read； was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。
过去进行时的基本用法:表示过去某个时刻或时间正在进行过持续进行的动作,句中往往需要有时间状语来表示这一特定的时间.
What were they doing just now
他们刚才在干什么
具体概念:
一、 概念和用法：过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。其形式为was /were + V-ing。常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如：last night, last Saturday等；或者与when, while, as引导的过去时间状语连用。例如：
We were watching TV from seven to nine last night. 昨天晚上七点到九点的时候我们在看电视。
What was he researching all day last Sunday 上周日他一整天都在研究什么？
二、 过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情。时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。如：
What was she doing at nine o‘clock yesterday 昨天晚上九点她在做什么？ (介词短语表示时间点)
When I saw him he was decorating his room. 当我看见他的时候他正在装饰房间。 (when从句表示时间点)
三、 在复合句中，如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的，那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。例如：
While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper.他边等车边看报。 (两个动作都是延续的)
He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. 他擦车时我在做饭。(两个动作同时进行)
四、 通常不能用于过去进行时的动词主要有：agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have(拥有), hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish等。例如：
误：I was knowing the answer.
正：I knew the answer. 我知道答案。
误：I wasn‘t understanding him.
正：I didn‘t understand him. 我不明白他的意思。
句型：
肯定句：主语+was/were+doing+其它
否定句：主语+was/were+not+doing+其它
一般疑问句及答语：Was/Were+主语+doing+其它
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+doing+其它重点词汇 ①paint②dip③properly④joyful⑤fit 友情提示 ①即可作动词，也可作名词②过去式及过去分词dipped③形容词proper④名词joy⑤过去式及过去分词fitted
交际用语 ①It was thirty yards long and three yards high.②Will you let me do some painting ①注意句中的long,high等词的位置②回答用Sure./Of course./All right.等
语法聚焦 ①who,that.which引导的定语从句②pick up③enjoy oneself④except,besides的用法 ①who指人，that既可指人，也可指物，which指物②之后跟人称代词时，必须放在中间③其同义词组是have a good(nice) time④except 除了…之外没有,beside 除了…之外还有
Chapter 6 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
★目标导航
★知识点
⒈fit－v.t&v.i.适当，合适
e.g. This coat does not fit me.这件上衣不合我身。
－adj.合适的 『think/see fit to… 认为…恰当』
－n.适宜；突然发作（病的）；一阵…
e.g. A fit of coughing. 一阵咳嗽
The coat is a good fit.这件衣服很合身。
⒉every move 一举一动
⒊go on to do sth.继续做另一件事
go on doing sth.继续做同一件事
4.get tired=be tired
5.all sorts of=all kinds of 各种各样的
6.let me do
7.be pleased
8.more and more 越来越…
9.It is+数+单位+adj.
10.everywhere=here and there到处
11. 介词besides，except，except for，but，apart from 和 in addition to 在用法上有何区别？ besides 和 in addition to 同义，表示“除……之外(还)……”。但是，当与nothing，nobody或no one等否定意义的不定代词连用时，besides与except同义，表示“除…之外(其余都不)”。例如：
She knows Japanese besides English.
In addition to English, she knows Japanese.
All of them went to climb the mountain except me.
