Unit1 Other countries, other cultures 全部教案

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Unit 1 Other countries, other cultures
Part One Teaching Design
第一部分 教学设计
Aims and requirements
◆ read a travel brochure about Canada and a magazine article about an aspect of Australian culture
◆ listen to a conversation about travel plans
◆ talk about issues related to travel and phone up a travel agent
◆ plan and write a travel itinerary
◆ make a flip chart about an aspect of Chinese culture
Procedures
● Welcome to the unit
Step 1 Brainstorming
At the beginning of this period, let’s enjoy some pictures first. When you catch sight of them, which country comes into your mind first
Leaning Tower Of Pisa--- Italykimono—JapanStatue of Liberty—AmericaShakespeare—the UKPyramid—Egypttulip—HollandVenus—GreeceYasser Arafat—Palestinemaple leaves—CanadaKangaroo—Australiaraki—Francefootball—Brazil
Step 2 Sharing information
1. Work in groups of four and discuss the four pictures on page 1.
Picture 1
Who are the people in the picture (They are Mounties, or the Royal Canadian Mounted police. They are also known as the RCMP.)
What do you know about them (The RCMP was originally called North-West Mounted Police, which was formed in 1873. In 1920, it was renamed the Royal Canadian Mounted as a means of transport by the police in Canada. Now, various modern facilities are used instead. The official motto of the force is ‘Uphold the right’.)
Why do you think the Mounties represent Canada (The Mountie is one of the most recognizable Canadian symbols as it was always featured in Hollywood movies, especially between the 1920s and the 1940s.)
What other things can you think of to represent Canada (Maple trees, Niagara Falls, the CN Tower, etc.)
Picture 2
What is the man in the picture (The man is a beefeater, or the Yeomen Warder of Her Majesty’s Royal Palace and Fortress the Tower of London.)
What do beefeaters do (In the past, the beefeaters looked after the prisoners in the London Tower and guarded the British crown jewels. Now, they no longer safeguard the Queen’s jewels. Instead, they are ceremonial guardians who also act as tour guides. To most of the tourists, they are tourist attractions in their own right.)
What do you know about beefeaters (It is said that the word ‘beefeater’ came from French ‘buffetier’, which refers to the guard protecting the king’s food in the place of French kings.)
Why do you think a beefeater represents the UK (Beefeaters have a long history. In 1485, King Henry VII set up the first beefeaters as his bodyguards. Beefeaters are also famous for their uniforms. One is the red and gold ceremonial uniform, which dates back to 1552 and can still be seen on important occasions. The other one is the blue dress uniform, which is more commonly worn. This uniform dates back to 1858.)
What other things can you think of to represent the UK (Big Ben, Stonehenge, Sherlock Holmes, etc.)
Picture 3
What can you see in the picture (An opera house—the Sydney Opera House.)
What does this opera house look like (It looks a group of seashells.)
Where is it Which country does it stand for (It is in Sydney. It stands for Australia.)
Why has this opera house become a symbol of Australia (The Sydney Opera House represents both achievements in modern architecture and performance. This magnificent building was constructed between 1957 and 1973, and its concrete shell roof is very distinctive. Since its official opening, the Sydney Opera House has attracted famous performers from all around the word.)
What other things can you think of to represent Australia (Koala bears, kangaroos, Gold Beaches, etc.)
Picture 4
What are these two skyscrapers called (Marina City.)
Where are they located (In Chicago, the USA.)
What do you know about Marina City (This magnificent complex was designed by Bertrand Goldberg and constructed between 1959 and 1964. This is a 36,000,000-dollar project in the heart of Chicago. The 60-storeyed twin towers were built on only 3 acres of land. It can accommodate 450 apartments and 450 cars in each of the twin towers. It is called ‘the city within a city’.)
Do you think Marina City is an icon of the city of Chicago or even an icon of the USA Why or why not (Yes. The complex is a symbol of the city due to its unique shape. The skyscrapers represent the great success in designing, engineering and construction.)
What other things can you think of to represent the USA (The Statue of Liberty, the White House, Hollywood, etc.)
2. Work in pairs and have a discussion about the questions below the pictures.
Sample answers1 As for Canada, the maple leaf can be the symbol. Besides the beefeaters, I think many buildings can be the symbols of the UK, such as London Bridge and Buckingham Palace. Koala bears and kangaroos can represent Australia. With regards to the USA, we can’t miss the Statue of Liberty. For other countries, I think kimonos and cherry blossom can be seen as the symbols of Japan, the pyramids can be seen as the symbol of Egypt, the Colosseum can be seen as the symbol of Italy and the Acropolis can be seen as the symbol of Greece. 2 I would choose a dragon to represent China, even though it is not a real creature. The dragon is regarded as a symbol of our nation. Also, in ancient times dragons were seen as having magic powers, which might bring fine weather and good harvests. Today, many Chinese believe that dragons can bring them good luck.3 Many different things have come to represent their country. It could be a building, an animal or a plant, the landscape or the people. These things came to be seen as the symbol of their country for various reasons. However, they all have something in common. All of these things are typical or unique to that country. They also reflect the culture of their country, and are respected and loved by its people.
Step3: Discussion:
1. What is culture What about the relationship between culture and language
For reference:Culture, in a broad sense, is an integrated pattern of human behavior that includes thoughts, communications, languages, practices, beliefs, values, customs, courtesies, rituals, manners of interacting and roles, relationships and expected behaviors of a racial, ethnic, religious or social group. As a culture is so inclusive, it permeates virtually every aspect of human life and influences predominantly people’s behavior, including linguistic behavior. This means that language is not only part of how we define culture, but it also reflects culture. Language and culture intrinsically depend on each other, they have evolved through the history. Their mutual interdependence can find proof in the rise of civilization, the development of writing and human communication. Language is a vehicle of cultural transmission. Different languages may reflect different cultures; different cultures entail different language expressions. Idioms, proverbs and metaphors in different languages derived from different origins, also demonstrate cultural differences. Different languages may have different idioms owing to different living environments, social conventions and literature tradition, etc. Thus, language learners cannot truly master the language until they have also mastered the cultural contexts in which the language occurs.
2. What role do you think culture teaching play in language teaching
Language is a part of culture and plays a very important role in it. Some social scientists consider it the keystone of culture. Without language, they maintain, culture would not be possible. On the other hand, language is influence and shaped by culture; it reflects culture. In the broadest sense, language is the symbolic representation of a people, and it comprised their historical and cultural backgrounds as well as their approach to life and their ways of living and thinking. Learning a language is inseparable from learning its culture. When learning a foreign or second language. We should not only learn the mere imitation of the pronunciation, grammar words and idioms, but also learn to see the world as native speakers do. That is to say, learn the ways in which the foreign language reflects the ideas, customs and behavior of that society. Learning to understand their “language of the mind”. That is to say, we need to learn enough about the language’s culture so that we can communicate in the target language properly to achieve not only the linguistic competence as well. This is of great significance in learning a foreign or second language. Otherwise the ignorance of cultural difference as seen in the previous sections can create barriers in learning the target language and in communication, thus causing some unnecessary misunderstandings and confusions sometimes.
Step4: Homework:
1. Read the article in Part A on page 106 in Workbook
2. Prepare the Reading part.
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Language points in Grammar Task and Project
1. compromise.v （1）compromise (with sb) (on sth) 为达成协议而妥协，折中，让步
Neither side is prepared to compromise.
After much argument, the judges finally compromised on the 18-year old pianist.
They were unwilling to compromise with the military.
（2）（尤指因行为不明智）使陷入危险，使受到怀疑。
She had already compromised herself by accepting his invitation
她接受了他的邀请，这件事情已经使她的声誉受到了损害。
Defeat at this stage would compromise their chances of reaching the finals of the competition.
在这个阶段的失利会减少他们进入决赛的机会。
2．… then you are bound to be disappointed. 你肯定会失望的。
be bound to do/be sth = certain or likely to happen, or to do or be sth
eg. There are bound to be changes when the new system is introduced
It is bound to be sunny again tomorrow
You’ve done so much work--- you’re bound to pass the exam
It was bound to happen sooner or later.
You’re bound to be nervous the first time
3. You need to put aside you old ideas and prejudices and learn to e more flexible in you expectations
flexible adj. （1）able to change o suit new conditions or situations 能适应新情况的；灵活的；可变动的
eg. a more flexible design/ approach
flexible working hours
Our plans need to be flexible enough to cater for the needs of everyone
You need to be more flexible and imaginative in your approach
（2）able to bend easily without breaking 柔韧的，有弹性的，可弯曲的
flexible plastic tube 有弹性的塑料管
put aside (1) to ignore or forget sth忽视；不理睬,忘记
The decided to put aside their differences
(2) to save money for a particular purpose攒钱；积蓄
4. acute n (1) (of the senses感官) very sensitive and well developed 灵敏的
eg. Dogs have an acute sense of smell
(2) intelligent and quick to notice and understand things敏锐的，有洞察力的
eg. He is an acute observer of the social scene
他是一个敏锐的社会现象观察家。
Her judgement is acute.
5．preference n. preference (for sb/ sth) a greater interest in or desire for sb/sth than sb/sth else 偏爱；爱好；喜爱
It’s a matter of personal preference. 那是个人爱好问题。
Many people expressed a strong preference for the original plan
I can’t say that I have any particular preference
6．liberty 自由 eg. the fight for justice and liberty
He had to endure six months’ loss of liberty
The right to vote should be a liberty enjoyed by all.
7. security n. the activities involved in protecting a country, building or person against attack, danger.保护措施，安全工作
national security 国家安全 airport/hotel security
the security forces/ services
8．jungle n. (1)（热带）雨林，丛林
The area was covered in dense jungle.
the jungles of South-East Asia jungle warfare 丛林战
Our garden was a complete jungle我们的花园杂草丛生。
（2）尔虞我诈的环境，危险地带
It’s a jungle out there--- you’ve got to be strong to succeed
那是个弱肉强食的地方---要想成功就得是强者。
9．register n. register (at/for/with sth) / register sth (in sth) /register (sb) as sth 登记；注册
to register a birth/marriage/death/company/trademark
The ship was registered in Panama. She is officially registered(as) disabled
to register with a doctor/ dentist to register at a hotel.
10. occupy vt.(1)占据（时间空间）
eg. The enemy troops quickly occupy the country.
(2)处于（某种地位） to occupy a secondary position.
(3)使忙碌，从事于 I’m occupied (in doing) with my homework.
11. conent adj.满足的 be content with sth./ to do sth
vt. 使满意 content oneself with
n.满意 to one’s content
The school being over, the children were allowed to watch television to their heart’s content.
12. Many people owe their love of sport to the perfect weather conditions for it.
许多对体育运动的热爱归功于适合体育运动的完美的气候条件。
owe vt. (1)欠债 owed sb. one yuan = owe one yuan to sb.
(2)把…归功于 We owed all our success to your help.
(3)owing to because of因为，由于 The game was cancelled owing to hard rain.
13. with most of its population of approximately 20 million people living near the coast, swimming and surfing are popular activities for many families at the weekend.
澳大利亚大约有两千万人口，大多住在沿海地区，许多家庭喜欢在周末游泳和冲浪。
(1) approximately. adv. approximate adj.
eg. An approximate value/ approximate to the standard
(2) with sb. doing sth/ 介词/done
14. equip vt. (equipped; equipping)装备，配备，装束，使作好准备，使具备
eg. The traveler was well equipped
The seamen equipped a ship for a voyage.
The soldiers were equipped with the latest weapons.
be equipped for 准备好，对….有准备 be equipped with装备，安装好
15. religiously. adv.(1)十分认真的，审慎的，很有规律的
She follow the instructions religiously.
They go to Greece religiously every year.
他们每年定期地去希腊。
（2）于宗教相关的，虔诚的
Were you brought up religiously
16. Patience is a criterion to enjoy the game because for those who do not quite grasp cricket, it seems very slow and boring.
patience. n 忍耐力，耐心 impatience with patience 有耐心的
be out of patience with 对…没有耐心 have no patience with不能容忍
patient adj. impatient
17. In the Olympic games in particular, Australian performers often win a greater percentage of medals than many of their competitors. 尤其在奥运会上，澳大利亚运动员赢得奖牌的比例通常比许多竞争对手要高。
percentage 百分数，百分比，百分率
a percentage of 后接名词时，其后面谓语动词的数要于所接名词的数相符合。
Only a small percentage of the patients are children.
原则上，在数词之后用percent，数词以外的用percentage，但口语中有时混用。
80 percent ( The highest percentage) of the people are against it.
percentage 作“比率，百分比”讲时为可数名词，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。
eg. Today, Chinese –Americans live in all parts of America, although a large percentage have chosen to stay in the “Chinatowns” of Los Angeles and San Francisco.
California is a city with a high percentage of immigrants.
加利福尼亚是一个移民比例很高的城市。
competitor竞争对手 compete v. competitive adj.
competition be in competition with 与 … 竞争
18. Among the most impressive athletes were the swimmers, but all of the athletes were worthy of praise.
(1）impressive adj 给人深刻印象的 an impressive scene impressively impression 印象
make an impression on sb.=give sb.an impression
impress vt 给某人印象 impress sth. on sb.=impress sb.with sth
(2）be worthy of值得
to be worthy of attention/consideration/mention值得注意/考虑/一提
A number of the report’s findings are worthy of note
19. So, while a high percentage of Australians ma be people who watch sports rather than do them, as far as most of its population is concerned.
虽然很大一部分澳大利亚人观看体育比赛，而不直接参与，但大多数是关注体育的，因此澳大利亚的确是一个体育大国。
(1）while 作为连词表示“虽然”。
While I am willing to help, I do not have much time available
尽管我很愿意帮忙，但是没有多少时间。
who引导定语从句修饰 the people
a high percentage of “大部分的” do …rather than do “做…而不做…”;
as far as…is concerned “就…而言”
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Minus
Prep. 减 Ten minus six is/leaves/equals four
Adj. 负的 a minus quantity 负数
劣于,低于 A minus A 减
defend vi., defence n., defendant n. 被告
Defend myself from/against attack
Offense is the best defence
In defence of 为了保卫,辩护
waste n.& vt. Wasteful adj, 浪费的,不经济的
a waste of time/money to do sth;
waste…doing sth.
Waste away (人,体力)衰弱
countless n.+less→adj. e.g. hopeless, helpless, fearless, worthless, wireless, homeless, careless, endless
seemingly adv. seem v.