except 表示“除……外，(其余都)……”，常与“all，every，no，none，nothing”等含有整体肯定或否定意义的词连用。
except for： 它的宾语与前述对象完全是两回事。例如：The room was very cold and, except for Jack, entirely empty.这个房间很阴冷，而且除了杰克，完全是空荡荡的。
Except：指同一类事物的总体中除去一部分。如：He gets up early everyday except Sunday. 除星期天外，他每天早起。
Except that后面跟从句，语意与上同。如：He has always been in good health except that he has had a slight headache in the past few days. 除了在过去几天里有些头痛之外，他身体一直很好。
But：常可与 except互换，强调“不在其中”。例如：Everyone attended the meeting but Mary. 大家都出席了这次会议，但玛丽不在其列。
besides:强调“除此之外，还包括”。例如：She can speak French and Japanese besides English. 除英语外，她还会讲法语和日语。
apart from；其含义主要依据上下文而定，有时可与except换用，有时可代替besides.例如：Apart from the coat, the hat doesn't suit me. 除价钱太贵，这帽子也不适合我戴。
except 用于同类之间。
except for 用于不同类的。
apart from 在同类或不同类都能用。
12. interested 用来修饰人，be interested in 对…感兴趣
interesting用来修饰物
excited 用来修饰人
exciting 用来修饰物
boring bored, relaxing relaxed也是如此
e along . 一起 He came along with us. 他跟我们一起去的。
14. make fun of 取笑…
e.g. They made fun of his funny voice. 他们拿他的怪嗓音取笑。
15. a bit more
有点多，多一点，后面可以直接加可数名词，副词，形容词（=a little more)。修饰不可数名词时，a bit more后面要加of.
16. after a while 过了一会，不久
17. do some + doing=go doing做点什么
18. .end up doing… 以…告终
19. and so on adv.等等;诸如此类(用在一系列名词后面,之前的名词要依次用逗号分开）
20. by late afternoon 就在下午比较晚的时候
21. a coat of paint 一层漆
22. laugh at嘲笑, 漠视, 因...发笑
They all laughed at her queer idea.
他们都嘲笑她的怪念头。
23. give up放弃(念头、希望等), 停止, 抛弃, 认输,
e.g. I shall give up my claim, in submission to your wishes.
我将服从你的意愿,放弃我的要求
24. dig up掘起, 挖出, 发现, 开垦
e.g. I dug up an old box in the garden我在花园挖出一个旧箱子.
25. have an argument
吵架、辩论
26. knock out 敲空, 击倒, 打破, 破坏, 使筋疲力竭
e.g. Our team was knocked out in the second run.
我们的队在第二轮比赛中被淘汰
27. at the last moment在最后关头，在最后一刻
28. play a trick
play a trick on a sb. 诈骗某人; 开某人玩笑
play sb. a dirty trick 对某人耍卑鄙手段
e.g. He played a low trick.
他玩弄卑鄙的伎俩。
29. on the pavement 徘徊街头, 没有住处, 被遗弃
30. go round 到处走动, 顺便去, 流传, 长得够绕一圈，足够分配
e.g. There are not enough chairs to go round. 椅子不够分配
They went around the town, not through it. 他们没有穿过而是绕过该镇而行。
31.at the middle of 在…中部
★语法专栏
定语从句
定语从句及相关术语
1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。
( http: / / baike. / view / 56536.html wtp=tt" \l "#" \o "返回页首 )（序）
１定语可以由形容词，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任．
定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句．
２定语从句用来修饰名词，代词或整个主句．
３定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。
４定语从句存在的条件:先行词+关系词（有的版本作关联词）+从句
( http: / / baike. / view / 56536.html wtp=tt" \l "#" \o "返回页首 )（一） 限定性定语从句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句
6. when引导定语从句表示时间［注］值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导
( http: / / baike. / view / 56536.html wtp=tt" \l "#" \o "返回页首 )（二）非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.
人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it.
我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left.
刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3. 有时as也可用作关系代词
4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物.
( http: / / baike. / view / 56536.html wtp=tt" \l "#" \o "返回页首 )（三）关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人，在从句中做主语
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend
3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to.
如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.
4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。
在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning
5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow
(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow
( http: / / baike. / view / 56536.html wtp=tt" \l "#" \o "返回页首 )（四）注意
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导
(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(5) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
(6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
注意：
1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等
(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)
(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)
2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)
(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
( http: / / baike. / view / 56536.html wtp=tt" \l "#" \o "返回页首 )（五）关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.