~ endless froset
Seem 跟事实接近
Appear表面如此, 跟事实一般不符合
Look 根据表面印象得出的结论
freezing adj. 极冷的,严寒的 e.g. freezing cold;
The temperature remained below freezing all day. 温度整天都在冰点以下
frozen adj. 冰冻的 frozen food 冰冻食品
The lake was frozen over until late spring. 那湖全让冰封住了, 到晚春才解冻.
The seedling was frozen to death. 幼苗被冻死了
freeze v.
Abundant a. 丰富的,充裕的 abuandance n.
Indonesia is abundant in petroleum deposits. 印尼的石油蕴藏量丰富
There is abundant firewood in the forest. 森林里有充裕的薪柴
a year of abundance 丰年
Hunter 猎人,打猎者
Go hunting 去打猎
Hunt for : hunt for jobs 找工作 (look for ,search for )
Locate be located in
Located in a forest, the house is invisible from the main road.
mix n.& v.; mixture n.
upwards adv.; downwards; northwards southwards, etc.
A blind alley 死胡同
Nightlife (u) colorful ~ 多彩的夜生活
Chinese cuisine 中国菜肴,中式烹饪
Be home to/be the home of 为…的所在地,原场地,栖息地
awesome adj. 引起敬畏的, 可怕 n.+some→adj. troublesome, tiresome
It is awesome. 棒极了
The view of the skyline is at once awesome, grand, and disappointing.天边立刻呈现出令人敬畏的、壮丽的和令人沮丧的景色
Awe n 敬畏,v .使…敬畏, 害怕
Stare at sb with awe . 满怀敬畏地看着某人
The darkness awed the little boy. 黑暗让小男孩害怕
sheet
A sheet of flame 一片火海
A sheet of paper 一张纸
As white /pale as a sheet 脸色苍白
settlement n.; settle vi.; settler n.
Settle down 平静 稳定 定居 Settle down to sth/do sth
Settle on/upon 鸟儿等停在,歇落在 Settle up with sb 付清账, 与某人结清帐
Settle to do 决定做某事 Settle the quarrel /problem
enthusiast n.; enthusiasm n.; enthusiastic adj.
Permanent adj
A permanet job ~ peace 永久的和平 ~ happiness 永久的幸福
Frost
A ~ morning Frost bite 冻伤
Recreation(recreate)
Go fishing for recreation
Recreation ground /room 运动场(英)/娱乐室 (美)
Immigration (从外国移入) v. immigrate
Emmigrant (移出) v.emmigrate
Cater to/for
TV must cater for many different tastes. 电视节目必须迎合各种人的爱好.
He has to cater for his boss. 他得迎合他的老板。
Owing to the rain, the match was cancelled
owe: v. 欠vi. 欠钱 vt. 欠(债等),归功于,应感谢
.I owe a lot to my wife and children. 我很感激我妻子和孩子。
2.He owes his success more to luck than to ability. 他认为他的成功是靠运气而不是因为自己有能力。
3.I owe you one. 我欠你一个人情。
Compromise n.v.
Reach /arrive at a ~ 达成妥协 Make a~ with sb 与某人妥协
We have to compromise with him on this point.
Bound (bind –bound-bound)
a bound prisoner 一个被捆绑住的犯人
A snow-bound area 一个被雪困住的地区
Be bound to do sth 有责任,义务做某事/一定,必然做某事
我们应该遵守法律. We are bound to obey the law
你一定会成功的 You are bound to succeed
Aside
1.She‘s put/set aside a tidy sum of money for her retirement. 她存了一笔相当可观的钱以备退休之用。
2.She put the newspaper aside and picked up a book. 她把报纸放下，拿起了一本书。
They decided to put aside their differences. 他们决定抛开彼此的分歧..
unexpected adj.; un+v.+ed→adj(unfinished, undone, unlocked, etc)
An unexpected/expected guest 一位意想不到/期待中的客人
Expect (sb) to do sth
As might be /have been expected 按照所想的,正如所料
Flexible –flexibility
A ~ material 柔软的材料, (易弯曲的… 柔软的)
A ~ plan 弹性计划 ,(有弹性的, 可变通的)
Flextime 弹性工作时间
Acute-acutely-acuteness
Have an acute sense of hearing 敏锐的听觉
Acute pain 剧痛
An acute shortage of water 严重缺水
Observe 观察,注意,遵守,过…节日 n. observation
Observe sb closely 仔细观察某人
Observe the traffic rules 遵守交通规则
Observe Christmas Day 过圣诞节
preference n., prefer v.
Prefer to do
Prefer doing to doing
Prefer to do rather than do (would rather do thand do )
I prefer it if you come with me .
The students prefer studying hard to pass the exam/be armed with the advanced ideas.
Give preference to the experienced ones
Have a preference for sweet food
Monument n. monmental
Set up a ~ in honor of sb
An ancient/a natural ~ 古代/自然遗迹
To my way of thinking
A conservative opinion
Occupy
~ a lot of space /two hours/the country 占用,占领
Be occupied with/in occupy oneself in/with 从事,忙于
Liberty
Long for ~ 渴望自由
You have the ~ to reuse my offer .你有拒绝我的帮忙的权力
You are at liberty to do as you choose. 你可自由做你选择的
Secure -security
A ~ hiding place /Feel ~ (adj. 安全的)
Secure the bank from/against flood (v. 保护)
Sense of security 安全感
Register
Have the letter registered 寄挂号信
Register at a hotel 登记住入宾馆
The register of births 出生登记簿
Registered mail 挂号邮件
An ambiguous answer 一个模棱两可的答案
That's absolute nonsense! 一派胡言
Compulsory education 义务教育
Weakness –strength (u. 软弱. C. 弱点)
Cotent .n. 目录 . 内容(Contents) v. 满足
Be content with your work (没有什么特别值得一提的牢骚和不满)
Be content t do 满足,心甘情愿做某事
Content oneself with 以…使某人满足
To one’s heart’s content 尽情地
Contented : with a contented look /smile 满意的表情,微笑
Fit –unfit
Keep /feel fit
The house is fit for you to live in 这个房子适合你居住
The water is fit to drink 这水可以喝
It is not fit for you to talk like that 你那样说不合适
The jacket fits me well
fit in with other students
Be equiped with advanced wepons
A piece of equipment
Export-import
Religion-religious-religiously
Patience-patience
Be patient with sb /of sth (impatient)
Patient 病人
Criterion-criteria (pl)
Grasp n. v
I kept her hands in my grasp. 我紧握着她的手。
I grasped the main point of the speech. 我领会了这篇演讲的要点。
You must grasp this opportunity. 你必须抓住机会。
She has a good grasp of the English language. 她精通英语。
Take a firm grasp of the handle and pull. 力量权力支配控制
Scholar-scholarship
He is not so much a writer as a scholar. 与其说他是作家倒不如说他是学者。
He won a scholarship to Cambridge. 他获得一份到剑桥大学读书的奖学金
Participate –participant
Participate in
Sail-sailing (航行)– sailor (s水手)
Sail through his finals 顺利通过期末考试 Sail into 驶进港口, (口语)责骂,攻击
Compete-competitor-compition
Compete with sb for sth 为…与某人竞争 Compete in the market 在市场上竞争
Relative –relatively (v. relate. n. relation)
Be relative to : 与…相关
asked me some questions relative to my paper 与我论文相关
living in relative comfort 过着相对舒适的生活
go off for a holiday with a relative. 和一个亲戚去度假
Relatively speaking 相对而言
It is relativelt cold today. 今天相当冷
Be related to 与…有关系,关联
Related issues 相关的问题
Relate his adventure to the children 讲述
Some adults cannot relate to children 理解
Relating to 关于
Bear no/some relation to 与…有关系/没有关系
In/with relation to 关于,和…相关
Impressive –impress-impression
I was deeply impressed by his speech.
She impressed me as a woman of great kindness.
My father impressed on me the importance of work
Make/leave a deep impression on sb
Give a impressive speech 做一个令人印象深刻的演讲
Worth-worthy-worthwhile
Worth sth (100 yuan, a lot of attention…)
Be worthy of praise 值得表扬 A worthwhile task 一个值得做的任务
The book is worth reading
The book is worthy of being read 这本书值得读
The book is worthy to be read
It is worth our while reading / to read the book
Concern
V.That doesn’t ~ me 这个和我无关
Don’t ~ yourself with/about other’s affairs 不要牵扯进别人的事情里去
Be concerned about/concern oneself about 为…担心
As concerns= concerning 关于 As/so far as …be concerned 就…而言
n. 关系, 担心, 关怀 关心的事情
I have no concern with/in the company. 我和那家公司没有关系
She showed great concern for her son’s illness. 她非常担心她儿子的病情
It is no concern of mine. Mu greatest concern is the economy of China. 这个不关我的事情. 我最关心的事是中国的经济.
Concerned 有关的,涉及的(后置); 担心的,忧虑的前置
The authority concerned ,有关当局 The concerned parents 忧虑的父母
.
模块九 第一单元 welcome –reading 短语和重要句型
A particularly enriching experience
Enrich sth with sth
Symbol of a modern city
Represent sb/sth
Be representative of
Send 2 representatives to
Re-present your ideas in a clearer way
Famous peace-keeping force
Wear jewels
尤其能丰富人的阅历
充实,使丰富
一个现代城市的象征
代表某人/某物
是…的代表
派两名代表去..
用更清楚的方式呈现你的想法
著名的维和部队
戴珠宝
Be second(only) to
Fantastic natural scenery
An average temperature
Minus 20 degrees centigrade
A minus
Be defended by an army
Denfend sb from/against
Defend my ideas
In defence of
Border(on/upon) china
Be borded with
On the border of
Frozen wastes
Freezing ,ice-covered lands
Freezing cold
It is freezing outside
仅次于
极棒的自然美景
平均温度
零下20 度
A –
有军队的保护
保护某人不受…
维护自己的观点
维护
和中国接壤
以….为边
接近.邻近
冰封的荒原
极冷的,冰雪覆盖的土地
极冷的
外面冷极了
Vast mountain ranges
Enormous open plains
Be abundant/rich in
Outdoor activities
the conservation of wildlife
Sth thrills sb
Sb be thrilled about/at /with sth
Sb be thrilled to do sth
It is a great thrill to meet …
Thriller
Metropolitan lifestyle
Beautiful architecture
A famous architect
Unique culture
Located in the heart of
巍峨的山脉
辽阔的平原
富有…
户外运动
野生动物的保护
某物让某人很激动
某人因…很激动/兴奋
某人很激动/兴奋做..
见到…是件兴奋的事
惊险小说等
都市生活
漂亮的建筑物
有名的建筑师
独特的文化
坐落在…中心
A French-speaking country
Be originally colonized by
Be lost to
A great man was lost to the world
My son was lost to me after he married
Be lost in
Lost in the book, he turned a deaf ear to everything.
Losing himself in the book, he…
Losing her way ,she had to appeal to the police for help.
A wonderful mix of
Coloful nightlife
Ensure you a good rest
Ensure that
Feel bored by the boring student
Be bored to death
International cuisine
In addition to diet/going on a diet ,she..
in addition,she …
Be/get close to nature/doing …
Neighbouring province
Be home to /be the home of
The mall consists of 8 tunnels
Near to
The most widely recognized natural phenomeon (phenomena,pl)
Be shaped like a smicircle
Be in shape/out of shape
Awesome white sheet of water A handful of
Seek/try their fortunes
Tell one’s fortune
Sb is fortuate to do
A handful of
Establish settlements in the area
Settle down Settle down to sth/do sth
Settle on/upon
Settle up with sb
Settle to do
Settle the quarrel /problem
National symbol
Be featured on the Canadian flag
Her eyes are her best feature
Impatience in everything is a feature of our age
Feature bedroom furniture this week
一个讲法语的国家
最初是…的殖民的
失去,感觉不到
世界失去了一个伟人
我的儿子结婚后就不听我的了
专心,沉迷于
专心看书,他对周围的一切都不管.
迷路了,她只好向警察求助
一个奇妙的融合
多彩多姿的夜生活
保证你能好好休息
确保…
对这个无聊的书感到厌烦
闷/无聊死了
各国的美食
除了节食外,她还..
除了…,她
接近自然/接近做某事
邻近的省份
是…的原产的,栖息地
…由8个隧道构成
靠近
最广为人知的自然景观
形似半个圆圈
处于良好的状态/身体不佳
壮观的白色水幕
碰运气
给某人算命
某人做…是幸运的
少数
在这个地方定居
静下心来做某事
鸟儿等停在,歇落在
付清账, 与某人结清帐
决定做某事
解决这个争吵/问题
国家象征
在加拿大国旗上做标记
五官
急躁是我们这个时代的特征
这周特别推出卧室家具
由周杰伦主演的新电影
Go with 与…相配,与某事相伴而生,和..在一起
Cetain kinds of wine go with certain kinds of food. 不同的葡萄酒和不同的食物相配.
The color of her dress doesn’t at all go with her hair . 她裙子的颜色和她的发色不相配 (match)
If you go with fools you must expect to be treated as fools. 如果你和傻子来往, 你得做好当傻子的准备
Happiness doesn’t necessarily go with money. 幸福不总是和金钱联系在一起的
Sort out information 信息分类 Tourist attractions 旅游胜地
Due to the large amount of immigration 由于大量的移民
Cater to/for every shopping need 迎合每一种购物需要.
重要句型
Located in the heart of Toronte is the Canaidan National Tower, which is called the CN Tower for short.
Rising 553 metres into the sky, it is the tallest tower in the world
Montreal, a port in the province of Quebec, is the second largest city in Canada, and also the second largest French-speaking city in the world ,Paros being the largest
It is like an underground city, covering an area of more than zo footbakk pitches.
Project 部分的短语
A sporting nation
There is nothing ambiguous about Australian’s love of sport.
Watch the game live
The topic of conversation turns to sport
An anaysis of the recent sporting result
The strength and weakness
One’s devotion to
Be devoted to sth/doing sth
Devoted to teaching , he is a well-respected man.
Devoting himself to teaching, he is a well-respected man
Be content to do
Have …in common
In common with sb
Be considered to be/as
Consider doing
Take …into consideration
Mild climate
Owe their love of sport to the perfect
weather conditions for it
Best of all/ Worst of all
Be equipped with lighting facilities
Take after-school activities
一个体育之国
澳大利亚人热爱体育,这一点毫无疑义
观看现场比赛
话题转到体育上
一个关于最近体育结果的分析
优势和劣势
某人对…的投入,热爱
全身心的投入到教学中,他是个受到尊敬的人
满足于做某事
有共同点
和某人一样
被认为,当作
考虑做某事
考虑到…
温和的气候
把体育的热爱归结于适合体育运动的完美的气候条件
最棒的是/最糟糕的是
有照明设施
参加课后活动
Encourage…to participate in team
sport
Various forms of ..
A variety of
In the form of
Form an idea/the habit of
Form the basis of
Distinguish …from
Be short for
Lead to/result in /contribute to serious injuries
Be exported/imported to
Be influenced by
Have an influence on
Be followed religiously
Patience is a criterion to enjoy the game
Be dressed all in white
Dressed in pink, the baby lookes lovely
Dressed himself in the new suit,he looks smart.
Chase the ball up and down the pitch
Chase after
It is definitely a sport to watch.
Active participants
The old method proves to be best of all
He proved his courage to us
How could you prove that he was the robber
It is proved that…
Considering its relatively small population
Outstanding performance
An amazing story
Sb is amazed to do
The most impressive athletes
Leave /make an impression on
Impress sb
Be worthy of praise
A high percentage of…
As far as… be concerned
鼓励孩子们参加团体体育运动
各种形式的…
各种各样的
以..形式
形成..观点/…习惯
形成…的基础
区分
是….的缩写
导致严重的伤害
出口到/进口到
受到…的影响
对…有影响
受到虔诚地跟随
耐心是欣赏这项运动的准则
穿着白色的衣服
穿着粉色的衣服,婴儿看起来很可爱
穿着新西装,他看起来很精神
在球场上来回跑动
追赶
这显然是一个观赏性的运动
积极的参与者
证明老办法最管用
他向我们证明了他的勇气
你怎么证明他是个强盗
据证实
考虑到他相对较少的人口
杰出的表现
一个令人惊异的故事
某人很惊异地…
最令人印象深刻的运动员
给某人留下印象
给某人留下印象
值得赞扬
一大部分
就..而言本资料来自于资源最齐全的２１世纪教育网www.21cnjy.com
Reading Canada—land of the maple tree
1. On the eastern and western boundaries, the country borders the two great oceans—the Atlantic and the Pacific.(P2) 在东部和西部边界，加拿大濒临两大洋，即大西洋和太平洋。
border
noun [C]
the line that divides one country from another: 边界,国界
Were you stopped at the border
The train crosses the border between France and Spain.
The two countries have had frequent border disputes.
verb [T] 和…接壤
Swaziland borders (= is next to) South Africa and Mozambique.
noun [C]
a strip that goes around or along the edge of something, often as decoration: 滚边,
The dress was white with a delicate lace border.
a picture with a decorative/plain border
verb [T usually passive]
to form a line around the edge of something: 加边饰
The fields are bordered by tall trees.
2. For those who love outdoor activities, it is possible to hike, sail, cross-country ski or travel by snowmobile for hours—or even days—without meeting another person.(P2) 对于热爱户外活动的人来说，在远足、帆船运动、越野滑雪或雪车旅游中，他们可能好几个小时甚至好几天都碰不到一个人。
1) it is possible (for sb.) to do 某人做某事是有可能的,某人可能做某事
possible, probable, likely的用法:
likely
1. 很可能的[+to-v][+that]
John is likely to be in London this autumn.
今年秋天约翰可能在伦敦。
2. 适当的,正合要求的[(+for)]
The park is a likely place for the picnic.
这公园倒是个适合野餐的地方。
possible, probable的区别
这两个词的反义词是impossible, improbable
1）possible作“或许”解，有“也许如此，也许不如此”之意。强调客观上有可能性，但常常带有“实际可能性很小”的暗示。
2）probable用来指有根据，合情理，值得相信的事物，带有“大概，很可能”的意味。语气比possible要重，是most likely之意。
It’s possible, though not probable. That he will accept the terms.他也可能接受这些条件，但希望不大。
(2) be possible, be probable常用形式主语it，构成句型为：
It is possible/probable + that …（从句）
It is possible /probable+ for sb. to do sth. 例如：
他有可能做这件事。
[√] It is possible for him to do this.
[√] It is possible that he will do this.
[×] He is possible to do this.
2) without
preposition, adverb
not having or doing something, or lacking something: 没有,不带
I've come out without my umbrella.
You look nice without make-up.
He went without my knowledge.
I couldn't have done it without you.
She's strong without being bossy.
Do start without me.
FORMAL He's not without (= he does have some) qualities.
This is without a doubt (= certainly) the best Chinese food I've ever had.
You shouldn't drive for more than three hours without taking a break.
Without wishing to be rude (= I don't want to be rude, but), don't you think you need a hair cut
3. Canadians, especially wildlife photographers and hunters, are quite fond of this wilderness, and you will be too!(P2) 加拿大人非常喜爱这片荒原，特别是野生生物摄影师和猎人。相信你也会喜爱！
fond
adjective [before noun]
having a great liking for someone or something: 喜欢
She was very fond of horses.
"I'm very fond of you, you know, " he said.
My brother is fond of pointing out my mistakes.
Many of us have fond memories of our childhoods.
We said a fond farewell to each other (= We said goodbye in a loving way) and promised to write.
相关高考试题: （06 上海）More and more young people are fond ___ playing tennis nowadays.A. on B. to C. in D. of答案：D.
4. Located in the heart of Toronto is the Canadian National Tower, which is often called the CN Tower for short. (P2) 加拿大国家电视塔坐落于多伦多市中心，通常简称为CN 塔。
1) locate
verb
be located in/near/on/etc. to be in a particular place: 位于
Our office is located in the city centre
verb [I + adverb or preposition] US
to move to a place to do business: 使座落于．．．
The company hopes to locate in its new offices by June.
verb [T]
to find or discover the exact position of something:　 .找到．．的位置
Police are still trying to locate the suspect
location
noun [C]
a place or position: 地点
The hotel is in a lovely location overlooking the lake.
A map showing the location of the property will be sent to you.
noun [U] 定位
The latest navigational aids make the location of the airfield quite easy
noun [C or U]
a place away from a studio ( http: / / dictionary.cambridge.org / results.asp searchword=studio ) where all or part of a film or a television show is recorded: 外景,外景拍摄地
The documentary was made on location in the Gobi desert
locate
verb [T]
to find or discover the exact position of something: 确定…的地点或范围
Police are still trying to locate the suspect.
2) short
adjective
small in length, distance or height:　（长度，距离，高度）短的，矮的
a short skirt
Her hair is much shorter than it used to be.
It's only a short walk to the station.
I'm quite short but my brother's very tall.
describes a name that is used as a shorter form of a name:　缩写
Her name's Jo - it's short for Josephine.
Her name's Josephine, or Jo for short.
being an amount of time which is less than average or usual:　时间短的　
a short film/visit
He's grown so much in such a short time.
I work much better if I take a short break every hour or so.
lacking:　不足的，缺乏的，达不到要求的
to be short of space/time
We're a bit short of coffee - I must get some more.
The bill comes to 85, but we're 15 short.
I'm a little short (= I do not have much money) this week - could you lend me ten dollars
adjective
saying little but showing a slight lack of patience or annoyance in the few words that you say:　不和气的，不礼貌的
I'm sorry if I was a bit short with you on the phone this morning.
1. (06 上海)Small cars are ___ of fuel, so they have more appeal for consumers.A. free B. short C. typical D. economical2. (02上海）The shopkeeper gave us __________ weight: we got 9 kilos instead of 10 kilos.A. scarce B. short C. light D. slight3. (05福建）—Why didn’t you buy the camera you had longed for —I had planned to. But I was ￡50 . A. fewer B. less C. cheap D. short答案及解析：1. D. be economical of 经济的，节约的．符合语境。be short of 短缺的, 缺少的。2. B. short weight 短斤少两 3. D. 我本想买的，但还差50元钱。
in short
used before describing something or someone in as few words and as directly as possible: 简短的说
He's disorganized, inefficient, never there when you want him - in short, the man's hopeless.
short for是形容词短语，常与be一起构成系表结构，意为"是......的缩写（简称）"。例如：
Tom is short for Thomas. Tom是Thomas的简称。
for short是固定搭配，意为"简称；缩写"，常放在句末。例如：
People usually call me Jim for short. 人们通常简称我为吉姆。
5. Vancouver has superb scenery, a beautiful harbor, and all the comforts of modern life and international cuisine, in addition to being close to the most popular wilderness and ski areas.(P3) 温哥华附近有最受欢迎的荒原和滑雪胜地，此为他还有着绝佳的风景、美丽的港口，各种现代化的舒适设施以及各国美食。
in addition to
addition
noun [C or U]
Twice a week the children are tested in basic mathematical skills such as addition (= calculating the total of different numbers put together) and subtraction.
Most working environments are improved by the addition of (= adding) a few plants and pictures.
A secretary would be a welcome/useful addition to our staff.
In addition to his flat in London, he has a villa in Italy and a castle in Scotland.
HUMOROUS I hear you're expecting a small addition to the family (= you are going to have a baby)!
6. Edmonton, a city in British Columbia’s neighboring province of Alberta, is home to the West Edmonton Mall.(P3) 阿尔伯达省与不列颠哥伦比亚省毗邻，该省的埃德蒙顿市是西埃德蒙顿购物中心所在地。
be home to …所在地
Beijing is home to many key universities.
Zhongguancun is home to many hi-tech companies.
home 常用短语:be/feel at home
to feel comfortable and relaxed:
By the end of the week she was beginning to feel at home in her new job.make yourself at home
to relax and make yourself comfortable in someone else's homehome from home UK (US home away from home)
a place where you feel as comfortable as you do in your own home:
The hotel was a real home from home.
相关高考试题:(04全国)—Can I look at the menu for a few more minutes before I decide —Of course. _______ sir. A. Make yourself at home B. Enjoy yourself C. It doesn't matter D. Take your time答案及解析：D. take your time, 不着急, 慢慢来.
7. The mall consists of eight kilometers of tunnels, filled with shops, art galleries and even a water park.(P3) 该中心由八千米长的隧道构成，到处都是商店、艺术画廊，甚至还有一个水上公园。
consist of sth
to be made of or formed from something: 由…组成
The team consists of four Europeans and two Americans.
It's a simple dish to prepare, consisting mainly of rice and vegetables.
consist in sth phrasal verb [L not continuous]
to have something as a major and essential part or quality: 在于
The beauty of air travel consists in its speed and ease.
[+ ing form of verb] For her, happiness consists in watching television and reading magazines.
8. Smaller in size, but equally famous, is the city of Vancouver in the province is British Columbia on the Pacific coast.(P3) 不列颠哥伦比亚省首府温哥华位于太平洋海岸，它面积虽小，但同样名闻遐迩。
Nearer to the Atlantic coast is Niagara Falls. (P3) 更靠近大西洋海岸的是尼亚加拉瀑布群。
For reference:全部倒装:1用于there be 句型。例如： There are many students in the classroom.2.用于“here (there, now, then)+ 不及物动词+主语 ”的句型中，或以象声词 out, in, up, down, away等副词开头的句子里，以表示强调。例如：Crackle，crackle, crackle came the gun and the young soldier felt very frightened. Here comes the bus. There goes the bell.Now comes your turn. There flows a river in front of the house. Out went the children. 注：代词作主语时，主谓语序不变。例如： Here it is. Here he comes3.当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，也常常引起全部倒装。例如： South of the city lies a big steel factory. From the valley came a frightening sound.4. 表语置于句首时，倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”。1).形容词+连系动词+主语 Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.2).过去分词+连系动词+主语 Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.3).介词短语+be+主语 Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.
相关高考试题:1. （06 四川）At the foot of the mountain _______
A. a village lie B. lies a village C .does a village lie D. lying a village2. (2005辽宁)In the dark forests_____，some large enough to hold several English towns.A. stand many lakes B. lie many lakesC. many lakes lie D. many lakes stand3. (07 全国II)If Joe’s wife won’t go to the party, ____.
A. he will either B. neither will he C. he neither will D. either he will4. （07 陕西） that Maric was able to set up new branches elsewhere. A.So successful her business was B.So successful was her businessC.So her business was successful D.So was her successful business5. （07 安徽）Little _______ that we were watching his every move, so he seemed to be going his own way in this business. A. he realized B. he didn't realize C. didn't he realize D. did he realize6 （07 江苏）—My room gets very cold at night. — .A. So is mine B. So mine is C. So does mine D. So mine does答案及解析: 1. B. 表语置于句首, 用全部到装. 2. B. 表地点的介词短语放在句首时, 句子用全部倒装. 3. B. 他也不会去的.4. B. so…that 句型中，若so放在句首， 则主句用局部倒装.5. D. 否定词在句首时，主句用局部倒装。6. C. = my room gets cold at night, too.我的房间也是。
9. Historians say that approximately one million people left their homes from different areas all over North America to seek their fortunes in the “gold rush”. (P3) 历史学家称，在“淘金热”中整个北美大约有一百万人为了发财而背井离乡。
1) seek
verb [I + to infinitive] sought, sought
to try or attempt: 尝试
They sought to reassure the public.
to try to find or get something, especially something which is not a physical object: 寻找
"Are you actively seeking jobs " she asked.
Hundreds of dissidents are seeking refuge/asylum in the US embassy.
to ask for advice, help, approval, permission, etc: 征求意见等
Legal advice should be sought before you take any further action.
相关高考试题:(05安徽) He is such a man who is always _______ fault with other people.A. putting B. seeking C. finding D. looking for 答案及解析: C. find fault with 是固定词组: 吹毛求疵.
2）fortune
noun [C]
a large amount of money, goods, property, etc: 财产，财富
She inherited a fortune from her grandmother.
He lost a fortune gambling.
You can make a fortune out of junk if you call it 'antiques'.
This dress cost a (small) fortune.
Any painting by Van Gogh is worth a fortune.
noun [C or U]
chance and the way it affects your life: 机会，机遇
He had the (good) fortune to train with some of the world's top athletes.
The family's fortunes changed overnight.
a small fortune
a large sum of money: 一大笔钱
You'll have to spend a small fortune in legal fees if you decide to sue for compensation
tell sb's fortune (ALSO tell fortunes)
to say what will happen in someone's future: 预测某人的未来
At the fair, there was a lady who told your fortune.