( http: / / baike. / view / 56536.html wtp=tt" \l "#" \o "返回页首 )（六）判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案：
例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；
先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。
( http: / / baike. / view / 56536.html wtp=tt" \l "#" \o "返回页首 )（七）介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club
Do you remember the day when you joined our club
( http: / / baike. / view / 56536.html wtp=tt" \l "#" \o "返回页首 )（八）先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)
( http: / / baike. / view / 56536.html wtp=tt" \l "#" \o "返回页首 )（九）as，which引导的非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例题
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。
which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法例
1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；
例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
( http: / / baike. / view / 56536.html wtp=tt" \l "#" \o "返回页首 )（十）关系代词that 的用法
(1)不用that的情况
(a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here.
(b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
(2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
(a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
(b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
(c) 先行词有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修饰时，只用that。
(d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
(e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
(f) 先行词指物，在主句中作表语时．
(g) 为了避免重复．
(h)先行词是the way时
举例：
Is this the book that you borrowed in the library
这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗？
Who that break the window should be punished．
谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚．
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
( http: / / baike. / view / 56536.html wtp=tt" \l "#" \o "返回页首 )（十一）难点分析
（一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况
1．当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时
(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said
(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.
(3) All that can be done has been done.
(4) There is little that I can do for you.
注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who
(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.
2. 当先行词被序数词修饰
(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
(1) This is the best film that I have seen.
4. 当形容词被the very, the only 修饰时
(1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,
(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who
(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting？
5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时
(1) Who is the man that is standing there
(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most
6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时
(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned
（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：
1．As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。
(1) He married her, as/which was natural.
(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.
2. as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思
(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.
(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.
(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.
(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t believe.
注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which
(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.
3. 当先行次受such, the same修饰时，常用as
(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.
(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.
(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.
注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同
(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.
她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。
(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。
(三）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。
(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.
(四) but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句
(1) There are very few but understand his idea.
( but= who don’t )
(五) 区分定语从句和同位语从句
1．定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；
同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系
(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句
(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位语从句
2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；
同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；
句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分
(1) The news he told me is true.
(2) The news that he has just died is true.
(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语
(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.
3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以
(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. 同位语
(2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all.
(4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.Chapter 4 Saving the animals
★ 目标导航
重点词汇 ①population②behaviour③spend④special⑤western⑥mainly⑦reproduction⑧experience 交际用语 ①提问人数多少用what,不用how many②其动词形式为behave“表现”③注意和cost,take,pay表示“花费”的区别④special“特别的”，副词为“specially”⑤western由“west+-ern”构成⑥mainly“主要地”，形容词为main⑦注意前缀re-的用法及相关词汇⑧区分其用作可数名词与不可数名词的用法
交际用语 ——Why are you sunbathing ——I’m sunbathing so that I can get browner. So that 意为“以便，为了”，引导的目的状语从句中常含有can,could,may,might等情态动词
语法聚焦 ①so that,in order that,in case引导目的状语从句的用法②so/such…that引导结果状语从句的用法 ①注意in order that与in order to的区别：in order that+从句；in order to+动词原形②注意so修饰形容词或副词，such后跟名词，但so many/few/much/little…是固定用法
★知识点
1.centre,center n.→ central adj.
中心；中央 中心的
nature n.→ natural adj.→ naturally adv.
自然界 自然的 自然地，天生的
behave v.→ behaviour n.
表现 行为习惯
stick v.——stuck——stuck
粘贴
2.behve oneself 待人接物规规矩矩
3.special adj.→ specially adv.
特别的 特别地
4.main adj.→ mainly adv.