10. There are many maple trees in Canada and a maple leaf is featured on the Canadian flag. (P3) 加拿大生长着许多枫树，国旗上有一片枫叶作标志。
feature
noun
[C] a typical quality or an important part of something: 特征，特点
The town's main features are its beautiful mosque and ancient marketplace.
Our latest model of phone has several new features.
A unique feature of these rock shelters was that they were dry.
[C] a part of a building or of an area of land: 建筑物的一部分
a geographical feature
This tour takes in the area's best-known natural features, including the Gullfoss waterfall.
The most striking feature of the house was a huge two-storey room running the entire breadth and height of the building.
[C usually plural] one of the parts of someone's face that you notice when you look at them: 脸的一部分
He has wonderful strong features.
regular (= even and attractive) features
Her eyes are her best feature
noun [C]
a special article in a newspaper or magazine, or a part of a television or radio broadcast, that deals with a particular subject: （新闻，杂志的）特别报道
a double-page feature on global warming
verb [I + adverb or preposition; T]
to include someone or something as an important part: （在。。。）起重要作用，引人注目；以。。。为特色
The film features James Dean as a disaffected teenager.
This week's broadcast features a report on victims of domestic violence.
It's an Australian company whose logo features a red kangaroo.
11. With all of these attractions, you can see why, in 1996, the UN named Canada the best country in the world to live in! (P3) 了解了加拿大的这些引人之处，你就能明白为何联合国于1996年将加拿大命名为世界上最适宜居住的国家了！
name
noun
[C] the word or words that a person, thing or place is known by: 名字，名称
"Hi, what's your name " "My name's Diane."
Please write your full (= complete) name and address on the form.
What's the name of that mountain in the distance
We finally agreed on the name Luca for our son.
The students were listed by name and by country of origin.
[C usually singular] the opinion or reputation that someone or something has: 名声，名誉
She went to court to clear her name (= prove that the bad things said about her were not true).
Their actions gave British football a bad name in Europe at that time.
They're trying to restore the good name of the manufacturer.
[C] someone who is famous or has a good reputation: 名人，有名的人
It seemed like all the big names in football were there.
verb [T]
to give someone or something a name: 命名，取名
[+ two objects] We named our dogs 'Shandy' and 'Belle'.
A man named Dennis answered the door.
to say what something or someone's name is: 说出…的名字，列出…的名字
In the first question you had to name three types of monkey.
He couldn't name his attacker.
to choose someone or something: 指定,选定
Just name the time and I'll be there on the dot.
Name your conditions/terms/price.
Ms Martinez has been named (as) (= she will be) the new Democratic candidate.
12. due to (P5)
due
adjective
owed as a debt or as a right: (债款等)当付的
The rent is due (= should be paid) at the end of the month.
Fifty pounds is MAINLY UK due to me/MAINLY US due me by the people I worked for last month.
Our thanks are due to everyone.
UK LEGAL He was found to have been driving without due (= the necessary) care and attention.
expected to happen, arrive, etc. at a particular time: 预定的,预定做的
What time is the next bus due
The next meeting is due to be held in three months' time.
Their first baby is due in January.
due to because of:
A lot of her unhappiness is due to boredom.
Due to wet leaves on the line, this train will arrive an hour late.
相关高考试题:(04 福建)The great success of this programme has been ______ due to the support given by the local businessmen. A. rather B. very C. quickly D. largely答案及解析: D. largely due to大部分是由于
表 “因为” 的常用短语:due to; owing to; thanks to; on account of; because of(04 北京) ______ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend. A. With B. Besides C. As for D. Because of 答案:A.
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Project
1. They watch it live or on television, and sometimes it seems to be the only topic of conversation.(P14) 他们在现场观看比赛或收看电视转播，有时体育似乎是交谈的唯一话题。
live
adverb 直播地
I've got two tickets to see them (perform) live.
adjective
(of a performance) broadcast, recorded or seen while it is happening: 直播的
This evening there will be a live broadcast of the debate.
a live recording
live, alive, lively, living的区别:⑴ lively 有“活泼的、快活的、生动的”等意思，可以指人或物，可作定语或标语；但它没有“活着的”意思，而其他三个都有。 如：
Young children are usually lively.
小孩子们通常是活泼的。
He told a very lively story.
他讲了一个生动的故事。
⑵alive、live、living都有“活的、有生命的”意思，与dead意义相反。但live通常只作前置定语，且一般用于动物；alive、living不仅可作定语（alive只能置于名词后；living一般置于名词前，也可置于名词后），也可以作表语。 如：
This is a live (=living) fish. (=This is a fish alive.)
这是一条活鱼。（指动物，且作定语时，三者均可用）
Who's the greatest man alive(=living man)
谁是当今最伟大的人物？（指人，不能用live）
The fish is still alive(=living)
那条鱼还活着。（指动物作表语时不能用live）。
⑶living主要指在某个时候是活着的，而alive指本来有死的可能，但仍活着的。而且，作主语补足语或宾语补足语时，只能用alive；作比喻义（如“活像。。。”、“活生生的”等）解时，要用living。 如：
The enemy officer was caught alive.(作主语补足语，不用living）
那位敌方军官被活捉了。
We found the snake alive.(作宾语补足语，不用living）
He is the living image of his father.(比喻义，不用alive）
他活象他父亲。
⑷只有living前加the方可表示“活着的人”，作主语时，视作复数。 如：
The living are more important to us than the dead.
活着的人对我们来说比死去的人更重要。
2. Anywhere Australians get together—in the canteen during lunch, in the pub with a pint of beer o in someone’s garden for a barbecue—the conversation quickly turns to sport.(P14) 无论澳大利亚人在何地相遇-------在餐厅吃午饭、在酒吧喝啤酒或在花园烧烤-----他们的谈话都很快地转到体育上。
turn (sth) to sth
If someone turns to a particular subject or they turn their thoughts or attention to it, they begin to speak, think or write about it: 把注意力,行动等导向
I'd like us now to turn our attention to next year's budget.
We're now going to turn to an issue that concerns us all - racism.
turn to sb/sth to ask a person or organization for help or support: 求助
Without someone to turn to for advice, making the most appropriate choice can be difficult.
Her family lived a long way away, and she had no one to turn to.
turn常用短语:turn sth/sb down
to refuse an offer or request: 拒绝
He offered her a trip to Australia but she turned it/him down.
He turned down the job because it involved too much travelling.turn sth in
to return something to an organization or a person in authority: 上交
Please turn your old parking permits in at the end of the week.
Thousands of weapons were turned in during the national gun amnesty.turn sb in
to take a criminal to the police, or to go to them yourself to admit a crime: 把某人交给警局或当局
[R] The hit-and-run driver turned himself in to the police the day after the accident.turn sb away
to not allow someone to enter a place: 赶走
They turned us away at the entrance because we hadn't got tickets.turn out
to be known or discovered finally and surprisingly: 最终结局为
[+ to infinitive] The truth turned out to be stranger than we had expected.
[+ that] It turns out that she had known him when they were children. turn sth out
to produce or make something, often quickly or in large amounts: 生产
They turn out thousands of these games every week.turn up
If a better situation or an opportunity to do something turns up, it happens or becomes available unexpectedly or in a way that was not planned: 好转
Don't worry about it - something will turn up, you'll see.
This job turned up just when I needed it. turn sth up
to discover something, especially information, after a lot of searching: 找到,发现
See what you can turn up about the family in the files.
相关高考试题:1. (04浙江卷） We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn’t quite _____ as planned. A. make out B. turn out C. go on C. come up2. (06陕西)With no one to _____in such a frightening situation, she felt very helpless.
A. turn on B. turn off C. turn over D. turn to3. (95 全国) I can hardly hear the radio. Would you please A.turn it on B.turn it down C.turn it up D.turn it off4. (07 重庆)She’s having a lot of trouble with the new computer, but she doesn’t know whom to _______. A. turn to B. look for C. deal with D. talk about答案及解析: 1. B. turn out 最终结果为. 本句意思是,我们原想在天黑前赶到家, 但结局跟计划的完全不一样. 2. D. turn to向某人求助. 3. B. turn down 把声音调小 4. A. turn to sb. 向某人求助。
3. Many people owe their love of sport to the perfect weather conditions for it. (P14) 许多人对体育运动的热爱归功于适合体育运动的完美的气候条件。
owe
verb [T]
to need to pay or give something to someone because they have lent money to you, or in exchange for something they have done for you: 欠
[+ two objects] I owe Janet ten pounds.
We still owe $1000 on our car (= We still need to pay $1000 before we own our car).
I owe you a drink for helping me move.
I think you owe (= should give) me an explanation/apology.
verb [T]
to have success, happiness, a job, etc. only because of what someone has given you or done for you or because of your own efforts: 归功于
I owe my success to my education.
He owes his life to the staff at the hospital.
I owe everything (= I am very grateful) to my parents.
4. Another sport Australians are fond of is tennis. (P14) 澳大利亚人还钟爱网球运动。
fond:
adjective [before noun]
having a great liking for someone or something: 喜欢
She was very fond of horses.
"I'm very fond of you, you know, " he said.
My brother is fond of pointing out my mistakes.
Many of us have fond memories of our childhoods.
We said a fond farewell to each other (= We said goodbye in a loving way) and promised to write.
5. Among the most impressive athletes were the swimmers, but all of the athletes were worthy of praise. (P15) 给人印象最深的是游泳运动员，当然，所有的运动员都值得称赞。
1) impressive
adjective
If an object or achievement is impressive, you admire or respect it, usually because it is special, important or very large: 给人深刻印象的，感人的
That was an impressive performance from such a young tennis player.
an impressive collection of modern paintings
There are some very impressive buildings in the town.
NOTE: The opposite is unimpressive.
impressively
adverb
2）worthy
adjective
deserving respect, admiration or support: 应…的，可敬的
He is unlikely to succeed in getting his bill through Congress, however worthy it is.
Every year she makes a large donation to a worthy cause.
worthy of attention/notice, etc. deserving to be given attention, noticed, etc:
Two points in this report are especially worthy of notice.
describes something which should be admired for its good and beneficial qualities but which is not very interesting: 有价值的,值得的
a worthy book
worthy
noun [C]
a person who is important, especially in a small town: 杰出人物, 知名人士
The front row of chairs was reserved for local worthies.
worth、worthy、worthwhile的用法区别
这三个词都是形容词，都有“值得的”的意思，但用法或搭配关系不同。
1. worth是一个只能作表语的形容词，意思为“值……的”、“相当于……的价值的”、“有……价值的”、“值得……的”。后接名词、接动名词的主动形式。例如：
This second-hand car is worth $2000 at the most.
The exhibition is worth a visit/visiting.
2. worthy可作表语，也可作定语。作定语时意思为“有价值的”、“值得尊敬的”、“应受到赏识的”；用作表语时意思为“值得……的”、“应得到……的”，其后接of sth.，也可以后接to do sth.，例如：
That is worthy of note. 那件事值得注意。
This phenomenon is worthy of being studied. 这种现象值得研究。
This problem is worthy to be considered. 这个问题值得考虑。
The film is worthy to be seen again. 这部电影值得再看一遍。
This is a worthy English-Chinese dictionary. 这是一本有价值的英汉词典。
This is a worthy article. 这是一篇值得一看的文章。
作后置定语时，必须用“worthy of +名词”结构。例如：
There is nothing worthy of mention. 没有值得一提的事情。
注：“worthy of+动名词”与“worth+动名词”在形式上完全不同：worthy of后面接被动式的动名词；而worth后面接主动式的动名词，虽然在形式上是主动的，但其意义仍然是被动的。试比较：
The second-hand house is worthy of being bought. = The second-hand house is worth buying.
3. worthwhile与worthy一样，既可作表语，又可作定语。表示某事因重要、有趣或受益大而值得花时间、金钱或努力去做，一般做“值得的”、“值得做的”、“有意义的”解。用作表语时，可接动名词或动词不定式。例如：
The Summer Palace is worthwhile going / to go to have a visit.
Helping old people is a worthwhile activity.
Thank you for your worthwhile suggestion.
I really feel I am doing something worthwhile and I am having a great time doing it.
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高考语法知识复习(复合句)
译林牛津版高中模块九Unit 1
第一部分 基本知识复习
一、名词性从句
界定与分类
名词性从句相当于名词，可分别在句中作主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。
从属连词that：在从句中不充当任何成分，也没有任何意思，只起连接作用，因此往往可以省略
从属连词if, whether：在从句中不充当任何成分，有意义，不可以省略
连接代词who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever, what, whatever, whose：
在从句中充当成分，有意义，不可以省略
连接副词where, when, why, how：在从句中充当成分，有意义，不可以省略
一、主语从句
１.由从属连词引导的主语从句：
①Whether the country should build a nuclear power station is something we must discuss.
那个国家是否应该建立核电站……
②That light travels in straight line is known to all .光以直线传播
２.由连接代词引导的主语从句：
①What we need is more time. 我们所需要的是……
②Whichever book you choose doesn’t matter to me.无论你选哪本书……
③Whoever comes will be welcome.无论谁来……
３.由连接副词引导的主语从句：
①When the plane is to take off hasn’t been announced.飞机什么时候起飞……
②Where he has been is still a puzzle.他到过哪儿……
③How much water is flowing can be measured easily.水的流量是多少……
4.关于形式主语 it ①It + be +形容词+ that-从句 　　　
It is necessary that…　　　 有必要…… 　　　
It is important that…　　　 重要的是…… 　　　
It is obvious that…　　　　 很明显……
It is likely that….很可能
②It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 　　　
It is believed that…　　　　　人们相信…… 　　　
It is known to all that…　　　众所周知…… 　　　
It has been decided that…　　 已决定…… 　
③It + be +名词+ that-从句 　　　
It is common knowledge that…　 ……是常识 　　　
It is a surprise that…　　 令人惊奇的是…… 　　　
It is a fact that…　　　　 事实是…… 可应用于此句型的名词还有fact / shame / honor / question/pity等。　
④ It +不及物动词+ that-分句 　　　
It appears that…　　　　　　似乎…… 　　　
It happens that…　　　　　　碰巧…… 　　　
It occurred to me that…　　 我突然想起……
It doesn’t matter whether he likes or not.
二、表语从句
可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem 等。
The problem is that millions of people die of illnesses caused by smoking.
……数百万人死于由抽烟引起的疾病
The question remains whether we can win the game…..我们是否能赢得这次比赛
That’s just what I want. ……我想要的
This is where our problem lies. ……我们的问题所在
The difficulty is how we can help smokers kick their habit……我们如何帮助吸烟的人……
值得注意的是：
1. 表语从句的表现形式除了用从属连词，连接代词和连接副词引导以外，还可以由as, as if ，as though引导.
Things were not as they seemed.
It looks as if it is going to rain.好象要下雨了。
2、另外还要注意以下常用的两种结构：The reason why…is that … (而不用 because)
It ( This, That ) is because…
The reason why he was dismissed is that he didn’t work hard. 他为什么被开除是因为他工作不努力。
It is because the tobacco companies want to remain in business.
三、同位语从句
同位语从句一般由 that, whether 等连词引导，常放在 advice, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, possibility, problem, question, reason, truth, word, suggestion.等名词的后面，说明该名词的具体内容。
l. The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world. 登陆月球…….
2. I have no idea when he will be back. ……什么时候回来
3. The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill……Mary也许病了
4. He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.……是否同意
四、宾语从句
宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，介词的宾语，某些形容词的宾语以及非谓语动词的宾语。
1.及物动词后的宾语从句：
She will give whoever needs help a warm support……任何需要帮助的人……
I wonder why she refused my invitation……她为什么拒绝了我的邀请
2.介词后的宾语从句：
I always think of how I can improve my spoken English.我总是在思考如何提高我的口语水平。
The teacher is satisfied with what she has said. 老师对他所说的话很满意。
3.某些形容词后的宾语从句：
I am sure that you will make greater progress in English through hard work.
……通过努力工作，你将取得更大的进步
We are surprised that he has left without saying goodbye to us…….他没有告别就走了
4.非谓语动词后的宾语从句：
Realizing that it was just a difference in custom, the foreigner smiled and said nothing.
On being asked whether he had had a good time in Australia, he answered “Terrible ”.
5.关于形式宾语it
We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.
我们必须清楚任何违犯法律的人都将受到惩罚。
I find it necessary that we should ask him for his advice.我发现我们有必要征求他的意见。
五、名词性从句重难点
1. 在名词性从句中，疑问句要用陈述句的语序。例如：
①Can you make sure ____the gold ring ？（MET90）
A.where Alice had put B.where had Alice put C.where Alice has put D.where has Alice put
②You can't imagine __when they received these nice Christmas presents.（94上海）
A.how they were excited B.how excited they were
C.how excited were they D.they were how excited
2. 动词 doubt 用在疑问句或否定句中，其后宾语从句常用 that 作连接词；用在肯定句中，连接词用 whether 或 if 皆可，而不用 that。
Do you doubt that he will win
I don't doubt that your proposition is wrong .
He doubt whether I know it .
3. 否定转移问题。
①将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等动词后面跟宾语从句时否定转移
I don't think I know you.　我想我并不认识你。 　
I don' t believe he will come.　我相信他不回来。
We don't expect he will come tonight , will he
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 　
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
②将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移　
It doesn't seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。 　
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
4. 主谓一致问题。
What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world．
What I bought were three English books．
5. 语气问题
① 在含有 suggest , order , demand , propose , command , request , insist, desire, require, advise 等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，that从句常用“should+ 动词原形”的结构
I suggest we (should) set off at once. 我建议我们应该立刻出发。
② 在It is ＋过去分词＋that的主语从句中 decided，demanded，desired，insisted，ordered，proposed，suggested，recommended，requested， required等。
It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening．
③ 在表语从句或同位语从句中
The suggestion that the mayor (should) present the prizes was accepted by everyone．
④ 在It is（was）＋形容词＋that从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should ＋）动词原形，表示建议或不满、惊奇等情绪。常用于此类的形容词有 essential，important，natural，necessary，possible，strange，等。
It is necessary that a college student ____at least a foreign language．（上海1993）
A.masters B.should master C.mastered D.will master
6.What引导名词从句的特殊含义:
What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality．
(what为“所……的事”，相当于“the thing that…；all that…；everything that…”)
After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed．（M ET'93）
A.what B.when C.that D.which
(what相当于“the time that”，表示“……时间”)
He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？
(what表示“……的人”，相当于“the person that…”)
What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world．
(what表示“……的地方”，相当于“the place that…”)
Our income is now double what it was ten years ago
(what表示“……的数目”，相当于“the amount ／number that…”)
7.不可省略的连词：
①介词后的连词不可省略
如：Before I came downstairs I had prepared myself very carefully for what I must say.
下楼之前，我已经把我要说的认真准备好了。
②引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略
如：That she was chosen made us very happy.她被选上了，我们很高兴。
We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到消息说我们队赢了。
8.比较：whether 与 if 均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：
①whether 引导主语从句在句首
Whether she comes or not doesn’t concern me .她是否来与我无关。
②引导表语从句
His first question was whether she had arrived yet. 他问第一个问题就是她来了没有。
③引导同位语从句
Answer my question whether you are coming.回答我你是否来的问题。
④whether 从句作介词宾语
I worry about whether I hurt her feeling .我担心是否伤了她的感情。
⑤与or not连在一起
I don’t know whether or not he is going to Japan.我不知道他是否去日本。
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it 充当形式主语。例如：
It is not important who will go. 谁去，这不重要。
It is still unknown which team will win the match. 到底谁赢呢，形势尚不明朗。
二、状语从句
状语从句在高考试题中加上其它从句的干扰，以及倒装句，强调句的介入，使得状语从句更为复杂。状语从句是一种副词性从句，通常由一个从属连词或一个起连词作用的词组引导。
1.时间状语从句
由下列连词引导：when, while , as, before, after, once, till, until, once, as soon as, now that, hardly…when, scarcely…when, no sooner…than,有一些表示时间的副词（短语）或名词短语也可引导时间状语从句。如：directly, instantly, immediately, by the time，the moment, the second, the minute, the instant, every time, each time, next time, the last time等
注意点如下：
1)when, while, as引导的时间状语从句
as表示“当……的时候”，往往和when/ while通用，但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。
①She came up as I was cooking.(同时)
② When I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine.我在街上行走时，碰到一位老朋友
when(at or during the time that )既可以表示在某一点的时候，又可表示在某一段时间内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。
①It was raining when we arrived.(指时间点)
②When we were at school, we went to the library every day.(在一段时间内)
③When we arrived there, the film had already begun.(先后发生)
While强调一段时间里，仅表示从句和主句的动作同时发生，并且有延续意义，该从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词，从句中常用过去进行时态或一般过去时态；在when表示a period of time时，两者可以互换。
①Please don’t talk so loud while/when others are working. 其他人工作时请不要大声讲话。
②He fell asleep while/when reading. 读书时他睡着了。
③ While they were watching TV, I was preparing myself for the coming examination. 他们在看电视，而我在为即将到来的考试做准备。
Strike while the iron is hot.( 不可用as或when，这里的while意思是“趁……”)
as表示主从句动作同时发生，所以常译作＂一边…一边＂。
John sings as he works.
As his hands dropped he dropped with it, and I laid him down ,dead.
当When引出的时间状语从句为系表结构，而且其主语和主句的主语一致，其表语又是一个名词时，就可以用 as 引导的省略句来代替。
When he was a young man (= As a young man ) he was fond of hunting.
2)before状语从句的重点句型
It will (not ) be a period of time before 还要……才，要不了多久就……
was (not) 过了……才 没多久就……
①It was a long time before I got to sleep . 过了好长时间我才睡着了。
② It wasn’t long before he told me about the news. 没多久他就告诉了我那条新闻。
③不等……就 在---之前：Before I could get in a word, he had measured me.
The telephone rang off before I could answer it. 我还没来得及接电话，电话就挂断了。
④刚……就：He hardly entered the room before he heard the telephone ring.
⑤先……再：You can have a few days to think about it before you make your decision.
做出决定之前你还有几天时间考虑
3)since 引导的从句用延续性动词的过去式（包括过去完成时），则从句的动作已经结束,从句意思是否定的。如果从句的动词是延续性动词的完成时态，从句意思是肯定的。
It is /has been a period of time 延续性动词的过去式 自从该动作结束已多长时间
延续性动词的完成时态 since 该动作已延续了多长时间
短暂性动词的过去式 自从该动作开始已多长时间
①He has never been to see me since I was ill.我病愈后，他一直未来看我。（不在生病了）
②He has never been to see me since I have been ill.我病了，他一直未来看我。
③I haven’t heard from him since he lived here.自从他这里搬走，我就没有收到他的信。（不住在这儿了）
④I know him very well since he has lived here near us.自他住在我们附近以来，我对他很了解。
⑤It’s three years since I was in the army.我退伍已三年了。（不在服役了）
⑥It’s three years since I have been in the army=It's three years since I joined the army.我入伍已三年了。
4)如果与till与until从句使用的主句是肯定的，则主句中谓语要用延续性动词如果与其使用的主句是否肯定的，则主句中谓语要用短暂性动词。另till从句不可以置于句首，只有until从句可以放在句首。not until 放在句首时主句要倒装。
He didn’t go back to his hometown until three years later.
=Not until three years later did he go back to his hometown.
I didn’t recognize him until he took off his glasses.
= Not until he took off his glasses did I recognize him.
2.原因状语从句
由下列连词引导：as, because, since, now that, considering that, seeing that(鉴于---)。
下面几点值得注意：
1) because语气最强，用于回答why的提问，可与强调词only, just 以及否定词not 连用。但不可以与so连用。如You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you.
He failed because he was careless. 他因粗心而失败了。
because引导的从句可以被强调：
It was because she wanted to study abroad that she entered for TOEFL
2) since引导的从句语气次于because引导的从句，常表示稍加分析后而推断出的原因，或指人们已知的事实，比as正式一些,常置于句首。as语气最弱，其原因只是对结果的附带说明，一般放在句首。
Since/ Now that no one is against it ,let’s carry out the plan.
Since everyone has come, let’s begin our meeting. 既然大家都来了，我们开会吧。
As all the seats were full, he stood there. 所有的座位都满了他只好站那儿。
3) for虽解释为“因为”但只是一个并列连词，它也常引导句子表原因，但不是原因状语从句，它是一个并列句。for所提供的理由是一种补充性的说明，表推测的理由。
The day was short, for it was December.
It might have rained last night for the ground is wet. 昨晚可能下雨了，因为地面是湿的。
She must have cried for her eyes are red. 她一定哭过了，她眼睛红的。
He can’t have done that for he is not that kind of man. 他不可能这么做的，因为他不是那种人。
3.地点状语从句
由下列连词引导:where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere。
You may find him where his brother lives.
You are free to go wherever you like. 你可以去你想要去的任何地方。
Anywhere he went, he got warm welcome. 无论他走到哪儿，都收到热烈欢迎。
The girl takes the doll with her everywhere she goes.
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
4.结果状语从句
由下列连词引导：that，so…that，such…that，so that等。
注意以下几种结构：
1).so+adj/adv+that… 2).such(a/an+adj)+n+that…
3).so+adj+a/an+n+that=such a/an+adj+n+that… 4).so many/much/few/little(少)+n+that…
5)such +(adj) +n (u /pl )+ that
He spoke so fast that I couldn’t follow him. 他说的如此的快，我跟不上他。
It was such a lovely day / so lovely a day that we all went swimming
今天天气如此的好，我们大家都去游泳了。
He gave such important reasons that he was excused. 他给了非常重要的理由，我们都原谅他了。
So或such置于句首时，主句常倒装。
It was such a lovely day / so lovely a day that we all went swimming .　
＝Such a lovely day was it that we all went swimming.
He gave such important reasons that he was excused.
= Such important reasons did he give that he was excused.
注意以上结构与定语从句so/such…as的区别。
This is such an interesting/so interesting a film that everyone wants to see it.
This is such an interesting/so interesting a film as everyone wants to see.
The stone is so heavy as we can’t lift.
That 引导的从句常用于口语中。
We turned the radio up (so) that everyone heard the news.
5.目的状语从句
由下列连词引导：so that, in order that, for fear that, in case等。 （注：so that也可用来引导结果状语从句）
so that, in order that引导的目的状语从句中常需用情态动词。so that引导的目的状语从句只能放在主句之后，in order that 引导的目的状语从句可以放在主句之前或之后。
We set out early so that we could see the sunrise. 我们很早出发以便能看到日出
He sent the letter by air mail so that it might reach them in time. 他空邮这份信的以便他们能按时收到。
for fear that, in case 引导的目的状语从句谓语动词要用should do 它们本身带有否定意义，相当于so that--not, in order that---not
We hid behind the bushes in case /for fear that passers-by should see us. 我们躲在丛林中以防过路人看见。
Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I forget. 明天请再次提醒我以防我忘了。
6.条件状语从句
分为真实条件句和非真实条件句（用在虚拟语气中）。
由下列连词引导：if, unless, suppose, supposing, providing(that),provided(that),given(that),in case, on condition that, as long as, so long as, so far as等。
(1)Unless=if not
You will fail unless you study hard. 除非努力否则你就要失败。
(2)suppose, supposing, providing(that),provided(that),given(that)= if
Suppose I don’t have a day off, what shall I do
Given that he supports us, we’ll win the election. 如果他支持我们，我们就会赢得选举。
(3) on condition that, as long as, so long as = only if
As long as you don’t lose heart, you will succeed. 只要你不灰心，你就会成功。
(4) As far as I know, he cheated in the exam.
So far as I am concerned, I’m in favour of “mercy killing”. 就我个人而言， 我支持安乐死。
As far as I’m concerned , making money is not the only purpose of life.就我个人而言，赚钱并不是生活的唯一目的。
7.让步状语从句
由下列连词引导：although, though, as, even if, even though ,while, whether…or, whoever, whatever, however,
no matter+疑问词等。
注意以下几点：
1) although, though引导让步状语从句时，主句前不能用but,但可以加yet, still。
He is unhappy though he has a lot of money.
Though it was raining hard, yet they didn’t stop working. 尽管下着大雨，他们仍然在工作。
2) as引导让步状语从句时，必须用前置结构，通常是从句中的表语、状语或动词原形放在句首，放在句首的名词前的冠词要去掉。
Though he is a child, he knows a lot.
=Child as(though)he is, he knows a lot.（注意在child前不要用冠词）
Good as he is , he won’t be top of class.
Though I like it very much, I won’t buy it.
=Much as I like it, I won’t buy it.
Try as he would, he couldn’t lift the heavy box.
Though it is raining heavily, he rushed out.
=Heavily as it is raining ,he rushed out.