5.a day=every day=per day
6.前缀re-
①“回”“退后”的含义
e.g. return(返回)、recall(回忆)
②“再一次，又，重复”的含义
e.g. review(复习)
③“相反”“反对”的含义
e.g. rebel(反叛)、resist(反抗)
7.后缀-ern
e.g. eastern southern western northern
8.cost | pay | spend | take
cost指花费或付出代价，主语是物，后接life,money.health,time etc.侧重于“花费”的代价；
pay的主语是人，意为“付款”，常用于pay money for sth.结构中；
spend的主语是人，后面一般接表示金钱、时间、精力的名词，其后用“on+名词”或“(in)+动名词”形式，不接不定式，sb. spend sometime (in) doing sth./sb. spend sometime on sth.;
take主要指花费或占用时间，往往用it做形式主语，常用于It takes (sb.) sometime to do sth.句型中。
9.experience ①c.n.经历，履历 ②u.c.n.经验
10.try ①v. 努力做，尝试
try to do sth. 努力做某事；尽力做某事；
try doing sth.试着做某事
try/do one’s best to do sth.尽某人最大努力去做某事
②n. 努力；尝试
→try on 试穿[动副结构短语]
13.save v.①挽救 save one’s life
②节约 save water节约用水 save money 存钱
14.with(描述人/物时常用于表示“附带”)
e.g. A white face with small black ears.
一张白脸上带着一对黑耳朵。
15.feet 脚；英尺
16.-like 像……类
17.zoo→zoos;patato→patatoes
18.less than 少于&more than 多于
19.give birth to 生出；产出
20. in the wild 在野外
21. sugar cane 甘蔗
22. at birth 出生时
23. anti-shark gun 驱鲨枪
24. drinking water 饮用水
25. folding chair 折叠椅
26. mosquito spray 灭蚊喷剂
27. suntan oil 防晒油
28. on one's own独自地, 独立地, 主动地
29. take care of 照顾
take good care of 照顾好…
30. endangered species 濒危物种
★语法专栏
目的状语从句
目的状语从句：从句部分是用以补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的目的的。
表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导；
例如：You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
引导目的状语从句常用的连词有： that（以便），so that（以便）， in order that（为了；以便），Lest（免得；唯恐）， for fear that（生怕；以免）。
【例】
Say it louder(so)that everyone can hear you.
大声说，以便大家都能听到你。
I am telling you that lest you should make a mistake.
我告诉你这一点，以免你搞错。
学习目的状语从句应注意以下两点：
（1）目的状语从句中常含有can,could,may,might,should等情态动词。
【例】
I got up early so that I could catch the first bus.
我起得很早，目的是为了赶上头班公共汽车。
（2）在口语中so可以引导目的状语从句。
【例】
We'll sit nearer the front so we can hear better.
我们坐的靠前一点，因此，我们听得清楚一点。
【注意】in order that与in order to的区别：
in order that+从句
in order to+动词原形 （ in order to后面加的那个不叫目的状语从句，叫目的状语）
结果状语从句
结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。
比较： so和 such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many / few flowers such nice flowers
so much / little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）
so…that与 such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
( http: / / baike. / history / id=3832144" \l "#" \o "返回页首 )考题解析
［考题1］ Pop music is such an important part of society ____ it has even influence our language. (2007上海)
A. as B. that C. which D. where
［答案］ B
［解析］ 下划线处之后表示结果， 应选用与前面的such连用引导结果状语从句的that。
［考题2］ His plan was such a good one ____ we all agreed to accept it. (2006陕西)
A. so B. and C. that D. as
［答案］ C
［解析］ that与前面的such呼应， 引导结果状语从句。
［考题3］ We were in ____ when we left that we forgot the airline tickets. (2003上海)
A. a rush so anxious B. a such anxious rush
C. so an anxious rush D. such an anxious rush
［答案］ D
［解析］ 表示“如此匆忙”可以用“in so anxious a rush”或者“in such an anxious rush”。
( http: / / baike. / history / id=3832144" \l "#" \o "返回页首 )用法
结果状语从句的从句部分是补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的结果的，通常位于主句之后。以下逐一介绍高考中常见的引导结果状语从句的词：
1. so that可以引导目的状语从句， 也可以引导结果状语从句。
例如： He worried so that he couldn’t sleep.他急得睡不着。(so that引导结果状语从句) // It was very cold, so that the river froze.天气寒冷， 河水都结冰了。(so that引导结果状语从句) // I came to the class early so that I could see the classmate beside me.我赶早来上课， 以便早点看到我旁边的同学。(so that引导目的状语从句)