3) whether ---or (not ) 引导的从句，提供两个对比的“尽管”情况， 含有条件意味。
（Whether you） believe it or not, it is true. 信不信由你， 这是真的。
Whether you come here or we go there , the topic of discussion will remain unchanged.
不管是你来这儿还是他去那儿，讨论的主题保持不变。
4) 疑问词+ever＝no matter +疑问词
whatever you say, I won’t believe you.
Whoever you are, you must show your pass. 无论你是谁，你都必须出示你的通行证。
Whenever you come, you are welcome. 无论你啥时来，都欢迎。
8.方式状语从句
由下列连词引导：as, as if, as though ,the way等。
At Rome we must do as the Romans (do). 入乡随俗
Do it the way you were told (to). 教你怎样做就怎样做。
He treats me as if I were a stranger. 他对待我象陌生人一样。
注意以下几点：
1)as引导方式状语从句时意义为“按照”，“如同”，前面常用加强语势。
I did it just as you told me.
= I did it just as told to
He didn’t win the match as expected. 他没有像预料的一样赢得比赛。
2) as if和as though 引导的从句中，谓语常用虚拟语气，有时也用陈述语气。
It seems as if it were going to rain.
CF : it seems as if it is going to rain.
3)连词while 和whereas 可表示对比。
Whereas he is rather lazy, she is quite energetic.
注意状语从句中的省略现象
1)连接词+过去分词
Unless repaired, the washing machine is no use.
Though _______or many times, David often drives after drinking.
A. to be warned B. having been warning C warned D. being warned
2)连词+现在分词
Look out while crossing the street.
3)连词+形容词/其他
常见的有if necessary、if possible、when necessary、if any等
4)比较状语从句中的省略句。如：He arrived home half an hour earlier than (he had been)expected.
三、定语从句
基本知识
1、 定语从句与引导词
定语从句是在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫做选行词，而引导定语从句的词叫引导词，有关系代词和关系副词两类。
关系词一共有九个，它们在从句中所充当的句子成分见下表。
关系词 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 说　明
that 人/物 人/物 √ × √ 不能用于非限定性从句
which 物 物 × × √ 可用于非限定性从句
who 人 × × × ×
whom × 人 × × ×
whose × × × 人/物 ×
when × × × × √
where × × × × √
why × × × × √
as 主要用于非限制性的定语从句和such…as, the same…as, as…as,结构中。
懂得什么样的先行词后用什么样的引导词是学好定语从句的关键。
1． 关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose,在定语从句中作主语、宾语中表语，whose
作定语。代人的有：who,whom,whose,that；代物的有：that,which,whose.
The man who helped you is Mr White.(who代人，在定语从句中作主语)
That is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see.
(whom,who,that指代人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略)
I m not the fool(that) you thought me to be.(that代人，在定从中作表语)
A dictionary is a useful book which(＝that) tells us the meaning of words
(which或that代物，在定从中作主语)
2． 关系副词有：when(指时间)，where(指地点),why(指原因)，在定语从句中作状语。
例如：Would you suggest a time(when) we can have a talk (when可省略)
The house where they live is not very large./This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.
注意：不是表时间的先行词都用when引导定从，不是表地点的先行词都用where引导定从。例如：We ll visit the factory which(＝that) makes radios.
(which或that在定从中作主语，where不可用主语，故不可用)
They still remember the happy days(which/that) they spent in Beidaihe.
(which或that在定从中作spent的宾语，when不可作宾语，故不可用)
注意：①先行词是表示地点的名词时（country,school,room…），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当地点状语，一般用where引导定语从句。也可以用介词＋which的结构。值得注意的是which前介词的选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。
The room where(=in which)he used to live has now been turned into a museum.
The desk where(=on which)I put my bag is his.
This is the school where(=in which)I joined the Party.
②先行词是表示时间的名词（year,month,day,night…），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当时间状语，一般用when引导定语从句。也可以用介词＋which的结构。值得注意的是which前介词的选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。应特别注意：介词的位置变化以及相应的关系词的变化。请看下面两个句子。
那就是他工作的大学。
┏ at which he works.
┣ which he works at.
That is the college ┣ where he works.
┣ that he works at.
┗ he works at.
它出生的那一天是1952年8月20日。
┏ on which he was born
┣ which he was born on
The day ┣ when he was born was　Aug.20,1952.
┣ that he was born on
┗ he was born on
二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句和主句之间不用逗号分开，修饰主句中的某一个名词或名词词组或代
词；非限制性定语从句常用逗号和主句隔开，可以修饰主句中的某一个词，也可修饰整个句子。非限制性定语从句不能用that引导，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词不能省略。非限制性定语从句例：Li Ping’s father, who works in a factory, is an engineer./He tore up my photo, which made me very angry.(which指代主句内容，因前后两句是因果关系，此时which不可换为as。)
He is good at physics, as is known to us all.＝As is known to us all, he is good at physics.(as指代主句内容，在as is known/believed, as we all know/believe这类结构中as不可换为which)
3、 只用that引导和不用that引导的场合
1． 只用that引导和不用that引导的场合
1） 当先行词既包括人又包括物时：He talked about the men and the books that attracted him.
2） 指物的先行词被any, every, only, very, all, no等修饰时：These are the very points that interest me./That's the only watch that I like most.
3） 指物的先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时：The first step that we are to take is very difficult./This is the second card that he gave me.
4） 先行词是指物的不定代词all,little,few,much,及everything,anything,nothing等时：There is still much that can be done about it./Have you got everything that you need
5） 先行词是who时：Who that have seen him does not like him
2． 不用that的场合如下：
1）非限制性定语从句中 Last night ,I saw a very good film,which was about the Long
March .
2）介词放在关系代词之前时 This is the man from whom I learnt the news
3）句中出现了that，或先行词是that时 I have found that which I was looking for.
四、“介词＋关系代词”用法
1． 介词的确定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配，例如：Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands (shake hands with…是习惯性搭配)
2． 介词常受先行词的制约（即介词和先行词的搭配），例如：He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.(through which 即through the telescope)
3． 当关系代词作“动词＋介词”固定短语的宾语时，此时因定短语中的介词不能拆开移到关系代词前。例如：This is the watch which youre looking for./He is a kind of man whom you can safely depend on.
五、几个名词后的引导词
1. situation后常用where,in which引导定语从句
Can you imagine a situation where/in which you can use the word
2.way后面的定语从句，引导定语从句有三种情况：
a.在比较正式的文体中用in which
I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood.
It was clear that the speaker now trusted Tom from the way in which these words were said.
b.一般情况下用that
Lincoln asked the people to think of slavery in the way that these men did.
Mary,there is one way that you could stop others talking about you and criticizing you.
c.in which和that省去。
That's the way I looked at it.
The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed.
六、关于as引导的定语从句的问题
as引导定语从句主要用于非限制性定语从句和the same…as，such…as，as…as的结构中。
1.as与which都可以引导一个非限制性定语从句，并代表前面整个句子或主句中的表语。
He married the girl，as(which)was natural.
He seemed a freigner,as(which)in fact he was.
不同的是：as引导的定语从句可以前置，而which不行。
As was natural, he married the girl.
在the same…as,such…as,as…as结构中，same,such,as之后应是名词或形容词＋名词。
We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.
Some people have no doubt that their cat understands as many words as a dog does.
We hope to get such a tool as he is using.
这三种结构也可以用which改写。但要去掉这种结构，不能直接用which代替as。
以上三句分别可以改写成：
We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.
Some people have no doubt that their cat understands the words which a dog understands.
We hope to get the tool which he is using.
　　the same…as与the same…that引导的定语从句在意义上的区别是：前者修饰的是与原物同样的；而后者修饰的就是先行词同样的东西。比较：
　　This is the same watch as I lost.这和我丢失的那一只表一样。（不是同一只）
　　This is the same watch that I lost.这就是我丢失的那一只表。（同一只）
定语从句与其他从句或句型的区分
一、定语从句与并列句
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①Mr Li has three daughters，none of _____ is an engineer．
②Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _____ is a dancer．
③Mr Li has three daughters；_____ are doctors．
解析：定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。从结构上看，①小题是定语从句，故填whom；②小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them；③小题是两个并列分句，无需连接词，缺少主语，故填none或they。
二、定语从句与状语从句
1．定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。
This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为the place）
Let’s go where we can find a better job. 我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）
2．定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。
Do you know the time when the class is over 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）
It was already five o’clock when the class was over.
=When the class was over, it was already five o’clock. 当下课时己经是5点了。（时间状语从句）
3．When, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词＋which”的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行。
This is the factory in which (where) his father once worked. 这就是他的父亲曾经在那里工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句）
Put back the book where it was. 把书放回原处。（状语从句）
4．定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。如：
It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。（as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句）
It is such an interesting book that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。（that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句）
三、定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句和同位语从句在形式结构上基本相同，都跟在名词或代词之后，且又常由that引导。但它们的句法功能却不相同。我们可以从以下几个方面把它们区别开来：
1.先行词的范围不同
定语从句的先行词范围很广，可以指人、物等，没有限制；同位语从句的被修饰词通常是少数一些表示抽象意义的名词，不指人。同位语从句修饰的词常见的有：belief, doubt, fact, hope, idea, news, thought, order, suggestion, wish, answer, information, conclusion, decision, knowledge, opinion, problem, promise, question, plan, report, truth, view等。例如：
This is the place that / which we visited yesterday . 这就是昨天我们参观过的地方。（定语从句）
We don’t know the reason why they didn’t attend the meeting. 我们不知道他们（为什么）没有参加会议的原因。（定语从句）
The text tells us a fact that smoking does great harm to people’s health .
这篇课文又告诉我们一个事实，吸烟对健康危害很大。(同位语从句)
I had no idea when the sports meet will take place. 我不知道运动会何时举行。(同位语从句)
2.从句和先行词的关系不同
定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。例如：
The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy.
她考试及格的消息使她父母很高兴。（同位语从句）
此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam
可以改写成表语从句：The news is that he passed the exam.
The news that he told us interested all of us. 他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。（定语从句）
The news that he told us 是定语从句，此句就不能改写为：The news is that he told us.
3.引导词及其作用不同
引导定语从句的词是关系词，常见的关系词有that , which , who , whose , whom , when , where , why , as 等。关系词除了连接主从句的作用外，还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分，如主语、宾语、状语、定语、表语等。引导同位语从句的that只起连接主从句的作用，不在从句中担任任何成分。what, whether 和 how 可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。例如：
I’ll never forget the day when I saw the Great Wall．
我永远不会忘记我见到长城的那一天。（定语从句，关系副词when作从句状语）
The fact that（which） we talked about is very important．
我们所谈论的那个事实很重要。（定语从句，that在从句中作about的宾语）
The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody．
他实验成功这个事实使我们大家很高兴。（同位语从句，that只起连接作用）
I have no idea what he has done. 我不知道他做了什么。（同位语从句）
I have a doubt whether he will be warmly welcomed . 我怀疑他是否能受到热烈欢迎。(同位语从句)
You have no idea how worried he was . 你不知道他是多么担心！(同位语从句)
三、定语从句与强调句
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①It is on the morning of May 1st _____ I met Liang Wei at the airport．
②It is the factory _____ Mr Wang works．
解析：定语从句与强调句的主要区别在于：强调句的结构为“It is／was＋被强调部分＋that＋从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用who代替that。这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when或where代替 that。从结构上看，①小题是强调句，故填 that。此种情况检测的标准是：先把强调句中的It is／was去掉，再把被强调部分还原，在不增加或减少任何单词的情况下，如句子仍然成立则为强调句，否则为定语从句。将第①小题改为：I met Liang Wei on the morning of May 1st at the airport．显然，这句话是正确的，故为强调句。②小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前差个介词in，故填 where。
四、定语从句与习惯句型
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①It is the first time _____ she has been in Shanghai．
②It was the time _____ Chinese people had a hard life．
解析：这里①小题是一个习惯句型，其结构为：It is／was the first／second ．．． time ＋that从句。故①填that，其意为：这是她第一次在上海。②小题the time是先行词，其后是表示时间的定语从句，故填 when。
五、定语从句与单句
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①The mother told the lazy boy to work，_____ didn't help．
②The mother told the lazy boy to work．_____ didn't help．
解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须有关系词；而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。①小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词 which，前面整个句子作先行词；②小题则填It，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运用。
定语从句与易混句型练与析
定语从句是历年高考试题中的考查热点之一，虽然其难度并不大，但许多考生对这一语法内容掌握得并不好，失分较多。做这一类题的关键是要能正确地分析出其结构来，即首先认出它是否为定语从句，然后再确定使用哪个连接词。定语从句易与其他句型混淆，需要仔细区分。现在我们来看看下列句型结构，请大家选择恰当的词填空（有的小题正确答案不只一个）。
Ⅰ．A．whom B．them C．they D．who
1．Mr Smith has three sons，none of ＿＿＿＿ is a computer expert．
2．He has three sisters，＿＿＿＿＿ are doctors．
3．She has three CDs，but none of＿＿＿＿＿ is interesting．
4．I have many friends，and all of＿＿＿＿＿ are nice and friendly．
5．Miss Yang has some relatives here；＿＿＿＿ like her very much．
Ⅱ．A．where B．which C．in which D．that
1．Rice grows well ＿＿＿ there is enough water．
2．I know the university ＿＿＿＿ my parents worked ten years ago．
3．After th ewar，a new school building was put up ＿＿＿ there had once been a theatre．
4．The hospital ＿＿＿＿ Mr Li was operated on in has taken on a new look．
Ⅲ．A．that B．when C．where D．who
1．It is on a summer afternoon ＿＿＿＿ he met Liang Wei from Shanghai．
2．Is it on the farm ＿＿＿＿ Mr Wang lives？
3．It is the farm ＿＿＿＿ Mr Wang lives．
4．Is it Lang Weiwei ＿＿＿＿ is speaking to a foreigner？
Ⅳ．A．that B．as C．who D．which
1．Nobody in our school has the same camera ＿＿＿＿ you have．
2．She is such a good girl ＿＿＿＿does well in French．
3．She is such a good girl ＿＿＿＿ all of us like to make friends with her．
Ⅴ．A．that B．which
1．The news ＿＿＿＿ he told me sounds reasonable．
2．The news ＿＿＿＿ China has joined the WTO excites all the Chinese．
Ⅵ．A．that B．when C．which
1．It is the first time ＿＿＿＿ I have been here．
2．It was the time ＿＿＿＿ we had a hard life．
［答案与简析］
Ⅰ．本组题考查定语从句与并列句的区别。第1和2小题是定语从句，正确答案分别是A和D；第3和4小题有并列连词but和and，为并列句，每句只能有一个连接词，故正确答案均为B；第5小题中的前后两部分用分号连接，是两个并列分句，无需连接词，故C项正确。
Ⅱ．本组题考查定语从句与地点状语从句的区别。第1和3小题均无先行词，是表示地点的状语从句，只能用where引导，故答案均为A；第2小题是定语从句，A和C两项均正确；第4小题是定语从句，由于有介词in，故B、D两项均正确。Ⅲ．本组题考查定语从句与强调句的区别。强调句的结构为：It is／was＋被强调部分＋that＋从句。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何部分，而且强调人时，还可用who代替that。注意这一句型中不能因为被强调部分是时间或地点，就想当然地用when或where代替that。第1和2小题是强调句，故A项正确。可用此技巧解题：先把强调句中的It is／was．．．that去掉，再把被强调部分调到句末，在不增加或减少任何单词的情况下，如句子成立则为强调句，否则为定语从句。可将第1和2小题分别改为：He met Liang Wei from Shanghai on a summer afternoon．Mr Wang lives on the farm．显然，两句均正确，故为强调句。第3小题是定语从句，用上述技巧可知缺介词on，故C项正确；第4小题也是强调句，强调人，故A、D两项均正确。
Ⅳ．本组题考查结果状语从句与定语从句的区别。第1小题是as引导的定语从句，即the same．．．as结构，as在从句中作宾语，第2小题也是as引导的定语从句，即such．．．as结构，as在从句中作主语，故答案均为B。第3小题是such．．．that结果状语从句，关键区别在于that在状语从句中不作任何成分，故正确答案为A。
Ⅴ．本组题考查同位语从句与定语从句的区别。that引导同位语从句时在从句中不作任何成分，只是用来解释或说明先行词的内容，而定语从句中的that在从句中作主语或宾语。第1小题是定语从句，因为tell缺直接宾语，故A和B项均正确；第2小题从句中不缺主、宾语，是同位语从句，故A项正确。
Ⅵ．本组题考查固定结构与定语从句的区别。第1小题是“It（This）is／was．．．time that＋从句”结构，意为“这是某人第几次干某事”，故A项正确；第2小题为时间作先行词的定语从句，故B项正确。
第二部分 近三年高考真题演练
1._____,Carolina couldn’t get the door open.[2005广东卷]
A. Try as she might B. As she might try
C. She might as try D. Might she as try
2.The American Civil War lasted for four years ______ the North won in the end.[2005广东卷]
A. after B. before C. when D. then
3.Some researchers believe that there is no doubt_____a cure for AIDS will be found.[2005广东卷]
A. which B. that C. what D. whether
4. Many people who had seen the film were afraid to the forest when they remembered the scenes ______ people were eaten by the tiger.[2005广东卷]
A. in which B. by which C. which D. that
5. Mary wrote an article on _____ the team had failed to win the game. [05全国卷II]
A. why B. what C. who D. that
6.I have many friends, _______some are businessmen.[2005全国卷II]
A. of them B. from which C. who of D. of whom
7.That was a splendid evening. It’s years ____ I enjoyed myself so much. [2005安徽卷]
A. when B. that C. before D. since
8.I always take something to read when I go to the doctor’s ____ I have to wait.[2005全国卷III]
A. in case B. so that C. in order D. as if
9.The poor young man is ready to accept ______ help he can get. [2005全国卷III]
A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whenever
10.Allow children the space to voice their opinions, ______ they are different from your own.[2005湖南卷]
A. until B. even if C. unless D. as though
11.The more I think about him, the more reasons I find for loving him _____ I did.[2005湖南卷]
A. as much as B. as long as C. as soon as D. as far as
12.Danby left word with my secretary ______ he would call again in the afternoon. [2005浙江卷]
A. who B. that C. as D. which
13. __ _ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.[2005浙江卷]
A. When B. After C. As D. Since
14.I walked in our garden, _______ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees.
[2005辽宁卷]
A. which B. when C. where D. that
15.Do you have any idea _____ is actually going on in the classroom [2005辽宁卷]
A. that B. what C. as D. which
16.There was never any time for Kate to feel lonely, ______ she was an only child.[2005辽宁卷]
A. ever since B. now that C. even though D. even though
17.The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs_____ they are being trained.[2005江西卷 ]
A. in that B. for that C. in which D. for which
18.My friend Martin was very sick with a strange fever, _______, he could neither eat nor sleep.[2005江西卷]
A. as a result B. after all C. any way D. otherwise
19.Your uncle seems to be a good driver,______,I wouldn’t dare to travel in his car.[2005江西卷]
A. even so B. even though C. therefore D. so
20.The way he did it was different _______ we were used to.[2005江西卷]
A. in which B. in what C. from what D. from which
21.The place _______ the bridge is supposed to be built should be ______ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest. [2005江苏卷]
A. which; where B. at which; which
C. at which; where D. which; in which
22.Unlike watching TV, reading is a highly active process[过程] _______ it requires attention as well as memory and imagination.[2005江苏卷]
A. until B. but C. unless D. for
23.It is known to all that______ you exercise regularly, you won’t keep good health.[2005重庆卷]
A. unless B. whenever C. although D. if
24. ______ he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class. [2005重庆卷]
A.A quiet student as he may be B. Quiet student as he may be
C. Be a quiet student as he may D. Quiet as he may be a student
25. The old lady’s hand shook frequently. She explained to her doctor ______ this shaking had begun half a year before, and _____ ,only because this, she had been forced to give up her job. [2005重庆卷]
A. when; how B. how; when C. how; how D. why; why
26. Do you still remember the chicken farm _____ we visited three months ago [2005春,北京卷]
A. where B. when C. that D. what
27. Simon thought his computer was broken _______ his little brother pointed out that he had forgotten to turn it on.[2005春,北京卷]
A. until B. unless C. after D. because
28.I’d like to arrive 20 minutes early _____ I can have time for a cup of tea.[2005 北京卷]
A. as soon as B. as a result C. in case D. so that
29. ---- Why does she always ask you for help
---- There is no one else _____, is there [2005 北京卷]
A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. for whom to D. for her to turn
30.It was some time ______ we realized the truth. [2005山东卷]
A. when B. until C. since D. before
31.The shopkeeper did not want to sell for _____ he thought was not enough. [2005山东卷]
A. where B. how C. what D. which
32.He was educated at a local grammar school, ______ he went on to Cambridge. [2005山东卷]
A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this
33. _____ in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.[2005上海卷]
A. What is required B. What requires C. It is required D. It requires
34.If a shop has chair ______ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.[2005上海卷]
A. that B. which C. when D. where
35. See the flags on the top of the building？That’s ______ we did this morning. [2006全国卷I]
A. when B. which C. where D. what
36.______he has limited knowledge, the old worker has a lot of experience. [2006全国卷I]
A. Since B. Unless C. As D. Although
37. Please remind me____he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off. [2006全国卷I]
A. where B. when C. how D. what
38. —What did your parents think about your decision
—They always let me do ______ I think I should. [2006全国卷II]
A. when B. that C. how D. what
39. We thought there were 34 students in the dining hall, _______, in fact, there were 40.[2006全国卷II]
A. while B. whether C. what D. which
40. —Could you do me a favor
— It depends on ____ it was. [2006北京卷]
A. which B. whichever C. what D. whatever
41. Women _____ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ____ don’t. [2006北京卷]
A. who,不填 B. 不填, who C. who, who D. 不填, 不填
42._____ you’ve tried it, you can’t imagine how pleasant it is [2006北京卷]
A. Unless B. Because C. Although D. when
43. He found it increasingly difficult to read,_____his eyesight was beginning to fail.[2006北京卷]
A. and B. for C. but D. or
44. A man can’t smile like a child, ____ a child smiles with his eyes while a man smiles with his lips alone. [2006湖南卷]
A. so B. but C. and D. for
45. We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us,______ we gave some bells and glasses. [2006湖南卷]
A. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with which
46. I had just stepped out of the bathroom and was busily drying myself with a towel ____ I heard the steps. [2006湖南卷]
A. while B. when C. since D. after
47. With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased _____ he was a man of action. [2006湖南卷]
A. which B. that C. what D. whether
48. Look out! Don’t get too close to the house ______ roof is under repair.[2006福建卷]
A. whose B. which C. of which D. that
49. How long do you think it will be ____ China sends a manned spaceship to the moon.[2006福建卷]
A. when B. until C. that D. before
50. In time of serious accident, _____ we know some basic things about first aid, we can save lives.
[2006重庆卷]
A. whether B. until C. if D. unless
51. Nobody believed his reason for being absent from school _____ he had to meet his uncle at the airport. [2006重庆卷]
A. why B. that C. where D. because
52. I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she
was, she had run back ______ she had come. [2006重庆卷]
A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which
53.In peace, too, the Red Cross is expected to send help _____ there is human suffering.[2006江西卷]
A. whoever B. however C. whatever D. wherever
54. —Do you have anything to say for yourselves
—Yes, there’s one point ______ we must insist on. [2006江西卷]
A. why B. where C. how D. /
55.She was educated at Beijing University, ___ she went on to have her advanced study abroad. [2006陕西卷]
A. after that B. from that C. from which D. after which
56. His plan was such a good one _______ we all agreed to accept it. [2006陕西卷]
A. as B. that C. so D. and
57. This is a very interesting book. I’ll buy it ________. [2006陕西卷]
A. no matter how it may cost B. how may it cost
C. how much may it cost D. however much it may cost
58. The cost of living in Glasgow is among the lowest in Britain, _____ the quality of life is probably one of the highest. [2006天津卷]
A. since B. when C. as D. while
59. If you are traveling _____ the customs are really foreign to your own, please do as the Romans do.
[2006天津卷]
A. in which B. what C. when D. where
60. The Beatles,____many of you are old enough to remember,came from Liverpool.[2006天津卷]
A. what B. that C. how D. as
61. There is much chance____ Bill will recover from his injury in time of race. [2006天津卷]
A. that B. which C. until D. if
62. Jenny was very sad over the loss of the photos she had shot at Canada, _____ this was a memory she especially treasured. [2006广东卷]
A. as B. if C. when D. where
63. “You can’t have this football back ______ you promise not to kick at my cat again, ” the old man said firmly. [2006广东卷]
A. because B. since C. when D. until
64. The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvement and employ more people to keep it running, ______ meant spending tens of thousands of pounds. [2006江苏卷]
A. who B. that C. as D. which
65.______ environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the ecosystem to recover. [2006江苏卷]
A. Even if B. If only C. While D. Once
66. We haven’t settled the question of ____ it is necessary for him to study abroad.[2006江苏卷]
A. if B. where C. whether D. that
67. We won’t keep winning games ______ we keep playing well. [2006浙江卷]
A. because B. unless C. when D. while
68. ______ is on belief that improvement in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy. [2006浙江卷]
A. As B. That C. This D. It
69. I was given three books on cooking, the first______ I really enjoyed. [2006浙江卷]
A. of that B. of which C. that D. which
70. We’re just trying to reach a point ____ both sides will sit down together to talk.[2006山东卷]
A. where B. that C. when D. which
71. ______ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championship. [2006山东卷]
A. No matter what B. No matter which C. whatever D. whichever
72. How can you expect to learn anything ____ you never listen [2006山东卷]
A. in case B. even if C. unless D. when
73. — Mom, what did your doctor say
—He advised me to live ______ the air is fresher. [2006四川卷]
A. in where B. in which C. the place where D. where
74. Start out right away, _____ you’ll miss the first train. [2006四川卷]
A. and B. but C. or D. while
75.—It’s thirty years since we last met.
—But I still remembered the story, believe it or not, ___ we got lost on a rainy night.
[2006四川卷]
A. which B. that C. what D. when
76.— Why didn’t you tell him about the meeting
— He rushed out of the room ______ I could say a word. [2006四川卷]
A. before B. until C. when D. after
77. A warm thought suddenly came to me ___ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday. [2006安徽卷]
A. if B. when C. that D. which
78.I was told that there were about 50 foreign students _____ Chinese in the school, most ______ were from Germany. [2006辽宁卷]
A. study; of whom B. study; of them C. studying; of them D. studying; of whom
79. _____ makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services. [2006辽宁卷]
A. What B. Who C. Whatever D. Whoever
80. I grew up in Africa, _____ at least I should say that I spend much of the first ten years of my life there. [2006辽宁卷]
A. and B. or C. so D. but
81. I won’t call you, ________ something unexpected happens. [2007全国卷I]
A. unless B. whether C. because D. while
82. We all know that, __________, the situation will get worse. [2007全国卷I]
A. not if dealt carefully with B. if not carefully dealt with
C. if dealt not carefully with D. not if carefully dealt with
83.____ he had not hurt his leg,John would have won the race. [2007全国卷II]
A. If B. Since C. Though D. When
84. Pop music is such an important part of society ______ it has even influenced our language. [2007上海卷]
A. as B. that C. which D. where
85. Small sailboats can easily turn over in the water ______ they are not managed carefully.
[2007上海卷]
A. though B. before C. until D. if
86. ________ I really don’t like art, Ifind his work impressive. [2007山东卷]
A．As B．Since C．If D．While
87.The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time _____ we
meet them again.[2007安徽卷]
A. after B. before C. since D. when
88. Leave your key with a neighbor ___ you lock yourself out one day[2007北京卷]
A. ever since B. even if C. soon after D. in case
89. The village has developed a lot we learned farming two years ago. [2007福建卷]
A.when B.which C.that D.where
90.____ matters most in learning English is enough practice. [2007全国卷II]
A. What B. Why C. Where D. Which
91. ______ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader. [2007上海卷]
A. That B. What C. Whether D. Where
92. The traditional view is ____ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. [2007上海卷]
A. when B. why C. whether D. that
93. Could I speak to--------- is in charge of International Sales ,please [2007山东卷]
A．anyone B．someone C．whoever D．nomatter who
94. You can only be sure of_________ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _____ you might get in the future. [2007安徽卷]
A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that
95. —Where’s that report
—I brought it to you ____you were in Mr.Black’s office yesterday. [2007北京卷]
A. if B. when C. because D. before
96. It is none of your business other people think about you. Believe yourself.
[2007福建卷]
A.how B.what C.which D.when
97. Having checked the doors were closed , and _________ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom. [2007湖南卷]
A. why B. that C. when D. where
98. Choosing the right dictionary depends on ______ you want to use it for. [2007江苏卷]
A. what B. why C. how D. whether
99. It is reported that two schools，_____ are being built in my hometown，will open next year. [2007四川卷]
A．they both B．which both C．both of them D．both of which
100. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity ________ sight matters more than hearing. [2007天津卷]
A. when B. whose C. which D. where
101. Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, ____ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.