2. 表示“如此……以致……”的“so... that...”和“such... that...”均可引导结果状语从句， 其中的such 是形容词， 修饰名词； so 是副词， 修饰形容词或副词， 具体的搭配形式是：
(1)“so＋adj./adv.＋that”， “so＋adj.(＋a/an)＋n.＋that”；
(2)“such(＋a/an)(＋adj.)＋n.＋that”。
例如： He speaks so fast that no one can catch him. 他说话太快， 无人听得明白。// There is so rapid an increase in population that a food shortage is caused. 人口增长如此迅速， 以致造成了粮食短缺。// Our country has so much coal that she can export large quantities. 我们国家的煤炭非常丰富， 可以大量出口。(so与表示数量的代词many， few， much， little等连用已经形成固定搭配， 这些场合下不能换用such的对应结构表示) // The shop sells so expensive goods that I want to buy nothing in it. 这家商店出售的货物价格昂贵， 以致我在里面不想购买任何东西。// He’s such a good person that we mustn’t blame him. 他是这样好的人， 我们不能怪他。// They are such fine teachers that we all hold them in great respect. 他们是非常好的老师， 我们对他们极为尊敬。// It is such nice weather that I would like to go to the beach. 天气如此之好， 我想去海滩。
如果结果状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同， 可用so (adj./adv.) as to取代该结果状语从句， 注意体会以下例句： The weather was bad, so as to make a good photo hard to take. 天气恶劣， 以致难以拍出来好照片。// He was so kind as to phone for a taxi for the patient. 他是如此热心， 以至于他为病人打电话叫了出租车。// How could you be so stupid as to believe him 你怎么这么笨， 竟相信了他的话？
( http: / / baike. / history / id=3832144" \l "#" \o "返回页首 )补充强化训练题
1. It was five o’clock in the afternoon ____ they climbed up to the top of the mountain.
A. since B. when C. that D. until
2. Do think ____ reading.
A. while B. when C. as D. for
3. ____ the window, my hand was cut unexpectedly.
A. Cleaning B. To clean
C. While cleaning D. While I was cleaning
4. ____, one becomes more experienced.
A. When one grows older B. As one grows older
C. The older one grows D. While one will be older
5. I shall ring you up ____ you should forget to come.
A. because B. for C. in case D. in order that
6.Do you mind ____ how you succeed
A. if I go and see B. if I go seeing
C. my going and see D. my go to see
7. — Are you sure that you’ve met him before
— ____ I’m mistaken.
A. Unless B. If C. When D. Though
8. The students will go on playing football ____ or not.
A. whether it rains B. if it rains
C. whether it will rain D. no matter it rains
9. Francis Preston Blair, ____ born in Kentucky, lived and practiced law in Missouri.
A. was B. he was C. although D. as
10. The wounded soldier died though the hospital ____.
A. tried to pull him through B. managed to pull him through
C. went all out to pull through him D. managed to pull through him
11. ____, he is healthy, however.
A. Though older as he B. Though he is as old
C. Old as he is D. Old as he will be
12. No matter ____ hard it may be, I’ll carry it out.
A. what B. whatever C. how D. however
13. — Have you found your key
— Yes, it was lying ____ I often watch TV in my room.
A. what B. which C. how D. where
14. — How is it that you are late for class again
— ____.
A. By bus and them on foot B. Because I missed the bus
C. It’s quite all right D. It’s far from school
15. ____ you have come, you must not go away so soon.
A. For B. Now that C. Because D. So that
16. I remember this story ____ it happened yesterday.
A. though B. if C. for D. as though
本章补充强化训练题参考答案
1.B 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.C 6.A 7.A 8.A 9.C 10.A
11.C 12.C 13.D 14.B 15.B 16.D