[2007浙江卷]
A. that B. which C. who D. where
102. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ______ they can be controlled on purpose. [2007重庆卷]
A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which
103. Eric received training in computer for one year, _____ he found a job in a big company. [2007辽宁卷]
A. after that B. after which C. after it D. after this
104. His movie won several awards at the film festival, ______ was beyond his wildest dream. [2007上海卷]
A. which B. that C. where D. it
205. —Where did you get to know her
—It was on the farm _________ we worked. [2007山东卷]
A．that B．there C．which D．where
106. Last week, only two people came to look at the house, _____ wanted to buy it. [2007安徽卷]
A. none of them B. both of them C. none of whom D. neither of whom
107. We shouldn’t spent our money testing so many people,most of ____are healthy[2007北京卷]
A. that B.which C. what D. whom
108. By serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself, ___________ can be very eye-opening and rewarding. [2007湖南卷]
A. who B. which C. what D. that
109. He was educated at the local high school, __ _ he went on to Beijing University.
[2007江苏卷]
A. after which B. after that C. in which D. in that
110. After graduation she reached a point in her careet she needed to decide what to do. [2007江西卷]
A.that B.what C.which D.where
111. Some pre-school children go to a day care center, _______they learn simple games and songs. [2007全国卷I]
A. then B. there C. while D. where
112.Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases beginners of English fail to use the language properly. [2007陕西卷]
A.which B.as C.why D.where
113. You will be successful in the interview you have confidence. [2007福建卷]
A.before B.once C.until D.though
114. Most birds find it safe to sleep in the trees, but ________ they have eggs or young chicks, they don’t use a nest. [2007湖南卷]
A. why B. how C. unless D. where
115. He was told that it would be at least three more months ___________he could receover and retum to work. [2007江西卷]
A.when B.before C.since D.that
116. It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life _______ we’ve actually had that lesson.
[2007天津卷]
A. until B. after C. since D. when
117.Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice, _____they knew it to be valuable.[2007浙江卷]
A. as if B. now that C. even though D. so that
118. My parents live in a small village.They always keep candles in the house _____ there is a power out. [2007重庆卷]
A. if B. unless C. in case D. so that
119. We had to wait half an hour _____ we had already booked a table. [2007辽宁卷]
A. since B. although C. until D. before
120. parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children. [2007陕西卷]
A.That B.Which C.What D.As
121. The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make ________ it is . [2007天津卷]
A. what B. which C. how D. where
122. Why not try your lick downtown, Bob That’s ______ the best jobs are. [2007浙江卷]
A. where B. what C. when D. why
第三部分 近三年高考真题演练答案和解析
1.答案A。解析：as“尽管”引导让步状语从句，从句倒装。
2.答案B。 解析：before引导状语从句，句意“在北方赢得战争前，美国内战持续了四年”。
3.答案B。解析：that引导同位语从句。
4.答案A。 解析：in which引导定语从句。“在这些情景中”。
5.答案A。解析：宾语从句,why the team had failed to win the game作on的宾语。
6.答案D。 解析：of whom 在从句中表示“他们当中有些….”。of them 则引出一个完整独立的句子。
7.答案D。解析：这是由“It’s + 时间 + since+从句”构成时间状语从句，句意为“我很多年没有玩得那么开心了”。句子成分不足以构成由that引导的强调句。
8.答案A。解析：这是条件状语从句。“以防要等”，并非“结果要等”或“为了要等”。
9.答案C。 解析： 这是宾语从句，accept后面缺少宾语，要填写 whatever。
10.答案B。解析：这是让步状语从句。“…..即使他们的观点与你们的不同” 。
11.答案A。解析：as引导方式状语从句，as much as作love方式状语，“越想关于他的事情，我越有理由深爱他。”
12.答案B。解析：word 后跟that同位语从句，被分隔。
13.答案C。解析：这是定语从句。定语从句中as代替整个主句。句意为“正如我在电话中所解释的……”
14.答案C。解析：这是个非限制性定语从句，在定语从句中作地点状语，要用 where引导。
15.答案B。解析：同位语从句，从句中缺主语，故用what。
16.答案C。解析：这是一个让步状语从句。even though “尽管”。
17.答案D。解析：先行词是jobs，从句部分还原即“they are being trained for the jobs.”。
18.答案A。解析：根据句子意思该用as a result“结果”。
19.答案A。 解析：even so 引导让步状语从句，表示“即使那样”。
20.答案C。 解析：be different from缺乏宾语，故用what。
21.答案C。 解析：先行词是the place的定从，用at which 作状语；后面where引导表语从句。
22.答案D。解析：根据逻辑应当用for“因为”。
23.答案A。解析：条件状语从句，“众所周知，除非你经常锻炼，否则你不能保持身体健康”。
24.答案B。解析：这是一个由as引导让步状语从句。从句倒装。“尽管他是个安静的学生，课外他会谈论很多关于他喜爱的歌手”。
25.答案C。 解析：宾语从句，how表方式，“她向医生解释一年前她的手颤如何开始，她又如何因此
而被迫放弃工作”。
26.答案C。解析：定语从句，关系代词 that在定语从句中作visit的宾语。
27.答案A。解析：时间状语从句，until“直到”，“……直到他弟弟告诉他…..”。
28.答案D。解析：目的状语从句，早先到是为了能够有时间喝杯茶。
29.答案B。解析：这是个定语从句。由于关系代词who/whom在定语从句中作宾语，省略了关系代词。
30.答案D。解析：It will be + 时间+ before + 时间状语从句,意思为“过了一段时间，我们才得知事实真相”。
31.答案C。解析：宾语从句，从句中缺乏主语，故用what。
32答案C。解析：定语从句，关系代词which指代he was educated…整件事。
33.答案C。解析：主语从句，it作形式主语。真正主语that从句后置。
34.答案D。解析：定语从句，关系副词where指代地点。
35. 答案 D解析：what引导表语从句，在从句中做did的宾语。when引导表语从句时，在从句中作时间状语，表示“当……的时候”。which引导表语从句时，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语，意为“哪一个”，表示在有限的范围内中的某一个。where引导表语从句时，在从句中作状语，表示“在……地方”。
35答案D。解析：what引导表语从句，what在从句中做宾语。
36答案D。解析：although引导状语从句，as引导状语从句时要用倒装语序。
37.答案B。解析：从in time知，remind 的内容为时间，所以答案when。
38.答案D。解析：what引导宾语从句，what在宾语从句做宾语。
39.答案A。解析：while引导并列句，表转折。
40答案C。解析：what引导介词宾语从句，在从句中做表语。
41.答案C。解析：who引导的定语从句，先行词是人，在从句中做主语。
42.答案A。解析：unless引导的条件状语从句。
43.答案B。解析：for引导并列句，表原因。
44.答案D。解析：for引导并列句,表原因。
45.答案B。解析：to whom引导定语从句：先行词为人，one of them，give 后跟to 导入直接引语。
46.答案B。解析：when引导状语从句，翻译为“这时”。
47.答案B。解析：that引导形容词宾语从句，无意义，不做句子成分，不可省略。
48.答案A。解析：whose 引导定语从句，在从句中做定语。
49.答案D。解析：before引导时间状语从句。
50.答案C。解析：if 引导条件状语从句。
51.答案B。解析：that引导同位语从句。
52.答案D。解析：come from固定词组。
53.答案D。解析：wherever引导地点状语从句。
54.答案D。解析：we must insist on为定语从句，从句中缺宾语，关系代词可用that 、which 或者不用。
55.答案D。解析：after which引导定语从句。
56.答案B。解析：such…that…引导结果状语从句。
57.答案D。解析：however引导宾语从句，no matter how不能引导宾语从句。
58.答案D。解析：while引导并列句，表转折。
59.答案D。解析：where引导地点状语从句。
60.答案D。解析：as引导让步状语从句，“正如”。
61.答案A。解析：that引导同位语从句。
62.答案A。解析：as引导原因状语从句。
63.答案D。解析：not…until…结构。
64.答案D。解析：which引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为前一句话。
65.答案D。解析：once引导条件状语从句，“一旦”。
66.答案C。解析：whether引导介词宾语从句，“是否”。
67.答案B。解析：unless引导条件状语从句，“如果不”。
68.答案D。解析：it为形式主语。
69.答案B。解析：of which引导定语从句，译为“在这三本书中”。
70.答案A。解析：where引导定语从句,也可用“at which”。
71.答案D。解析：whichever引导主语从句,“无论哪个”。 no matter which不可引导主语从句。
72.答案D。解析：when引导时间状语从句。
73.答案D。解析：where引导地点状语从句。
74.答案C。解析：or引导并列句，“否则”。
75.答案B。解析：that引导同位语从句。
76.答案A。解析：before引导时间状语从句，译做“未来得及”。
77.答案C。解析：that引导同位语从句。
78.答案D。解析：studying 做定语；of whom引导定语从句。
79.答案A。解析：what引导主语从句。
80.答案A。解析：and引导并列句，再次表示补充说明。
81.答案A。解析：选。 本题考查连词的用法。题干意义为“除非发生料想不到的事情，我是不会给你打电话的。”分析句子的意义可以知道，A最合适。
82.答案B。解析：本题考查从句的省略。当从句的主语和主句主语相同或者是it is形式时，可以省略从句中相同的主语或it is.完整的从句形式为if it is not carefully dealt with。
83.答案A。解析：if引导的非事实条件句，即虚拟语气。
84.答案B。解析：such…that…表示“如此……以至于……”，其中that引导结果状语从句。
85.答案D。解析：根据前后句的逻辑关系，空格内应填if引导条件状语从句。句意：“小帆船如果不小心驾驶，也会容易翻。
86.答案D。解析：While在本句话中的意思是“虽然”、“尽管”。其他选项不符合句意。
87. 答案B。解析：it will be a long time before…要过很长时间才……。
88.答案D。解析：ever since表示“从……以来”；even if表示“即使”；soon after表示“……后不久”；in case表示“以免”。根据句意，故选D。
89.答案D。解析：where引导的定语从句。先行词为The village。
90.答案A。解析：what引导的主语从句。既要引导主语从句，又要在主语从句中充当主语，只有What有这个双重功能。
91.答案B。解析：分析该句中主语部分的结构可知，空格中应填一个作主语的连接词。在所给的四个连接词中，只有what能充当主语，故选B项。
92.答案D。解析：that引导表语从句，用来说明主语的内容。根据句意，空格内要填that，说明主语The traditional view的内容。
93.答案C。解析：介词to后面的是一个宾语从句，由whoever做主语，引导该从句。
94. 答案B。解析：判断从句。第一个是what引导宾语从句，第二个是定语从句。
95.答案B。解析：根据句意“当你昨天在布莱克的办公室时我拿给你的。” 故应选when。if, because, before在此不符合题意。
96.答案B。解析：what 引导的名词从句做主语,it 是形式主语. 此句话的意思是：别人怎么看你和你无关,相信你自己。
97.答案B。解析：that引导并列的宾语从句，Having前省去that,并列的两个以that引导的宾语从句即使省略第一个that,第二个that 一般不能省。
98.答案A。解析：题意为“选择恰当的词典取决于你想将它坐什么用”，所选词需坐介词for的宾语，表“什么”的意思，故选A。
99.答案D。解析：考查非限制性定语从句，因为表示事物，又是two schools，故用both of which。
100.答案D。解析：题干的意思为“那些成功的盲人舞蹈演员认为舞蹈是一种活动，在这个活动中，视觉比听觉要重要的多。”因此只能用where[= in this activity]。
101.答案B。解析：which引导的非限制定语从句。先行词为Chan’s restaurant，且which要在非限制定语从句充当主语。
102.答案B。解析：prep+which引导的定语从句, 此题的关键在于判断使用什么介词,当然句子意思理解也很重要。词组to a degree表示“到某种程度”。这句话的意思是：人与动物的面部表情只所以不同就表现在人的表情可以有目的地,随心所欲地控制到某个程度。
103.答案B。解析：prep+which引导的非限制性定语从句,此题相当于并列句and after that….
104.答案A。解析：根据句子结构和意义，后半句应是对前半句的进一步说明，故填which，引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个主句。
205.答案D。解析：本句考查强调句型，但题干中所给的句子是一个不完整的句子，补充完整的话应该是It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her。所填的where用来引导定语从句，修饰farm，同属于被强调部分。
106.答案D。解析：prep+whom引导的非限制性定语从句。因为上闻指的是两个人，所以用neither不用none[指三者及其以上]。
107.答案D。解析：这是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词为so many people,故应选whom[指人]；that也可以指人，但不用在非限制性定语从句中，也不能用在介词后面。
108.答案B。解析：which 引导非限制性定从，代表前面的“注意他人而不是自己”这件事。
109.答案A。解析：题意为“他在本地的高中接受教育，其后他继续到北京大学上学”，根据句意和关系代词作介词宾语的用法，不难选到正确答案A。
110.答案D。解析：本题考查定语从句的用法。在定语从句中，当先行词为point , case, situation等，其后从句为一完整句子时，通常用关系副词where引导。
111.答案D。解析：本题考查定语从句的用法。句子意义为“一些学前儿童日护中心，在那儿他们学会一些简单的游戏和歌曲。”从句子的意义可以看出，空格处为表示地点的状语。B项前需加连词and,所以只能D。
112.答案D。解析：where引导的定语从句,关键是理解句子的意思.意思是：我们今天将讨论一些情况,在这些情况[case]下,初学英语的人做不到合理地使用语言。
113.答案B。解析：一旦你有了信心,你就会成功。
114.答案C。解析：根据逻辑关系,应该选unless, “除非, 如果不”。
115.答案B。解析：本题考查连词before的用法。It will be +时间名词+ before表示“要过……久才……”，此处意为“至少要过三个月他才恢复健康并且重返岗位”。参看第7题。
116.答案A。解析：题干为“在真正地经历过那种教训前，在生活中我们是很难得到教训的。”until=before; after; since; when等不